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Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Four Essays On Charles University in Prague Faculty of social sciences Institute of economic studies Four Essays on the Economics of Migration Doctoral Dissertation Wadim Strielkowski Supervisor: Prof. RNDr. Ing. František Turnovec, CSc. Academic Year: 2007/2008 1 Title: Four Essays on the Economics of Migration Author: Wadim Strielkowski Supervisor Prof. RNDr. Ing. František Turnovec, CSc. Institution: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of social sciences, Institute of economic studies Major: Economics Academic Year: 2007/2008 2 I, hereby declare that this dissertation is my original work and that all source materials used here have been clearly identified and referenced. Wadim Strielkowski, undersigned ………………………………… 3 ABSTRAKT Tato diserta ční práce se skládá ze čty ř samostatných empirických studií, které spojuje spole čné téma migrace. První studie se zabývá politicko-ekonomickými modely pracovní migrace v podmínkách jednotného trhu. R ůzné režimy mezinárodního obchodu slouží jako ilustrace k vysv ětlení spot řebitelského přebytku a tzv. „sklon k migraci“ je zaveden a používán jako nástroj k vysv ětlení nevyrovnání mezd na jednotném trhu. Druhá studie se soust řeďuje na migra ční potenciál a „sklon k migraci“. Snaží se zejména prosadit názor, že migrace v různých zemích je podmín ěna r ůznými faktory a že každá zem ě má z řejm ě svůj unikátní migra ční potenciál. Třetí studie se v ěnuje problematice migrací vzešlých z regionálních nebo mezinárodních integra čních proces ů. Migra ční studie často neum ějí najít odpov ěď na otázku, pro č i p řes existenci velkých rozdíl ů v ekonomickém rozvoji mezi zem ěmi z ůstávají migrace na nízké úrovni. Jako p říklad takové modelové situace je použit p řípad slovensko-české migrace po rozpadu Federace. Čtvrtá studie stru čně p řibližuje problematiku azylových migrací slovenských Rom ů do České republiky. Testuje, mezi jiným, jaký vliv na migrace má etnická nebo národnostní p říslušnost. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................7 1. PROBLEMS OF MIGRATION IN ECONOMIC THEORY......................................................................11 1.1. GENERAL DEFINITIONS AND TYPES OF MIGRATION ......................................................................................11 1.2. TRENDS OF RECENT MIGRATION ..................................................................................................................13 1.3. THEORETICAL APPROACH TO MIGRATION IN ECONOMIC LITERATURE .........................................................16 1.4. REASONS FOR MIGRATION ...........................................................................................................................21 1.4.1. Comparison of migration policies in Europe .....................................................................................23 1.4.2. Economic effects on employment opportunities of natives .................................................................26 1.5. MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES ..................................................................................................................31 1.6. MIGRATION AND MARKET INTEGRATION .....................................................................................................35 1.6.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................35 1.6.2. Free mobility of labor in economic theory .........................................................................................36 1.6.3. Labor migration and migration surplus .............................................................................................39 1.7. SELECTED METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES............................................................................................41 1.7.1. CALCULATING MARSHALLIAN SURPLUS ..................................................................................................42 1.7.2. USING BACKWARDS STEPWISE REGRESSION .............................................................................................43 1.8. REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................................44 2. LABOR MIGRATION AND WELFARE EFFECTS OF FREE MOBILITY OF LABOR IN THE COMMON MARKET.........................................................................................................................................50 2.1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................50 2.2. MARSHALLIAN SURPLUS .............................................................................................................................51 2.3. LABOR MOBILITY BETWEEN TWO COUNTRIES AND THE INDICATOR OF MIGRATION COST ............................53 2.3.1. Propensity to migration and indicator of migration cost ...................................................................55 2.3.2. Welfare considerations.......................................................................................................................58 2.3.3. Illustrative example: numerical model ...............................................................................................59 2.4. EMPIRICAL MODELS ....................................................................................................................................61 2.4.1. Empirical model I...............................................................................................................................61 2.4.2. Empirical model II..............................................................................................................................63 2.5. CONCLUSIONS : POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF FREE MOVEMENT OF LABOR ON THE COMMON MARKET ..............67 2.6. REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................................68 3. READY TO GO? MIGRATION POTENTIAL AND EU ENLARGEMENT: LESSONS FOR THE CZECH REPUBLIC IN THE CONTEXT OF IRISH MIGRATION EXPERIENCE. ................................70 3.1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................70 3.2. METHODOLOGY & LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................................71 3.2.1. Migration patterns and economic shocks: the case of Ireland...........................................................73 3.2.2. Migration potential of the Czech Republic.........................................................................................75 3.3. DATA ..........................................................................................................................................................77 3.4. EMPIRICAL MODEL ......................................................................................................................................79 3.4.1. Dependence of international (outward) migrations on economic incentives at home........................80 3.4.2. Dependence of regional migrations on economic incentives at home................................................86 3.5. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................89 3.6. REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................................90 3.7. APPENDIX A................................................................................................................................................92 4. WHAT LIVING IS WORTH LEAVING? ACCESSING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC INCENTIVES ON MIGRATION FLOWS: THE CASE OF CZECH-SLOVAK LABOR MIGRATION AFTER THE SPLIT-UP OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA .......................................................................................93 4.1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................93 4.2. METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................................................................94 5 4.2.1. International migration and the role of economic incentives.............................................................94 4.2.2. Countries’ profiles: the split-up of Czechoslovakia and the successor states ....................................96 3.2.3. The implications of Czech-Slovak migrations for the European Union enlargement process. ..........99 4.3. DATA ........................................................................................................................................................102 4.4. EMPIRICAL MODEL ....................................................................................................................................103 4.5. CONCLUSIONS ...........................................................................................................................................111 4.6. REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................113 5. PEOPLE OF THE ROAD: THE ROLE OF ETHNIC ORIGIN
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