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Contents/Sommaire RANSYLVANIAN EVIEW Vol. XXIV T R No. 3 /REVUE DE TRANSYLVANIE Autumn 2015 Contents/Sommaire ROMANIAN ACADEMY Chairman: • Paradigms Academician Ionel-Valentin Vlad Between Religion and Science: Some Aspects Concerning Illness and Healing in Antiquity 3 CENTER FOR Simona Gabriela Bungãu TRANSYLVANIAN STUDIES Viorel-Cristian Popa Director: Academician Ioan-Aurel Pop Religion and Power in Ioan Petru Culianu’s View 19 Dorin David A Priest in the “Romanian Action”: Dr. Titus Mãlaiu 26 Maria Ghitta Aspects of Religiosity in the Social Institutions Operating in the Romanian Public Space 40 Ion Petricã Felicia Andrioni Religion and the Public Sphere: Transitional (Post-communist) Representations of the Uniate Community of Cluj-Napoca, between Religion and Politics 56 Codruþa Liana Cuceu Pilgrimage and Its Infrastructure in Post-communist Transylvania 70 Mircea Sergiu Moldovan From Double to Triple Minority: Romanian neo-Protestants from the Serbian Banat in the United States and Canada 85 Mircea Mãran Aleksandra Durić-Milovanović– • Tangencies La révolution hussite et l’affirmation du voïvodat de Transylvanie dans le contexte de la croisade tardive 98 Florian Dumitru Soporan Liana Lãpãdatu The Moldavian Lady On the cover: and the Elder Lords of the East 113 Solicitude, Silence... Mark Whelan (2014) Photo by ALIN BARBIR Alexandru Simon TR 3 2015.indd 1 11/13/2015 12:31:51 PM Violence in Northern Ireland 130 Corina Pãcurar Transylvanian Review continues the • Editorial Events tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, founded by Silviu Dragomir, which Romanian Capitalism: Out of the Frying Pan into was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu the Fire: Lessons in Dependency and Development 140 between 1934 and 1944. ªtefan Guga Transylvanian Review is published quarterly by the Center for Transylvanian • Book Reviews Studies and the Romanian Academy. Ion Gumenâi, Comunitãþile romano-catolice, protestante EDITORIAL BOARD ºi lipoveneºti din Basarabia în secolul al XIX-lea CESARE ALzatI, Ph.D. (reviewed by Ioan Bolovan) 147 Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Istituto di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea, Mircea Gheorghe Abrudan, Ortodoxie şi luteranism în Università Cattolica, Milan, Italy Transilvania între Revoluþia paşoptistã şi Marea Unire: HORST FASSEL, Ph.D. Evoluþie istoricã şi relaþii confesionale Institut für donauschwäbische Geschichte (reviewed by Nicolae Bocşan) 149 und Landeskunde, Tübingen, Germany KONRAD GÜNDISCH, Ph.D. Stefano Santoro, Dall’Impero asburgico alla Grande Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte Romania: Il nazionalismo romeno di Transilvania der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, Oldenburg, Germany fra Ottocento e Novecento HARALD HEPPNER, Ph.D. (reviewed by Ion Cârja) 152 Institut für Geschichte, Graz, Austria Alin Albu, Protopopiatul Ortodox Alba Iulia PAUL E. MICHELSON, Ph.D. între anii 1940 ºi 1945 Huntington University, Indiana, USA ALEXANDRU ZUB, Ph.D. (reviewed by Florian Dumitru Soporan) 154 Honorary director of the A. D. Xenopol Carol Iancu & Alexandru-Florin Platon (eds.), Institute of History, Iaºi, Romania Le Pogrom de Iaşi et la Shoah en Roumanie EDITORIAL STAFF Ioan-Aurel Pop Rudolf Gräf (reviewed by Letiþia Ilea) 157 Nicolae Bocºan Virgil Leon Corneliu Iaþu (ed.), Atlasul electoral al României Ioan Bolovan Daniela Mârza Raveca Divricean Alexandru Simon (1990–2009) Maria Ghitta George State (reviewed by Alexandru Pãcurar) 158 Translated by • Contributors 160 Bogdan Aldea—English Liana Lãpãdatu—French Desktop Publishing Edith Fogarasi Cosmina Varga Correspondence, manuscripts and books Publication indexed and abstracted in the should be sent to: Transylvanian Review, ® Centrul de Studii Transilvane Thomson Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and in Arts & Humanities Citation Index®, 12–14 Mihail Kogãlniceanu St., and included in EBSCO’s and ELSEVIER’s products. Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania. All material copyright © 2015 by the ISSN 1221-1249 Center for Transylvanian Studies and the Romanian Academy. Reproduction or use without written permission is prohibited. Printed in Romania by COLOR PRINT 66, 22 Decembrie 1989 St., [email protected] Zalãu 450031, Romania www.centruldestudiitransilvane.ro Tel. (0040)260-660598 TR 3 2015.indd 2 11/13/2015 12:31:51 PM PARADIGMS Between Religion S I M ON A G ab RIEL A and Science B UN G ÃU V IOREL -C RIS T I A N Some Aspects Concerning Illness P O pa and Healing in Antiquity THE HISTORY of pharmacy and med- “Medicines are a divine icine is an integral part of the histo- gift.” (Herophilos) ry of science, pertaining, at the same time, to the professional culture of pharmacists and physicians. It includes the relations between numerous phar- maceutical and medical disciplines: on the one hand, pharmaceutical technol- ogy, pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacodynamics, toxico- logy, pharmaceutical management and marketing (for pharmacists) and, on the other hand, anatomy, physiology, pathology, biochemistry and speciali- zed disciplines (for physicians). As a whole, the history of pharmacy and med- icine also represents a treasure trove of information about various individu- als, works, instruments or remedies that have brought, over the centuries, Simona Gabriela Bungãu invaluable contributions to the birth Professor at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania. and development of pharmacy and of medicine, respectively, as professions. Viorel-Cristian Popa The treatment of and the knowl- Lecturer at the Faculty of Theology, edge about diseases, as well as the University of Oradea, Romania. preparation of remedies, have evolved TR 3 2015.indd 3 11/13/2015 12:31:51 PM 4 • TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW • VOL. XXIV, NO. 3 (AUTUMN 2015) in parallel, for, as Swiss Professor Alexander Tschirch stated one century ago, at the beginning of his treatise on Pharmacognosy, “Pharmacia soror medicinae est.” At the start of the twentieth century, Professor Guignard contended that “pharmacy is also a branch of science, an art and a profession.” The history of pharmacy is vast, comprising the following: the history of medical doctrines, of the natural and physical sciences; the history of the pharmaceutical art itself, including the archeological survey instruments that have been used throughout time; the history of pharmacists, regarded as manufacturers and distributors of drugs, healthcare analysts and advisors to patients. What we are actually refer- ring to here is a part of the history of human evolution itself. For two or three millennia, pharmaceutical work was not differentiated from the medical one, being practiced by one and the same person, who prescribed and prepared the medicine—this was an era when the two activities were carried out in tandem. This is the farthest period in time the history of medicine and pharmacy can access, the archaic inscriptions, historical relics and monuments dating back to those times enabling us to discover the origins of these sciences. From the use of empirical medicine to the complex drugs of our days, to the isolation of their active principles, the determination of their chemical structure and their action at cellular level, the progress of scientific inquiry has been very long and difficult. Notwithstanding the moments of stagnation and decline, the evolution of both pharmacy and the act of healing has always been in the service of humanity. With the emergence of humans as beings endowed with consciousness, due to compulsory daily concerns, the most important of which were food and de- fense, what also made its presence felt was the need to treat various pathologies: fractures, cuts, dental afflictions, epidemics (less frequent at first), and so on. The identification of the medical practices used for curing those conditions is particularly difficult, as the only surviving testimonies are the traces they left on skeletons (broken bones, trepanned and scarred skulls, or chronic degenerative and acute infectious rheumatic diseases), attesting to the existence, at the time, of certain orthopedic and surgery concerns. The early humans considered that illness had either a physical cause (injuries, nutrition, poisoning, physical factors, effort), in which case physical remedies/ factors were administered (exposure to cold or warm temperatures, pricking), or a mythical-magical cause (spirits, spells, curses, charms), when incantations, purifications, disenchantments were resorted to, etc. The idea of alleviating such suffering through the administration of a remedy will have occurred to the hu- man who invented the first cure. Early therapy was based on empirical practices, which primarily used healing herbs, the first “medicines”—some of which were very effective—being plant products: emetic, purgative, diuretic, vermicidal, an- TR 3 2015.indd 4 11/13/2015 12:31:51 PM PARADIGMS • 5 tidiarrheal, abortifacient, antipyretic, diaphoretic drugs, etc. Remedies of animal origin (milk, honey, fat), as well as minerals (salt, clay, mud, mineral and ther- mal waters), were also used. In ancient times, the necessity of caring for the sick led to the appearance of healers, who knew the signs of various sufferings and their remedies. It can be assumed that the first physicians appeared out of a survival necessity, their natural observations and conclusions leading to the acquisition of special heal- ing skills. Religious practices also played a role in this respect, and even though they were sometimes carried out on animals, the sacrifices that were performed in temples resulted in the accumulation
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