DOCSLIB.ORG

Photosymbiosis in Clinocardium Nuttalli: Implications for Tests of Photosymbiosis in Fossil Molluscs Author(S): Douglas S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Photosymbiosis in Clinocardium Nuttalli: Implications for Tests of Photosymbiosis in Fossil Molluscs Author(S): Douglas S Photosymbiosis in Clinocardium nuttalli: Implications for Tests of Photosymbiosis in Fossil Molluscs Author(s): Douglas S. Jones and David K. Jacobs Source: PALAIOS, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp. 86-95 Published by: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3514798 Accessed: 23/02/2010 16:24 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sepm. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to PALAIOS. http://www.jstor.org 86 RESEARCHLETTERS I environmental correlates such as shallow, clear water in nutrient-poor, low latitude, reefal settings. When Photosymbiosis in these characteristics appear in fossil contexts, cases of symbiotic associa- Clinocardium nuttalli: tions are frequently inferred. This for Tests of approach has proven only moderate- Implications ly satisfactory, however, and has of- Photosymbiosis in Fossil Molluscs ten led to ambiguity (see Jones et al., 1988). The principal objective of this paper is to evaluate the traditional criteria used to identify molluscan photosymbiotic hosts in the fossil record. This evaluation is accom- DOUGLAS S. JONES photosymbiotic relationship of C. plished through: 1) an examination Florida Museum of Natural History, nuttalli (and other photosymbiont- of photosymbiosis in the modern University of Florida, bearing bivalves) contradict ecolog- heart cockle (Clinocardium nuttal- Gainesville, FL 32611 ical, morphological,geochemical, and li); and 2) a re-analysis of the tradi- life history characteristics tradition- tional criteria in light of the Clino- DAVID K. JACOBS1 ally used to recognize such associa- cardium results as well as recent work Department of Geological Sciences, tions in the fossil record. While these involving other photosymbiotic mol- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and characteristics remain valid as sup- luscan species. State University, porting arguments for suspected The heart cockle, Clinocardium Blacksburg, VA 24061 cases of paleophotosymbiosis, pale- nuttalli (Conrad, 1837), is widely dis- ontologists are cautioned that nu- tributed in littoral settings from San merous photosymbiotic taxa do not Diego, California, north to the Nu- PALAIOS, 1992, V. 7, p. 86-95 display these characteristics and nivak, Pribiloff, and Commander Is- hence many cases of paleophoto- lands, and south in the eastern Pa- The endosymbiotic association be- symbiosis probably go undetected. cific to Japan (Fraser, 1931). Although tween the heart cockle, Clinocar- Paleontologists are encouraged to it is of limited commercial signifi- dium nuttalli, and an endosymbiotic develop better criteria for recogniz- cance, this shallow burrower is com- green alga (zoochlorella) was inves- ing photosymbiotic molluscan hosts. monly collected by recreational clam tigated in the field and laboratory. diggers from intertidal sandy mud Specimens were obtained from False flats and sand beaches throughout its Bay, San Juan Island, Washington. INTRODUCTION range. Clinocardium nuttalli is also Infaunal clams did not contain sym- one of a small but growing number bionts while slightly larger and older Identifying photosymbiotic rela- of molluscan species that has been semi-infaunal individuals harbored tionships in the fossil record is prob- reported to harbor endosymbiotic al- algae in siphonal and mantle tis- lematic because the symbionts are not gae (Hartman and Pratt, 1976); it is sues. Epifaunal clams were the larg- preserved, nor do they produce iden- this relationship that is of particular est and oldest (up to six years old) tifiable structures in the hard parts interest here. and contained the greatest concen- or skeleton of the host (Cowen, 1983). Algae and chloroplast symbionts tration of algae. The three mode-of- Because direct evidence of such re- are known from only two modern life groups apparently represent an lationships is lacking, indirect crite- molluscan classes, the bivalves and ontogenetic continuum with pro- ria (i.e., analogies with modern taxa) the gastropods. Three types of sym- gressive emergence from the sub- are traditionally used to argue for bionts are involved: 1) zoochlorellae strate related to the acquisition of suspected cases of photosymbiosis. (Chlorophyceae, Chlorocaccales); 2) algal symbionts after the clams' sec- These arguments have been applied zooxanthellae (Dinophyceae, Peridi- ond year of life. No symbiont-in- to diverse taxa, but especially to fos- niales); and 3) free chloroplasts (de- duced effects were observed on either sil molluscs. rived from several plant orders) shell growth rates or on oxygen and Selected ecological, morphological, (Muscatine and Greene, 1973). En- carbon isotopic composition of shell geochemical, and life history char- dosymbiotic chloroplasts occur in carbonate. Several aspects of the acteristics have been associated with several species of marine, hermaph- modern photosymbiotic molluscan roditic snails of the order Sacoglossa hosts. Among these are: 1) special- (Gastropoda,Opisthobranchia). More ized which enhance 1Present address: Department of Inverte- morphologies familiar are the endosymbiotic algae brates, American Museum of Natural His- light exposure; 2) rapid calcification (dinoflagellates) known as zooxan- tory, Central Park West at 79th St., New producing large skeletal sizes; 3) frac- thellae. These occur among a wide York, NY 10024. tionation of carbon isotopes; and 4) range of opisthobranchs, but are best Copyright? 1992, SEPM (Society for SedimentaryGeology) 0883-1351 /92/0007-0086/$3.00 PHOTOSYMBIOSISIN FOSSIL MOLLUSCS 87 known for their sustained, intimate association with bivalves of the su- perfamily Cardiacea, particularly the family Tridacnidae (Muscatine and Greene, 1973). Associations involving zoochlorel- lae are generally less familiar than the other two groups and often in- volve algae which become parasitic (Muscatine and Greene, 1973). The term "zoochlorellae" has no real tax- onomic significance and has tradi- tionally been used to refer to those green algae found as endosymbionts in freshwater invertebrates (Trench, 1979). For example, zoochlorellae are known from the freshwater bivalves Anodonta cygnea and Unio picto- rum where they are confined to the tissues that receive maximum illu- mination, such as the posterior man- tle edge, siphons, and occasionally the FIGURE1 -Map of northwesternWashington with expanded view of San Juan Island(inset) foot. Zoochlorellae have also been indicating location of Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory and collection site of Clinocardium identified in marine molluscs. They nuttalliat False Bay. were reported as mantle endosym- bionts in the giant scallop, Placopec- ten magellanicus (Naidu and South, ognize such relationships in the fossil subset of both mantle and siphonal 1970; Naidu, 1971), and more re- record are re-evaluated in the dis- tissues containing symbionts was se- cently as endosymbionts in the man- cussion that follows. lected for examination by transmis- tle, siphon, and occasionally the foot sion electron microscopy (TEM) to of the heart cockle, Clinocardium MATERIALS AND METHODS investigate the nature of the symbi- nuttalli (Hartman and Pratt, 1976). ont in more detail. These tissues were In general, these associations involv- Individuals of Clinocardium nut- pre-fixed in 3% buffered glutaral- ing zoochlorellae have not been in- talli were collected by hand from the dehyde at the FHML and were later vestigated as extensively as those in- lower intertidal zone at False Bay, dehydrated, sectioned, and stained volving other algal endosymbionts. San Juan Island, Washington (Fig. according to standard techniques. The intimacy of algal-molluscan 1). Specimens came from the fine sand The TEM analyses were performed symbiotic associations varies from and silt tidal flat environment, within on a JEOL 100C instrument at facultative to obligate and from tran- about 0.3 m of mean low water. Clams VPI&SU, Blacksburg, Virgina. To sient to sustained. In most cases the with and without algal symbionts further aid in the identification of the relationships are presumed to be mu- were collected. The former were rec- algal symbiont, tissues were stained tualistic with the host benefitting ognized in the field by the green color for the presence of starch using Lu- from symbiont-derived photosyn- of the siphonal region, or in the case gol's solution. thates released inside its tissues. The of epifaunal individuals, by the The soft tissue
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
    OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TREATISE ONLINE Number 48
    TREATISE ONLINE Number 48 Part N, Revised, Volume 1, Chapter 31: Illustrated Glossary of the Bivalvia Joseph G. Carter, Peter J. Harries, Nikolaus Malchus, André F. Sartori, Laurie C. Anderson, Rüdiger Bieler, Arthur E. Bogan, Eugene V. Coan, John C. W. Cope, Simon M. Cragg, José R. García-March, Jørgen Hylleberg, Patricia Kelley, Karl Kleemann, Jiří Kříž, Christopher McRoberts, Paula M. Mikkelsen, John Pojeta, Jr., Peter W. Skelton, Ilya Tëmkin, Thomas Yancey, and Alexandra Zieritz 2012 Lawrence, Kansas, USA ISSN 2153-4012 (online) paleo.ku.edu/treatiseonline PART N, REVISED, VOLUME 1, CHAPTER 31: ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF THE BIVALVIA JOSEPH G. CARTER,1 PETER J. HARRIES,2 NIKOLAUS MALCHUS,3 ANDRÉ F. SARTORI,4 LAURIE C. ANDERSON,5 RÜDIGER BIELER,6 ARTHUR E. BOGAN,7 EUGENE V. COAN,8 JOHN C. W. COPE,9 SIMON M. CRAgg,10 JOSÉ R. GARCÍA-MARCH,11 JØRGEN HYLLEBERG,12 PATRICIA KELLEY,13 KARL KLEEMAnn,14 JIřÍ KřÍž,15 CHRISTOPHER MCROBERTS,16 PAULA M. MIKKELSEN,17 JOHN POJETA, JR.,18 PETER W. SKELTON,19 ILYA TËMKIN,20 THOMAS YAncEY,21 and ALEXANDRA ZIERITZ22 [1University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA, [email protected]; 2University of South Florida, Tampa, USA, [email protected], [email protected]; 3Institut Català de Paleontologia (ICP), Catalunya, Spain, [email protected], [email protected]; 4Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 5South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, [email protected]; 6Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 7North
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction and Ecology of the Hermaphroditic Cockle Clinocardium Nuttallii (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) in Garrison Bay*
    Vol. 7: 137-145, 1982 MARINE ECOLOGY - PROGRESS SERIES Published February 15 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Reproduction and Ecology of the Hermaphroditic Cockle Clinocardium nuttallii (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) in Garrison Bay* V. F. Galluccil" and B. B. Gallucci2 ' School of Fisheries and Center for Quantitative Science in Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife. University of Washington, Seattle. Washington 98195, USA Department of Physiological Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Pathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA ABSTRACT: In this first description of the hermaphroditic reproductive cycle of the cockle Clinocar- djum nutlallii, male and female follicles are shown to develop in phase with each other The gametes of both sexes are spawned about the same time. The cockles In Garrison Bay spawn from Aprll to November, usually in the second year, but for a small segment of the stock there is the potent~alto spawn in the first year of life. Density, growth rate, patterns of mortality and other ecological factors are discussed in relation to the evolution of bisexual reproduction. The central driving forces toward bisexual reproduction are the combination of environmental unpredictability and predatory pressure. where no refuge in slze exists to guide the allocation of energy between reproduction and growth INTRODUCTION (about -2.0 ft [-0.61 m] to i3.0 ft [0.92 m]) of the intertidal region and in sediment varying from silt/clay Recent reviews have summarized the possible selec- (closed end of bay) to coarse sand (open end of bay) tive advantages of hermaphroditism (Ghiselin, 1969; (Fig. 1).The clam lives generally at the surface or just Bawa, 1980) but its role in the structure of benthic below the surface of the sediment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Extreme Longevity in Modern and Fossil Bivalves
    Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE August 2016 The evolution of extreme longevity in modern and fossil bivalves David Kelton Moss Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Moss, David Kelton, "The evolution of extreme longevity in modern and fossil bivalves" (2016). Dissertations - ALL. 662. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/662 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract: The factors involved in promoting long life are extremely intriguing from a human perspective. In part by confronting our own mortality, we have a desire to understand why some organisms live for centuries and others only a matter of days or weeks. What are the factors involved in promoting long life? Not only are questions of lifespan significant from a human perspective, but they are also important from a paleontological one. Most studies of evolution in the fossil record examine changes in the size and the shape of organisms through time. Size and shape are in part a function of life history parameters like lifespan and growth rate, but so far little work has been done on either in the fossil record. The shells of bivavled mollusks may provide an avenue to do just that. Bivalves, much like trees, record their size at each year of life in their shells. In other words, bivalve shells record not only lifespan, but also growth rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Akut76004.Pdf
    Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 CLAN, MUSSEL, AND OYSTER RESOURCES OF ALASKA by A. J. Paul and Howard M. Feder NATIONALgg~C".~I'! t DEPOSITOR PELLLIBIiARY HUILQI'tlG URI,NAP,RAGAH4'.i l Bkf CAMPIJS NARRAGANSGT,Ri 02S82 IMS Report No. 76-4 D. W. Hood Sea Grant Report No. 76-6 Director April 1976 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgement Sunnnary INTRODUCTION Factors Affecting Clam Densities Governmental Regulations Demand for Clara Products RAZORCLAM Siliqua pa&la! BUTTERCLAM Sazidomus gipantea! 16 BASKET COCKLE CLinocardium nuttal.lii! 19 LITTI.ENEGK cLAM Prot0thaca staminea! 21 SOFT-SHELLCLAM Ãpa az'encomia! 25 Hpa priapus! 28 THE TRUNCATE SOFT-SHELL Ãya tmncata! 29 PINKNECKCLAM +isu2a polymyma! 29 BUTTERFLY TELLIN Tsarina lactea! 32 ADDITIONAL CLAM SPECIES 32 BLUE MUSSEL Pfytilus eduHs! 33 OYSTERS 34 LITERATURE CITED 37 APPENDIX I. Classification of common Alaskan bivalves discussed in this report 40 APPENDIX I I Metric conversion values PREFACE This report is a compilation of data gathered in the course of a University of Alaska Sea Grant project, The BioZogg of FconomicaZLy Important BivaZves and Other MoZZuscs. This project concentrated on the study of hard shell clams and was designed to complement on-going Alaska Department of Fish and Game razor clam research. The primary purpose of this report is to provide the public with existing biological information on the clam, mussel, and oyster resources of the state. lt is intended to be supplementary to a previous report The AZaska CZarnFishery: A sue'ver and anaZgsis of economic potentcaZ, lMS Report No. R75-3, Sea Grant No.
    [Show full text]
  • CRRC Bivalve and Littleneck Clam Culture Studies
    5.0. Development of hatchery, nursery and growout methods for Nuttall’s cockle (Clinocardium nuttallii). During the 1995 shellfish surveys at the Alaskan Native villages of Tatitlek, Port Graham and Nanwalek, villagers repeatedly expressed a preference for cockles (Clinocardium nuttallii). Residents of Port Graham reported that cockles were common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s, but virtually disappeared several years before the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Very few cockles were observed in any of the quantitative or qualitative surveys conducted at Port Graham, Tatitlek, or Nanwalek. Excellent cockle habitat was observed in qualitative shellfish surveys at Port Graham and Tatitlek. The common cockle from the Eastern Atlantic (Cerastoderma edule) is prized in some areas of Europe and blood cockles of the genus Anadara are grown and marketed in Asia. However, Nuttall’s cockle, common in sandy intertidal areas of the eastern Pacific, is not cultivated and is not commonly harvested commercially. In part, that is because this bivalve does not keep well under refrigeration (author’s personal experience) and therefore has a limited commercial shelf-life. The result is that little work has been accomplished with respect to developing hatchery techniques for propagating this animal. A search of the ASFA and BIOSYS bibliographic databases revealed few citations dealing with the genus Clinocardium. All of those identified in the search were obtained from the University of Washington library system together with many of the references pertaining to other cockle species. 5.1. Background. In addition to being a favored food of Alaskan Natives, cockles appear to grow rapidly in Washington State.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Ice Cover Affects Inter-Annual and Geographic Variation in Growth of the Arctic Cockle Clinocardium Ciliatum (Bivalvia) in Greenland
    Vol. 389: 149–158, 2009 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published September 4 doi: 10.3354/meps08200 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Sea ice cover affects inter-annual and geographic variation in growth of the Arctic cockle Clinocardium ciliatum (Bivalvia) in Greenland Mikael Kristian Sejr1,*, Martin Emil Blicher1, 2, Søren Rysgaard2 1National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Marine Ecology, University of Aarhus, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark 2Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland ABSTRACT: Sea ice exerts a strong influence on Arctic marine primary production, thereby influen- cing food availability for secondary producers. Food availability is recognized as one of the primary constraints on macrobenthic growth and production. Thus, it may be expected that spatial and tem- poral variability in Arctic sea ice cover influencing primary productivity could translate to the next trophic level: the benthic secondary producers. To test whether sea ice cover is coupled to the annual production of Arctic benthos, we measured annual growth increments in the shell of the bivalve Clinocardium ciliatum to (1) compare average individual growth rates along a climate gradient from sub-Arctic to high-Arctic Greenland, and (2) produce time series of inter-annual variation in bivalve growth at sites with different sea ice conditions. A significant difference between average individual growth rates between the different sites was found. This geographic variation in growth performance was correlated to the average productive open-water (ice-free) period estimated from sea ice data obtained from satellites between 1979 and 2003. At locations with low to moderate sea ice cover, growth rates ranged from 80 to 100% of the fastest growing sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Redacted for Privacy
    AN A S'JRACTOF THE THESIS OF Paul Robert Crowley for the degree of Master of Science in Radiation Health Physics presented on January l42OOO. Title: Behavior of 59Fe in a Marine Estuarine Environment: Uptake and Retention by the Pacific Basket-Coclde Clinocardium nuttallii. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Kathryn A. Higley Iron-59 and its speciation in a cold model estuary were chosen as the focus for this study on the effects and behavior of radionuclides in the marine environment. Iron-59 is a common constituent of the reactor effluent water found on U. S. Naval, nuclear powered warships. It could provide useful data in assessing the radiological impact of shipborne reactor accident resulting in the release of radionuclides to the marine estuarine environment. As sedimentary filter feeders, bivalves act as excellent bioindicators for marine contamination. Clinocardium nuttallhi, Pacific basket-cockles, were maintained in a recirculating chilled-seawater aquarium. Mi specimens, seawater and sediment were extracted from Yaquina Bay in Newport, Oregon. After allowing the organisms to acclimate to the laboratory conditions, 1.0 mCi of59Fe was added to the system in aqueous form as iron (Ill)chloride and allowed to homogeneously distribute. Over a twenty-onc day period, or one half of one half- life for 59Fe, frequent water, sediment, and cockle samples were drawn, weighed and counted for activity in a sodium iodide, NaII(Tl), solid scintillation detector. All specific activity measurements were corrected for radioactive decay and plotted vs. time after iron introduction to determine the ironspeciation pathways within the system. At the end of the data collection period, five cockles removed fromthe system at various times during the experiment were dissected for a tissue distribution study.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Seashore Animals of Southeastern Alaska a Field Guide by Aaron Baldwin
    Common seashore animals of Southeastern Alaska A field guide by Aaron Baldwin All pictures taken by Aaron Baldwin Last update 9/15/2014 unless otherwise noted. [email protected] Seashore animals of Southeastern Alaska By Aaron Baldwin Introduction Southeast Alaska (the “Alaskan Panhandle”) is an ecologically diverse region that extends from Yakutat to Dixon Entrance south of Prince of Wales Island. A complex of several hundred islands, fjords, channels, and bays, SE Alaska has over 3,000 miles of coastline. Most people who live or visit Southeast Alaska have some idea of the incredible diversity of nature found here. From mountain tops to the cold, dark depths of our many fjords, life is everywhere. The marine life of SE Alaska is exceptionally diverse for several reasons. One is simply the amount of coast, over twice the amount of the coastline of Washington, Oregon, and California combined! Within this enormous coastline there is an incredible variety of habitats, each with their own ecological community. Another reason for SE Alaska’s marine diversity is that we are in an overlap zone between two major faunal provinces. These provinces are defined as large areas that contain a similar assemblage of animals. From northern California to SE Alaska is a faunal province called the Oregonian Province. From the Aleutian Island chain to SE Alaska is the Aleutian Province. What this means is that while our sea life is generally similar to that seen in British Columbia and Washington state, we also have a great number of northern species present. History of this guide http://www.film.alaska.gov/ This guide began in 2009 as a simple guide to common seashore over 600 species! In addition to expanding the range covered, I animals of Juneau, Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinocardium Nuttallii Class: Bivalvia, Heterodonta, Euheterodonta
    Phylum: Mollusca Clinocardium nuttallii Class: Bivalvia, Heterodonta, Euheterodonta Order: Cardiida Basket of heart cockle Family: Cardioidea, Cardiidae, Clinocardiinae Taxonomy: This species was originally de- and consist of 30 ridges. The complex intes- scribed as Cardium nuttallii (named after the tine is with 11 loops and the total length (from zoologist, Thomas Nuttall) by Conrad in crystalline style to exit from visceral mass) is 1837. Cardium was later split into several 300 mm (Schneider 1994). For diagram of groups and C. nuttallii was moved to the ge- internal anatomy see Schneider 1994. nus Clinocardium, which was designated by Exterior: Keen in 1936 (Kafanov 1980; Schneider Byssus: 2002). Other known synonyms include Car- Gills: Gills are filibranch type, and are dium californianum and Cardium corbis (e.g. strongly plicated and fused to a siphonal sep- Fraser 1931; Weymouth and Thompson tum posteriorly (Bernard and Noakes 1990; 1931). The distinctive shell morphology of Schneider 1994). The outer demibranch Clinocardium (with some associated sub- bears 53–120 plicae (each plica comprises 40 genera, see Kafanov 1980) is distinct within filaments), while the inner has 75–110 the subfamily Clinocardiinae (Karanov (Schneider 1994). The gills in many suspen- 1980). Taxonomy of the group is based sion feeding bivalves are elongated and fold- largely on stomach and shell morphology ed to increase filtering surface area (Barnard (Schneider 1994, 1995). and Noakes 1990). Shell: When viewed from the side (left or right Description valve), the shell is triangular, but when viewed Size: Individuals up to 72 mm (Packard from either end it is heart-shaped (Fig. 3) 1918), but often grows to greater size, par- (hence “heart cockle”, Kozloff 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Use and Hnrsst Rates of Shellfish Especially Razor Clams
    Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report Clam Restoration Project Restoration Project 99 131 Final Report Dr. Kenneth M. Brooks (clam growout) Jon Agosti (hatchery development) Jeff Hetrick (clam nursery: razor clams) David Daisy (project development) Chugach Regional Resources Commission 4201 Tudor Centre Drive, Suite 300 Anchorage, Alaska 99508 for: Alaska Department of Fish and Game Habitat and Restoration Division 333 Raspberry Road Anchorage, Alaska 995 18 August 200 1 Clam Restoration Project Restoration Project 99 131 Final Report Studv History: This project was initiated under Restoration Project 95 131, a five-year pilot project entitled NanwaleMPort GrahardTatitlek Subsistence Clam Restoration. It was developed at the request of the villages impacted by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The project title was changed to Clam Restoration Project in 1996. The project initially included work with littleneck clams, razor clams and the basket cockle. It included seedstock development at the Qutekcak Shellfish Hatchery in Seward and at shellfish nurseries at Tatitlek and Chenega Bay, growout trials at the villages, and expanding the project to additional villages. Expanding the project to additional villages was dropped after FY96 to reduce costs and give the project better focus. Work with cockles and razor calms was dropped after FY97 for the same reason. The project did encompass the five-year time period as initially planned. Annual reports were produced for FY95, FY96, FY97 and FY98 and were used in the production of this report. Abstract: Procedures for establishing safe, easily accessible subsistence clam populations near Native villages in the oil spill region, which would be relatively inexpensive to set up and maintain, were developed and tested on beaches near the Native villages of Nanwalek, Tatitlek and Port Graham.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction and Growth of the Pacific Basket-Cockle, Clinocardium Nuttallii Conrad, from Intertidal and Subtidal Environments of Netarts Bay
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Frank Douglas Ratti for the degree of Master of Science (Name) (Degree) in Oceanography presented on July 21, 1977 (Major) (Date) Title:REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH OF THE PACIFIC BASKET- COCKLE, CLINOCARDIUM NUTTALLII CONRAD, FROM INTERTIDAL AND SUB TIDAL ENVIRONMENTS 0E NETARTS BAY Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy James E, McCauley Age structure and growth of shells of the Pacific basket-cockle, Clinocardium nuttallii in Netarts Bay, Oregon, were investigated with special emphasis on the differences between subtidal and intertidal populations.The cockle was chosen for study because its growth is highly sensitive to physical factors in the environment. Evidence is presented which suggests that stresses of the physical environment and biological factors result in oldest individuals being in the sub- tidal, and that growth of shells is correlated with the amount of tidal submergence. A short-term tagging study was done at two sites and most of yearly growth occurred in the Spring months. Collections were made from July, 1975, through September, 1976, from six sites to study synchronism of gonadal development and fecundity of populations by histological examination of gonads. Synchronism of gonadal development to the ripe stage occurs among intertidal and subtidal populations in the same area, while popula- tions from different areas of the bay do not reach theripe condition at the same time.There is evidence of protandric spawning behavior, and the hermaphroditic nature of C. nuttallii is compared to that of the Family Tridacnidae.The fecundity of the subtidal populations, in terms of percentages of the populations producing ripe gonads, was greater than fecundity of the intertidal populations.
    [Show full text]