The Continuity Between Pagan and Christian Cult
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Federico Troletti Who were the Saints? In Capo di Ponte the two sisters are simply known as the Saints. Similarly, the building is defined as “the church of the Saints” and by extension the area where the church stands, where there is also a small residential settle- The continuity between ment, it is also locally called “Sante”1 (Fig. 1). The sisters, according to local tradition, probably lived as hermits in Capo di Ponte and pagan and Christian cult according to the most widespread hagiogra- phy, Faustina and Liberata were two sisters who lived during the sixth century, daughters nearby the archaeological area of Naquane in Capo di Ponte. of a certain Giovannato, a sir who lived in the fortress of Olgisio in Pianello Val Tidone, Research inside the Church of Saint Faustina and Liberata in the province of Piacenza. The two young women, given the social status and wealth, were promised in marriage to two men of their social class, but the girls didn’t want to Introduction give themselves to the married life after the Fig 2. The Saints Faustina and Liberata and Marcello stop will try to discuss about it in these few lines, vision of a woman mourning the death of with their hands the boulder and the stream that is de- When it was proposed me to write a brief essay th about the “the Church of the Saints” in Capo although they are certainly not exhaustive: I her husband and in order to avoid the birth stroying the church, 17 - century fresco, front of the right arch, interior of the church. di Ponte, I ask myself who they were and why would like to establish if there could be a link pangs2 and so fled from the castle and lived the local piety has chosen, among the wide between the surrounding archaeological areas as a hermits and later moved to Como and that hung on people and things. The people Christian pantheon, these two sisters, stranger of Naquane, Pagherina, Piana degli Svedesi joined the Order of the Benedictines which was took refuge near the church, and invoked the to the local tradition. The cult of Saint Faustina (The Swedish Plain) and Campanine with the spreading in those years. During their exist- saints, who appeared with Marcello and laid and Liberata is an isolated phenomenon in building of the church. ence they were accompanied by a tutor: the their hands on a “bad stone” and immediately Camonica Valley: for this reason, the dedica- Others researchers have already carried out pious Marcello, who we might call a spiritual stopped it and diverted the flow of water thus tion seems curious and it deserves attention. this idea and we have to consider their studies father. Father Gregorio Brunelli, a Capuchin saving the church5 (Fig. 2). The spread of the There is another question I ask myself and I as a basis for this research. who originally comes from a small town in saints’ cult in other zones is often so confusing Upper Camonica Valley and who lived in the that in some areas of Europe Saint Liberata Fig 1. Church of the Saints Faustina and Liberata, second half of the seventeenth century, in his is identified with St. Wilgeforte and other 3 view from the outside with the entrance enclosure, at “Sante” place, Capo di Ponte (Italy). book Curiosi trattenimentij , printed in 1698, names depending on geographical location, expatiates in different passages romancing but even with some variations, the Saint is the hagiographic story. always linked to women’s fertility and to frail It is conceivable that the area was very busy children protection6. because of the road that passed through; even the dedication of an altar of the church to the Saints Philip and James could remind the Why were presence of a medieval resting place since Faustina and Liberata chosen? St. James is often thought as patron saint of In Camonica Valley the Saints are documented xenodochia (free hospices for pilgrims and only in Capo di Ponte; it seems that the act foreigners). of dedication is a move cleverly designed and The miraculous event took place during a engineered by some educated person con- natural disaster that threatened to destroy cerned - perhaps - about the continuity of the small town of Serio4. Serio was also the pagan worship in the area and who knew, name of the stream which swollen after days which is very likely, the engraving practice of rain and which hung over the small village. which was still ongoing in the area above The people, unable to save their homes from Campanine of Cimbergo; the presence of two water and rocks, then went to the church, not Saints coming from far away and not very because a safer place, but because they hoped well known except by the villagers of Capo to receive help from God; in the meantime the di Ponte, seems to assert an enough learned river flooded the area and swept away stones design of the cult. 90 91 rightly to the iconography of the Roman- esque style capitals of the nearby church of the monastery of San Salvatore. Therefore their spheres of influence is on the water, the one that comes from heaven and the one that moves upon the earth; in some traditions the Aquane are associated with waterfowl9. The analogy between the Aquane and Saint Faustina and Liberata is clear: they are female characters who live a retired life, far from society, even if they have sporadic contacts. The Aquane and the Saints live near springs and they have power over them. It’s no coin- cidence that Father Gregory will hand down the miracle in order to make understand that the imposition of the Saints hands stopped the boulder and the water, which was carried it, immobilizing them; this mode of description Fig. 7. Santa Liberata bearer of children, fresco of 152 (?), was useful to emphasize the power of control- Church of Saint Filastro to Tavernole sul Mella (Brescia). ling the nature and especially the runaway course of water. As on the cliff of Olgisio Rock (Piacenza), Near the place, now called “Sante”, there where Faustina and Liberata were born, there are the famous prehistoric site of Naquane, are prehistoric caves10 known as those of the the area called Pagherina and low Campanine, “Saints”, also nearby the church of Capo di Fig 3. The engraved stone kept inside the small shrine next to the church; the covering and the protective railings are vis- also affected by prehistoric carvings and by a Ponte there are caves, nowadays disused, but ible. resumption of attendance for the engraving still easily found. The caves of Capo di Ponte purpose from the fourteenth to the nineteenth are reported by the population and mentioned century. in a pastoral visitation (bishop’s visitation) as of Cemmo, felt the need to revive the holy evidence of the truthfulness of the story: on The toponym Naquane, as demonstrated the home where the sisters would live. The presence by writing a short life of the Saints, this point, is an example his sentence through in a compelling article by Angelo Fossati7, tradition of Capo di Ponte considered the which was printed, but not found. Gregory which he states that the large boulder with most probably refers to the original name of caves as the places where babies were born himself, a little in contrast with many of his ac- the handprints leaved by the three Saints is “Aquane” (acqua = water; the term “Aquane” and the Saints played a significant role because counts where he drag on fictional digressions a testimony which makes up for the lack of phonetically refers to the water, but it doesn’t they were invoked as patronesses of women without restraint, dwells in order to provide other data that got lost during the flood. A mean water), that is to say the semi-divine in labour. Iconographic evidence, dating from figures which populated the central-eastern the XV-XVI centuries and which comes from Fig 4. Rock with the handprints. Alps and that can be found also in classical outside Camonica Valley, confirm this protec- Photo by Gerhard Milstreu. Fig 5. Frottage of the engraved surface. literature. tion because St. Faustina is represented in The toponym Aquane, found at other sites frescos while clasping infants in her arms: in and in Roman inscriptions, confirms the link the chapel of Montalto Dora castle next to of the name with the cult of water because Saint there are Saint Margaret and Saint Lucy; Aquane are female anthropo-zoomorphic in the chapel of Avogadro Castle in Quinto mythological figures that can be turned into Vercellese; in the church of San Filastro in Tav- otters and mermaids that dwell in lakes, caves ernole sul Mella (Province of Brescia) (Fig. 7). and springs. Even before the discovery of the name Aquane on a copy of a early nineteenth cen- The boulder, tury map, Mario Alinei already connected the the rock carvings and the water area called Naquane to the female mythologi- But who in Capo di Ponte could replace so cal figures8. Folklore describe them as beautiful ably a pre-Christian cult? The question remains women with water hair and backwards feet unanswered, but it is conceivable that also just as the mermaids: Angelo Fossati refers in 1607 the priest Antonio Ricci, archpriest 92 93 very interesting and controversial question the engraved hands. From the tracing which In the county of Louth to Faughart, in Ire- ground; the continuous human habitual at- is exactly the boulder kept in a chapel inside was published it is clear that this is a carving land, the sanctuary of Saint Brigit possesses a tendance has been attested.