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The Passion of Christ in the Orthodox Ecclesiastical Art of Transylvania (Eighteenth-Nineteenth Centuries)

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The Passion of Christ in the Orthodox Ecclesiastical Art of Transylvania (Eighteenth-Nineteenth Centuries) IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca Lucca, Italy Images as Sites of Subversion: the Passion of Christ in the Orthodox ecclesiastical art of Transylvania (eighteenth-nineteenth centuries) PhD Program in Management and Development of Cultural Heritage XXIX Cycle By Andreea Andrei 2019 The dissertation of Andreea Andrei is approved. Programme Coordinator: Prof. Emanuele Pellegrini, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca Advisor: Prof. Emanuele Pellegrini, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca Co-advisor: Prof. Linda Bertelli, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca The dissertation of Andreea Andrei has been reviewed by: Prof. Elena Ene D-Vasilescu, University of Oxford Prof. Stefania Gerevini, Università Bocconi IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca 2019 To Iulia Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ ix Curriculum Vitae ............................................................................................. x Abstract ........................................................................................................... xii 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 2 Representation, alterity, and identity in Transylvanian church art in the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries ............................................................ 3 3 Artistic milieus and interferences in Transylvania ............................... 6 3.1 Mural and icon painting in early feudalism .................................................... 6 3.2 The fifteenth century. The painting of princely foundations ...................... 14 3.3 The sixteenth century. Byzantine coordinates and Renaissance influences .. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 22 3.4 The seventeenth century. Tradition, interferences, and innovations ......... 29 3.5 The eighteenth century. Artistic interferences and stylistic changes ......... 35 4 Centres of painters and icon makers in the eighteenth century ........ 55 4.1 Şchei ..................................................................................................................... 58 4.2 Răşinari ................................................................................................................ 70 4.3 Iconography in the Apuseni Mountains ......................................................... 91 4.4 Hunedoara .......................................................................................................... 97 4.5 Sălaj .................................................................................................................... 101 5 Tradition and innovation in the nineteenth century ......................... 108 5.1 The academic movement ................................................................................ 114 5.2 The traditional style: a blend of old and new. The Land of Olt ................ 118 5.2.1 The Grecu family ..................................................................................... 121 5.2.2 Savu Moga ................................................................................................ 129 5.2.3 Ioan Pop .................................................................................................... 133 5.2.4 Matei Ţâmforea ........................................................................................ 142 6 The mural painting of wooden churches ............................................. 146 6.1 Description of wooden churches ................................................................... 146 6.2 Founders and donors ....................................................................................... 152 6.3 Icon-painters and audience ............................................................................ 158 6.4 Iconographic programme ............................................................................... 161 7 Iconographic analysis and iconological interpretation of the Passion of Christ as depicted in icons and frescoes ............................................. 169 7.1 The Saint Barbara Church, Ticu-colonie ....................................................... 170 7.2 The Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel Church, Tăuţi ........................ 197 7.3 The Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel Church, Nadăşu .................... 207 iv 7.4 The Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel Church, Racâş ....................... 212 7.5 The Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel Church, Ocolişel ................... 221 7.6 The Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel Church, Osoi ......................... 229 7.7 The Ascension of the Lord Church, Bica ...................................................... 239 7.8 The Descent of the Holy Spirit Church, Sartăş ............................................ 250 8 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 260 Bibliography ................................................................................................. 262 v List of Figures Painting of wooden churches 1. The Holy Trinity Church, Agârbiciu. Photo: November 2015 .......................... 148 2. View from the cemetery of the Holy Archangels Church, Ocolişel. Photo: November 2015 ............................................................................................................ 148 3. View inside the apse of the Holy Archangels Church, Racâş. Photo: July 2017 ........................................................................................................................................ 162 4. Christ Pantocrator and the Ancient of Days on the vault of the nave of Saint Barbara Church, Ticu-Colonie. Photo: July 2017 .................................................... 163 5. John the Evangelist on the vault of the Holy Archangels Church, Nima. Photo: November 2015 ............................................................................................................ 164 6. Adam and Eve around the Tree of Knowledge on the western wall of the nave of the Holy Archangels Church, Tăuţi. Photo: November 2015 ........................... 165 7. Fragment of the Last Judgement (the sinners and the mouth of hell) in the narthex of the Holy Archangels Church, Ocolişel. Photo: November 2015 ....... 166 8. The alewife and barren woman, detail of the Last Judgement of the Holy Archangels Church, Ocolişel. Photo: November 2015 ........................................... 167 The Saint Barbara Church, Ticu-colonie 9. Outside view of the Saint Barbara Church, Ticu-colonie. Photo: July 2017 .... 170 10. Commemorative document, nave, western wall, above the entrance. Photo: July 2017 ........................................................................................................................ 172 11. The Betrayal of Christ, nave, southern wall. Elena Popea’s intervention. Photo: July 2017 ........................................................................................................... 173 12. Damage caused by rain infiltration on the ceiling of the apse. Photo: July 2017 ................................................................................................................................ 174 13. Jesus before Annas, nave, southern wall. Photo: July 2017 ............................. 179 14. Jesus before Caiaphas, nave, southern wall. Photo: July 2017 ........................ 180 15. Jesus before Pilate, nave, southern wall. Photo: July 2017 .............................. 181 16. Christ at Herod’s Court, nave, northern wall. Photo: July 2017 ..................... 182 17. Pilate Washing his Hands, nave, northern wall. Photo: July 2017 ................. 183 18. The Flogging of Christ, nave, northern wall. Photo: July 2017 ....................... 184 19. The Mocking of Christ, nave, northern wall. Photo: July 2017 ....................... 185 20. The Road to Golgotha, nave, northern wall. Photo: July 2017 ........................ 186 21. The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist, nave, northern wall. Photo: July 2017 ................................................................................................................................ 187 22. Holy Archangel Michael and Joseph II, nave, northern wall. Photo: July 2017 ........................................................................................................................................ 189 23. The Flight into Egypt, nave, northern wall. Photo: July 2017 ......................... 190 24. Joseph II ringing the church bells. Photo: July 2017 ......................................... 191 The Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel Church, Tăuţi 25. View from the western side of the Holy Archangels Church, Tăuţi. Photo: November 2015 ............................................................................................................ 197 26. The inscription made by the painter, nave, western wall, above the entrance. Photo: November 2015 ............................................................................................... 199 27. Lacunae in the painting, nave, northern wall. Photo: November 2015 ......... 199 28. Jesus before Caiaphas, nave, western wall, above the entrance. Photo: vi November 2015 ............................................................................................................ 202 29. Jesus before Pilate, nave, western wall, above the entrance.
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