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Language Contact: New Perspectives Language Contact IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society IMPACT publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Ana Deumert University of Cape Town Advisory Board Peter Auer Marlis Hellinger University of Freiburg University of Frankfurt am Main Jan Blommaert Elizabeth Lanza Ghent University University of Oslo Annick De Houwer William Labov University of Erfurt University of Pennsylvania J. Joseph Errington Peter L. Patrick Yale University University of Essex Anna Maria Escobar Jeanine Treffers-Daller University of Illinois at Urbana University of the West of England Guus Extra Victor Webb Tilburg University University of Pretoria Volume 28 Language Contact. New perspectives Edited by Muriel Norde, Bob de Jonge and Cornelius Hasselblatt Language Contact New perspectives Edited by Muriel Norde Bob de Jonge Cornelius Hasselblatt University of Groningen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Language contact : new perspectives / edited by Muriel Norde, Bob de Jonge and Cornelius Hasselblatt. p. cm. (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society, issn 1385-7908 ; v. 28) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Languages in contact. I. Hasselblatt, Cornelius. II. Jonge, Bob de. III. Norde, Muriel, 1968- P130.5.L336 2010 306.44--dc22 2009048317 isbn 978 90 272 1867 4 (Hb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 8843 1 (Eb) © 2010 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 Cornelius Hasselblatt, Bob de Jonge and Muriel Norde Ethnolectsasamultidimensionalphenomenon 7 Pieter Muysken Applyinglanguagetechnologytodetectshifteffects 27 John Nerbonne, Timo Lauttamus, Wybo Wiersma, Lisa Lena Opas-Hänninen GenerationaldifferencesinpronominalusageinSpanishreflecting languageanddialectcontactinabilingualsetting 45 Ricardo Otheguy, Ana Celia Zentella and David Livert Personalpronounvariationinlanguagecontact: EstonianintheUnitedStates 63 Piibi-Kai Kivik TurkishintheNetherlands:Developmentofanewvariety? 87 A. Seza Doğruöz and Ad Backus Thereflectionofhistoricallanguagecontact inpresent-dayDutchandSwedish 103 Charlotte Gooskens, Renée van Bezooijen and Sebastian Kürschner TheimpactofGermanonSchleifeSorbian:Theuseofgor intheEasternSorbianborderdialect 119 Hélène B. Brijnen Detectingcontacteffectsinpronunciation 131 Wilbert Heeringa, John Nerbonne and Petya Osenova vi LanguageContactNewPerspectives Languagecontactandphonologicalcontrast: ThecaseofcoronalaffricatesinJapaneseloans 155 Jason Shaw and Rahul Balusu TranslatingcultureswithintheEU 181 Nicola Borrelli Nameindex 219 Subjectindex 223 Acknowledgements This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the Language Contact in Times of Globalizationconference,heldattheUniversityofGroningen,Sep- tember 28–30, 2006, organized by the editors of this volume. We gratefully acknowledgethefinancialsupportofThe Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research(NWO),The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences(KNAW), the Center for Language and Cognition Groningen (CLCG), and the Stichting Groninger Universiteitsfonds(GUF).Wealsowishtothankalltheparticipants formakingtheconferencesuchasuccess,andourindispensablestudentassis- tantswhotookcareofallthingspractical:MartijnBoonstra,PieterGoossens, andRosineScheirs.Specialthanksareduetotherefereeswhocommentedonthe firstselectionofpapers:UweBläsing,CharlotteGooskens,BjörnHansen,Peter Houtzagers,FrederikKortlandt,StellaLinn,VirveRaag,GiselaRedeker,Anneli Sarhimaa,WillemVisser,andLudgerZeevaert. Introduction CorneliusHasselblatt,BobdeJongeandMurielNorde UniversityofGroningen Theyear2008markedthe20thanniversaryofThomason&Kaufman’sLanguage Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics.Thiswork,aconvincingcombina- tionofatheoreticalframeworkanddetailedcasestudies,hasgivenatremendous boosttothestudyoflanguagecontactphenomena,anditstillstandsasthemost influentialworkinthefieldsincethepublicationofWeinreich’s(1953)founda- tionalLanguages in Contact. IntheyearsfollowingthepublicationofThomason&Kaufman’sbook,paral- lelpoliticalandtechnicaldevelopments–theendoftheColdWarandtheinter- netrevolution–gaveanadditionalimpetustolanguagecontactresearchinmany respects:anincreasingnumberoflanguagesanddatabecame(electronically)ac- cessible,themobilityofpeoplegrew,andnewcontactsituationscameintobeing. Indeed,even“new”languagesarose(e.g.CroatianandSerbian,wheretheSlavists ofonegenerationearlierwouldhavespokenofSerbo-Croat).Todayno-oneseri- ouslydoubtstheimpactlanguagecontacthadon(probably)anyoftheworld’s languages.Opinionsonlydifferwithrespecttothescopeandintensityofit. Researchintolanguagecontactcanberoughlydividedintothreemainbranch- es.Thefirstisthetraditionalin-depthinvestigationofacertaincontactsituation, usuallyinvolvingnomorethantwolanguages.Thishasbeenoneofthegoalsof historicalcomparativelinguisticsfromitsverybeginningandwillremainimpor- tantinthenearfuture,too,asthefieldisstillfarfrombeingcompletelyexplored. Countlesspartsoftheworldandcontactsituationsremaintobeexamined.Even long-standingandwell-knowncontactshadnotbeeninvestigatedexhaustively untilrecently(e.g.Sarhimaa1999onRussian-Kareliancontact,DeSmit2006on Finnish-Swedishcontact,Braunmüller&Diercks1993andBraunmüller1995on LowGerman-ScandinaviancontactintheLateMiddleAges,orSilva-Corvalán 1994onlanguagecontactbetweenSpanishandEnglishinLosAngeles).Asecond groupofscholarshasbeenfocusingoncross-linguisticcomparisonsandtheiden- tificationoflargerlinguisticareas(cf.e.g.Heine&Kuteva2005,Heine&Kuteva 2006,butalreadyDécsy1973).Athirdmajortopichasbeenthenegativeeffectsof intensivecontact,withlanguageordialectdeathasapossibleresult(cf.e.g.Nettle &Romaine2000,Janse&Tol2003). 2 CorneliusHasselblatt,BobdeJongeandMurielNorde Thepapersinthisvolumeareconcernedwithdifferentlevelsanddifferent aspectsoflanguagecontactinawidevarietyoflanguagesandlanguagefamilies, includingIndo-European(Germanic,Romance,andSlavic),Finno-Ugric,Tur- kic,andJapanese. Pieter Muysken’s paper is a theoretical contribution to ethnolect research. Muyskendiscussestwodifferentviewsonethnolects:the“shiftperspective”and the“multidimensionalperspective”.Inthecurrentliterature,theshiftperspective hasattractedmostattention;withinthisperspective,focusisontheapproxima- tionoftheethnicgrouptowardsthenationallanguageandallowscomparisons betweenethnicvarietiesandstandardvarietiesofthedominantlanguageina speechcommunity.Inthemultidimensionalperspective,however,theoriginal languagesoftheethnicgroupaswellasprocessesofmutualconvergenceandsim- plificationplayanadditionalroleinthenewvarieties.Moreover,thisperspective allowsustocontextualizethevarietieswithinanoverallaccountofthemultilin- gualrepertoiresofspeakersofanon-dominantlanguageandofthestrategiesthat theyemploytomakeuseofthisrepertoire. Thenextpaperisacasestudyinshiftseffectsinethnolects.Inthispaper,John Nerbonne,TimoLauttamus,LisaLenaOpas-Hänninen,andWyboWiersmaex- ploretechniquestoautomaticallytagcorporaandtodetectsyntacticdifferences betweenfirstgenerationandsecondgenerationFinnishimmigrantsinAustra- lia.Onthebasisofacorpusofinterviewscomprisingsome305,000tokens,they foundthatfirstgenerationspeakersweresignificantlymoreproneto‘syntactic contamination’fromFinnish.Theauthorswerealsoabletoidentifyspecificsyn- tacticphenomenainthespeechoffirstgenerationspeakers,suchasomission ofprogressiveauxiliary‘be’,existential‘there’,andanaphoric‘it’.Theyconclude thatsomeofthefeaturesfoundinthedatacancertainlybeexplainedascontact- induced changes, whereas others may be ascribed to universally determined propertiesofthelanguagefaculty. WhereMuysken’sandNerbonneetal’spapersareconcernedwithvarieties ofthenationallanguagespokenbyethnicgroups,thesubsequentthreepapers discussthereverse:changesinimmigrantlanguagesresultingfromcontactwith thedominantnationallanguage.Inthefirstofthese,Ricardo Otheguy,AnaCelia ZentellaandDavidLivertconsideranumberofgrammaticalfactorsthatcan be held responsible for attested variation in the usage of subject pronouns by Spanish-speakingimmigrantsinNewYorkCity.Theauthorsconcludethatthe increaseinsubjectpronounratesintheimmigrantsinNYCisduetotheiradapt- ingtheirusageofSpanishpronounstothatoftheequivalentpronounsinEnglish. Thisobservationiscorroboratedbyvariousfactors,suchasacorrelationwiththe numberofyearsthattheyhavelivedinNYC,theirageofarrival,theirEnglish skills,anddifferentsettingsinwhichthelanguagesareused. Introduction 3 Piibi-KaiKivik’s paperlikewise dealswithpronounvariationinanimmi- grantlanguageintheUnitedStates,viz.Estonian.Kivik’sstudycontraststheuse ofpersonalpronounsinEstonianspokenbyfirst-generationimmigrantsorlong- termsojournersintheUnitedStates,andtheuseofpronounsbymonolingual speakersinEstonia.Shefoundthatthepronounuseinvarietiesinfluencedby
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