Emmanuel Anati The Way of Life Recorded in the Rock Art of Valcamonica Introduction The 75 kilometres long Valcamonica (Camon- ica Valley) in the Italian Alps includes over 300.000 rock engravings spanning for 10.000 years, from the Epi-Palaeolithic period to the Middle Ages. The Valley is at the crossing of the Alps from Italy to Central Europe where both ideas and people passed through. This area has been studied uninterruptedly for fifty years thus enabling scholars to recognize stylistic and thematic changes from period to period. Such changes reflect the mutations in way of thinking, in the economy and in the social organization throughout the forma- tive period of modern society. A new research approach was created and applied in this site, concerning the use we can make of rock art as a mean of historical reconstruction, producing a history of periods which were Map of the rock art sites distribution in Valcamonica and Valtellina (Records WARA Documents) considered as prehistoric. Valcamonica has been declared by UNESCO, World Cultural Heritage in 1979 and is the first rock art site way of thinking and in the way of living. in the world to have obtained such nomina- From Epi-Palaeolithic to the Iron Age, style tion. Also it is the first Italian site that became and subject matter appear to derive from a part of the World Heritage list. search of expression, synthesis and symboli- New sceneries of historical reconstruction zation which vary from period to period. In are now emerging from the deciphering of each period the rock art reflects the aes- the content of the messages that rock art thetic and intellectual values of its age. The intended to convey. An immense mosaic of style, the subject matter, the grammar of the events, traditions and myths provide a new graphemes and the syntax of the association dimension on 10.000 years of European his- of graphemes, the composition concept and tory. In the present paper, however, we shall the artist’s choice of the rock surface, indicate concentrate on the way of life revealed by ideological-conceptual needs, along with the images of rock art. social patterns, economic and technological Stylistic changes in rock art, just as in pot- characters of the artist’s cultural background tery or in architecture, reflect changes in the in his own epoch. 13 Typology of some of the main represented subjects in rock art of Valcamonica (Records WARA W07744) Below left. The man living in nature becomes its observer and interprets it .The narrow valley from which is coming the track to Campanine is characterized by a natural shape of the rock that looks like a big mask. Similar forms have been interpreted by prehistoric man as signals for the sacred meaning of a place. Region Ceto. (WARA W07695). Below middle and rigth. The natural shape of this rock is particularly suggestive because of its likeness with a feminine body. The shape itself of the rock is the frame where the men representations are inserted. The engraved figures are part of the final phase of Period III and the beginning of Period IV. The rider is one of the oldest examples of such a subject. The net, frequent pattern of recent phases of Period III of Valcamonica, that is also known in Scandinavia and in others rock art zones, seems to be linked with the requirements of giving a form to untouchable realities, and thus symbolize hell. Seradina III. (WARA W05648) ; Tracing CCSP ; (WARA W07500). 14 A decorated rock has just been enlighten by a clearing work. Cleaning and tracing have reveal a complex sequence of engravings phases. Between the first and the last figures of this surface, more than 2000 years have pass, before the rock eventually was covered with dirt. Seradina III. Picture E.Anati ; (WARA W07697, W07699, W07700). The sequence of Camunian periods il- of life. Changes in the architecture of huts, lustrates 10,000 years of history. In simple of shrines and of other buildings depicted terms, the Proto-camunian period dates in the rock art, figures of different ways of back to the first phases of the Holocene, funerary practices and other descriptions of between 10,000 and 7,500 years ago. From habits, are analysed as documents provid- recent considerations about iconographic ing the historical background of the various phenomena in other regions of Europe, it periods. is possible that the beginning of this pe- riod may go further back. The Camunian Periods I and II correspond to the Neolithic Proto-camunian period and are currently dated from 7,500 to 5,300 (10,000? – 5,500 B.C.) years ago (5,500 – 3,300 B.C.). Period III spans Research conducted so far indicates that from 3,300 to 1,200 B.C. and includes the the Proto-camunian period refers to the Chalcolithic (3,300 – 2,500 B.C.), the Early archaeological features that precede the (2,500 – 1,600 B.C.) and Middle Bronze Age Neolithic (Final-Palaeolithic, Epi-Palaeolithic (1,600 – 1,200 B.C.). Period IV includes the and Proto-Neolithic) and to the development Late (1,200 – 1,000 B.C.) and Final Bronze Age of elements characteristic of the Camunian (1,000 – 800 B.C.), and the various phases of Civilisation in the Pre-boreal and Boreal cli- the Iron Age from 800 B.C. until the arrival matic stages. On the basis of the study of of the Roman legions of Publio Silo in the pollens from geological logging in Valca- year 16 B.C. Finally, the Post-camunian period monica, in this period tall trees are pine trees concerns the “historic” phases of rock art: and birches. Rock art localities of this style Roman, Medieval and recent. are on the hill of Luine and at Crape, near Each period in the sequence illustrates the Darfo-Boario. Remains of settlements of this substantial modifications of style, themes, period have been found at Nadro (Shelter concepts that occurred throughout 10,000 II), Castello di Breno, and Cividate Camuno. years. In each period rock art reflects the in- Material culture is characterised by a lithic terests and concerns of its time, the economy, industry of blades and abundant microliths. the beliefs and the cult, the social organiza- They are very small splinters of retouched tion, the political trends and the interna- flint stones differently shaped such as points, tional relations. In certain periods tools and segments, and geometrical forms that were weapons depicted in the rock art illustrate part of composite instruments, mostly to be foreign objects or foreign influence. The fixed on wood or bone. introduction of new elements of technol- The iconographic style is defined as sub- ogy such as the wheel, or metal working, or naturalistic, that is, a simplified naturalism weaving are meaningful for defining the way with figures schematised just by a contour 15 Schematic tracing of Sector I and central sector of the “Big Rock” of Naquane which is the first entire tracing from Valca- monica, realized in 1957. Parc de Naquane, (WARA W07703). line. Main themes are large animals. Some- (Sicily). There are also similarities with the times they are shown to be hit by spears. archaic rock art of Totes Gebirge (Austria), Figures of elks are exclusive of this period and with the first phase of rock art of Ponteve- will not be found any longer in later periods; dra, with a group of engravings from the apparently in the region this animal became valley of the river Tago (Spain and Portugal), extinct during the early Holocene. Weapons and with some instances of rock paintings and tools represented here are practically in Levantine Spain. limited to spears or darts; a curved sign has This sub-naturalistic style with large ani- been interpreted as a boomerang, but this mals outlined by contour lines extends from hypothesis is doubtful. A basket-shaped fish- Scandinavia to the Middle East and to the ing trap is represented in an engraving on Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. In the hill of Luine: it consists of parallel lines Europe this style developed first in the late inside which a fish seems to be trapped. The phases of the Upper Palaeolithic earlier than essential economic activities substantiated by 10,000 years ago. For most of its duration this rock art are hunting and fishing; food col- style was contemporary to the Mesolithic lecting is not documented so far but should microlithic cultures. not be excluded. The social structure was the Parallel events occur in permanent set- clan. Anthropic levels consist of fireplaces tlements with artistic creativity in Eastern and bivouacs of modest size. These small Europe, Anatolia and Near East (Lepenski hunting groups had reached the foothills of Vir, Catal Hüyük, Jerico), where the first com- glaciers, where preys could not escape the munities engaged in the production of food assailants. Beliefs and religion, as far as we emerged in this period. know, concerned hunting rituals related to resources for economic survival. In the Epi-palaeolithic period (Proto-Ca- There are stylistic and thematic similari- munian), large animal figures are depicted ties with the rock art of the Arctic region in contour lines. Some of them appear to be (Northern Scandinavia) ad the archaic hunt- wounded, with dots marking the wounds ers phase of the Near East and North Africa. and spears wounding their body. Such type In Italy we know analogous expressions in of rock art may be referred to hunters-gath- the sub-naturalistic art of Levanzo (Egadi) erers and may be connected to an industry and the cave of Addaura, Monte Pellegrino of blades and microlites which are typical 16 Inside a megalithic wall of a great thickness, a “fortress” shelters a few habitation cabins and a large area for farm animals.