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Notes Introduction 1. The choice of literary fiction to the general exclusion of popular fiction is partly because the latter’s response to the Cold War has received some study, but also because study of the topic tends to overemphasise its source material. For example, see LynnDiane Beene paraphrased in Brian Diemert, ‘The Anti- American: Graham Greene and the Cold War in the 1950s’, in Andrew Hammond, ed., Cold War Literature: Writing the Global Conflict (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 213; and David Seed, American Science Fiction and the Cold War: Literature and Film (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), p. 192. 2. Caute, Politics and the Novel during the Cold War (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 2010), p. 76. 3. Richard J. Aldrich, ‘Introduction: Intelligence, Strategy and the Cold War’, in Aldrich, ed., British Intelligence, Strategy and the Cold War, 1945–51 (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 1. For useful summaries of the different schools of Cold War historiography, see S.J. Ball, The Cold War: An International History, 1947– 1991 (London and New York: Arnold, 1998), pp. 1–4; and Ann Lane, ‘Introduction: The Cold War as History’, in Klaus Larres and Lane, eds, The Cold War: The Essential Readings (Oxford and Malden: Blackwell, 2001), pp. 3–16. 4. Dwight D. Eisenhower quoted in John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War, new edn (2005; London: Penguin, 2007), p. 123. In the mid-1940s, the US assertion that ‘in this global war there is literally no question, political or military, in which the United States is not interested’ was soon echoed by Vyacheslav Molotov’s claim that ‘[o]ne cannot decide now any serious problems of international relations without the USSR’ (quoted in Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, new edn (1987; New York: Vintage Books, 1989), p. 365). 5. Painter, The Cold War: An International History (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), pp. 1, 112. 6. Chomsky, Towards a New Cold War: Essays on the Current Crisis and How We Got There (London: Sinclair Browne, 1982), p. 24. 7. Quoted in Michael L. Dockrill and Michael F. Hopkins, The Cold War, 1945–1991, new edn (1988; Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 128. 8. Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 216. See also John Mason, The Cold War 1945–1991 (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), pp. 73–4; and Kenneth Morgan, Britain since 1945: The People’s Peace, new edn (1990; Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 565. 9. Greene, ‘Short Memories’, in Greene, Yours Etc.: Letters to the Press, new edn (1989; London: Penguin, 1991), pp. 216–17. For similar comments, see Greene, Our Man in Havana, new edn (1958; London: Penguin, 1971), p. 183; and George Orwell, ‘You and the Atom Bomb’, in Orwell, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume IV: In Front of Your Nose 1945–1950, ed. by Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, new edn (1968; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), p. 26. 217217 218 Notes 10. Sillitoe, Mountains and Caverns (London: W.H. Allen, 1975), p. 102. 11. Dockrill and Hopkins, Cold War, p. 1. See also Painter, Cold War, p. 1; and Fred Inglis, The Cruel Peace: Everyday Life in the Cold War (London: Aurum Press, 1992), pp. 426–7. 12. Lessing, The Four- Gated City, new edn (1969; London: Panther Books, 1972), p. 144. 13. Odd Arne Westad, ‘Introduction: Reviewing the Cold War’, in Westad, Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory (London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2000), p. 5 (Westad’s italics). 14. F.S. Northedge and Audrey Wells, Britain and Soviet Communism: The Impact of a Revolution (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1982), p. 128. 15. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815–1960 (London: Fontana, 1982), p. 208. 16. With Britain continuing to aggravate both the communist bloc and the colo- nised world, it is little wonder that a character in Simon Raven’s Fielding Gray (1967), when asked who the nation’s enemies are, replies, ‘[t]hose who wish us ill – about three- quarters of the world’s population’ (Raven, Fielding Gray, new edn (1967; London: Panther Books, 1969), p. 103). 17. Morgan, Britain, p. 59; Greenwood, Britain and the Cold War, 1945–1991 (Basings- toke and London: Macmillan, 2000), pp. 139, 194–5. 18. Inglis, Cruel Peace, p. 437. 19. The final phrase is taken from Walter Allen, who, while failing to pursue the point, recognises the psychological impact of the East–West conflict: see Allen, Tradition and Dream: The English and American Novel from the Twenties to Our Time, new edn (1964; London: The Hogarth Press, 1986), p. 262. 20. Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? (London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2003), p. 126; Koestler quoted in Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta Books, 1999), p. 419; Norman Lewis, The Day of the Fox, new edn (1955; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960), p. 109. 21. Kaldor, The Imaginary War: Understanding the East–West Conflict (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990), p. 4. 22. Major and Mitter, ‘East is East and West is West? Towards a Comparative Socio- Cultural History of the Cold War’, in Mitter and Major, eds, Across the Blocs: Cold War Cultural and Social History (London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2004), pp. 3, 1, 1. 23. Caute, The Dancer Defects: The Struggle for Cultural Supremacy during the Cold War (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 1, 4. 24. Saunders, Who Paid the Piper, p. 248. ‘Books differ from all other propaganda’, a CIA chief remarked, ‘because one single book can significantly change the reader’s attitude and action to an extent unmatched by the impact of any other single medium’, a fact that ‘make[s] books the most important weapon of strate- gic (long-range) propaganda’ (quoted in ibid., p. 245). 25. Ibid., p. 1. 26. Paul Lashmar and James Oliver, Britain’s Secret Propaganda War (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1998), p. 126; Saunders, Who Paid the Piper, p. 77. As an illustration of the mood of the times, Ian Fleming’s James Bond series so aggravated the KGB that it encouraged the Bulgarian novelist, Andrei Gulyashki, to write a rejoinder, the result being Avakum Zakhov versus 07 (1966) (see John Atkins, The British Spy Novel: Styles in Treachery (London: John Calder; New York: Riverrun Press, 1984), p. 93). Notes 219 27. Lessing, Four- Gated City, p. 479. 28. Frederick R. Karl, A Reader’s Guide to the Contemporary English Novel, new edn (1961; New York: Octagon Books, 1975), p. 4. It must be said that British commentators also lamented the plight of the nation’s literature: see Robert Hewison, In Anger: Culture in the Cold War 1945–60 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), pp. 4–5. 29. Gindin, Postwar British Fiction: New Accents and Attitudes (London: Cambridge University Press, 1962), p. 7; Rabinovitz, The Reaction against Experiment in the English Novel, 1950–1960 (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 2. 30. Karl, Reader’s Guide, pp. 237, 6. 31. Bergonzi, The Situation of the Novel, new edn (1970; London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979), pp. 56–7. See also Malcolm Bradbury, Possibilities: Essays on the State of the Novel (London and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 167. 32. Esty, A Shrinking Island: Modernism and National Culture in England (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 5; Stonebridge and MacKay, ‘Introduction: British Fiction after Modernism’, in MacKay and Stonebridge, eds, British Fiction after Modernism: The Novel at Mid- Century (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), p. 1; Kenner, A Sinking Island: The Modern English Writers (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), p. 3. For other discussions of the sub- ject, see Patricia Waugh, Harvest of the Sixties: English Literature and Its Background, 1960–1990 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 77; Bill Schwarz, ‘Introduction: End of Empire and the English Novel’, in Rachael Gilmour and Bill Schwarz, eds, End of Empire and the English Novel since 1945 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2011), pp. 4–5; Malcolm Bradbury and David Palmer, ‘Preface’ to Bradbury and Palmer, eds, The Contemporary English Novel (London: Edward Arnold, 1979), pp. 9–12; and Michael Woolf, ‘Negotiating the Self: Jewish Fiction in Britain since 1945’, in A. Robert Lee, Other Britain, Other British: Contemporary Multicultural Fiction (London and Ann Arbor: Pluto Press, 1995), pp. 124, 140. 33. Many British writers would have agreed with Graham Greene, who once said in a BBC talk, ‘I see no reason why the novel to- day shouldn’t be written with a background of world events just as a novel in the nineteenth century could be based entirely on a long experience of Warwickshire’ (quoted in J.P. Kulshrestha, Graham Greene: The Novelist (Delhi: The Macmillan Company of India, 1977), p. 142). 34. Siebers, Cold War Criticism and the Politics of Skepticism (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 30, 34. 35. Neil Larsen, Reading North by South: On Latin American Literature, Culture, and Politics (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), p. 66. 36. Quoted in Michael Scriven and Dennis Tate, ‘Introduction’ to Scriven and Tate, eds, European Socialist Realism (Oxford and New York: Berg, 1988), p. 3. 37. Dubravka Juraga and M. Keith Booker, ‘Introduction’ to Juraga and Booker, eds, Socialist Cultures East and West: A Post- Cold War Reassessment (Westport and London: Praeger, 2002), p.
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