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What Would Boyd Orr Do? Magazine Issue 6 • January 2017 Nourish Scotland What would Boyd Orr do? The state of nutrition of the people of this country is surveyed here on a broad scale and from a new angle. Instead of discussing minimum requirements, this survey considers optimum requirements. Optimum requirements are based on the physiological ideal, which we define as “a state of well-being such that no improvement can be effected by a change in the diet.” John Boyd Orr (1936) Food, Health and Income NOURISH SCOTLAND • January 2017 About Nourish Contents Nourish Scotland is an NGO campaigning What would Boyd Orr do? .........................3 on food justice issues in Scotland. John Boyd Orr, a Scottish visionary on We believe tasty and nutritious food science, politics, food and peace ..............5 should be accessible to everyone, be sustainable, and be produced, processed, Farming should feed people for health ....6 sold and served in a way that values and respects workers. A people-driven food system ....................8 We campaign for solutions that work From undernourishment to obesity .......10 across the board: we take a systems approach toward food and health, Supporting children and young poverty, fairness, workers’ rights, people’s health ..........................................11 economy, environment, climate change, land use, and waste. Scientific approaches to increase vegetable consumption ...........................13 Ignorance or poverty? ..............................15 Food is a right ...........................................17 This publication was made possible by a generous grant from Esmée Fairbairn Foundation. Nourish Views from Holyrood ...............................18 Scotland is immensely grateful for their support of our work. We would also like to express our gratitude to all the contributors to this edition of the Nourish Magazine. Find us at Summerhall 1 Summerhall Place Edinburgh EH9 1PL T. 0131 226 1497 E. [email protected] www.nourishscotland.org 2 January 2017 • NOURISH SCOTLAND So how relevant are his analysis and his solutions today as Scotland shapes its Good What would Food Nation Bill? His analysis showed that the poorest 10% of the population were living on a diet ‘deficient in every constituent’, and Boyd Orr do? that food, health and income were locked Pete Ritchie together in a sharp gradient of inequality. Pete is the Director of Nourish Today, as then, people are not dying of Scotland, as well as an organic farmer hunger in Scotland, and there is no shortage in the Scottish borders. of food: but in 2016, around 10% of the UK population is moderately or severely food insecure – trading down, filling up on cheap This edition of Nourish’s magazine honours calories, feeling hungry, skipping meals, John Boyd Orr, founder of the Rowett or using food banks. The poorest 10% of Institute, first Director General of the UN’s households spent 23 per cent more on food Food and Agriculture Organisation and Nobel in 2014 than in 2007 and purchased 8.5 per laureate. cent less. We invited food and nutrition experts and Writing ten years before the start of the NHS, legislators, in Scotland and further afield, to Boyd Orr is crystal clear: when it comes reflect on how Boyd Orr’s work should inform to health, we should make nutrition do the our contemporary debate. If one thing stands heavy lifting: “the standard is not just to out from their diverse and thoughtful pieces, provide a diet which will keep people alive, it is the need for a step change in the way we but a diet which will keep people in health; do food and farming, and the necessity for and the standard of health adopted is a state leadership from governments. Food as usual of well-being such that no improvement could won’t do. be effected by a change in the diet.” There’s an opportunity and a will in Scotland Boyd Orr’s solutions are set out more fully in to make a step change, and there is his 1943 report ‘Food and the People’, written leadership from government: when his wartime food rations scheme was levelling up access to food and making a “We are going to consult on a Good Food significant contribution to public health. Nation Bill in 2017. ... Work in shaping the course of the Bill will involve colleagues He argues for a food policy based on and stakeholders in a number of areas nutritional needs, which would involve a across Government, including health, food levelling of incomes as well as keeping food standards, waste, social justice, agriculture, prices low and making special government education and procurement.” Fergus Ewing, provision for groups such as children and Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy and mothers. Connectivity, 29th June 2016 He is clear that, in today’s language, food When John Boyd Orr wrote Food, Health and poverty is a part of structural inequality, and Income in 1936, there were still 110,000 horses he links his food policy with full employment working on Scottish farms. World population and a national minimum standard wage. was a third of today’s 7 billion, and intensive But he also wants to sever the link between livestock production was in its infancy. income and nutrition, even arguing that equal access to food would make it harder for On average in the UK, we spent 30% of our employers to break strikes, and encourage income on food, rather than the 11% we greater political participation. spend now. Boyd Orr’s primary concern was with undernourishment, while in today’s He calls for a global expansion of agriculture, Scotland (and globally) obesity is also making but within a global governance framework people’s lives shorter and less healthy than working to align national and international they should be. food policies: while at home government 3 NOURISH SCOTLAND • January 2017 would be closely involved in managing the Boyd Orr’s central argument was that market. He writes “A world food policy…. malnutrition was an injustice caused by the could not work without State and Inter-State organisation of society, not a necessary guidance and control.” feature of the world. This core idea was rejected by the US and His proposition was simple: the food system, the UK, leading to Boyd Orr’s resignation locally and globally, should be designed from the FAO: but 70 years on, he would and managed to nourish everyone: food for have welcomed the Paris climate change people, not food as just another commodity. agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals as steps to strengthening global So, as Scotland debates its Good Food governance. Nation Bill, we should take three lessons from John Boyd Orr: Closer to home, the post-war settlement in Britain established the National Health 1 Ensuring good food for all is a responsibility Service despite strong opposition, while in of government – this means intervening in food policy the 1947 Agriculture Act focused the market. ‘Education’ is not enough. on increasing production through guaranteed prices for farmers. The policy split between 2 Farming matters: in planning what to do food and health which Boyd Orr worked so after the current round of the Common hard to heal has continued ever since. As Agricultural Policy, we have to align what Wendell Berry comments “People are fed by the food industry, which pays no attention to we are asking and supporting our farmers health, and are treated by the health industry, to do with our wider policy goals for food which pays no attention to food.” and health. We have been so worn down over the last 3 This is a global issue: Scotland’s approach forty years by the mantra of market good, to food – in terms of trade, research, government bad, that Boyd Orr’s schemes climate change, biodiversity and waste as for governing the food system seem at first well as nutrition – should, like Boyd Orr, sight not just naïve but undesirable. After all, make a positive contribution. food production per head has more than kept pace with population growth, global food distribution is a logistical triumph, and look at We have a unique opportunity with the Good the failure of collective farms. Food Nation Bill to draw together different threads of food policy into a robust, people- And yet… despite there being enough food centred framework which becomes a core for everyone, there are still 800 million people part of how we do things in Scotland. Food undernourished in the world, alongside an is integral to our approach to environment, epidemic of obesity. And as Carlo Petrini land reform, animal welfare, and climate describes, our unplanned agricultural change; community empowerment, human expansionism has caused massive rights and social justice; circular economy, deforestation, soil degradation and loss of rural resilience and sustainable development. wildlife, accelerating climate change while Boyd Orr saw the big picture – we need to externalising costs. Closer to home, dairy see it too. farmers go out of business while food banks proliferate. 4 January 2017 • NOURISH SCOTLAND of Aberdeen’s Rowett Research Institute that really cemented his concerns about the John Boyd impact of poverty on poor diet and health. In the early 1920s Orr’s team demonstrated Orr, a Scottish the nutritional benefit of milk in the diet of young schoolchildren, with the effect being most marked in children from the visionary poorest families. These were key studies as they ultimately led to the introduction of free school milk in Scotland, with England on science, following at a later date. The research was also important as it saved the dairy industry politics, food from economic collapse. Further dietary surveys of families across the UK led to the seminal book Food, Health and and peace Income by Boyd Orr, published in 1936, which revealed that one third of the population were Dr.
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