41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 1 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 2 UMBER DITORS E OOK HANEUF TRANGE OPEZ EACOCK ORTON DITORS RITING P S EDLICKA L P M E A. C J EVIEW AW ETER & W BBIE MILY P AIGE TAFF L R ORGAN ICHELLE E A P S NNALISE M A M AW ESEARCH R HIEF ATANIA L RIESTER DITORS CHOOL OF URNETT DVISOR -C LVISH OLYESNIK IHART URREY E 2019 N S IN E A i K - N J. P M. C M L. B ANDIDATES ICAH PRING ARA C USTICE S M J DITORS ACULTY ANAGING OASTAL ANDRA E F ENJAMIN ICHOLAS YUDMYLA OASTAL S M B C L N C DITOR DITORS ACOBS E LORIDA ENDIZABAL ARGANO J E F G M LORIDA ATHLEEN EATHER XECUTIVE K RODUCTION H F ARIELENA E P 19 S M OLUME V \\jciprod01\productn\F\FLC\19-2\boe192.txt unknown Seq: 1 11-OCT-19 11:10 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 1 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 1 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 1 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FLC\19-2\boe192.txt unknown Seq: 2 11-OCT-19 11:10 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 1 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 1 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 2 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 AW L EANS D CHOOL OF S iii Visiting Professor of Law Assistant Dean of Student Affairs Assistant Dean of Student Professor of Law OASTAL Associate Dean of Admissions Dean and Professor of Law Dean and Professor Professor of Law ACULTY AND C Professor of Law Dean of Academics Professor of Law F Professor of Law Professor of Professional Skills Professor of Professional Associate Dean of Library and Associate Professor of Law Associate Dean of Library and Associate Professor of Professional Skills Professor of Professional Professor of Professional Skills LORIDA F James Artley, B.S., M.B.A., Ph.D., James Artley, B.S., M.B.A., M.P.A., Anthony Cardenas, B.A., Melissa Coll, B.A., J.D., J.D., Ericka Curran, B.A., J.D., Scott DeVito, B.A., Ph.D., J.D., LL.M., Eric Hull, B.S., M.S., J.D., Lucille Ponte, B.A., M.A., J.D., Benjamin Priester, A.B., J.D., Jennifer Reiber, B.F.A., Matthew Reiber, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Stacy Scaldo, B.A., J.D., Leigh Scales, B.S., J.D., Bradley Shannon, B.A., J.D., Alan Wil1iams, A.B., J.D., \\jciprod01\productn\F\FLC\19-2\fac192.txt unknown Seq: 3 11-OCT-19 11:10 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 2 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 2 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 2 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FLC\19-2\fac192.txt unknown Seq: 4 11-OCT-19 11:10 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 2 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 2 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 3 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 O ... 221 T F 2 O AW F HIELD S L ’ S O MMUNITY OURT NALYSIS OF RA I UMBER CCORDING C OURT FFECT ON THE E A EVIEW C , A E HE HROUGH THE ANUFACTURED R T TATES ...... 243 T N OMPARATIVE UALIFIED S , M ...... 169 C NDUSTRY AND ” I Q OCTRINE AW I NCONSCIONABLE D NITED U RADES GAIN L S IPLOMAS ...... 201 ’ U G A 2019 N ...... 299 NTERNET NTHROPOLOGICAL D HE v I INDING OF RACTITIONERS A T ECORDING HEVRON ERSPECTIVE ON THE F ...... 269 ISCONDUCT AND ITS TRICT IRCUIT P C R EDICINE OR P PRING LTERED S OUGHT C M F HE ONSENT M -B OASTAL AW T C NTERNATIONAL AND F EDICAL L I OLICE . . . A C O TORE EDERAL M ISCRETION ODERN TABLE OF CONTENTS P KETCH OF AN S F D S : M ONFERENCE HE NFORMED OCAL UTURE 19 S SYCHOLOGICAL AND C T ECONCILING THE ROTECTIONS ON THE I CADEMIA , F L P OLICE P OR EQUIREMENTS FOR A A NJURY P HE ”: R LORIDA F I R DMINISTRATIVE IABILITY FOR FROM OLUME IN THE ISTORICAL : T F EVELOPMENT OF EETS UDICIAL L A V ASES OF H J LOOD D M C OCTRINE OF BUSE OF PPEALS OPYRIGHT RANSCRIPTS ENIENT RUMP HE B ODERN AND RIEF D T L A T T A C AKING AD RTICLES ONSENT TO NRON Charles Lincoln E Michael McKee Harvey Gilmore A M Nikki R. Breeland “M Christian Ketter A B Nicholas Catania C A “B \\jciprod01\productn\F\FLC\19-2\toc192.txt unknown Seq: 5 11-OCT-19 11:10 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 3 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 3 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 3 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FLC\19-2\toc192.txt unknown Seq: 6 11-OCT-19 11:10 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 3 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 3 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 4 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , on (Nov. for all IME , T Bad Blood 1 2 , NDUSTRY AND I HELLBACK NTERNET I * ,&S ECORDING Florida Coastal Law Review ARTIN R M , University of Mississippi School of Law AX ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM ,M NTRODUCTION I ELETE
D Nikki R. Breeland I. in History, Missouri University of Science and AMAR OT ROTECTIONS ON THE ROTECTIONS ON L N P O (D magna cum laude ECONCILING THE ECONCILING THE DOCX ENDRICK (1). ”: R ,K OPYRIGHT OPYRIGHT Here’s Why Taylor Swift Pulled Her Music From Spotify LUELINE LUELINE valuable. Valuable things should be paid for.” valuable. Valuable things should C WIFT .B summa cum laude LOOD S B ACROS AD .M AYLOR Imagine for a moment that your whole life changed. You went from Imagine for a moment that your whole The recording industry is dealing with a crisis. Revenues are down, is dealing with a crisis. Revenues The recording industry “B REELAND “Music is art, and art is important and rare. Important, rare things are “Music is art, and art is important their efforts; and the most special thank you to my husband, Brennan P. Breeland, for their efforts; and the most special thank you to my husband, Brennan P. Breeland, supporting this endeavor and always giving excellent feedback. 1 T gleefully playing at neighborhood bars and practicing in your parents’ gleefully playing at neighborhood of your dreams. You’ve grown up garage to signing the record deal stardom, and stardom means money. knowing that record deals mean where’s You’ve beaten the odds and managed to attain stardom—now artists are angry, and other recording industry insiders are pushing back and other recording industry insiders artists are angry, sharing. The culprit: internet against the current system of revenue of these websites, the recording streaming services. With the advent way to fight back against profit industry has found no successful of the new Music Modernization Act, hemorrhage. With the creation again see a change and increase to however, music copyright will delves into the original recording available protections. This Article and the copyright rights that went industry revenue sharing infrastructure through the proposed legislation aiming along with it, while also parsing to increase those rights. 3, 2014), http://time.com/ 3554468/why-taylor-swift-spotify/ (quoting Taylor Swift). * Nikki R. Breeland, J.D., 2018; B.A., B Technology 2015; B.A. in PoliticalMississippi University for Women Science, 2013. and The author wishes to thank Professor Stacey Lantagne for her constant support guidance on internet and entertainment law; the 1989 (Big Machine 2015). Records and Republic Records 2 Jack Linshi, 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 4 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 4 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 4 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , HE IRDS , T B [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 (last visited Oct. ORMS Concert prices are 7 , F So while you received So while you 3 However, you now realize 6 ding-contract-sample-5 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM advance when you signed, all that means advance when you 4 , CMU (Jan. 9, 2018), http://www.complete ELETE D OT N , IFPI (Apr. 3, 2018), http://www.ifpi.org/how-record- O (D Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal 40 Years of Album Sales Data in Two Handy Charts DOCX (1). US Music Industry Trade Groups Galore Present United Front over LUELINE LUELINE .B (Feb. 20, 2014), https://blog.thecurrent.org/2014/02/40-years-of-album- ACROS Artist Recording Contract Sample The dream of buying yachts, mansions, and Bugattis seems like The dream of buying yachts, mansions, .M 5 You have been groomed in the industry long enough to know the You have been groomed in the As the years pass, you put out a few albums and develop a As the years pass, you put out Your recording contract provides that you, not your record label, are provides that you, not your Your recording contract How record labels invest Id. URRENT REELAND radio rule in the business: make one-tenth of a penny per song on the radio rule in the business: make products. radio—it will advertise your other between a $50,000 to $350,000 between a $50,000 naivety. teen girls, and you hear your music respectable fan base of a few million it—even past the beginner debt and on the radio. You really did make If it was the 1990s, you would sell uphill climb to successful stardom. and concert ticket sales. You millions of dollars in albums, merchandise, to front the cost of a tour, and you would convince your record label However, 1990 was almost three would rake in the money of big music. you meet your new nemesis: internet decades ago and because of this, radio streaming services. C 3 responsible for the first project of five songs or more with any advances first project of five songs or more responsible for the against your revenue you being immediately charged that your label gives rides’ in the music “[t]here are absolutely no ‘free account since, at the major label level.” business, not even 170 the money? B 17, 2017). 4 labels-invest.php. 5 6 Chris Cooke, Copyright Reform in Washington musicupdate.com/article/us-music-industry-trade-groups-galore-present-united-front- over-copyright-reform-in-washington/. 7 Andrea Swensson, you don’t know what other products you are advertising. No one buys you don’t know what other products streaming services. albums anymore because of the https://www.formsbirds.com/free-artist-recor is now, as a teenager with a bourgeoning music career, you’re teenager with a bourgeoning is now, as a $50,000 to $350,000 in debt to your immediately and automatically label. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 4 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 4 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 5 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , 11 14 It 10 15 . Meanwhile, putting a concert Meanwhile, putting 171 8 nces) (on file at https://www.theseus. note 3 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM supra Breeland ELETE D 12 OT N O (D Where there was once a market swollen with Where there was once a market Part II gives background on the infrastructure the Part II gives background on the DOCX 13 16 note 7. (1). Lady Gaga reveals she was bankrupt at the height of career Lady Gaga reveals she was bankrupt 11 Ways the Music Industry Makes It Impossible for Indie Artists The Consumption and Perceived Value of Music in the Digital Age: (July 28, 2014), https://mic.com/articles/94682/11-ways-the-music- supra LUELINE LUELINE IC Introduction. Introduction. , Complaint at ¶ 7, Knowles-Carter v. Feyonce, Inc., No. 16-02532, Complaint at ¶ 7, Knowles-Carter .B (Mar. 17, 2014), http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/lady-gaga- , M ACROS Flo & Eddie, Inc. v. Sirius XM Flo & Eddie, Inc. v. F.3d 1016 (11th Cir. 2016); Radio, Inc., 827 and merchandise has been commandeered by inexpensive foreign has been commandeered by inexpensive and merchandise .M 9 See, e.g. You decide it is time for pushback on the streaming service market time for pushback on the streaming You decide it is Many artists struggle with this scenario in the age of internet radio Many artists struggle with this scenario See See supra See supra LAMOUR REELAND (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 5, 2016). (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 5, 2016). 11 A&M1004 (9th Cir. 2001); Metro-Goldwyn- Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913 (2005). 12 Pia Happonen, that has grown quietly by itself through the minefield of copyright quietly by itself through the that has grown as internet radio. to find its safe place infringement lawsuits money, the last twenty-five years has seen a drastic decline in revenues. money, the last twenty-five years on is almost cost-prohibitive as it rests on the shoulders of the artist as it rests on the on is almost cost-prohibitive alone, industry-makes-it-impossible-for-indie-artists-to-succeed#BKjGPHpTz. industry-makes-it-impossible-for-indie-artists-to-succeed#BKjGPHpTz. 14 Swensson, 16 sales-data-in-one-handy-chart/. 8 Artist Recording Contract Sample, Unfortunately, the market has been left alone too long, and consumers— market has been left alone too Unfortunately, the the value of music: you get what your fans—have decided they control they feel is worth paying for. the problem of recording industry This Article seeks to delve into to internet streaming services. copyright protections as they relate 2019] many cannot afford it. astronomical and B bankruptcy-during-monster-ball-tour. 10 15 streaming services. fi/bitstream/handle/10024/106990/The%20Consumption%20of%20Music%20Thesis. Adolescents and Young Adults as Music Consumers, (2016) (unpublished Master’s thesis, Arcada University of Applied Scie focuses on how proposed legislation will affect the recording industry, as focuses on how proposed legislation well as consumers. recording industry created to share revenue, and how that infrastructure recording industry created to share companies being sold through websites like Amazon, eBay, or Etsy. sold through websites like Amazon, companies being 9 Leanne Bayley, G pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y). 13 Oberman, Lily to Succeed 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 5 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 5 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 5 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 These Part IV Part V 27 [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 18 19 NDUSTRY I Lastly, Part VII Lastly, Part VII 21 First, mechanical Part III provides the Part III provides 26 17 ECORDING R The infrastructure worked 24 25 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM ROBLEM OF NFRASTRUCTURE I P ELETE D OT N O Making Money The Basics of Music from the Airwaves: (D Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal . 10 (1997). DOCX 22 AW Part VI lays out the proposed legislation to combat the proposed legislation to combat Part VI lays out Record labels, songwriters, publishers, recording Record labels, songwriters, note 7. (1). note 23, at 11. 20 23 ONEY AND THE M N.J. L supra LUELINE LUELINE supra Part IV. Part III. .B Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part II.
nfra nfra , 1997 ACROS i i (“The term ‘mechanical royalties’ is derived from player piano scrolls used in at 11. II. .M There are several rights involved in the making of music: in the making of music: There are several rights involved The recording industry was created and flourished under a delicate The recording industry was created Id. See infra See infra See infra See infra See Id. See REELAND Licensing 21 22 23 Paragano, D. Vincent 20 19 18 25 Swensson, 26 Paragano, dictates the purpose of this Article, which is to propose the creation of a of this Article, which is to propose dictates the purpose service that works with the proposed better and more equitable streaming and protections for those in the legislation to provide equitable revenues recording industry. mechanical rights, performance royalties, foreign royalties and sheet mechanical rights, performance rights. music, recoupment, and synchronization details available internet streaming services and the reactions of notable internet streaming services and details available recording artists. the inequitable use of music copyright on the internet. the inequitable use that has in the previous decade system of revenue sharing—a system fallen into ruin. relevant copyright protections extended to music recordings both before protections extended to music relevant copyright and after. of 1976 (“The Copyright Act”) The Copyright Act 24 17 artists, producers, radio services, album retailers, concert venues, etc. all artists, producers, radio services, system. played a part in the revenue sharing 172 by internet technologies. was negatively impacted B royalties in the recording industry’s system go to songwriters. royalties in the recording industry’s 27 gracefully until the early 2000s and the intrusion of millennium gracefully until the early 2000s technology upon the recording industry. establishes the relevant statutes and case law pertaining to music relevant statutes and case law establishes the the internet. at the advent of music on recording copyright 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 5 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 5 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 6 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 34 30 35 This will ensure each 33 173 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Breeland 29 ELETE D OT N O (D DOCX (1). note 23, at 11. note 23, at 11 (“Often, the record company will attempt to recoup LUELINE LUELINE supra supra 32 .B Unlike the mechanical royalties, performance royalties are Unlike the mechanical royalties, Unfortunately, “[g]enerally, record sales are barely sufficient Unfortunately, “[g]enerally, record 31 For an album, all the songwriters that are involved are able to the songwriters that are involved For an album, all 36 ACROS 28 (“It is possible to obtain an 80 percent transaction in Canada because it is (“It is possible to obtain an 80 percent transaction in Canada because it is .M . Id. Fourth, recording companies own recoupment rights that allow the Fourth, recording companies own Second, performance royalties are paid through the performance royalties are paid through Second, performance Third, foreign royalties and sheet music are usually managed by Third, foreign royalties and sheet Id. Id. Id. Id. Id Id. REELAND ‘almost domestic.’ The songwriter should attempt to get payments in ‘U.S. dollars,’ due to the fluctuating nature of foreign currency.”). 36 Paragano, against any monies payable to the artist. Thus, if the artist is also the composer of the 35 34 33 31 Paragano, 32 30 company to recover capital from any advances or charges to the artist’s company to recover capital from account. right organizations like Broadcast Music Incorporated (“BMI”) and like Broadcast Music Incorporated right organizations Artists, and Publishers (“ASCAP”) American Society of Composers, assigning territories for certain publishers. assigning territories for certain profits for solely for that publisher. publishing “territory” will produce share in the whole album’s success—meaning even if there is only one album’s success—meaning even share in the whole see an equal share songwriters involved with the album major hit, all the revenues. in the entire album’s - actually long sheets of paper with holes old-time automated pianos. The scrolls punched in them - have been around since the late 1800s. Royalties payable to the rate set by federal law.”). songwriters were based on a per-scroll 28 29 Performance royalties are shared between the composers and the Performance royalties are shared publisher. fifty percent tariff, and foreign nations For domestic royalties, there is a would if they were domestic, with the only receive half of what they to the United States. exception of Canada due to its proximity 2019] when it is performed to the writers of a composition royalties are “paid in other similar on compact discs, or affixed on tape, on records, media.” B weighed on the success of a particular song and are paid out weighed on the success of accordingly. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 6 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 6 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 6 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 If 41 As such, [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 39 For television and 40 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM ELETE D OT N O (D 37 Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal DOCX (1). note 23, at 12 (“Mechanical rights licenses are licenses and broad LUELINE LUELINE , supra .B When music is commissioned, the company commissioning commissioned, the company commissioning When music is 38 ACROS Lastly, there are several compensation packages available for the Lastly, there are several compensation (“These royalty rights usually include 50 percent of the performance(“These royalty rights usually include 50 royalties, at 12. at 11-12. (“The newest genre of licensure is the home video license. This type of license (“The newest genre of licensure is the home video license. .M 42 Fifth, synchronization rights create issues in a variety of different rights create issues in a Fifth, synchronization Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. REELAND gives rise to a disparity of views on the methods of compensation for commercial gives rise to a disparity of views on the methods of compensation for commercial is notion that each separate video cassette exploitation. Record companies cling to the as the sale of a recording (e.g., a musica “unit” and is entitled to the same royalties cassette, album or compact disk). concept would provide for a unit sale royalty to This In the record companies and possibly royalties for each rental of a video cassette. contrast, motion picture producers view the soundtrack as a “theatrical” performance 40 music,six cents to 10 cents per sheet for sheet for multiple a 10 to 12 percent royalty two to three percent and ‘artist’ song folios, together with record production royalties of The latter two categories apply whenroyalties of four to seven percent. the writer is also the producer of the song and/or per- forms as the lead artist.”). 41 Paragano required for the production and distribution/commercial exploitation of music sound- exploitation of music sound- required for the production and distribution/commercial tracks. These mechanical licenses provide for payment of the statutory royalties to the copyright holders and publishers.”). 42 39 38 the work usually designates the composer as a work-for-hire. the work usually compensation models: commissioned music, pre-existing compositions, commissioned music, pre-existing compensation models: lastly, all compensation music, film, and television, and compensation for packages. a recoupment of recording costs songs, the record company will vigorously argue for publishing (mechanical and performance) out of all income sources, including royalties.”). 37 174 are pure profit from while publishing monies to pay back recoupment, almost the first dollar.” B the artist intends to produce the work in DVDs or any other reproducible the artist intends to produce the work approaches taken by the recording and medium, there are two different claims that each unit is its own film industries: the recording industry the Film Industry argues that the use reproduction of the work, whereas, the creation on the theatrical work of the work occurs once, within itself. most of the rights will be retained by the commissioning company, will be retained by the commissioning most of the rights the composer could retain up to fifty although there is a chance that to the work. percent of the royalty rights attributed film companies wishing to use pre-existing works, they must create film companies wishing to use as well as the publishers. agreements with both the artists/composers 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 6 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 6 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 7 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 43 175 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Breeland ELETE D OT N O (D DOCX (1). LUELINE LUELINE The fund/compensation sources for soundtracks, in sources for soundtracks, The fund/compensation fee performances (flat 1) Movie theater of the 2) Publishing royalties for re-performance form of 3) Television/blanket licenses—a directly to the 4) Mechanical license fees—paid for radio and 5) Performance license fees—paid 6) Soundtrack album income—here, the motion .B ACROS their simplest forms are: their simplest forms public licenses for U.S. theaters and synchronization for European theaters). performance fees compensation. blanket license compensation analogous to ASCAP/BMI payment structure. of specially ordered/ copyright owners. In the case copyright owner would commissioned compositions, the company. In the case of be the motion picture production license fees would pre-existing music, the mechanical license fees for flow in the same manner as mechanical regular sound recordings. music in forms other other public performances of the television. These fees than in movie theaters and on guidelines. would follow ASCAP/BMI payment picture production company is analogous to the “artist” under an exclusive records agreement contract and would receive the “artist” royalty of fourteen to eighteen percent of the suggested retail price. In addition, certain re-use fees and composer/writer fees (usually three to at 13. .M Id. REELAND covered by the flat fee payment for the use of the music. As expected, most negotiations been center on developing a hybrid compensation agreement. However, there have some famous cases where this does not occur.”). 43 2019] offer the artist/composer/publisher. film company to B 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 7 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 7 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 7 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 The The CT OF 49 There 51 A 50 [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 44 OPYRIGHT OPYRIGHT , 47 Hous. L. Rev. 779 C For centuries, countries 46 1976 As a society, we have determined As a society, we have determined 47 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM NDUSTRY AND THE ELETE Because of this determination, we have Because of this determination, I D 48 OT N From no protection for sound recordings and O (D 53 Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal DOCX ECORDING These protections have evolved, especially after the These protections have evolved, 45 note 7. (1). note 23, at 12. 52 R The Statute of Anne: Yesterday and Today . art. I, § 8. HE supra LUELINE LUELINE supra T .B ONST C
ACROS seven percent of suggested retail price) would apply. seven percent of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106-22 (2009). at 11. .M Even with all of these provisions and protections that the recording these provisions and protections Even with all of Copyright is not a new phenomenon. III. See Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Paragano, REELAND 48 U.S. 53 50 45 Swensson, 46 Craig Joyce, (2010). 47 are different copyright protections for published music, performances, are different copyright protections logos, band names, etc. recordings, physical copies of albums, industry created to ensure that all parties involved in the creation, to ensure that all parties involved industry created just compensation, distribution of these works received reproduction, and this infrastructure was outgrew its modest beginning, when the internet no longer feasible. 52 rights in this industry for these pieces are split and shared between several rights in this industry for these pieces different entities. Copyright Act of 1976. 49 recording industry in particular has a definite vested interest in copyright recording industry in particular has parts of the album process. protection over the several different 44 176 B 51 have sought to protect the rights of creatives by giving them legal control have sought to protect the rights rights of recording artists are relatively of their creations; however, the new additions to this long history. ensured via copyright that creators have agency over their “works,” ensured via copyright that creators away for compensation. unless they agree to sign their ownership that creative endeavors, like art, literature, films, etc. are an important and that creative endeavors, like art, literature, valuable part of our culture. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 7 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 7 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 8 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 Id. It 59 However, as Part IV However, as Part 54 The Copyright Act of 61 26 (1994) (citing Journal of the 177 RACTICE P In America, our founding fathers In America, our founding fathers 56 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Breeland AW AND ELETE D L OT N O Pre-1970 Copyright Protections Pre-1970 Copyright (D 55
Flo & Eddie, Inc. v. Sirius XM Radio, Inc., 827 F.3d 1016 Flo & Eddie, Inc. v. Sirius OPYRIGHT A. DOCX See C (1). This Act was known as the Copyright Act of 1790, and This Act was known as the Copyright With copyright regulation squarely under the control of With copyright regulation squarely 60 . art. I, § 8, cl. 8. 57 LUELINE LUELINE Part IV; .B ONST ACROS It was not until April 20, 1789, that the House of Representatives It was not until April 20, 1789, that at 28 (citing Journal of the Senate, 1st Cong., 2d Sess. 5-8 (Jan. 8, 1790)); at 30 (citing Act of May 21, 1790, 1st Cong., 2d Sess., 1 Stat. 124.). .M 58 The copyright protection for creators has for centuries been an The copyright protection for creators Id. See infra Id. Id. U.S. C 17 U.S.C. § 101 (2010). REELAND 55 the federal government, the legislature was free to enact copyright the federal government, the legislature terms. 61 59 William F. Patry, 58 important part of the law globally. will show, the Copyright Act of 1976 left gaps in protection that has led Act of 1976 left gaps in will show, the Copyright out the boundaries circumstances as a way to figure to numerous litigious of available protection. (11th Cir. 2016); A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001); (11th Cir. 2016); A&M Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. Records, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer U.S. 913 (2005). Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 56 8 Anne, ch. 19 (1710). 57 54 was not until the next year, however, that Congress passed such a bill on was not until the next year, however, May 31, 1790. 2019] to better protection for for music composition, insufficient protection attempt at increasing Act of 1976 was a good faith both, the Copyright for the recording industry. rights and protections creating Constitution Article I, Section cemented the copyright right by the right, “To promote the Progress of 8, which imbues Congress with for limited Times to Authors and Science and Useful Arts, by securing to their respective Writings and Inventors the exclusive Right Discoveries.” B House of Representatives, 1st Cong., 1st Sess. the 98 (Apr. 20, 1789)) (“On April 20, House committee not only Ramsay favorably reported and Churchman’s petitions, but to their also a general bill ‘for securing to authors and inventors the exclusive right respective writings and inventions.’”). 60 was only a material achievement in American intellectual property law. was only a material achievement a statement in favor of the Act of President George Washington made . . . can better deserve your patronage 1790 to Congress, saying, “nothing literature.” than the promotion of science and submitted a proposal to protect the rights of authors and inventors. submitted a proposal to protect 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 8 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 8 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 8 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 : half of the penalty qui tam To be brief, an author had fourteen To be brief, an author , reproduced in the Appendix to the April , reproduced in the Appendix to the April 62 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM ELETE D The Nation OT N O (D Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal DOCX (1). LUELINE LUELINE .B ACROS at 30-33 (citing 1897 Annual Report of the at 30-33 (citing 1897 Annual Report of of Congress at 5; Letter Librarian .M Id. REELAND of W. M. Griswold, Chief Clerk of the Copyright Department of the Library of Congress in the October 19, 1892, issue of 27, 1971, issue of the Copyright Office’s Copyright Notices; Act of February 15, 1819, 27, 1971, issue of the Copyright Office’s 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 3 Stat. 481; Kilty v. Green, 4 H. & McH. (General 345 Court of Maryland 1799); Nichols v. Ruggles, 3 Day 145 (Conn. Court of Errors 1808); Supreme 1789, ch. 20, 1 Stat. 73.) (“The Copyright Act Judiciary Act of 1789, Act of Sept. 24, administrators, or his or her executors, or of 1790 granted protection to the author for 14 years measuredassigns of any ‘map, chart, or book’ of the from recordation printed title of the work before publication in the register book of the clerk’s office of resided. A renewal term of 14 morethe district court where the author or proprietor years was to the author (or his or her provided assigns) if the title was entered and again the record published. The renewal term, as in the Statute of Anne, was dependent on affixation of notice on Although first term. the survival of the author throughout the publication of a copy of the registration record copies of the work was not required, within two months in one or more newspapers for four weeks was required. A deposit Secretary of State within six months after the of a copy of the work in the office of was given the exclusive right to ‘print, publication was also required. The author to prohibit the unauthorized importation of reprint, publish, or vend’ the work, and copies. No provision was made for the vesting of copyright initially in an employer or Suits in an individual who specially ordered or commissioned a map, chart, or book. recovered went to the author; the other half to the U.S. government. Actions for ‘all recovered went to the author; the other half to the U.S. government. the case, damages occasioned by the infringement’ were brought by a special action on with all damages being awarded to the author. There was no provision for injunctive or indicated that even in the absence of a other equitable relief, although later courts have statutory provision providing for equitable relief, such relief is within the inherent powers of the court. Unpublished manuscripts were also protected by the statute, with amountthe infringer liable for ‘all damages occasioned by’ the infringement. The entire recovered went to the copyright owner. Protection for both published and unpublished works was limited, however, to American citizens.”). 178 Anne, and gave bare of England’s Statute of 1790 was a codification terms of protection. rights with short 2d Sess. 139 (Jan. 12, 1790)) House of Representatives, 1st Cong., (citing Journal of the and science are essential ‘Literature first, on January 11, declaring: (“The Senate replied measures of government a free constitution; the to the preservation of should, therefore, is due to that important truth.’ the confidence that be calculated to strengthen The House ‘sentiment the President’s that . . . the January 12, concurring with replied the next day, promotion a free Government; to the security of science and literature will of contribute shall not lose sight of objects so worthy of our in the progress of our deliberations we regard.’”). 62 the cause for infringement of published works were to be brought within one year after depended on the remedy sought.of action arose. The type of action brought An action cents per sheet found in the infringer’s possession) wasfor statutory penalties (set at 50 brought by an action for debt, with the recovery being B 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 8 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 8 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 9 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 63 68 and 70 WIPO, WIPO, the United The duration of 71 While the Copyright Act of While the Copyright 64 Wheaton v. Peters, Wheaton v. Peters, 179 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Breeland ELETE D /berne/ (last visited May 1, 2018). OT The protections allowed authors under the The protections allowed authors N The Berne Convention dictated a minimum The Berne Convention dictated 69 O 67 (D With only twenty-eight years of protection, and years of protection, and With only twenty-eight 65 DOCX (1). 66 LUELINE LUELINE .B ACROS at 30-31. (Moral rights are defined as, “the right to claim authorship of the work and the .M , WIPO, http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/summary_berne.html (last Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, Almost 100 years later, the United States adopted the Berne Almost 100 years later, the United Id. Id. Id. Id. Summary of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works REELAND right to object to any mutilation, deformation or other modification of, or other would be prejudicial to the author’s honor derogatory action in relation to, the work that (1886) visited Sept. 5, 2018). 71 70 69 64 Wheatonthe act of 1790, instead 591, 592 (1834) (“Congress, by v. Peters, 33 U.S. an author in his works, created the right of sanctioning an existing perpetual right in secured for a limited time by the provisions of that law.”). 65 Copyright Act of 1790 §§ 1-7, 1 Stat. 124 (1790). 66 Copyright Act of 1790 § 1, 1 Stat. 124 (1790). 67 68 http://www.wipo.int/ treaties/en/ip Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works’ standards Convention for the Protection of of copyright protection. 1790 was a progressive step forward, it left a lot lacking in terms of step forward, it left a 1790 was a progressive protection for artists. Berne Convention to relate to “every production in the literary, scientific Berne Convention to relate to “every mode or form of its expression,” and artistic domain, whatever the included the following rights: translations, adaptations, public included the following rights: works, public recitation of literary performance of dramatic or musical of works, broadcasts, reproductions, works, public communication and moral rights. adaptation to audiovisual media, 63 There are three principles of protection: foreign authors must be treated There are three principles of protection: must meet formalities, and protection equally to domestic ones, authors on the protection an author receives in in one country is not dependent his or her home country. 2019] with an option to renew once the work was recorded, years of protection author was still alive. fourteen-year term as long as the for an additional years later, in Approximately forty-five B Act of 1790 created determined that the Copyright States Supreme Court for copyright issues. exclusive jurisdiction no mention of sound recordings, it was a poor statute to bring in to the recordings, it was a poor statute no mention of sound new digital age. level of protection necessary for countries to remain a part of the treaty. level of protection necessary for 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 9 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 9 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 9 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , IBRARY note 67. L [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 72 supra The Berne 76 NIVERSITY U ALE 75 Y When Congress left recordings When Congress 74 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Neither did the Copyright Act of 1909 Neither did the Copyright Act ELETE 77 D OT N The Copyright Act of 1909, again, listed The Copyright O 73 (D Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal DOCX (1). LUELINE LUELINE Part III.A. .B ACROS (“As to the duration of protection, the general rule is that protection must be (“As to the duration of protection, the .M The History of 78 RPM Recordings, While The Copyright Act of 1790 and the Berne Convention brought While The Copyright Act of 1790 The Copyright Act of 1909 was codified in response to the Berne of 1909 was codified in response The Copyright Act Id. Id. See supra REELAND 75 77 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, forth increased protections for authors, inventors, and artists, there was forth increased protections for authors, the recording industry. clearly still a gap for those in “musical compositions” as protected works, but not “mechanical sound as protected works, but “musical compositions” of that nature. recordings” or anything out of this statute, they were making a statement that they did not believe they were making a statement out of this statute, this is apparent, because the first recorded works to be copyrightable; distributed over ten years before phonorecords were created and Act of 1909. Congress enacted the Copyright solve any problems, as it was essentially a codification of the Berne solve any problems, as it was Convention does not elaborate on recording rights for musicians, it does Convention does not elaborate on conflicting copyright holders in the not deal with intersecting and itself to be well used by those who recording industry, it does not lend write, perform, or sell music. Convention’s standards. granted until the expiration of the 50th year after the author’s death. There are, however, works, the case of anonymous or pseudonymous exceptions to this general rule. In the the workterm of protection expires 50 years after has been lawfully made available to the public, except if the pseudonym to the author’s identity or if the as leaves no doubt rule author discloses his or her identity during that period; in the latter case, the general term of applies. In the case of audiovisual (cinematographic) works, the minimum of the work to the public (“release”) or protection is 50 years after the making available applied – failing such an event – from the creation of the work. In the case of works of of the art and photographic works, the minimum term is 25 years from the creation work.”). 73 1909 Copyright Act, Pub. L. No. 60-349, 35 Stat. 1075 (Mar. 4, 1909). 74 or reputation.”). 72 180 the life of the author, meant to last fifty years after these rights were name, in which case was unknown or used another unless the author date. for fifty years after the publication protection is granted B mhttps://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/historyof78rpms (last visited Apr. 22, 2018). 76 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 9 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 9 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 10 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 OUSE 79 . No. 3, H For this reason, For this reason, 78 15, 1971, Pub. L. No. 92- On October 15, 1971, On October 15, Prohibiting Piracy of Sound 80 CTOBER O 181 CT OF This Act was the product of growing This Act was the product of growing ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM 81 Breeland ELETE D The Copyright Act of 1976 added new OT N 83 O 82 (D DOCX 540 F.2d 961 (9th Cir. 1976)). (1). aff’d, note 59 at 73 (citing Journal of the House of Representatives, 1st ., 92d Cong., 1st Sess. (1971).). . art. I, § 8. An Improvement: Post-1970 Copyright Protections An Improvement: LUELINE LUELINE
.B OMM supra B. ONST C C ACROS [D]uplicate the sound recording in a tangible form that [D]uplicate the sound recording the actual sounds fixed directly or indirectly recaptures to the making or in the recording [but did not] extend recording that is an duplication of another sound even though such independent fixation of other sounds, in the copyrighted sounds imitate or simulate those sound recording. 17 U.S.C. §§ 106-22 (2009). at 74 (citing 17 U.S.C. States v. Taxe, 380 F. Supp. 1010 §1(f) (1972); United .M The Sound Recording Act of 1971 was Congress’s first attempt to Act of 1971 was Congress’s The Sound Recording A few years later, The Copyright Act of 1976 was an attempt at A few years later, The Copyright Id. See REELAND UDICIARY 83 U.S. increase the rights of the recording industry. increase the rights Congress passed the Sound Recording Act of 1971, and created a the Sound Recording Act of Congress passed series of musical, sound recordings for “the particular copyright right in on a tape or record album and the spoken, or other sounds fixed performance embodied therein.” the United States Congress enacted a new Copyright Act in 1976. Congress enacted a new Copyright the United States 80 Pub. Sound Recording Act of 1971 § 1, L. No. 92-140, 85 Stat. 391 (1971). 81 Patry, Cong., 1st Sess. 98 (Apr. 20, 1789) (citing A 82 (C.D. Cal. 1974), J 78 1909 Copyright Act, Pub. L. No. 60-349, 35 Stat. 1075 (Mar. 4, 1909). 79 2019] did not expand rights for musicians. Convention, and B concerns of copyright infringement, and in so enacting it, Congress concerns of copyright infringement, provided the author the right to, 140, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., 85 Stat. 391; S. Rep. No. 92-72, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. (1971); 140, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., 85 Stat. 391; S. Rep. No. 92-72, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. H.R. Rep. No. 92-487, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. (1971); Recordings: Hearings on S. 646 and H.R. 6927 Before Subcomm Thus, concerns about the copyrightability of sound recordings were Thus, concerns about the copyrightability with that copyrightability were quashed, but the rights associated unsatisfactory. creative works, and in the recording broadening the protections for industry, it did just that. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 10 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 10 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 10 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 90 [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 1976, 17. U.S.C. §§ The Copyright Act The Copyright 84 CT OF A OPYRIGHT C (May 15, 2013), https://library.osu.edu/ Third, for works published between Third, for works ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM 86 ELETE D NIVERSITY OT Lastly, for works created on or after January Lastly, for works created on or U N 88 O (D First, for works published before 1923, authors published before 1923, authors First, for works Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal TATE 85 S DOCX Copyright Duration for Musical and Sound Compositions (1). HIO O LUELINE LUELINE For individual authors, the term is the author’s life plus For individual authors, the term HE .B 89 , T ACROS Fourth, for works created but not published before January 1, Fourth, for works created but .M 87 Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. REELAND Recordings 87 Sandra Enimil, 90 86 89 1, 1978, authors received protection from the moment the work was fixed 1, 1978, authors received protection of protection depends upon the type of in a tangible medium. The term authorship. would not maintain protection after 2003. Second, for works published protection after 2003. Second, would not maintain years from the date 1963, the author had twenty-eight between 1923 and more years if they an option to renew for sixty-seven of publication with requirements. met the formality Interestingly, because recorded music had not been protected under Interestingly, because recorded 1972 with the passing of the Sound previous copyright acts until 84 Copyright Act of 1976 protected any “tangible (The 17 U.S.C. §§ 106-22 (2009) It also medium of expression” that was considered an “original work of authorship.” the work was created. This extended the copyright right depending on when standard and has created serious problems for the copyright community as “original,” “work,” navigate “authorship,” have all proven far too ambiguous for the legal community to without judicial oversight.). 85 182 could be protected, expanded the concept of what copyright term limits, protections to art-based works. and gave additional B blogs/copyright/2013/05/15/198/ (citing U.S. blogs/copyright/2013/05/15/198/ of 1976 delineated copyright protection by when a work was either copyright protection by when of 1976 delineated created or published. 101 et seq.). 88 1964 and 1977, authors received a twenty-eight year initial protection authors received a twenty-eight 1964 and 1977, an automatic sixty-seven year renewal from the date of publication and term. for hire, anonymous works, or seventy years; for works made is ninety-five years from the date of pseudonymous works, the term fixation, whichever is shorter. publication, or 120 years from 1978, authors received protection for the duration of the author’s life, 1978, authors received protection or until December 31, 2002. However, plus an additional seventy years, December 31, 2002, the copyright lasted if the work was published before until December 31, 2047. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 10 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 10 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 11 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , This TUDIES 92 S UMMARY S . 26 (citing O N EGAL TUDY OPYRIGHT C , GW L , S NTERNET I 183 EETS THE M ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Breeland ELETE D OT N OPYRIGHT OPYRIGHT O the Act of 1976 did not grandfather it in. the Act of 1976 (D C 91 Musical Workof Digital Sound Copyright for the Era DOCX
(1). IV. LUELINE LUELINE Part III. A-B. .B 93 ACROS supra The Unauthorized Duplication of Sound Recordings The Unauthorized Duplication of Sound .M 8-13 (Dec. 1998), https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf. The advent of the internet created ripples throughout the intellectual internet created ripples throughout The advent of the FFICE REELAND left a glaring gap in protections for recorded music that has been in protections for recorded left a glaring gap internet streaming advent of the digital age, and namely, exploited by the services. property (“IP”) community. Protecting the rights of IP holders became Protecting the rights property (“IP”) community. In response, Congress introduced the much more difficult and fluid. (“DMCA”) in an attempt to protect IP Digital Millennium Copyright Act Studies Prepared for the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks; Copyrights of the Studies Prepared for the Subcommittee Committee Judiciary, United States Senate, 86th Cong., 2d Sess. (Comm. of the Print (“[I]n the Sound Recording Act of 1971, 1961) (study prepared February 1957).) protection to a new type Congress extended federal copyright of creative work, the of protection for sound recordings was limited, sound recording. However, the scope left the distinction between musicaland the creation of that limited protection composition and performance largely in place. Musical compositions still needed to be Once fixed in scores, the 1909 Act granted fixed in scores to gain copyright protection. and public performance rights, including rights them full reproduction, derivative work, largely against imitation. By contrast, musical sound recordings were conceptualized as captured performances, and received more limited protection in two respects. First, Congress limited and derivative work rights for sound the scope of reproduction recordings to what in the 1950s and 1960s was called ‘dubbing’—mechanical or equivalent of photocopying. Copyright electronic reproduction that is the sonic of protection for a sound recording thus ‘do[es] not extend to the making or duplication another sound recording that consists entirely of an independent fixation of other sound sounds, even though such sounds imitate or simulate those in the copyrighted did not grant sound recordings a of 1971 recording.’ Second, the Sound Recording Act public performance right. Thus, whoever counted as an author of a musical work fixed in a score was entitled to receive income that work whenever was publicly performed; was whoever counted only as an author of a sound recording fixed in a phonorecord not.”). 93 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, U.S. O 91 See 92 Robert Brauneis, and Performance Technology: Looking Beyond Composition 2019] 1971, Recording Act of B Research Paper No. 2014-4, at 3 (citing Sound Recording Act of 1971 § 1, Pub. L. No. Research Paper No. 2014-4, at 3 (citing §§ 1(a), 1(b), 1(e) (1909); Creation of a Limited 92-140, 85 Stat. 391 (1971); 17 U.S.C. No. 92-72,Copyright in Sound Recordings, S. Rep. 20, 1971); Barbara A. at 5 (April Ringer, 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 11 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 11 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 11 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 99 [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 Sometime 94 was the first, and was the first, and 96 note 93. More importantly, More importantly, 98 supra The DMCA provides that Napster 101 95 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Instead of allowing the internet to Instead of allowing the internet 100 ELETE D OT N O (D desires to be protected from secondary copyright desires to be protected from secondary Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal DOCX 102 (1). The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) The Digital Millennium Copyright
Each challenged their responsibility under the law for their responsibility under the Each challenged A. LUELINE LUELINE 97 . .B ACROS (“A the benefit of the limitations party seeking on liability in Title II must A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001); Metro- at 918-19; A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1013-17. .M Id. Id. The DMCA was a response to the pressures the internet put on the The DMCA was a response to the See Id. Id. Grokster REELAND qualify as a ‘service provider.’ For purposes of the first limitation, relating to transitory communications, ‘service provider’ is defined in Section 512(k)(1)(A) as ‘an entity online offering the transmission, routing, or providing of connections for digital communications, between or among points specified by a user, of material of the user’s choosing, without modification to the content of the material assent or received.’ For in purposes of the other three limitations, ‘service provider’ is more broadly defined operator Section 512(k)(l)(B) as ‘a provider of online services or network access, or the of facilities therefor.’”). 102 99 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer545 U.S. at 913; A&M Studios Inc., Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1028. 100 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 101 Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913 (2005). 96 A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004. 97 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., 545 U.S. 913. 98 95 however, both were heavily about music copyright infringement. heavily about music copyright however, both were their users’ use of their product—both lost. their users’ use infringement, “(1) it must adopt and reasonably implement a policy of infringement, “(1) it must adopt the accounts of subscribers who terminating in appropriate circumstances accommodate and not interfere with are repeat infringers; and (2) it must 94 184 use. who provided websites for consumer rights and those B if a service provider later, there were software and websites that challenged the line regarding software and websites that challenged later, there were the DMCA’s protection infringement and the depth of online copyright used them almost and programs whose consumers for those sites copyright infringement. exclusively for followed soon after copyright infringement case, most famous secondary by copyright rights of creatives. continue in Wild West fashion, the DMCA was enacted to protect the continue in Wild West fashion, interestingly, the rights of the internet rights of copyright holders, and holders. service provider and other website 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 11 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 11 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 12 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 108 The 104 Failure to meet this 106 (Mar. 5, 2015), http://college. 185 OLLEGE C These measures include reasonably These measures ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM ODAY 103 Breeland T ELETE D OT N Limits to DMCA Protection , USA O
(D B. DOCX (1). After slews of litigation, the DMCA decided the of litigation, the DMCA decided After slews Think Twice Before Illegally Downloading — Intellectual Property Think Twice Before Illegally Downloading 105 LUELINE LUELINE .B 107 ACROS (“In addition, to be eligiblefor any of the limitations, a service provider must .M Id. Id. Id. After Congress enacted the DMCA in 1998, there was a period of After Congress enacted the DMCA REELAND meet two overall conditions: (1) it must adopt and reasonably implement a policy of (1) it must adopt and reasonably implement meet two overall conditions: the accounts of subscribers who are repeat terminating in appropriate circumstances and infringers; and (2) it must accommodate not interfere with ‘standard technical ‘Standard technical measures’ are defined as measures measures.’ (Section 512(i)). works, that have been copyrighted or protect that copyright owners use to identify owners and service providers in copyright of developed pursuant to a broad consensus are available to anyone on reasonable process, an open, fair and voluntary multi-industry service nondiscriminatory terms, and do not impose substantial costs or burdens on providers.”). 105 Technology, Inc., 381 F.3d 1178 (Fed. Cir. Chamberlain Group, Inc. v. Skylink 2010); 2004); Viacom Int’l. Inc. v. YouTube, Inc., 718 F. Supp. 2d 514 (S.D.N.Y. Baskin, Morgan Companies are Watching You 108 Viacom Int’l., Inc. v. YouTube, Inc., 676 F.3d 19, 25-26 (2d Cir. 2012); Ellison 104 v. Robertson, 357 F.3d 1072, 1074, 1080 (9th Cir. 2004); Capitol Records, Inc. v. v. Robertson, 357 F.3d 1072, 1074, 1080 (9th Cir. 2004); Capitol Records, MP3Tunes, LLC, 821 F. Supp. 2d 627, 636, 640 (S.D.N.Y. 2011). testing the limits and boundaries of the safe harbor provision. testing the limits and boundaries usatoday.com/2015/03/05/think-twice-before-illegally-downloading-intellectual- property-companies-are-watching-you/. 106 Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-304, tit. II, sec. 202, 112 Stat. 2860 (1998). 107 103 File-sharing sites became popular in the early 2000s, with the creation of File-sharing sites became popular 2019] measures.’” ‘standard technical policies. upon identification and protection priced and agreed internet, which is once who host websites or provide standard for those infringing content with host receives actual notice of an ISP or website for taking the material information, they are responsible specific location of time. down in a reasonably prompt period B like YouTube, colleges as a safe harbor for websites DMCA has acted and many others internet service providers (“ISP”), and universities, for copyright lend themselves to liability whose platforms infringement. standard will strip the ISP or website host of their safe harbor under the standard will strip the ISP or website DMCA. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 12 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 12 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 12 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , came (Jan. 15, (Apr. 13, [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 ILE F ERGE Napster V MART HE , S When file-sharing When file-sharing , T During this period, During this period, 109 111 (Mar. 22, 2018), Napster existed as a 115 ILLBOARD Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. , B In response to music being shared In response to music being shared Plaintiff A&M Records existed as a Plaintiff A&M Records existed ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM , and 114 112 ELETE As consumers became more comfortable As consumers became D 110 OT N O (D https://www.geek.com/gadgets/limewire-napster-the-pirate- Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal DOCX An All-Too-Brief History of File Sharing note 109. U.S. Music Industry Hits Highest Revenue Mark in a Decade, (1). Metallica sued Napster 15 years ago today LimeWire, Napster, The Pirate Bay: A Brief History of File Sharing LimeWire, Napster, The Pirate Bay: A supra Users illegally downloaded millions of songs by sharing Users illegally downloaded millions , , LUELINE LUELINE 116 113 .B . ACROS at 901-05. A&M Records v. Napster EARLOG EARLOG .M Id. , (Oct. 27, 2010), As one of the most notorious music copyright cases, As one of the most notorious music EEK REELAND 112 Ed Christman, Fueled by Paid Subscriptions with the product, however, they realized that they could use the site for however, they realized that they with the product, files, as well as documents. sharing digital music bay-a-brief-history-of-file-sharing-1359473/. 110 Jennifer Yeadon, 2015), https://www.theverge.com/2015/4/13/8399099/metallica-sued-napster-15-years -ago-today. 115 A&M Records, Inc v. Napster, Inc., 114 F. Supp. 2d 896, 908-09 (N.D. Cal. 2000). 116 https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8257558/us-music-industry-2017-highest- revenue-in-decade-fueled-paid-subscriptions. 113 A&MInc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001); Metro- Records, Inc. v. Napster, Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913 (2005). 114 Nilay Patel, at the genesis of online music. 109 G 186 industry into a and Grokster, ushering the recording Napster, LimeWire, a new host of problems. new age, and subsequently, B file-sharing program where users could upload and share their files freely file-sharing program where users with others. with their friends, family, and even music files through the interface v. Grokster digitally online, the recording industry pushed back in two landmark digitally online, the recording industry cases: the recording industry witnessed a spike in revenues, even though many witnessed a spike in revenues, the recording industry file-sharing sites was cutting into said that the pirating of music through industry revenue dramatically. sites became popular, they were purported to exist in the same way that they were purported to exist sites became popular, to be used by does: they were anticipated DropBox currently the transferring and increase productivity and make professionals to files easier. sharing of work G record label company that recorded, produced, distributed, and sold record label company that recorded, artists. music worldwide for its contracted 2016), https://www.smartfile.com/blog/an-all-too-brief-history-of-file-sharing/. 2016), https://www.smartfile.com/blog/an-all-too-brief-history-of-file-sharing/. 111 G 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 12 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 12 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 13 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 119 RTIST &A (Feb. 6, 2018), RENDS T ERVICES S IGITAL 122 , D 187 TREAMING USHBACK S After MGM became aware of the After MGM became aware of P 120 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM best-music-streaming-services/. best-music-streaming-services/. Breeland 123 ELETE D OT NTERNET N O :I (D DOCX ADIO (1). R The Best Music Streaming Services EW LUELINE LUELINE N The Ninth Circuit found Napster to be a contributory found Napster to be a contributory The Ninth Circuit The United States Supreme Court found Grokster The United States Supreme .B 118 117 121 HE ACROS at 1031-32. at 905-11. T
.M Id. Id. Id. V. These cases arguably allowed for the recording industry to corner These cases arguably allowed for to maintain relevancy through As the recording industry pushed You use streaming services when you work out, travel, and at your You use streaming services when you work out, travel, and at your Following the downfall of Napster, Grokster, another file-sharing of Napster, Grokster, another Following the downfall REELAND 122 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913, 936-43 (2005). 123 Parker Hall, 121 118 A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1019-22 (9th Cir. 2001). 119 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Inc., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029, 1031-32,1038-39, 1044 (C.D. Cal. 2003). 120 the market on digital music—the problem is, they did not go forward the market on digital music—the aggressively enough to do so. services and platforms rose to fit a need hard-copy music mediums, other in a more technological world. millions of songs that were being illegally burned and downloaded millions of songs that were being Grokster for copyright infringement through Grokster’s site, they sued damages. 117

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios (“MGM”) is, and was, a well-known Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios recording, production, distribution, and media studio that engaged in the sale of their media to consumers. 2019] strangers. B https://www.digitaltrends. com/music/ software, sought to corner the market on music copyright infringement, to corner the market on music software, sought as a way to do so. and promoted its software and even advertised infringer under the DMCA and forced it to shut down, even though the DMCA and forced it to shut infringer under A&M Records on how to come to an agreement with Napster was willing tried to arrange a music, and genuinely to deal with electronic settlement. secondarily liable for the infringement of its users because of the flagrant secondarily liable for the infringement it had done. copyright infringement promotion 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 13 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 13 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 13 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 129 [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 Internet 125 (May 23, 2006), ast visited Aug. 28, ast visited Aug. 28, Pandora has free ORKS 127 W TUFF S OW , H It is the most like an “internet radio” It is the most like an “internet radio” ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM 128 ELETE Free or nominal memberships, on-demand Free or nominal D OT 124 N 130 Internet Streaming Services O
(D , https://www.pandora.com/upgrade (l , https://www.pandora.com/upgrade (l Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal A. note 7 (In 2000, the recording industry made roughly (Nov. 15, 2017), https://www.billboard.com/articles/ business/ DOCX (1). Neilson 360 Study Finds Consumers Love Streaming, But Radio note 128. How Pandora Radio Works supra ANDORA ANDORA note 123. LUELINE LUELINE , P , P supra .B ILLBOARD supra , B ACROS .M 126 Upgrade Upgrade Pandora is a personally curated radio streaming service that learns Pandora is a personally curated REELAND one’s music preferences and plays songs that match. one’s music preferences and plays song choice, background information, concert ticket opportunities, information, concert song choice, background of the reasons that material, etc. are just some behind the scenes while they began come to love these services. However, consumers have more problematic. what they have become is much as “internet radio,” allow for the saving and downloading Some of these websites and apps completely pointless. of albums, which makes purchases streaming services have severely harmed the recording industry in recent streaming services have severely years. 8031468/nielsen-music-360-2017-report-streaming. 8031468/nielsen-music-360-2017-report-streaming. 125 Hall, 126 There is neither an on-demand song choice option, nor a save and There is neither an on-demand download album function. 124 Ed Christman, Still Strong 188 Spotify, Tidal—pick BandCamp, SoundCloud, desk at work. Pandora, services left providers creation of internet streaming your poison. The clunky technology in Windows Media Player and their like iTunes and took its place as the In their wake, the “internet radio” the mid-2000s. consumer. top choice of the B https://computer.howstuffworks. com/internet/basics/pandora.htm. 129 2018). 127 Swensson, reduction $15,000,000,000. In 2013, it made approximately $5,800,000,000. That is a in almost 40% of their entire revenue stream.). 128 Julia Layton, 2018). 130 Layton, of all of the streaming services, as the customer chooses the song or band of all of the streaming services, as that particular song, Pandora will curate they like, and instead of playing of that song or band along with your a radio station based on the input preferences on the songs it plays. “thumbs up” and “thumbs down” and paid subscriptions available. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 13 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 13 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 14 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , 132 LOUD C OUND (Aug. 23, 2017), , S , CNET (July 2, 2018), PINDITTY , S —where music is available —where music 133 This looks and feels a lot like 189 136 Best music streaming app: Spotify, Apple ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Breeland ELETE 134 music-streaming-service/. music-streaming-service/. D , https://soundcloud.com/pages/contact (last visited , https://lizaanne.bandcamp.com Mar. (last visited 20, OT Spotify has come under fire by several artists Spotify has come under fire by several N , https://www.apple.com/itunes/download/ (last visited , https://www.apple.com/itunes/download/ There is no curating of other artists’ music, no There is no curating of other artists’ O 140 AMP , https://bandcamp.com/about (last visited Aug. 28, 2018). , https://bandcamp.com/about (last visited Aug. 28, 2018). (D LOUD 137 C C Spotify is the most popular streaming service Spotify is the most popular UNES AMP AMP DOCX T I AND C 139 C (1). , OUND , B On each individual artist’s page they can upload their artist’s page they can upload On each individual AND AND , S SoundCloud uses an open platform that allows direct SoundCloud uses an open platform B 131 LUELINE LUELINE ,B , (Sept. 29, 2018) https://www.spotify.com/us/. .B 135 The ability to download thousands of albums for a monthly The ability to download thousands Discover More Go+ with SoundCloud ACROS 141 POTIFY .M Why Do so Many Musicians Hate Spotify? About Us See Download 138 Id. Id. About Us, See Liza Anne About Us SoundCloud proclaims that it is “renowned for its unique content that it is “renowned for SoundCloud proclaims Spotify is a desktop/laptop, mobile app and streaming website that Spotify is a desktop/laptop, mobile BandCamp is a website wherein artists can sell their music and their wherein artists can sell their BandCamp is a website REELAND 137 132 and features, including the ability to share music and connect directly the ability to share music and features, including tracks, raw demos, podcasts with artists, as well as unearth breakthrough and more.” allows users to either stream albums or download music to play without allows users to either stream albums using the internet. for listening, album artwork is viewable, and the purchase of albums and artwork is viewable, and the for listening, album is possible. other merchandise contact between artist and consumers. merchandise. albums for free streaming, as well as providing a medium for their sale. as well as providing a medium albums for free streaming, Aug. 28, 2018). 136 133 in the industry because of the way it distributes royalties for songs in the industry because of the played. playlists, and no saving and downloading albums without first paying for playlists, and no saving and downloading them. 131 2019] use and look of iTunes It is similar to the B 138 2018). 134 BandCamp, with artists able to curate their own pages and make available BandCamp, with artists able to curate their own merchandise. https://soundcloud.com/go (last visited Aug. 2018). 28, 139 S 141 https://www.cnet.com/how-to/best- 140 Ty Pendlebury & Xiomara Blanco, Music, Amazon and Google Play compared Tidal, Aug. 28, 2018). 135 available on the internet. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 14 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 14 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 14 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , , [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 note 141. Tidal seems to be the middle Tidal seems to be supra 144 , Most notably, artists like Taylor Most notably, artists like Taylor 148 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM (Aug. 17, 2018), https://www.digitaltrends.com/ ELETE , https://support.tidal.com/hc/en-us/articles/115003 D How much is Spotify Premium, and how can you get How much is Spotify Premium, and how OT N IDAL O RENDS (D T , T Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal Jay-Z’s Shortsighted Spotify Purge Won’t Help Tidal–Or His DOCX Jay Z Says Tidal Is ‘Doing Just Fine’ with 770k Subscribers Streaming services set prices for memberships Streaming services set prices (Apr. 10, 2017), https://www.fastcompany.com/40403024/jay- 145 Islands in the Stream: The 10 Biggest Holdouts in Digital Music (1). IGITAL 147 Artists are Unhappy with Streaming Services Artists are Unhappy with Streaming
, D B. (Jan. 2, 2015), https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ (Jan. 2, 2015), https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ LUELINE LUELINE .B OMPANY Many of them are concerned about the royalty distribution Many of them are concerned about C There are several membership plans available to consumers membership plans available There are several TONE 146 142 ACROS S 143 AST .M Subscription Types Id. Why Do so Many Musicians Hate Spotify? Tidal is a streaming service owned by Jay-Z and other recording service owned by Jay-Z and Tidal is a streaming There are several artists who have problems with streaming There are several artists who , F OLLING REELAND artists. without any input from musicians, and because there is a limited amount without any input from musicians, fee, artists are seeing little to no profit of money in a monthly membership from the use of services like Spotify. music/how-much-is-spotify-premium/. 143 Amelia Butterly, BBC (Apr. 26, 2015), http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/32475661/jay-z-says- tidal-is-doing-just-fine-with-770k-subscribers. 144 ground between artists and consumers, allowing artists an ownership artists and consumers, allowing ground between fans closer to artists than ever before. stake in the service while putting the perfect interface, Spotify still However, while this seems like outperforms Tidal. https://spinditty.com/industry/why-so-many-artists-hate-spotify. 142 Parker Hall & Brie Barbee, it at a discount? services. 190 on the number of between $4.99 and $14.99, depending subscription cost all internet streaming makes this the favorite of users and plan selected, services. B zs-shortsighted-spotify-purge-wont-help-tidal-or-his-fans. 146 Steve Knopper, R 148 islands-in-the-stream-the-10-biggest-holdouts-in-digital-music-232923/. 147 662825-Subscription-Types (last visited Sept. 4, 2018). 662825-Subscription-Types (last visited Sept. 4, 2018). 145 John Paul Titlow, Fans in relation to the amount their music is played and used on these in relation to the amount their streaming sites. that allow different levels of access to artists, music, and member-only levels of access to artists, music, that allow different and premium music. content like concerts Swift, Pete Townshend, and the Beatles have spoken up in their distaste Swift, Pete Townshend, and the for economic reasons, and others for for online streaming services, some 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 14 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 14 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 15 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 Pete Swift 153 158 149 The current 159 The Beatles are and 155 191 Maynard James Keenan said that Maynard James 151 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Breeland ELETE D OT (June 9, 2017), https://www.theverge.com/ N O (D Robert Fripp has been critical of digitized music been critical of digitized music Robert Fripp has 152 DOCX 157 ERGE A history of Taylor Swift’s odd, conflicting stances on streaming note 146. note 146. note 146. (1). V Due to disagreements with Capitol Records, Bob Seger with Capitol Records, Bob Due to disagreements Thom Yorke has refused to allow all the music he retains Thom Yorke has refused to allow supra supra supra 150 LUELINE LUELINE HE .B 154 With the cult following the Beatles have, there is no real With the cult following the Beatles 156 ACROS , T .M Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Some artists only have issues with Spotify and not all internet Some artists only have issues Garth Brooks has been quoted as calling streaming services “the been quoted as calling streaming Garth Brooks has REELAND services 158 Kaitlyn Tiffany, 157 156 154 Knopper, 155 153 152 151 streaming radio services. Taylor Swift was one of the most outspoken streaming radio services. Taylor its royalty distribution system and the advocates against Spotify, due to its consumers are able to use. “save album/download” function 159 Knopper, Townshend is wary of all streaming services, calling them “digital Townshend is wary of all streaming allow his music to be available to vampire[s]” and refusing to consumers. pressure to digitize. will continue to be a legend, and when the legend refuses, many others will continue to be a legend, and will too. services for a while due to their inequitable royalty payments. services for a while due to their 149 Knopper, devil,” but is happy to upload his music for sale on his own website, to upload his music for sale devil,” but is happy Ghost Tunes. 150 2019] the internet. feel of listening to music through the disconnected fact very few his music to be streamed online—in has refused to allow on iTunes. songs are even available B joke is that Jason Aldean has decided not to allow his music on Spotify joke is that Jason Aldean has decided control of to be placed on streaming sites, allegedly saying that Spotify control of to be placed on streaming dying corpse.” was “the last desperate fart of a 2017/6/9/15767986/taylor-swift-apple-music-spotify-statements-timeline/. believes that music has value, and that consumers and artists must come believes that music has value, and artists are being paid. together to find that balance so that digital music was, “just this disconnected thing that you can’t touch and “just this disconnected thing that digital music was, feel and experience.” 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 15 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 15 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 15 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 Each 164 [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 OPYRIGHT OPYRIGHT C 167 USIC NTERNET I M 161 AMP Act ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM
A. ELETE EGISLATION FOR EGISLATION FOR D However, because he now owns a stake in However, because L OT ROTECTION ON THE ROTECTION ON THE N 160 P O , https://support.tidal.com/hc/en-us/articles/203055651-TI (D Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal DOCX IDAL (1). , T ROPOSED note 6. note 6. P These Acts were crafted in conjunction with recording These Acts were crafted in conjunction The four proposed Acts are as follows: the AMP Act, the The four proposed Acts are as follows: LUELINE LUELINE 163 from the copyright owner in order for another party to from the copyright owner in
supra supra .B 162 166 VI. 165 ACROS .M Id. Id. Id. TIDAL Owners There is a definite concern that the current market is undervaluing concern that the current market There is a definite The Allocation for Music Producers (“AMP”) Act amends federal The Allocation for Music Producers REELAND 161 music, so in response, Congress has proposed four acts as a way to Congress has proposed music, so in response, industry profits and act as a market combat the decline in recording correction. 164 Cooke, DAL-Owners (last visited Sept. 4, 2018). DAL-Owners (last visited Sept. 4, 2018). 162 Cong. (2017); Fair Play Fair Pay Act, H.R. 1836, AMP Act, H.R. 881, 115th 165 Cooke, Fair Play Fair Pay Act, the CLASSICS Act, and the Music Modernization Fair Play Fair Pay Act, the CLASSICS Act of 2017. 166 H.R. 881. 167 industry insiders and legislators to create sustainable and approved industry insiders and legislators in the age of the internet. legislation relating to music copyright perform the work publicly by, a digital audio transmission, or from a perform the work publicly by, recording, to distribute a portion of recording artist of a such a sound mixer, or sound engineer who was part royalty payments to a producer, of the creative process behind the sound recording. 160 192 has. because Taylor Swift B copyright laws, requiring Copyright Royalty Judges to create a collective copyright laws, requiring Copyright policy in place to allow for a “letter of which will designate and put a direction” Act works to apply the copyright protections and revenues in a different Act works to apply the copyright to protect the declining recording and “fair” way in an attempt industry. Tidal, it makes sense that he would be anti-Spotify in an attempt to sense that he would be anti-Spotify Tidal, it makes his own interests. promote Tidal and 115th Cong. (2017); CLASSICS Act, H.R. 3301, 115th Cong. (2017); Music115th Cong. (2017); CLASSICS Act, H.R. 3301, 115th Cong. (2017); Modernization Act of 2017, H.R. 4706, 115th Cong. (2017). 163 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 15 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 15 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 16 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 Congress will 172 This is at its most 174 169 Due to the current climate, 193 The purpose and effect of this The purpose and 171 168 176 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Breeland ELETE D Fair Play Fair Pay Act Fair Play Fair Pay OT
N O B. (D Copyright Royalty Judges will calculate the Copyright Royalty Judges DOCX As the AM/FM radio stations intended free play as As the AM/FM radio stations intended 173 (1). 175 note 6. ‘Artists No Longer Thank Radio at the Grammys,’ Says Recording Part II. LUELINE LUELINE supra .B “Currently, sound recording copyright owners have a “Currently, sound recording 170 ACROS .M See supra Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. The Fair Play Fair Pay Act (“Fair Play Act”) brings copyright The Fair Play Fair Pay Act (“Fair There must be procedures put in place for producer/mixer/sound procedures put in place for producer/mixer/sound There must be REELAND 176 Nyren, Erin 175 174 173 172 169 Cooke, basic, a revision of the original recording industry infrastructure of basic, a revision of the original revenue sharing. engineers to also receive royalties for works fixed before November 1, receive royalties for works fixed engineers to also been made to obtain a that a reasonable effort has 1995, by “certifying to receipts payable from an artist who owns the right letter of direction sound recording.” with respect to the act is to add copyright protections for, and to ensure royalty payments to, protections for, and to ensure act is to add copyright or mix sound recordings. those who produce differences by analyzing “the quantity and nature of the use of sound differences by analyzing “the quantity use of the service may substitute for recordings and the degree to which of phonorecords.” or promote consumer purchases copyright owner’s rights to include the exclusive right to perform or authorize the copyright owner’s rights to include the exclusive of any audio transmission, thereby performance of the recording publicly by means requiring terrestrial AM/FM stations that play copyrighted sound broadcast radio recordings to pay royalties for the non-digital audio transmissions of the recordings.”). 171 168 170 H.R. 1836 (“This bill amends federal copyright law to extend a sound recording protection to radio play—meaning the age of the “radio exception” will protection to radio play—meaning be over. only to digital transmissions by cable, performance right that applies satellite, and [i]nternet radio stations.” should this pass. there is no agreed upon royalty amount and request them to “(1) distinguish appoint Copyright Royalty Judges and (2) include a minimum fee for each among different types of services, type of service.” 2019] B promotional use for album and concert sales, the exception for AM/FM promotional use for album and concert to the recording industry as many have radio no longer seems beneficial stopped buying these commodities. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 16 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 16 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 16 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 This Act is meant “to 181 (Sept. 7, 2017), https://variety.com/2017 The CLASSICS Act is a way to The CLASSICS Act is a way 179 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM ARIETY CLASSICS Act
ELETE , V D C. OT N O (D Could Pre-1972 Sound Recordings Finally Attain Federal Music Modernization Act of 2017 Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal
DOCX D. , RIIPL (Apr. 19, 2018), https://riipl.rutgers.edu/could-pre-1972- (1). Music Modernization Act Seeks to Fix America’s Mechanical One foreseeable problem, among many, with this Act, One foreseeable problem, among , CMU (Dec. 22, 2017), http://www.completemusicupdate.com 180 Essentially, the CLASSICS Act looks to put works that CLASSICS Act looks to put Essentially, the LUELINE LUELINE Since the enactment of the Sound Recording Act of 1971 of the Sound Recording Act Since the enactment .B 177 178 ACROS .M Id. Id. The Music Modernization Act of 2017 was proposed by The Music Modernization Act The Compensating Legacy Artists for their Songs, Service, and Legacy Artists for their Songs, The Compensating REELAND 181 Chris Cooke, 179 Timothy McMahon, Copyright Protection? is whether or not the works and their authors will receive credit for the is whether or not the works and If they do receive credit, one last forty-two years without protection. damage claim against the United wonders whether it will be a one-time their eligibility, or the right to sue all States, a year credit to tack on to within the last forty-two years without those who have used their works and least problematic scenario would paying royalties. The most likely of forty-two years to the protection seem to be allowing for an extension term for these works. Hakeem Jeffries and is meant to update Congressmen Doug Collins and the copyright rights for the recording industry. bring all the works that were given less protection under the previous bring all the works that were given for the remainder of what their term copyright acts back into protection the Sound Recording Act of 1971 would have been had Congress enacted much earlier. sound-recordings-finally-attain-federal-copyright-protection/. 180 /music/news/ceo-recording-academy-neil-portnow-radio-industry-criticism- 1202550466/. 177 H.R. 3301. 178 and the Copyright Act of 1976, the debate about the protection of and the Copyright Act of 1976, pre-1972 works has been ongoing. Academy Head in Blistering Op-Ed 194 with works created to 1972 on equal footing were created prior thereafter. B Important Contributions to Society (“CLASSICS”) Act was drafted in to Society (“CLASSICS”) Important Contributions audio transmission of Federal protection to the digital order to “provide 1972, and for other fixed before February 15, a sound recording purposes.” Royalties Mess 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 16 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 16 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 17 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 183 185 This means that 187 195 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Breeland ELETE D Congress Is Poised to Modernize Music Copyright Several music rights organizations, like like Several music rights organizations, Under this Act, internet streaming services Under this Act, OT N 184 182 O (D (Apr. 18, 2018), http://variety.com/2018/biz/news/congress- DOCX The Revised Music Modernization Act The Revised Music Modernization
(1). The Act has garnered great support in the legislature, The Act has garnered great support E. ARIETY 186 V , LUELINE LUELINE .B , ASCAP (Dec. 21, 2017), https://www.ascap.com/press/2017/12-21-music- ACROS .M U.S. Rep. Collins Introduces Music Modernization Act to Reform Licensing Id. Id. Id. In April 2018, the House Judiciary Committee passed the new Music In April 2018, the House Judiciary REELAND (Guest Column) 186 Judy Chu & Doug Collins, Modernization Act (“Act”), which now encompasses the previous four Modernization Act (“Act”), which acts altogether. music-copyright-judy-chu-doug-collins-1202756699/. 187 ASCAP, BMI, Songwriters of North America, Nashville Songwriters ASCAP, BMI, Songwriters of negotiated and bargained this Act. Association, and others, have have claimed that the Music Representatives from those organizations effectively mark an end to songwriters Modernization Act of 2017 will owed royalties through the creation of and publishers not receiving their money will no longer be lost to “a private-sector system where [and] mechanical royalty rates are inefficiencies and lack of information standard.” calculated by introducing a willing-seller/willing-buyer Congress will not pick one of four, or any combination therein, but Congress will not pick one of grouping of bills created by recording instead will have to pass the entire 185 /article/music-modernization-act-seeks-to-fix-americas-mechanical-royalties-mess/ music (The Congressmen reportedly claimed the intention behind this Act is to “bring licensing its first meaningful update in almost 20 years[.]”). 182 H.R. 4706. 183 Landscape will be required to pour parts of their profits into a Mechanical Licensing to pour parts of their profits into will be required will receive a “blanket in return for which they Collective (“MLC”), sites and apps. of recorded songs on their streaming license” for the use 2019] for musical works . . . modernize the licensing system provide clarity and certain rates and fees in the establishment of and to ensure fairness [among] other purposes.” allowing for a more be run by the recording industry, The MLC will also lifting the burden of receiving royalties, while streamlined process others who are owed to match songs with artists and from streaming sites their royalties from play. B and is poised to pass in Congress soon as well. and is poised to pass in Congress modernization-act-colllins-release. 184 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 17 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 17 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 17 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 189 [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 (Jan. 28, 2018), ATCH W Although many are looking Although many IGHTS 190 R Now, either copyright law will Now, either RTIST 188 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM ELETE , A D However, what is best for the recording However, what is best for the OT N 192 O (D note 186. Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal 191 Impact of the Proposed Legislation
Another Artist Rights Lawyer Warns against the Music DOCX F. supra (1). All-New Music Modernization American Music Act Glues Together LUELINE LUELINE All in all, while there are naysayers in the recording All in all, while there are .B CMU (Apr. 11, 2018), http://www.completemusicupdate.com/article/all- 194 It will also lay a new royalty framework, including the creation It will also lay a new royalty framework, ACROS 193 .M Id. Id. Id. These four acts encompassed by the revised Music Modernization These four acts encompassed by The Act will increase rights for songwriters, publishers, and mixers, The Act will increase rights for songwriters, REELAND 189 Editor Charlie, Modernization Act Safe Harbor 192 Chris Cooke, Proposals, new-music-modernization-act-glues-together-american-music-proposals/. 193 Chu & Collins, 194 H.R. 4706. forward to increased protections and rights under the bill, the legislature protections and rights under forward to increased right with artists’ rights lawyers feeling may not have gotten it completely extremely concerned. the recording industry in several ways. Act of 2018, if passed, will alter different demographics, the recording As the acts were drafted by several be more favorably impacted than in industry has ensured that they will previous legislative acts. 188 196 and legislators. industry insiders services for past of the bill, it indemnifies all streaming With the passing after January 1, 2018 allows those suits commencing infringements, and stated in the bill itself. only the recovery B of a fund to authorize blanket licenses and a new adjudication of a fund to authorize blanket structure. remain the same, or the impact of all four of these bills will be felt in the or the impact of all four of these remain the same, with what appears to be the marketplace. Even recording industry—and within the recording for the bill, there are those resounding support bill is a good idea. a hard time believing that the industry who have https://artistrightswatch.com/2018/01/28/another-artist-rights-lawyer-warns-against- the-music-modernization-act-safe-harbor/. 190 191 industry is not always best for the consumer. As these two groups have industry is not always best for the involving money, it makes sense that competing interests, specifically differently. these acts will impact each demographic free promotion of music by AM/FM while retracting any rights to radios. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 17 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 17 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 18 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 —as The EST 196 198 B (Jun. 19, ILLBOARD EVENUES , B R HE ADIO T R ERVICES IN OST S L CT IS NSIDE A , I ASSIVE M TREAMING S ROPOSED 197 P ERFORMERS Consumers used to listening and Consumers used P WNED note 6. 197 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM -O FOR ROBLEM OF supra Breeland P ELETE D 195 RTIST OT N A O (D How the Music Modernization Act Takes Royalties from DIY DOCX (1). note 192. note 192; Cooke, REATING ONJUNCTION WITH THE C C LUELINE LUELINE OLUTION TO THE supra supra .B S
ACROS VII. Additionally, the Act ensures that what small profits are seen, are Additionally, the Act ensures that .M What the Music Modernization Act Means for Radio While the new Act creates a legal framework for how to deal with While the new Act creates a legal Consumers will be shocked by the changes coming their way be shocked by the changes coming Consumers will 199 REELAND 2018), http://www.insideradio.com /what-the-music-modernization-act-means-for- radio/article_bd460db8-7b62-11e8-bca5-6b726ba70551.html. 199 Henry Gradstein, Songwriters and Gives Them to the Major Publishers (Guest Column) 195 Cooke, 2019] input from recording was created by compromise and industry, this Act an Act solely for the and legislators, and is, at its core, industry insiders benefit. recording industry’s B amount we spend on used to the free to nominal a culture, we are our music. If this Act in order to listen and download streaming services insiders, which will be more protections for industry passes, there will expensive music. translate to more streaming services and royalties that are owed, there is still a gap in artist streaming services and royalties fact that the recording industry will be protection. Even considering the Collective, the blanket licenses the in charge of the Mechanic Licensing down any profit that an artist would Act gives streaming services waters see. (Mar. 2, 2018), https://www.billboard.com/articles/ business/8225293/music- modernization-act-royalties-diy-songwriters-henry-gradstein. using music created before 1971 will see a change as well, as the using music created before 1971 in the reigns on royalty-free use. copyright owner will likely bring update to the copyright law; recording industry is getting a much-needed back just as artists did, due to higher however, consumers will likely push materials that were once available to prices or inability to easily access them for free. 196 It will be interesting to see whether the creation and passing of this Act affects the bargaining for songwriter credit within the recording industry, as this was previously the best way to gain revenue and royalties. 197 Cooke, 198 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 18 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 18 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 18 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , [Vol. 19:2 [Vol. 19:2 Now, instead 200 ONCLUSION C ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM
ELETE D The better play is to perform a consumer The better play is to perform a OT VIII. N 202 O (D note 186. Florida Coastal Law Review Law Review Florida Coastal DOCX supra (1). The Music Modernization Act Misses the Mark (Guest Column) note 145. Therefore, the best way to protect artists from such a pay way to protect artists from such Therefore, the best LUELINE LUELINE 201 supra .B ACROS (Mar. 16. 2018), https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/the-music-modernization- .M In the age of technology, the recording industry has not fared well. In the age of technology, the recording industry has not fared well. Tidal is an example of such a streaming service, although it has of such a streaming service, Tidal is an example ARIETY REELAND With declining revenues, insufficient copyright protection, and the With declining revenues, insufficient copyright protection, and had to creation of online streaming services, the recording industry has of artists receiving the royalties for their performances recorded and the royalties for their performances of artists receiving mixers, and will be split with producers, shared, these royalties songwriters. act-misses-the-mark-guest-column-1202728994/. 201 Chu & Collins, 202 Titlow, 200 Phil Galdston, several flaws: membership prices are some of the highest for streaming prices are some of the several flaws: membership and Spotify constantly out performs it services, material is inconsistent, in numbers of consumers. V 198 more ways than they were beforehand. divided up even a streaming service of the new legislation is to create decrease in light owned by artists. B survey to see what consumers like best about streaming services and what survey to see what consumers like This will enable artists to create they like the least—particularly Spotify. factors like low or free monthly the best platform available. Likely, content, and saving/downloading of memberships, access to exclusive Once artists can create a streaming albums would be the most important. themselves up to a better flow of service that works, they are opening they are paid their royalties. The money—they will be the ones ensuring streaming services include the service’s cuts that are made in traditional to pay out its owners, there is no own profits. When the entity runs costs. If the recording industry’s underlying entity profit, only usage recognize where other services have artists could band together and the best service, and negotiate failed, implement a plan to provide artists will be able to do what the acceptable profit-sharing procedures, do in the early 2000s when they attacked recording industry was unable to establish their own hold on the market Napster. They will be able to back into themselves, and pay those where they can pour their royalties owed under the Act. 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 18 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 18 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 19 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , IMES UOTE Q , N.Y., T RAINY 205 B While new rights for the While new rights 204 199 As the recording industry fights As the recording 203 _bronfman_jr_476363?src=t_music_indust ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM Breeland ELETE D OT N O (D (Jun. 28, 2018), https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/28/ (Jun. 28, 2018), https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/28/ DOCX e.com/quotes/edgar (1). IMES New Way to Pay Songwriters and Musicians in the Streaming Age T In Shift to Streaming, Music Business Has Lost Billions Music Industry Quotes, LUELINE LUELINE .B , N.Y. , ACROS The history of the music industry is inevitably also the The history of the music industry From the player story of the development of technology. piano to the vinyl disc, from reel-to-reel tape to the cassette, from the CD to the digital download, these formats and devices changed not only the way music was consumed, but the very way artists created it. .M REELAND recording industry will diminish the rights of consumers and artists, both recording industry will diminish take steps by boycotting or calling their can fight back. Consumers can does not pass. Artists, however, have representatives to ensure the bill new. In the battle for whose internet an opportunity to create something can create their own streaming service streaming service is best, artists and to ensure they can offer the best combining the best of all the others, effectively increase their own royalty product on the market. This will paying themselves their royalties— revenues, because they will be in the Music Modernization Act. There bypassing the new system set up with the likely passing of the Music is a wave of change coming the best solution for artists and Modernization Act of 2018, and where everything shakes out. It is in consumers alike is to ride it and see make this new Act work, and the best everyone’s best interest to try and to work together so both groups way would be for artists and consumers the recording industry. are satisfied with what happens in

203 Ben Sisario, 2019] began by splitting While the recording industry fight to receive revenues. by allowing little artists and themselves, and revenues between of file-sharing the radio exemption, the introduction concessions like has severely reduced internet streaming services websites and eventually the last decade. industry profits over B up with the legislature they have managed to team through this decline, broaden their rights Modernization Act, which will to enact the Music requirements and to include restructuring payment and protections, streaming services. methods from internet https://www.brainyquot (Mar. 24, 2016), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/business/media/music-sales- remain-steady-but-lucrative-cd-sales-decline.html. 204 Ben Sisario, Advances business/media/music-copyright-digital-services.html. business/media/music-copyright-digital-services.html. 205 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 19 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 19 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 19 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 ) 2/20/19) 7:52 PM ELETE D OT N O (D DOCX (1). LUELINE LUELINE .B ACROS .M REELAND ry (last visited May Edgar Bronfman, Jr.). 8, 2018) (quoting, B 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 19 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 19 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 20 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 =

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X U ecessary WX KHGDLO Charles Lincoln, Lincoln, Charles W ³VW timacy and timacy P at 18, 8e (G.E.M. , 96 C  see see V UFFOLK OHJL RUNRIUL opological approach to to approach opological Z , 41 S Z¶V KHRULH W 5 Expressive Theories of Law: A A Law: of Theories Expressive  VW RFLDO HPEHGGHGLQ V upported by early functionalist and and functionalist by early upported V UDOL KH L.J. 1029, 1043 (1928) WX NVESTIGATIONS NVESTIGATIONS W I F  X U VV , 43 J. Legis. 122 (2016).  HQKDQFH OD ALE VW \ UH UHDQGD . 1363, 1376 (2000); VW DOO WX  O Lincoln Lincoln EV W All social scientists try to answer such such answer to try social scientists All X WX 6 , 37 Y , 37 KD F  DQG Matthew D. Adler, Adler, D. Matthew W  ¶V DF VW V W cf. cf. . L. R . L. ) A LRQ W HILOSOPHICAL ELETE LRQDOL W D OT OT QF HG PLJK N X Three Approaches to Law and Culture and Law to Approaches Three ] O DSSURDFKH RIDQD I LFL W (D \ W , 148 U. P F VW´ X FUL DOCX . The NegligenceThe Issue A Theory of Adjudication: Law as Magic as Law Adjudication: of Theory A LRQDOL VWV W EVISION DSURG QF R V X 44 (2011) (explaining that, to answer this question andquestions it,therelike streets and uniform houses. uniform and streets The first approach, the historical school, arose in German German in arose school, historical the approach, law The first views It century. nineteenth the of half first the in jurisprudence D practices of its people. According to the historical school, statutes school, to historical the According people. of its practices >7KH@ >H@DUO I effectiveness.; cultural analyses that interpret magic and ritual in terms of of terms in and ritual analysesn magic that the cultural interpret reject all symbol and language, from performance, as magic law Viewing reason. and magic of ritual opposition Realist thethese to perspectives challenges produces important two aspects of ritual and us to allows seemagic it that decision- First, view. legal rational with conflict necessarily do not adjudication the magic legal the that ways suggests some it Second, making. 5HDOL ±  INAL ´ .F  Why do people around the world persist in continuing with different different with continuing in persist world the around people do Why Ludwig Wittgenstein, P Wittgenstein, Ludwig V Leon Green, Green, Leon RS INCOLN law structures contrary to the United Nations or Organisation for for Organisation or Nations United to why the contrary And structures law recommendations? Development and Co-operation Economic property, contract, basic of terms do other in international organizations organizations the by expect out set other rules countriesdifferent toby conformto be replaced laws basic can How etc.? laws, procedural cultural practices? above. ones the and inquiry this This Article will take an anthr See 5 Jessie Allen, Allen, 5 Jessie Structural Etiology of the U.S. Constitution U.S. the of Etiology Structural 2019] particularlysymbolica and ritualistic language. Skeptical Overview Anscombe trans., 3d ed. 1958); 839, 841 statement of law has very little if any interest in how they shall treat these terms. The theseterms. treat they how any in shall interest if symbols has these little very law statement of translate can they by which key or and no table with ritual jury the its provides recites law law The qualities. human and conduct human of terms the into VW 6 Mautner, Menachem are essentially three major ways to interpret law and culture and nine altogether different different altogether nine and culture and law interpret to ways major three essentially are categories). 775 (2008) (stating775 (2008) thatthe theorylegalmagics ofis structuralist theories). theories). structuralist cf. cf. L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 31 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 31 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 31 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47   V 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 D VV¶ V LQ  V DQG L W  DQG ¶ QH ¶ Z , ecades Z [Vol.19.2 LRQ KHOHJDO V P XV OD W  DSSOLH W µ V ¶ HP D  W LRQ FLR \ W UDOL V RQ KH HQ W V\VW V WX O ZV UH LQ OD K X W LH U LF WX Y O W  X O X X UHSUH KURSRORJ ¶V RFLDOUHOD W V OHJDO FRQ µ Z¶V UDOFKDQJHLQOHJDODQG WX O  7KH IR DQG KH  DQG F DQGP n autopoietic n autopoietic X W K OD V V W Z Z KSHRSOH D oup of nationals has its own own has its nationals oup of L  DQG DQ ility of taking legal action to W V L OD OD LFH Z LRQ Z µ µ W W D Z   OD V Z µ KLUG V W OD  HUDF µ W SUDF VW V KH UROH RIF W   7KH ) V PLQ G RFLDO LQ H KDSSURDFK V VWV K DSSURDFK ¶V [W W  L ELETE \ XVV V D KDSSURDFK HUH F W W Florida Coastal Law Review Review Law Coastal Florida DSSURDFKGHDO KLS 7KH ILU V OT OT ¶  DSSURDFK GHDO V ¶ N UH O GL UH ¶ WX  7KH  (D O W WX O KHLUGDLO Z X KHLU LQ W FKRODU X W 7KHQLQ  7KH HLJK V LRQRISHRSOH OD V V DOCX . 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This approachviews FRQ law as economic development processes that are taking place in developing developing in place taking are that processes development economic FR SRS thus views the relationship between law and culture as working in as law working culture and between relationship the in thus views assumes; approach historical the what relations. from social of direction opposite an dimension inseparable an is law however, both, Anglo-American twentieth-century in found approach, third The andcreate applycourtsthe a law views the as that jurisprudence, in this culture internalize system. Law practitioners cultural distinct and this activity, professional and studies of their the course to comes internalization and the delimit way constitute, justifications. these direct, provide and cases, resolve argue, think, practitioners one thanmore for allows culture legal the however, cases,many In the in may there objectivity be while Therefore, solution. possible application. its in inconsistency of degree a also is there law, between relationship the concerning approaches three these Beyond approaches additional nine at least can identify oneand law culture, LQ OHJDO popular culture, its influence over popular culture, and the influence influence the and culture, popular over influence the its with culture, deals popular approach fifth The on law. culture artifacts, popular of cultural of production the and law between connection on intellectual focuses naturally and music, and such as books SURSHU anthropological research methods to the study of law. The second, second, The to law. methods study of the research anthropological W part of the voluminous literature published in the last four d four last the in published literature voluminous the of part and plays, law that and functions discusses the diversified on multiculturalism culturally in adopt, should it solutions normative the between connection the at looks approach seventh The countries. or branches legal particular the perspective of from and culture law GRF system and beliefs about the feasib the about beliefs and system SURPR INAL .F INCOLN 224 L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 31 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 31 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 32 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47  , W 11 KH KD W 225 W  . 839, V H ] EV HG . 187, 197 ] L ERKELEY V 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 L. R UST . J the hypothesis OC DJHUHFRJQL ² U.C. B HPSKD ORNELL ORNELL VW \´ . & S It is easy to see see to easy is It H  V Hegelian Dialectical Dialectical Hegelian ´ phy.com/people/franz- phy.com/people/franz- EV 10 rom within. , 96 C I UH WV L. R WX O S X HQ ¶ W F KURSRORJ KHGHIHQ W W ARY FRQ Of course, by explaining the the explaining by Of course, 7 . M RQLQ Z¶V T V : S At thesame time, most European LQJOD , https://www.biogra W Lincoln Lincoln 12 Helping Students Develop Affirmative Evidence of EvidenceHelping of Students Develop Affirmative CHOLAR ) 13 6HFRQGDSHU IOGRAPHY ´ ELETE  , 42 U. Dayton42 U. , Rev.L. 87, 111 fn.31 (2017). , 19 S W KHUDQGFUHD D , B W How are they alike, and how are they different? different? are they how and alike, How are they OT OT 9 N Charles Edward Andrew Lincoln IV, IV, Lincoln Andrew Edward Charles O $PHULFDQ 6FKRRO RI $Q FRUUHF ³ cf. cf. (D Three Approaches to Law Law to and Culture Three Approaches ³ ;  V three ethno-centric stages include denial, defense, and minimization. minimization. and defense, denial, stages include ethno-centric three KL DOCX W . WW¶V  HQFLQJHDFKR V X EVISION 8 R views law as an autonomous system whose contents and and contents whose system autonomous as an law views mutually manner, a unique in reality social affect communications LQIO %HQQH ³ INAL

%RD .F Cultural relativity, the argument that all socially approved behavior behavior approved socially all that argument the relativity, Cultural Social scientists interested in the populations of the world have have world the of populations the in interested scientists Social Introduction to Social/Cultural Anthropology, Anthropology, to Social/Cultural Introduction ] 44 (2011). Franz Boas: Biography Boas: Franz See generally id. generally See ± INCOLN Analysis of U.S. Voting Laws Voting U.S. of Analysis that all humans think alike. scholars accepted the psychological unity of mankind of unity psychological the accepted scholars differences between populations. between differences (2017) Using the concepts of culture and cultural relatively that were were that relatively cultural and of culture students of concepts the by the Using anthropology in fundamental made and popularized )UDQ 2019] societies exotic with contact through work anthropologists but questions, behaviors. their and attempt to explain boas-9216786. (last visited Feb.13 6, 2018). behavior of others, these scientistssocieties. ultimately try to understand their own http://anthropology.berkeley.edu/content/Introduction-socialcultural-anthropology. http://anthropology.berkeley.edu/content/Introduction-socialcultural-anthropology. (last visited Feb. 6, 2018). 8Id. 9 See id. 10 See id. 11 Neil Hamilton & Jeff Maleska, Competency Cross-Cultural developed different answers to the basic questions: are all humans alike, alike, humans all are questions: basic to the answers different developed different? they are or cultures. different encountering when differences cultural and material 841 7 This is the fundamental problem in anthropology. in problem fundamental the is This Menachem Mautner, Mautner, Menachem Denial is the stage in which one does not recognize any cultural differences and believes believes and differences cultural any recognize not does one which in stage the is Denial is culture own their other cultures exist, but does not acknowledge that these other cultures are valid. Third, Third, valid. are cultures other these cultural that their of not acknowledge does but exist, universality the cultures other overemphasize to tend stage minimization the those in different between differences actual the minimize and 12 L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 32 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 32 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 32 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47  , V N A. UBA : C DGRU AVID AVID VW KRS RI ENTURY ENTURY account account L V D : A X -C ORLD , 1500-1786: 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 del Díaz 27 (1973). Díaz del Díaz W 17 OF OF 20 . 55 (2014). KH %L W EW EW NTHROPOLOGIST NTHROPOLOGIST [Vol.19.2 see alsosee RIT ING N  A . K FRQT UMÉZIL UMÉZIL V W YT HOLOGY V IXTEENTH ODEX D S L IST M C W IRST IRST N I KD : F ORLD ORLD W That volume earned earned volume That  W EORGES EORGES 16 ´ , H G ODELS ODELS KH 6SDQL OLORS OF THE OF OLORS EW W M AHAGÚN C LORENTINE N S F  N W HE I OMPARATIVE OMPARATIVE 1469-1716 17 (2002); C KD , T 1, 23-36 (2006). W one of the first encounters between between encounters first the of one insisted that the account of the the of account the that insisted HEORIES OF OF HEORIES 15 PAIN PAIN T LASSICAL LASSICAL EW . 1, 7 (1997). S ² N ERPEL a bilingual Spanish and Nahuatl LRQ EV %ODFN /HJHQG : C W odotus of Halicarnassus as the earliest earliest the as Halicarnassus of odotus K ³ ELFARE ELFARE R D ² NCOUNTERS NCOUNTERS HE ERNARDINO DE ERNARDINO XV E REATION OF THE THE OF REATION ) ORLD KH 1521 , B C W Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva la de cosas las de general Historia . & W . & MPERIAL MPERIAL ± W , T  ELETE , I R OC AGALONI ¶V D W  DFF The Conquistadors: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest Conquest the of Accounts First-Person Conquistadors: The Florida Coastal Law Review Review Law Coastal Florida Q EW M . S OT OT ~ V¶ The Spanish royal house was very preoccupied preoccupied very was house royal Spanish The N 23-24 (2006). D OLONIAL ORTILLA O Human Rights: An Examination of Universalism and Cultural Cultural and Universalism of Examination An Rights: Human 18 V IVILIZATIONS IVILIZATIONS AND THE SSESSMENT OF T HE LQJ The supporters of the monarchy argued against Las Las against argued monarchy the of supporters The LLIOTT A N W , (D OMP -P , C E A IANA . C 19 N 55 (2006). C ITTLETON I D EÓN OF OF DOCX &D . OMP MERICA L V  UHDF Florentine Codex Florentine C. C. L A V D True History of the Conquest History True of New Spain ASTILLO ATERIALS a soldier who participated in the conquest of Mexico with with Mexico of conquest the in participated who a soldier 35 C MERICA EVISION OMANS OMANS C , 22 J. see alsosee UXTABLE or or  Z R 14 A IGUEL IGUEL /D , M H ² ¶V , R V See BartoloméCasas Las De INAL M COTT COTT .F Although some credit Her LOOR LOOR USAN USAN OHN VW VW See RT IST S NTHROPOLOGICAL NTHROPOLOGICAL ERFORMING ERFORMING UPHER PANISH INCOLN of Mexico, Mexico, of contrasting example is the great adventure story in Bernal Díaz del del Díaz Bernal Sahagún in story the adventure title great of the the is first Native example American ethnographer.contrasting Another &D 18 S L España España the West and the Americas was recorded in the Franciscan friar friar Franciscan the in recorded was Americas the and West the %HUQDUGLQR GH 6DKDJ 19 J 16 20 S 14 Elisabeth Reichert, A 33 (2012); Casas, but many church missionaries sided in his favor. his in sided missionaries church Casas, many but Relativism 226 be can setting, cultural own its of context the in understood be and only can comparison cross-cultural discourages that a manner in interpreted even negates the notion thathumanity all uses thesame thinking process. slaughtered vast numbers of people the V. in nametheofCatholic Charles, Spain, ofking &KLDSD P conquest by Francisco López de de López Francisco by conquest Castillo A &D precursor to anthropological studies, anthropological to precursor 15 S 17 Michael Palencia-Roth, 17 Palencia-Roth, Michael http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/oriente/LasCasas.htm.2018). (last visited Feb. 8, with this charge. this with of the practices of the Native Americans. Native the of practices the of Hernán Cortés in 1519 in Cortés Hernán L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 32 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 32 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 33 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47  W 28 26 27 El he 25 227 PDQ OEMS OEMS ² IGNOS IGNOS X vey of vey of EXICO EXICO , P IFE AND M 3 S ULTURAL ULTURAL L C 4-6 (2000). IS IS 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 HF K KH PDUNH ADE THE OF W J H ]W YMNS EINVENTING EINVENTING RADITIONS ONQUISTA DE 29 ESOAMERICAN T C : R , H M OST A L OF CCOUNT THE Pro-government comparison, In A LRQ RI , L RI$ OCIAL AND OCIAL 21 24 W OMPANION OMPANION V ACRED S C ATIVE ICTIONARY OF S HG ONQUEST D W LRQ FULS ZTEC ZTEC OCTRINES W V C , N A AVARRI , D N THER FULS GH HE V O ITERARY ITERARY DJJHUD ¶V EARCH OF THE OF EARCH : T L NTERPRETATION OF [ Q I S ~ TORIES ORTILLA N GH N H IST ORICAL P V , S ¶V : I D : A PEARS , H OF NCYCLOPEDIA OVELS OF THE OF OVELS S Z ODRÍGUEZ ODRÍGUEZ LOOR AYA AND , E N EÓN Francisco Gonzáles -Hermosillo Adams, R INGS VW L ASAS K -M Lincoln Lincoln C LISKY , 115, 115 (1971). OSÉ OSÉ A ULTURAL AND ISCOURSES VOLUT ION IS M J ROKEN ROKEN AS PENCER L B IGUEL IGUEL , D S UICHE E MERICAN ) see alsosee : AC M D HE A These scholars examined the history of of history the examined scholars These GHO&D  FKDSODLQ TONE OF , Q ARVIN ARVIN ] ELETE , T II. E 26 ITY From this description, one can almost smell the the smell almost can one description, this From YTHS  :KLOH LQ 6DKDJ ÁXIMO , S D V C 22 M OT OT WpV¶V ATIN & M N , L 44 (2006). ONATHAN O UCATEC see alsosee NTHROPOLOGY &RU (D HG 'LD 44 (2002); Origins of Food Production in Southwestern Asia: A Sur A Asia: Southwestern in Production Food of Origins HPSOH EXICO EXICO A ] & J W ORTILLA ARTOLOMÉ L , Y P V RIGGS ELFERICH NCIENT 213 (1996). ÓPEZ when the conquistadors first entered Tenochtitlan entered first conquistadors the when note 27. 27. note , M , B H EXICO EXICO H DOCX . V 23 : A S. L M ORLD ORLD ZTEC C. B EÓN 6, 6 (2001); M KH W L A W 6 (2013); ANKE supra supra ARNARD ARNARD URRENT EVISION AISTOR R H B HPSKD ERARD ERARD C 56 (2016). V EW 330 (2012). INAL IGUEL IGUEL .F N ONALD Social evolutionism was the popular tradition in anthropology during during anthropology in tradition popular the was evolutionism Social , 12 C LAN IMBERLE ICK ICK EWIS EWIS RIT INGS ÉJICO ÉJICO AYA NTHROPOLOGY HQFK RI IST ÓRICOS ONQUEST OF PIRITUALITY ROM T HE FKRODU INCOLN humanity as a whole and divided that narrative into a series of stages. of a series into narrative that divided and as a whole humanity 24 N describes the Spanish as brimmingwith admiration. the nineteenth century. nineteenth the (1980). 26 A 23 M W S F A 21 K H M (1981); G M C Lewis Henry Morgan summarized human cultural evolution three in stages: savagery, distinguished by hunting and foraging economies;barbarism, metallurgy. and writing cities, the first the stage of era the ofcivilization, early agriculturalists living in villages; and 2019] Gómara, Hernán 25 L THE THE 28 Id. 29 Wright, 27 Gary A. Wright, 27 Wright, A. Gary Ideas 22 D V Sahagún was sympathetic to the peopleCastillo he studied, seemed while Bernal Díaz delhave to admired thenatives only worthyas adversaries. sacrifices, including the dried blood on the walls of the temples and in in and temples the of walls the on blood dried the including sacrifices, priests. the of hair the Sometimiento Del Señorío Indígena de Cholula Ante la Corona Española, Española, Corona la Ante Cholula de Indígena Señorío Del Sometimiento at Tlatelolco, at VW L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 33 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 33 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 33 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47

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19, 263-64 (1917).  0RUJDQ of

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V ODAY H $PHULFDQ KH IL T phy/Lewis-Henry-Morgan. phy/Lewis-Henry-Morgan. NTHROPOLOGIST NTHROPOLOGIST NTHROPOLOGICAL NTHROPOLOGIST W Y  0RUJDQ L and W \ A HEORY HEORY . A ” 30, 141-54 (1983). ARWIN IS M HU KL T W M HE DLQO D W DO RI , 6 J. A , 6 OETICS , A : T 33 Y explained Iroquois society while at the the at while society Iroquois explained L NCYCLOPEDIA Fittest

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Florida Coastal Law Review Review Law Coastal Florida ORKS AND ORKS OT OT KH GHSLF Survival RL DWARD W He even started a literary club in 1841 called the the called 1841 in club literary a started even He N X 18, 245-72. (1889). “ the Herbert Spencer As An Anthropologist An As Spencer Herbert O The Structure of the Iroquois League: Lewis H. Morga H. Lewis League: Iroquois the of Structure The

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RELAND KH ,URT I G  6SHQFHU GHILQHG W S. G W UDGL The H. L and emphasized this idea in his concepts of social evolution. social of concepts his in idea this emphasized and EVISION W R “ 32-34 (1983). 153, 182-83 (1981). 38 culture. the toscholar define first s: LF ’ The League of the Iroquois of League The the Iroquois INAL W 34 .F ERWYN +HUEHU Meanwhile, some nineteenth-century evolutionists protested the the protested evolutionists nineteenth-century some Meanwhile, Morgan lived in upstate New York in the 1800s and thus, had had thus, and 1800s the in York New upstate in lived Morgan LIFFORD NCYCLOPEDIA OBERT Biography of Lewis Henry Morgan Henry Lewis of Biography ISTORY ISTORY RITAIN AND TUDIES 2UGHU RI INCOLN same time laying the foundations for his theories on the stages of human human of stages the on theories his for foundations the laying time same evolution. cultural Applied to Laws of Marriage and Descent Marriage of Laws to Applied colonists were those who, aftermorality, having could been treat exposed native people to higher levels such in horrible of ways. 31 Tooker, Elisabeth evolutionists who considered themselves sociologists were not. were were people studied, Tylor other but they to native sympathetic the sociologists themselves considered who evolutionists book Biology 33 E 36 C considered part of the James Fenimore Cooper and Henry Schoolcraft Schoolcraft Henry and Cooper Fenimore James the part of considered URPDQ 39 Gregory Claeys, Claeys, 39 Gregory clear record of atrocious behavior against natives, including Edward B. B. Edward including natives, against behavior record clear atrocious of Tylor, Iroquois neighbors. Iroquois 34 R 38 Robert Carneiro, L. 32 Robert Clark, 32 Clark, Robert Cooper B H S 30 Indians trying their lands. protect to trying Indians 228 35 Edward Tylor, B. 2018, 5:35PM), h and Observations Research social organization at the time. the at organization social (1988). 37 M ³ L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 33 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 33 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 34 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 . OF OF 229 PEN PEN . O RG This This These These HE CAD EARCH 49 , 5 , 5 O 411, 411-29 S 44 , T 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 48 , 9 , 9 A OCIALISM AND OCIALISM S OPPER supported Social Social supported ´ Rethinking Linguistic Linguistic Rethinking Spencer and his his and Spencer GAINST K. R. P A 41 7ULDO 486-507 (1998). IVERSITY AND THE AND THE IVERSITY \ Incidentally, the textbook textbook the Incidentally, D 42 see alsosee TATES TATES RGUMENT S A 0RQNH ULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY ³ N ULTURAL : A , 8 C , 8 NITED NITED 614, 614 (1991). 614, 614 : C U Theories of Organizational Culture Organizational of Theories 867, 867 (1966). 19-20 (1851); Lincoln Lincoln IBERTY L In other words, culture for the Boasians Boasians the for words, other culture In for this reason, free education, public health health public education, free reason, this for ) TATICS TATICS 46 OR OR ELATIVISM S F 40 R ELETE Franz Boas and the Culture Concept in Historical Historical in Concept Boas and Franz Culture the 15-17 (Thomas Mackay Murray ed., 1891). D 227, 227 (2000). 227, 227 77-79 (2012). LEA LEA NTHROPOLOGY OT OT OCIAL N A O NTHROPOLOGIST GAINST , S DEAS DEAS , A P Concerning the Distinction Between the Social and the Cultural the Social and the Between the Distinction Concerning I (D REATIONISM IN THEREATIONISM Anthropology and Multiculturalism: What Is Anthropology That That Anthropology Is What and Multiculturalism: Anthropology , A 43 . A The Cultural Relativity of the Quality of the of of Quality The Life Relativity Cultural Concept NEMIES NEMIES , C OF OF Cultural relativity argues that social acts and forms can can forms and acts social that argues relativity Cultural John J. Gumperz & Stephen C. Levinson, Levinson, C. Stephen & Gumperz J. John 264-71 (1929). E M . DOCX . 47 URRENT TS TS EGISLATION EGISLATION IST PENCER I PENCER L OORE S S H They defined culture as the learned, shared behavior patterns . 389, 389 (1984).. 389, ACKLIN , 68 A ORCES EVISION M 45 R , 32 C F M EV see alsosee INAL . R at 214-15. . 193, 195 (1984). .F The history of modern anthropology began with Franz Boas and his his and Boas Franz with began anthropology modern of history The Some scholarsinsist that carrying this relativist positionto the OF THEOF UTH ERBERT ERBERT ANDY Id. OCIAL Bernhard J. Stern, Stern, J. Bernhard GMT TUD OCIETY AND OCIALISTIC INCOLN 43 R Relativity was a nonmaterial mental pattern for getting the work of life life of work the getting for pattern mental a nonmaterial was accomplished. students in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. twentieth early and nineteenth late the in students a society. of characteristic futile. are comparisons cross-cultural that maintain would extreme 46 Yvan Allaire & Mihaela E. Firsirotu, Firsirotu, 46 E. Mihaela & Allaire Yvan 41 H 44 George W. Stocking, Jr., Jr., 44 Stocking, W. George Perspective M 61 J. S S Darwinian ideas, such as eugenics, which are no longer considered in the the in considered are longer no which such eugenics, as ideas, Darwinian biology. of realm 2019] serve actions their of consequences the suffering people that felt Spencer best; society of future the famous the of Scopes, T. by John used 49 R 40 H 45 Geert Hofstede, 45 Hofstede, Geert 48 Turner, Terence It? Of Mindful Should Be Multiculturalists scholars emphasized the related concepts of culture and cultural cultural and culture of concepts related the emphasized scholars relativity. setting. cultural own their of context the in understood be only 42 47 8 S (1993); S measures such as compulsory vaccinations, and government welfare welfare government and vaccinations, compulsory as such measures humanity. of or evolution natives future the for against acted sympathy no had Darwinists, Social as known followers, society. own their of classes lower the even L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 34 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 34 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 34 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , . 57 M OF OF HE A J. J. ANET , T L J ¶ NCIENT OF OF OSTWAR ENTELN A NT P R DEODQN 459, 459-72 OLITICS IN IN OLITICS V 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 N P I 450-54 (1967). 10 I 77-79 (2013). , 92 J. ENEDICT see alsosee B UNDES UNDES Ruth Benedict Ruth [Vol.19.2 D approach of the the of approach 50 EALTH IN ´ 55 (1973). ULTURE UTH ENEDICT W approach involved involved approach C LILF B R W 6 (2003); LISON LISON W¶V PDQ PLQG D ELATIVISM ELATIVISM X A AMOA R AND NTHROPOLOGIST S UTH FLHQ , V Chrysanthemum and the - : R . A L  W KH K -centuryevolutionists had W M APANESE see alsosee ERSUS K GE IN NTHROPOLOGY AND J IFE %HQHGLF W DQ 246-57 (2001). W¶V V see alsosee L ³ A , A HG OMPLEXITY , 3 A , 3 55 HHQ Y ’ Approach to Language, Language, to Approach ’ C W EGITIMACY , L Boas TRANGE 65 (1998); 44 (1999); S OMING OF OF OMING OLDMAN  SHUFHL ATTERNS OF OF ATTERNS S G ¶ ´ , C RDER NIVERSALISM NIVERSALISM THNOGRAPHY : P Franz Franz E , O : U OAS ) EDICINE EDICINE B or in other words, education. words, other in or ARCIO WORD M KHU KDQG %HQHGLF ELETE S W HARACTER UREN ² IGHTS D Mead studied early child rearing in many parts Ruth Benedict: Anthropological Folklorist Anthropological Benedict: Ruth Florida Coastal Law Review Review Law Coastal Florida C OF RCHAEOLOGIES B 56 R RANZ RANZ OT OT & M 51 FKRRO 7KH QLQH N V , A O KH R AN illed with the ideas that governed behavior through the An Anthropology Made Safe For Culture: Patterns of Practice Practice of Patterns Culture: For Safe Made Anthropology An & F 188-95 (1944). W ANDBOOK OF OF ANDBOOK pointing out differences and interpreting their their interpreting and differences out pointing V (D , HRYSANTHEMUM UMAN 52 , H ilinear human history in a seriesofstages, and neo - H 188 EAD , C 2Q EIBURG DOCX $PHULFDQ 6FKRRO ARY ARY . ATIONAL NIVERSALS IN NIVERSALS M ³ N N HAPMAN U AMES 53 C J YANG 445, 445-76 (1979). & M EVISION The book acted as a manual for ranking officers and politicians politicians and officers ranking for manual a as book acted The R R is a national character study of Japan done at a distance during during distance a at done Japan of study character a national is 3-6 (2000). 54 87-116 (2002). INAL  $PHULFDQ THICAL THICAL INGUISTICS .F LDQ RU There were various responses to this responsesthis to were various There ARGARET ARGARET EDERICO EDERICO OBERT LLISON LLISON V¶ E V ONIA . L M HRYSANTHEMUM AND THE HRYSANTHEMUM AND THE ICHARDS TUDIES OF TATES OR OR OLKLORE APAN INCOLN NTERNATIONAL evolutionists of the twentieth century affirmed this general viewpoint. general this un a proposed affirmed century twentieth the of evolutionists %RD 54 F analyzing patterns of culture to explain how culture forms a system system a forms culture how explain to culture of patterns analyzing ideology. by integrated 52 M and Margaret Mead, both students of Boas, continued the study of culture culture of study the continued Boas, of students the of Mead, part both Margaret and be a crucial to children of training early by considering process. enculturation explaining Japanese culture and thought. 50 Roman Jakobson & Franz Boas, Boas, Franz & 50 Jakobson Roman slate that became f became that slate enculturation of process 56 Daniel Rosenblatt, Rosenblatt, 56 Daniel Benedict in Ruth Difference of Politics and the S C J R S F A Today,archaeologists Mesolithic, still Neolithic, employ and Bronze the civilizationsAge stages to represent universal termedPaleolithic, 230 %RD world, the of 51 Virginia Wolf Briscoe, Sword WWII. 55 S (2004). 57 R 53 A I F significance. L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 34 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 34 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 35 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47  , , . , V´ 66 EV 231 AND UH OME R 65 , For For WX F ILDGEN : S 60 ENFREW X 13 (1990). Others Others U W R 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 VW 62 SP ECT S  OLITICS OF OF OLITICS 38 (1997). V EOGRAPHICAL EOGRAPHICAL A P The racism racism The ETHOD 67 (2015). OLIN RIGINS 63 : G M C O GHHS EOGRAPHICAL OLONIALISM AND ³ OLFGANG OLFGANG C ACIAL R W ORLD  SROLFLH , 61 G , 61 W WV¶ 381-406 (2001). see alsosee OPOLOGICAL UROPEAN NTHROPOLOGY NTHROPOLOGY T A -E 18 (2000). see alsosee TRUCTURALISM TRUCTURALISM HEORY AND HEORY HUQPHQ T , S NDO Y I 7, 7 (2012); ELIGION ELIGION HEORY IN HEORY NTHROPOLOGY TO Many diffusionists were colonial IAGET ODEL OF THE OF ODEL R T P A 61 NTHROPOLOGY YNAMIC AND M ERSKOVITS AND THE ERSKOVITS KHLU JR A D W OF OF IFFUS IONIS M S  UZZLE OF OF UZZLE Lincoln Lincoln ¶ EAN EAN ´ P , 155-168 (1954); ISTORY J J. H J. TS TS H , I TRUCTURALISM TRUCTURALISM HE RCHEOLOGICAL RCHEOLOGICAL RT ) ORLD : T URRENT 111-12 (2004). A IV. D W , A see also ELETE ELVILLE ELVILLE ., C OLONIZER V. S ELEVANCE D C R GHIHQG LD LD has rendered much of their thinking obsolete. thinking their of much rendered has 5 W NTRODUCTION TO NTRODUCTION nguage, reciprocity, and kinship systems,matching OT OT , M ³ O I NTHROPOLOGY OF 64 N A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation and Agency, Duality, Structure: of Theory A RIT ING 58 N A HE O ANGUAGE AWKES UROCENTRIC HE W L (D E RIGINS OF OF RIGINS LQJ H , A The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition the Mobility of Hypothesis The HE \ , T O U W , T EWIS ETEWIS AL .1, 8 (1992); .1, 8 DOCX . ROM T HE  V F 29-51 (1974). 93-94 (2004). OC S. L AYTON that is, the notion that all human societies passed through the the through passed societies human all that notion the is, that S ERSHENHORN RU L OWIE W EVISION TAUDER 59 G B R OF OF S UD VW INAL . J. RANSITION TO HRISTOPHER ALEOLITHIC .F Structuralists consider all humans to have the same same the have to humans all consider Structuralists Culture contact, as British, American, and German diffusionist diffusionist German and American, British, as contact, Culture ERBERT M P T ACK ACK ERRY OBERT IONA RCHAEOLOGY AND RCHAEOLOGY IFFUSIONISM AND IFFUSIONISM NOWLEDGE HE UGGESTIONS UGGESTIONS INCOLN MPERIALISM MPERIALISM THE THE DGPLQL were missionaries searching for the origins of civilization. 65 H 66 William H. Sewell Jr., 98 A 59 R 63 F under their cultural veneer; this explains the existence of cross-cultural cross-cultural of existence the explains this veneer; cultural their under similarities such as ideas. religious la related closely evidently and government of concepts schools insist, demolishes times). evolution; different the at perhaps veracity (but development of of anystages same system of unilinear and fantasy of most diffusionists, especially the idea that certain peoples peoples certain that idea the especially diffusionists, most of fantasy and were unequal to the taskwas brought of assimilating tothem, the gift of civilizationwhen it 62 J D I K 58 C S 2019] life. human of stages 64 J 60 Wilbur Zelinsky, complexes are carried over land and sea from their places of origin to the the to diffusionists, origin of places the their key from sea feature and land over of carried are human historycomplexes lies the in way cultural found. now are they where areas T (1971). 219, 219 61 Morris J. 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. H K cf. cf. 272 (1998). INAL AC NQUIRY NQUIRY .F P Functionalists argued that understanding how cultural complexes KHU LEXANDER LAUDE LAUS ERNARD ERNARD W UROPEAN OBERT . I E OF OF EINGS EINGS ESEARCH ESEARCH THNOLOGIST OC EROME EROME INCOLN societies to be entities that cannot be usefully compared, usefully be cannot that be entities to societies Guinea, New eastern of off Islands, Trobriand the of network trade Ring is a system of trading partnerships 72 Martha Macintyre, 72 Macintyre, Martha J. J. form systems is more useful than either evolution or diffusion in the study study the in diffusion or evolution either than useful more is systems form society. of highly present to order in partners distant coral with for to meet canoes exchange outrigger in armbands shell valuable and significant necklaces. OF OF (2015); Enduring humans thinkalike. 74 A S B 67 K 288-90 (1988). 69 C R 71 B 232 ,QR Malinowski and A. R. Radcliffe-Brown conceived of two functional functional two of conceived Radcliffe-Brown R. A. and Malinowski societies. of study the in approaches value. intrinsic no had articles commerce. ordinary supports that practice 68 R 75 Andy Alaszewski, 75 Andy Alaszewski, Blame Other From Cultures–A Review Essay 73 Weiner, B. Annette E canoes that set out on Kula expeditions carried secular goods for for goods secular carried expeditions Kula on set out that canoes well. as exchange 70 Jonathan H. Turner & Alexandra R. Maryanski, Maryanski, 70 R. Alexandra & Turner Jonathan H. J Functional? L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 35 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 35 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 36 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 OF OF KH W 233 He supra supra  RIDQ HQ 76 D V V Y D ³ D KH FK LH ¶ , 35 J. W OUNTING W X Z (  V 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 V HG , C Conley Conley RP I: 1907-1934 9 HGRI V LRQ XVW W VW L see see KHFRORQLDO R V W LQ ART \ V  ´ HO FKRORJLFDODQG  RFLRORJLFDO , P W $ V 272 (1973). FRQ ¶ ONNELLY µV V\ HUFHUHPRQLH Z handling of the colonial colonial the of handling H REOLJD C W UFRLJO  UHFNRQLQJ QHU V X ¶V W KH OD W LOOD W NL KH HQFH W FRPSOH Y SLANDS FKI R X µ 7KHS I W W ZV  ´ ULTURE D AMES AMES KDQGOLQJRI V J L C Z RI W V ¶V NL  UDGLQJSDU W W RQKDG 0DOLQR RIIRRGD ZV djoining the Mission and the the and Mission the djoining V  DQG  D WV URSHDQLQIO HG µ VW AN AND W obligations were, of course, reciprocal in in reciprocal course, of were, obligations NDREW ROBRIAND ¶V X 7UREULDQGFL LFHPSKD T M W W ( HUH FK W KJLI \ It is clear, though, that Malinowski saw saw Malinowski that though, clear, is It X W KD L @ ´ LQ W  0DOLQR  E V - Lincoln Lincoln LOODJH Z \ > V REOLJD HDQGHIIHF Y KH HQIRUFHPHQ ³ \ W HOI HG KL V W XV HG X HGUDPD W HG E Y ROM T HE ] LQJ ) DUJ F HEORIES OF OF HEORIES \ isepitomized by JD NHHQ HGLQ DIRUPHUFKLHI V RPL µ , T P W ¶ ELETE W V D HG LQ D LRQRIFD W DJH W OT OT  D LRQ UHFLSURFD \ HSL W note 76, at 858; A SSRU N \ V  8QGHUO R D W\ L EPORTS EPORTS O W LRQDOL ´ HHQUHFLSURFDOO Y VX W R KH (D W  6 WZ W Indigenous Island Empires: Yap and Tonga Considered and Tonga Yap Empires: Island Indigenous OD QF V  X NL UHSRU X V and personal sentiments such as ambition, vanity, pride, desire desire pride, vanity, as ambition, such sentiments personal and ALINOWSKI HU I supra supra H EH ³ DOCX ¶ .  VW Y The trading partnership of Kula Rings, based on on based Rings, Kula of partnership trading The ZV M L W UH W\ ATROL 77 RFLDO HUQPHQ LRQDODSSUHFLD WX ODQGN LH W Y ³V Previously, Marcel Mauss had explored reciprocity, insisting insisting reciprocity, explored had Mauss Marcel Previously, V : P EVISION L UHOD . 5, 7-27 (2000) (noting that R UD 78 Conley Conley which is the exception. exception. the is which functionalism functionalism authorities. For most of the book they are virtually absent, lurking far in in far lurking absent, virtually are they of the most For book authorities. on traditional influence any if little exerting and the the background of glimpses see we pages 20 last the in But ways. Trobriand administration), colonial the outpost of local (the Station compromising Government and contaminating all sentences, prison instance, and one In cases. magistrates, memorable of couple a least at in law Trobriand 0DOLQR *R UHDOPD functionalist work, the reader is left wondering which is the rule and and rule the is which wondering left is reader the work, functionalist ³ cultural manifestations of reciprocity served as reinforcement, appealing appealing served reciprocity as of reinforcement, manifestations cultural to friendship, attachment, also and by display, self-enhancement of . . . kin to loyalty and devotion as the thanthe primary self-interest force, driving chicken material rather [M]ore specifically,he body of binding obligations, regarded as a right by one party and and party by one right as a regarded obligations, body of binding specific a by force their in of kept other, by the duty asstructure a the in acknowledged inherent publicity and reciprocity of mechanism soc FQPF UHDOL HFRQRPLF ¶V INAL IST .F For Radcliffe-Brown, the Kula Ring had a deeper significance. deeper a had Ring Kula the For Radcliffe-Brown, RONISLAW RONISLAW . H See EDQG OCONUTS AC XV INCOLN 76 B authorities.) large expanse of ocean constituted a substitute for an inter-island inter-island an noted for thatsubstitute a the constituted relationships ocean of expanse large between leading individualsgovernment. on islandsa in 77 Glenn Petersen, 77 Petersen, Glenn P C 2019] of shortcomings nature. A widow engaged in extended public mourning out of obligation to her her to obligation of out mourning public extended in engaged A widow nature. K (2007). reciprocity, allowed safe travel between islands in an area of endemic endemic of area an in islands between travel safe allowed reciprocity, warfare. epic, inter- HFRQRPLFQD note 76, at 857. 78 L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 36 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 36 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 36 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , . L ¶ , 31 Of Of NT OMP 23, 33 This This 85 79 22 I 47, 47-48 IVING AND IVING OF ISTORY , 22 C 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 , G RESS ULTURE : A H [Vol.19.2 U. P . & C Evolution in Social Social in Evolution WNING Robert O. Keohane, Keohane, O. Robert OC HEORY : O . S T ES IFT G Mauss argued that the the that argued Mauss Malinowski, Mauss, and AMBRIDGE AMBRIDGE 80 , 2 R , 2 see alsosee . 1 (1986). 81 , C RG O L Alexander Lesser, ¶ 134, 135 (1952). Modernization, Cultural Change, and Change, Cultural Modernization, NT OVEMENT OF OF OVEMENT 43 (2004); NTHROPOLOGICAL 40 I 83 M ecause diffusion by cultural contact can can contact cultural by diffusion ecause A EVO LUT ION IS TS see alsosee - Exchange, Contract and Law in the Stone Age Stone the in and Law Contract Exchange, HE the Potlach, and the frenzied gift buying buying gift frenzied the and Potlach, the EO 82 ) , T ISE OF OF ISE NTHROPOLOGY ELETE R IND ERSPECTIVE ERSPECTIVE D A L . 345, 354 (1998). Florida Coastal Law Review Review Law Coastal Florida P OT OT 171 (1968); Social Constructivist Perspectives on Teaching and Learning on Teaching Perspectives Constructivist Social HE N The Ethnological Revolution: On Marcel Mauss Marcel On Revolution: Ethnological The OF OF VII. N O Elite Distinction: Grand Theory and Comparative Perspectives, Perspectives, and Comparative Theory Grand Distinction: Elite Developments inDevelopments Social Theory (D , T SYCHOL Gifts and Social Relations the Mechanisms of Reciprocity, Reciprocity, of Mechanisms the and Relations Social Gifts Joseph M.Perillo, P HRISTIAN DOCX ULTURE . ELIGIOUS ELIGIOUS ARRIS 8 S.W. J. C C OF OF R Another problem with nineteenth-century evolutionism is is evolutionism nineteenth-century with problem Another H . 27, 27-28 (2007). . 17, 25-26 (1989). 25-26 . 17, . 84 EVISION OC EV EV R . 1, 1 (1990). 1 . 1, the egg. so erroneous ideas about the ancestry of early human populations populations human early of ancestry the about ideas erroneous so . S . R INAL EV ARVIN ARVIN 86 .F IMOTHY Today we understand that all societies did not have to progress progress to have not did societies all that understand we Today . L. . L. R NN . 93, 96 (2007).. 93, 96 . R OMP See generally generally See Jean-Pascal Daloz, Daloz, Jean-Pascal RIZ HEORIES OF OF HEORIES IV HARING IN IN HARING OC INCOLN 79 T approach anticipated later structuralist ideas. structuralist later anticipated approach A 82 Reciprocity in International Relations, Relations, International in Reciprocity 81 Komter, Aafke through all evolutionarystages b change a society from a hunting andgathering base directly into civilization. at Christmas in the United United States. the in Christmas at (2005). 86 A. Sullivan Palincsar, 49 A T S S 234 gifts. repay and receive, give, to programmed were humans all that of case the in ties; social create to was gifting reciprocal this of purpose the there. Trobriand population the to known Islands, and dangerous the organization for the Kula rationale the Ring integrated explained all Radcliffe-Brown the largest form ofsocial otherwise unintelligible Kulastrange Ring,practices, gift-giving which started thestudy ofother course, the earliest physical anthropologists and archaeologists did not not did archaeologists and anthropologists physical these earliest use the course, students contemporary that extent the to theory genetic on rely tools, 85 Ronald Inglehart & Christian Welzel, Welzel, 85 Christian & Inglehart Ronald (2004); Henning Ritter, 83 6 C 80 Paul Filmer et al., et al., 80 Filmer Paul C the linking of human physical development to cultural change. cultural to development physical human of linking the 84 M Democracy: The Human Development Sequence Development Human The Democracy: Anthropology, Anthropology, L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 36 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 36 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 37 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47

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Y OCIAL ) & H ANTS S Social Darwinism in American Thought American in Darwinism Social Once again, the purpose of the evolutionists evolutionists the of purpose the again, Once s W ’ ELETE AR AR 88 D White proposes that the evolution of society society of evolution the that proposes White Ancient ´ W  OT OT 92 Origins of The Myth of Social Darwinism: The Ambiguous Ambiguous The Darwinism: Social of Myth The of Origins GLGDG N VW V thus, we can maintain that the way of life of Social Evolution in the Light of Archaeology of Light the in Evolution Social O H OLD NTHROPOLOGY WW IMITED (D VOLUTION 90 Energy and the Evolution of Culture of Evolution and the Energy However, the neo-evolutionists didnot consider A , C , L Hofstadter note 85, at 429. . E 175, 177 (1948). SHFLH 95 V DOCX . KH IL OC . 37, 39 (2009). 39 . 37, How Big History Works: Energy Flows and The Rise and Demise of of and Demise Rise and The Flows Energy Works: History Big How W RICK B RG 4 S D supra supra V EVISION URRENT HEPARD , D R S DO RI . & O . & INAL Y .F L Neo-evolutionists view human culture, as a whole, as as whole, a as culture, human view Neo-evolutionists , 18 C OWARD ARRIS Y AUL U NTHROPOLOGY EHAV INCOLN After 90 Raoul Makarius et al., al., et 90 Makarius Raoul sapiens sapiens of whom make their living as factory workers and teachers, made a quick a quick made course, teachers, and workers factory as individual cultures such living as the their foraging make people whom of of Australia, many leap from Mesolithic to world. contemporaryWestern civilization due to contact with the social welfare as an act against nature; social evolution requires the the requires evolution social nature; against act an as welfare social ³VX 93 Fred Spier, Complexity, 335, 341, 350 (1943).335, 341, 92 H A 87 Christopher S. Henshilwood et al., al., et Henshilwood S. 87 Christopher was to explain human differences. explain to was White, A. Leslie and Childe V. Gordon especially Neo-evolutionists, view. this emphasize energy new of use invention the the by as changed a with society whole) species (human our of populations endowed that tools or converters energy. of amounts increased of Implications Test and Their Models the of 2019] with associated are people contemporary specific to linked directly being Spencer. Herbert of evolutionism social the 94 V. Gordon Childe, Childe, 94 Gordon V. 91 Leslie A. White, 89 H 95 P (2003). 88 Leonard, C. Thomas Richard of Legacy B evidence for a Paleolithic, Mesolithic (two successiveand gathering),stages hunting of NeolithicAge (the civilization stage (characterized ofagricultural villages), byand cities, Bronze metallurgy, and writing). constituting everything created by humanity throughlanguage theuseof or symbolic logic; L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 37 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 37 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 37 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , OF OF ² . Some Some 1 EV URVE URVE . R White White C opology. opology. ARLIEST ARLIEST NN 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 E 103 YSTEM EFT S VOLUTIONARY VOLUTIONARY , L 216 (2013). , 52 A NTHROPOLOGY NTHROPOLOGIST [Vol.19.2 million or more A 541 (2004). . A : E not Japanese or or Japanese not ASKA OF OF M L OWER OWER . which consists of or or of consists which Instead of mental mental of Instead ULTURAL P they argued that it it that argued they ² IND C EV ² 96 LRQ RI SKHQRPHQD M 102 W , 45 A . R ETER D formulated a universal a universal formulated ] P VOLUT ION OF T HE 99 NN HILOSOPHY napping and Vocal Expression Expression and Vocal napping : E meaning culture relies on on relies culture meaning P K see 100 DAPTED 24 (1995). , 9 , 9 A ´ TATE  A V S A ELIGION AS 1, 5 (1999). 1, 5 In other words, energy energy converters words, other In AND EGITIMACY . 242, 247-48 (1945). , R HE , L EV 16 (2007); 105  DQ RUJDQL PERO ULTURE ULTURE V C , T Kingsley Davis & Wilbert E. Moore, Moore, E. Wilbert & Davis Kingsley . R AND IOLOGY V\ RCHAIC ANTON A OC 23, 93 (2005). B White emphasizes the role of technology technology of role the emphasizes White IBERTY UH L . S , 19 B The Emergence of of Emergence The L WX ) 104 M O H RI VOLUT ION X OSMIDES NTHROPOLOGY E C XV see alsosee & ELETE A ICHAEL ICHAEL ³ D , 10 A Florida Coastal Law Review Review Law Coastal Florida The answer to the very different behavior behavior different very the to answer The OT OT Writing for Culture: Why A Successful Concept Should Not Not Should Concept Why A for Successful Culture: Writing Ecological Anthropology Ecological KH ENERATION OF OF ENERATION EDA N W YTHS OF THEYTHS OF 97 98 & M G HEORY OF OF HEORY O UH IVILIZATIONS IVILIZATIONS (D Energy and the Evolution of Culture of Evolution the and Energy , T C , M WX O ULTURAL & L & Social Cognitive Theory: Social Cognitive Theory: Perspective Agentic An URRENT X SRQ EST , C X EERTZ DOCX AND . , G  OFFEE W Culture here means human culture human means here Culture , 40 C OOBY OOBY Y C. W HOSH T EVISION G 101 R . 1, 22-23 (2001); TATES INAL , S LRQ RI F LIFFORD OHN W .F The neo-evolutionists, with this emphasis on technology, may be BHIK ORMAN ORMAN AT RICK  GHSHQGHQ ITIES SYCHOLOGY AND THE AND SYCHOLOGY SYCHOL INCOLN V material objects, bodily acts, ideas, and sentiments and ideas, acts, bodily objects, material L GHILQL consideredneo-evolutionist, the forerunnersleading a of the White, A. MaterialistLeslie SchoolAnthrof language. 103 C 98 Albert Bandura, Bandura, 98 Albert Trobriand Island, but all culture through time. templates for behavior,phenomena: acts,culture objects, is a set ideas, offeelings, moreandlanguage. or less material are humans because changes culture that arguing by evolution human in energy. of use their in efficient more 102 Christoph Brumann, 102 Brumann, Christoph Discarded Be Principles of Stratification of Principles 97 N Embedded in a Pan/Homo Culture Pan/Homo a in Embedded 335, 335 (1943). 335, 335 al., et 101 Savage-Rumbaugh Sue P 96 P C P 24 (2000). 100 LeslieWhite, A. 236 formulations; broadest their in societies individual in variations their is people other and societies urban evolved between technology. of levels 105 Benjamin S. Orlove, 99 A considers the things of the world to be either natural or cultural, and and cultural, or natural be either to world the of things the considers everything cultural takes its form due to the human uselanguage,of which is universally human. was the entire human population during the past five five past the during population human entire more the was progressively to due complexity greater to evolved that years technology. efficient (1966). 104 J L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 37 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 37 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 38 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47  , W R W . KH W RI 237 V HUSUH W AST UFH RI These These RI E HUP X V W ULTURAL SYCHOL LPLODU R P 110 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 V V -C HILOSOPHY P   LQ ROSPECT FOR DERR IDDLE IDDLE V W P VW OCIO HE , S BOUT J. M J. A L ¶ KH EH : T LL W NT , 11 J. Bus. FDQKHOSLQ A KH SRUN  ogytoday.com/blog/out-the- ogytoday.com/blog/out-the- \  DSSURDFK W V Charles Edward Edward Andrew Charles ¶V , 26 I H  LQ HFRQRPLF W D ´ RI 20 (1998). W\ DO V W KURSRORJ LRQ EVELOPMENT W RFLH :KL ORLD ORLD FDSL D V V ³ XVV The Madness of Materialism, Materialism, of Madness The W F see generally generally see V DQ ATERIALIS M ¶V Lincoln Lincoln HIRD HIRD H RI GL W https://www.psychol \ T PDNH Z \ LH Materialists are at their best when they they when best their at are Materialists Y see Cultural Materialism, Materialism, Cultural see ) DLQO KH LGHD RI 109 W  PPDU W Steve Taylor, Taylor, Steve IIX. M IIX.  ELETE VX Pigs and Their Prohibition Their and Pigs V W¶V RAGMATISM AND RAGMATISM D  OT OT N V¶V , P FK D Harris on the Universal Structure Society of O see alsosee (explaining the materialist view through religious mythology). mythology). religious through view materialist the (explaining (D VX This approach makes anthropology look more like a a like more look anthropology makes approach This KHUPRUH :KL Moreover, Marvin Harris, a leading materialist,insists EAF W U  note 108, at 55; X 106 107 WV Instead of talking with people, the materialist proposes proposes materialist the people, with talking of Instead DOCX . boutphilosophy.org/cultural-materialism.htm. (last visited Apr. 13, 13, Apr. visited (last boutphilosophy.org/cultural-materialism.htm. J. L LQ +DUUL Y KH LQIRUPDQ RANSFORMATION IN THE IN THE RANSFORMATION 108 W A New Deal for Europe? The Commerce Clause as the Solution to Tax Tax to Solution the as Clause Commerce The Europe? for Deal A New T FLHQFH DQG FHU EVISION , supra supra , P ) V R Harris even suggests that the lack of care that leads to the death , 55 (Mar.2012), 10, V Richard A. Lobban, Lobban, A. Richard URRAY URRAY at 57-59, 70. LQJ INAL W 111 H FRQFHS . 57, 58 (1994). .F Materialists consider economics to be the key to understanding any any understanding to key be the to economics consider Materialists GH 0DU Y See UDO See generally id. id. generally See Id. L HULDOL X W WX XV ODAY TUD LURALIST LURALIST YSTEMS INCOLN how much energy a person or entity use. can entity or person energy a much how HO Middle East, the great pig feasts of Melanesia, and the sacred cows of of cows sacred the and Melanesia, of feasts pig great the East, Middle India. PD LQFO to watch their behaviors and show how that conduct helps the population population the helps conduct that how show and behaviors their to watch environment. the to adapt QD T darkness/201203/the-madness-materialism; http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/users/f/felwell/www/Theorists/Essays/Harris1.htmvisited Jan. 14, 2018); (last human society. human S 235, 235-36 (1980). 106 M P S that while the study of culture is important, anthropologists should stop stop should anthropologists important, is culture of study the while that DFFHS information. 2019] (tools, such as windmills energy. of oruse cars) use more energyand are better at the 107 Frank W. Elwell, 110 111 https://www.alla 2018). 109 present explanations of religious practices based on ecology. based on practices religious of explanations present of unwanted infants in someconceptsparts affirming some that ofbabies manifest Brazil strong awish return to as is justifiedbyreligious Entrepreneurship& 115 L. (2018). 108 Taylor Discrimination and Double Taxation in the European Union the in European Taxation and Double Discrimination Lincoln IV, IV, Lincoln L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 38 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 38 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 38 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 , UDO WX O GHHS ³ X 117  W ONCEPT ONCEPT C KD 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 TYLE IN IN TYLE W S  W 46-47 (1999). [Vol.19.2 QGHUOLH F (2002) (discussing ANDBOOK OF OF ANDBOOK PHQ X X H IMES IMES T OLITICS OF OF OLITICS OWER 115 DUJ P P V DQG HE  KL W\ ODERNISM AND THE AND THE ODERNISM EETS EETS VV M : M They support this explanation explanation this support They : T PDQL OSTMODERN OSTMODERN X KHOH P W 114 HU K Y MERICA MAGES ULTURE XW I A Social Identity Theory and Organization the Theory Identity Social 1H , C JKR X To explain differences and similarities in ULTURE IN so many anthropologists focus on distinct distinct on focus anthropologists many so 116 A Theory of Structure: of A Structure: Theory and Agency, Duality, C KUR 118 W 120 ) ARRET T think by analyzing myths and kinship structures structures kinship and myths analyzing by think . 1, 7, 12 (1992). ONSUMING ONSUMING C ELETE Social Structure and Organizations, and Organizations, Structure Social DO R. B OC ATTERNS FOR ATTERNS FOR D V 4 (1999). Florida Coastal Law Review Review Law Coastal Florida , P OT OT HU LL N Y . J. S HEORIES OF OF HEORIES O QL M , A (D X , T exist, and due to these unconscious thought patterns, all 112 TANLEY ULTURE ULTURE S 142, 142-93 (James March G. ed.,1965). C V´ Most preindustrial social organization is based on on based is organization social preindustrial Most . R. 20, 20 (1989).. EGEMAN WEN DOCX . , 98 A H E UH ARRIS 119 Homo sapiens sapiens Homo H WX 9 (1999). GMT The French school, together with its supporters in the United United the in supporters its with together school, French The F DUH EVISION X R William H. Sewell Jr., U USAN USAN V´ . M 113 Blake E. Ashforth & Fred Mael, Mael, Fred & Ashforth E. Blake S VW UH INAL TUART ARVIN ARVIN .F Another simple idea that has been emphasized and reinterpreted by by reinterpreted and emphasized been has that idea simple Another Although Levi-Strauss praised and used the resultsFranzof Boas Claude Levi-Strauss led the French structuralist attack on Boasian Boasian on attack structuralist French the led Levi-Strauss Claude WX See CAD See ULTURE See See generally generally See F C X U RGANIZATIONS RGANIZATIONS ONT EMPORARY GHHS INCOLN social scientists is that humans aloneworld. are their weak shape can andthey puny, butgroupsin OF OF 113 forms of family and clan organization and their consequences for other other for consequences their and organization clan and family of forms Kingdom and the United States, proposes that under the veneer of culture culture of veneer the under that proposes States, United the and Kingdom ³ humans think concepts. in the opposing of same way, combinations and specifically by manipulatingpermutations 120 L. Arthur Stinchcombe, O 112 M C and his followers, such as Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict, he viewed viewed he Benedict, Ruth Mead and Margaret as such followers, his and work as a reinterpretation. his 238 heaven. to angels thinking. 115 Id. 116 id. See 117 Transformation the social structure of power and the relationship of power to humans). to humans). power of relationship the and power of structure social the 119 behavior attacks the basic idea of the Boasian school that cultural forms forms cultural that school Boasian the of idea basic attacks the behavior setting. cultural own their of context the in understood be only can different systems of kinship; of systems different of the way way the of showto basic combinations of contrasting thoughts. VW 114 S human groups, the scientist must understand forms of social social of forms understand must scientist the groups, human organization. 118 14 A L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 38 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 38 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 39 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47  . . & Z M KH OC W 239 581, JUR \ LQ . R. S . R. Early V aces the the aces , 61 A 130 KH NN W 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 SYCHOLOGY SYCHOLOGY Margaret Margaret SYCHOLOGY This often This  P P V As Native 129 123 , 11 A Culture:

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Organizational Culture Organizational UARTERLY , E PR W A 126 KH PR \V . Q W The D CI ouglas T. Kenrick eds., Lawrence Erlbaum Erlbaum Lawrence eds., Kenrick T. ouglas eeps Children Alive? A Review of the Effects Childreneeps the Alive? Effects Review of A Lincoln Lincoln EUR Z . S K JK ¶V So understanding the point of view of a X KH The Construction of Primary Data in Cultural Cultural in Data Primary of Construction The W KHU 125 Who Who KUR W ) DMIN W  NTHROPOLOGY VOLUTION AND W ELETE A D Nonunilinear Descent and Descent Groups and Descent Nonunilinear Descent DQG Native-View Paradigms: Multiple Cultures and Culture Culture and Cultures Multiple Paradigms: Native-View Three Approaches to the Psychology of Culture: Where do Where Culture: of to Psychology the Approaches Three , 28 A , 28 inship: The Conceptual Hole in Psychological Studies of of Studies Psychological in Hole Conceptual The inship: WV FHQ OT OT KH PR V , 29 , 29 E K N W O This focus on individuals and their life histories led led histories life their and individuals on focus This For example, in societies that are divided into kin kin into divided are that societies in For example, (D Cultural Discontinuities and Schooling and Discontinuities Cultural 304, 290-307 (1982). nport, nport, 557, 560 (1959). 128 121 URRENT Anthropology and Colonialism Anthropology S RI DOCX ffry A. Simpson & D . X  RI LQIDQ \ , 27 C G HG RQ GH V EVISION 124 R VWX UARTERLY  William Ouchi G. Alan & Wilkins,L. ED INAL ¶V V .F . Q Living together with natives arouses the sympathy of anthropologists anthropologists of sympathy the arouses natives with together Living S Robert A. LeVine, & Karin Norman, Norman, Karin & LeVine, A. Robert See See in on Child Survival Child on in X K NTHROPOLOGIST DUC DPH NLQ JUR INCOLN V up in different cultures results in the formatio n of personalitie s. 0HDG some scholars to invent the field of cultural psychology. JUR economic responsibility the of hands the in a of child foreducation the child and toacertain degree ,pl 129 Patricia M. Greenfield, Greenfield, 129 M. Patricia They Come From? Can 3 Go?, They Where 127 Ogbu, U. John for the people they studied. they people the for results in a very close relationship between the mother and her her and mother the between relationship close a very in results offspring. priority. important an became native E 123 Mace, Ruth & Sear Rebecca of 223, 228 (2000). 223, 228 130 121 265-96, 272 (Je 2019] culture. of areas 586-88 (1973). 126 Gregory, L. Kathleen Organizations in Conflicts Associates, Inc. 1997). 125 Diane Lewis, fieldwork and learning the language ofthe natives. 128 et al., Bernard Russell H. 457, 458, 461-64, 457, 458, (1985). 471 122 William DaveA 124 al., et Daly Martin Relationships and Close Cognition Social American societies changed rapidly during the eighteenth and nineteenth nineteenth and eighteenth the as used during rapidly changed anthropologists societies many aspects American plummeted, forgotten populations explain their as could who centuries individuals older those informants cultures. their of Anthropology L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 39 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 39 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 39 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47  V 133 RP RIT ISH XVW B see alsosee IST ORICAL 131 1884-1920 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 H 2001); ODERN ODERN SYCHOLOGY OF OF SYCHOLOGY EMINISM IN THE IN EMINISM UDQJH F (Nov. 2, 2000), P [Vol.19.2 M VW , F HE nuum nuum THE THE : RI caught by the war in , T V . 545, 547 (1986). ATION NTHROPOLGIST NTHROPOLGIST N Popular anthropology anthropology Popular EV 132 LRQ A MERICANS AND MERICANS W 134 . D A HE -cultural psychology. , T 215 (The University of Chicago Press EHAV VV  FROOHF B ATIVE W´ OF OF NTHROPOLOGISTS : N J. J. DYSSEY OF OF AN DYSSEY A L ¶ ONCLUSION ONCLUSION ENTURY ENTURY : O RIFUR opologists-spies/. opologists-spies/. V C NT RU1R opological Perspective opological The Developmental Niche: A Conceptualization A Niche: at DevelopmentalThe W HADOW S , 9 I , 9 ) S DPSOH H L ¶ the area of the social sciences specifically specifically sciences social the of area the IX. C IX. [ Y ELETE ALINOWSKI ² H D In all cases, anthropological field workers are at at are workers field anthropological cases, all In 83-104 (Carmella C. Moore & HollyF. Mathews eds., \ Florida Coastal Law Review Review Law Coastal Florida INETEENTH OT OT , M N N 135 ISTORY 81, 81-105 (Darlene Juschka ed., Conti  %HOLH Family Structure and Feminine Personality and Feminine Structure Family O NTHROPOLOGY AND NTHROPOLOGY Anthropologists as Spies as Anthropologists (D , H \¶V OUNG , A  DUHHDUO DOCX ONN . V W. Y W. C 5LSOH XPERIENCE ELIGION ELIGION UPER ³ E GLH R has reached the general conclusion that knowing and and knowing that conclusion general has reached the K EVISION R VWX 1-34 (3rd ed. 1996). ²  INAL ICHAEL ICHAEL ¶V DAM TEVEN .F Governments supported anthropologists in order to learn about about learn to order in anthropologists supported Governments Thus, anthropology Thus, The functionalism ofBronislaw Malinowski also derived from his HPEOHG V ONSCIOUSNESS IN THE ONSCIOUSNESS ULTURAL CHOOL CHOOL TUDY OF INCOLN 134 S https://www.thenation.com/article/anthr involved with the exotic and apparently inexplicable behavior of foreign foreign of behavior inexplicable apparently and exotic the with involved an in results peoples humanity of branches different the understanding humanity. basic their for appreciation adversaries. potential sometimes explained by reference to Greek and Roman mythology. mythology. Roman and Greek to reference explained sometimes by 2004). 135 Price, David Cambridge UniversityPress 2001). 131 Chodorow, Nancy S C AttachmentAnthr Reexamined in C S 240 0HDG Australia, he was rationale. exiledtheir language internal andto an and observe the Trobriand quality their customs. a systemic had behavior Through their Islandsthat the doingso, considered learnedheworld Western the for in long people most enough to Malinowski, to Prior learn antics of native peopleUH to be unintelligible. (Yale Univ.Press2004). 133 A situation as an enemy alien during World War I; War World during alien enemy an as situation 132 M CharlesSuper M. & SaraHarkness, Child and of Culture the Interface least potential spies that can inform home countries how foreigners act; act; foreigners how countries home inform can that spies potential least in the case of aconflic t, the governme nt will often debrief individ ua ls L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 39 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 39 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 40 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 241 2/28/19 7:26 PM 2/28/19 7:26 136 Lincoln Lincoln ) ELETE D OT OT N O (D DOCX . EVISION R INAL .F Perhaps we should ask: What is the truth about humans? What What humans? about truth the is What ask: should we Perhaps INCOLN 136 Id. 2019] country. enemy an in traveled or worked have who understanding to argumentrelevant are isdiscussed the ideas key the of toevolution, all their that appears Social it similarities contradictory. are positions the and if differences? even relativity, humanity, cultural and Atthe culture moment on emphasis Boasian the theory social of aspects diffusion, necessary all are and structuralism functionalism, explaining various attempts to understand cultureinteractio through various nshistory. in L 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 40 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 A Side No. 40 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 40 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 40 Side B 11/14/2019 12:10:47 11/14/2019 B Side No. 40 Sheet flc_19-2 41656 41656 flc_19-2 Sheet No. 41 Side A 11/14/2019 12:10:47





















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