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RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS 2004-2010

MONOGRAPHS

Ioli Vigopoulou, Le monde grec vu par les voyageurs du XVIe siècle, IRN/FNRS, Collection "Histoire des Idées" - 4, Athens 2004, 514 p.

The central theme of this study is the Greeks’ economic activities and their daily life, as seen through the eyes and works of travellers of the 16th century, and as these subjects were recognized, recorded and published for the reading public. Its main axis is the critical treatment of the testimonies and not a simple record of information. For the purposes of this study, a 16th century travelogue is considered to be the written chronicle by any traveller who traversed the land or recounted data and events in the areas where there were Greeks in the period under scrutiny. 115 such travellers were selected, from the third decade of the 15th century until the early 17th. All the travellers and their texts are compared with Pierre Belon, as much for the traveller-figure as in regard to his product-chronicle. The main axis of the approach to the sources was the necessary filtering of descriptive testimonies, having as parameters the subjective character on the one hand of each traveller and text, and on the other hand the objective conditions of writing and provision of these data. It begins with introducing the persons-travellers and continues with the treatment by the traveller of the experience of the journey, the perception of the area and population distribution. There follows an analysis of the testimonies on the economic activities of Greeks (agriculture, stock breeding, fishing, mining, trade), daily life (occupations- professions, dwelling, clothing, nutrition, customs and manners, the women) and general judgements of their conduct and religious faith. Each subject is not handled as documented in the opinion of the travellers, and each traveller is instead treated (persona and works) in regard to each query. The data are cited per geographic region, a position permitting multiple comparisons, whether of subjects of economic or of social life. The work is completed by an extensive Appendix: 115 maps show each traveller’s routes, with easily intelligible and accurate depiction of the manner of acquisition and delivery of the information regarding Greeks; a selection of texts with complete excerpts in the language of the source complement – wherever considered necessary – the analysis of significant and curiosity-arousing records; it ends with fifty tables of illustrations and a general and thematic index. Conclusions refer to: the geographic areas, the subjects researched; the Greeks taking part in the activities studied; the travellers themselves and their chronicles. The comparative juxtaposition of the above unveils a fragmentary and deficient picture of Greeks through the texts of 16th century travellers, whether of their social or economic life.

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Panagiotis D. Michailaris O Aφορισμός. H προσαρμογή μιας ποινής στις αναγκαιότητες της Tουρκοκρατίας [Excommunication. The adaptation of a punishment to the exigencies of Ottoman rule], INR/NHRF, Series: “Institutions and ideology in modern Greek society” - 60, Athens 2004 (2nd edition), 510 p. 2

This voluminous study attempts to record the range of the rise of the punishment of excommunication, particularly in the period of Ottoman rule. During this period, when political shifts enabled the Eastern Church to strengthen its role of intervention in the administration of justice, the penance of excommunication constituted a tool of the first order. This was because, under ecclesiastical jurisdiction, excommunication was to be effective as a preventive as well as being punitive and by means of which it was possible to ensure the observance of a church decree or to punish the transgressor of the law. At the same time however, through the climate of fear the threat of imposition of this penance created, it also contributed to a considerable degree to consolidation of an adaptation of the mentality of Christians toward certain aspects of good and evil, which had direct implications on their behaviour to each other in their daily relations. The book is in three parts corresponding to the analysis undertaken in each case: Part One presents the external elements of the penance, i.e. the procedure of its publication; the time and manner of its imposition; its price; its revocation; the personalities involved in each instance of the diverse phases, from the demand until its enforcement or abrogation, as well as the diverse kinds of threat brought about by the use of excommunication in a broad spectrum of issues. Part Two examines those elements that relate to the punishment’s results affecting the living or dead excommunicated; the effectiveness or lack thereof of the measure, as well as the spectrum of punishable acts susceptible to provoke its imposition. Part Three follows the course of the punishment through the ages; its incorporation in the private law codes, its use as a dogmatic weapon (miracle) in the Orthodox relations with other dogmas (Catholics, Protestants, Muslims); the recourse of the political power to the services of the punishment, to the efforts for restriction of its use in modern times. The book closes with a comprehensive index. The second edition comprises, in addition to the first: a) ‘A Note to the second edition’ and b) ‘Addenda and Corrigenda’ wherein certain necessary corrections are made and the principal oversights of the first edition are rectified.

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Ioannis Koubourlis La formation de l’histoire nationale grecque. L’apport de Spyridon Zambélios (1815-1881), IRN/FNRS, Collection "Histoire des Idées" - 5, Athènes 2005, 380 p.

The book examines the formation of Greek national history within the pioneer work of Spyridon Zambelios. It focuses on his contribution to the efforts of Greek historians of the 19th century to attribute to the history of Greece a national character, to establish its “mutation” to a “history of the Greek nation from its origins to the present”. After having examined a) the works of Greek intellectuals who announce the national historiography of Zambelios b) his attachment to the historical conception of the French romantics, the book analyzes his contribution to establish a philosophy or rather an ontology of history, a methodology of research and a periodization of the historical time that are going to legitimate the transition to a “history of the Greek nation”: this nation is now considered not only as the main agent of historical action – within a linear and homogenous, “national”, time – but also as the object of every research into Greek history. The book particularly insists on the political and ideological character of Zambelios’ work that can be reduced to an effort to reorganize the historical culture of his people; for the two poles of this culture, the Orthodox imaginary and the Enlightenment, because of their pre-national and proto-national (respectively) characters, were incompatible with the historical conception imposed by the nationalism of Zambelios. 3

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Magda M Kitromilidou Η εφημερίδα ΠΑΦΟΣ της Κύπρου [The newspaper PAPHOS in Cyprus, 1921-1950], Foreword by Loukia Droulia. Introduction by Petros Papapolyvios, INR/NHRF, Series: Library of the Encyclopaedia of the Greek Press - 1, Athens 2005, 530 p.

The first in the series Βιβλιοθήκη Εγκυκλοπαίδειας του Ελληνικού Τύπου, 1784-1996 (Library of the Encyclopaedia of Greek Press, 1784-1996), this publication is a product of the eponymous programme, a product that came about spontaneously when the programme’s committee addressed the philologist Magda M Kitromilidou, requesting her to write the entry for the Paphos newspaper. A systematic researcher into the Cypriot Press, particularly for the period of British rule, the author was very familiar with this publication from her native town, Paphos, from previous studies of hers, specifically from her book entitled Το Μικρασιατικό Ζήτημα στην εφημερίδα ΠΑΦΟΣ της Κύπρου [The Asia Minor Question in Cyprus’s PAPHOS newspaper (Nicosia 1994)]. Instead of a simple entry, the programme was provided with an entity containing hundreds of handwritten pages that comprised a very interesting and useful indexation/selection of the long life of this newspaper. With indicative references, summaries and frequent unedited quotations from the regular columns, Magda M Kitromilidou summarizes the principal issues presented by the newspaper in the period from 1921 to 1950, which was so crucial for the course of the island’s history. The problems of foreign policy and diplomacy; of domestic administration; education – wherein the writer herself was actively involved – issues of the Church and culture; of sports and efforts for modernization of the technology sector among others, ever centred on the question of Enosis (Union with Greece) and the various ways it was accordingly dealt with, succeed one another succinctly in the pages of the volume. Cyprus’s history of that period is thus reflected, also its minor history, its daily life, all this, naturally, presented mainly from the viewpoint of the scholarly lawyer and journalist, the conscientious citizen and patriot Loizos Philippou (1895-1950) who was the newspaper’s publisher, as well as its editor-in-chief for most of the time. The main body of book is preceded by an introduction by University of Cyprus Professor Petros Papapolyvios, who enhances the significant role played by Paphos in Cypriot society. The book is illustrated with portraits of eminent personalities-protagonists in national issues, monuments of Cyprus and an interesting and very nicely produced map of the province of Paphos.

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Paschalis M. Kitromilides (ed.), Eleftherios Venizelos. The trials of statesmanship, Ιnstitute for Neohellenic Research - Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2006, xi + 403 p.

This edition was planned, coordinated and produced by the INR and published by Edinburgh University Press, for it to be more effectively incorporated in international scholarship. The edition’s concept was dictated by a keen awareness of the lacuna in English language international bibliography in regard to the man who had a significant presence in European diplomacy in the Inter-War period and was indisputably the creator of modern Greece. The importance of Eleftherios Venizelos’ position in European politics and diplomacy is apparent 4 in the writings of his contemporary politicians, diplomats and historians. However, after his death a general dearth of interest in his personality is noticeable. Typically, in English bibliography, the last book treating Venizelos appeared in 1942: this is Doros Alastos’ Venizelos. Patriot Statesman Revolutionary. From then on, Venizelos withdraws from the foreground of international historiographical debate. His role is of course very much present in studies of Greek history, but his actions and personality are not the object of a rounded- off treatment. It may be ascertained at the same time that from 1980 onward a whole new world of research on Venizelos has opened up in Greek historiography. The collection in consequence aims at serving this twin objective: to contribute on the one hand to bridge the gap of Venizelos’ absence from international history writing and on the other to make the findings of contemporary Greek research on the subject accessible to the international scholarly community. The volume consists of a foreword by the sponsor of the research programme, Mr. Georgios David, president of the Greek committee of the A.G. Leventis Foundation, an introduction by the editor, P.M. Kitromilides, and of thirteen chapters divided into four parts in which Eleftherios Venizelos’ life and political career is comprehensively presented, together with detailed assessments of the most significant aspects of his policies. The book’s contents are as follows: I. Setting the Stage 1. A Century of Revolutions: The Cretan Question between European and Near Eastern Politics (Leonidas Kallivretakis), 2. Venizelos’ Early Life and Political Career in Crete, 1864-1910 (Lilly Macrakis). II. The Drama of High Politics 3. Venizelos’ Advent in Greek Politics, 1909-12 (Helen Gardikas-Katsiadakis), 4. Protagonist in Politics, 1912-20 (Thanos Veremis and Helen Gardikas-Katsiadakis), 5. Venizelos’ Diplomacy, 1910-23: From Balkan Alliance to Greek-Turkish Settlement (Michael Llewellyn Smith), 6. Reconstructing Greece as a European State: Venizelos’ Last Premiership, 1928-32 (Ioannis D. Stefanidis), 7. The Last Years, 1933-6 (Ioannis S. Koliopoulos). III. The Content of Political Action 8. The Experiment of Inclusive Constitutionalism, 1909-32 (Ioannis Tassopoulos), 9. Venizelos and Civil-Military Relations (Thanos Veremis), 10. Venizelos and Economic Policy (Christine Agriantoni), 11. Modernisation and Reaction in Greek Education during the Venizelos Era (Alexis Dimaras), 12. Venizelos and Church-State Relations (Andreas Nanakis). IV. Offstage 13. Venizelos’ Intellectual Projects and Cultural Interests (Paschalis M. Kitromilides). A new paperback edition appeared in 2008.

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Eftychia D. Liata, Η Κέρκυρα και η Ζάκυνθος στον κυκλώνα του αντισημιτισμού. Η "συκοφαντία για το αίμα" του 1891 [Corfu and Zakynthos in a tornado of anti-Semitism: the Ghezera of 1891], INR/NHRF - 89, Athens 2006, 255 p.

At the beginning of April 1891 a little girl, the nine year-old Rubina B. Sarda, was found brutally murdered in the Corfu ghetto. Even before the police began their investigation, the 5

Jews hastened to accuse the Christians of the crime, whilst the Christians spread the rumour that the child was a Christian who had been abducted as a baby by Jews, to be raised by them in order to make her the victim of a human sacrifice; the Jews therefore had to be guilty of killing the girl, to use her blood in making unleavened bread for Passover. These mutual accusations caused turmoil in the society of Corfu and stirred up the latent anti- Semitism of a large portion of the Christians, who hurled themselves against the Jewish community with fanatical and impassioned hostility, killing, injuring and destroying property of Jews. The blameworthy carelessness of the police and their inability to discover the perpetrators, the laxity of the governing authorities in containing the disorders, as also in arresting any of the instigators of the rioting, fostered a continuing explosive sate of anarchy in the town for a number of weeks. The Jews were confined to the ghetto for their own safety. The case’s religious and social aspects swiftly became a political issue setting the followers of Deliyannis against those of Trikoupis, the former accusing the Opposition party of instigating and fuelling agitation against the Jews with a view to terrorizing them into abstention from the pending municipal elections in the following July. The Trikoupists for their part, led by J. Polylas and the brothers Theotokis in turn charged the Deliyannis government with pro- Semitism and a wilful cover-up of the murder by Jews, so as not to alienate the Jewish community and lose their 500 or so votes. The outcome of these anti-Semitic incidents in Corfu was that out of the more than 5000 members of the Jewish community, over two thirds fled the island, and that at international level Corfiots were branded as uncivilized and fanatical persecutors of Jews. Similar incidents broke out in Zakynthos on Good Friday, at the Litany of the Crucifixion, resulting in five fatalities and the vandalizing of Jewish property, which had the effect there too of chasing away many of the island’s Jews. The climate of anti-Semitism reigning in the Ionian Islands triggered by the murder of the little Jewess stigmatized Greece in the eyes of world-wide Jewry, and threatened a diplomatic incident between Greece and England when in a diplomatic memorandum the Greek Ambassador in London, I. Gennadios, castigated the Ionian islanders as the sole anti- Semites in Greece. Harmony was restored following the July municipal elections, and after the flourishing Jewish communities of Corfu and Zakynthos were bereft of the greater and most enterprising portion of their population. The case of Rubina Sarda’s murder was filed away with no accusation whatsoever having been levelled against any suspect.

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Vassilis Panayiotopoulos, Η συμβολή του Γιάγκου Πεσμαζόγλου στην ίδρυση του Εθνικού Ιδρύματος Ερευνών [The contribution of Yiangos Pesmazoglou to the establishment of the National Hellenic Research Foundation], INR/NHRF - 90, Athens 2006, 67 p.

This essay recounts the determining contribution of Yiangos Pesmazoglou to the preparatory work for the establishment of the National Hellenic Research Foundation, then named Royal Research Foundation. The study was based on the archive of Yiangos Pesmazoglou, who in the late 1950s was on the Board of the Bank of Greece and Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of Athens. It dredges up, from the scant documents of the archive, not only the account of his contribution in raising funds but also of his pioneering role, not only in the initial conception of the idea of founding a research organization but also of his very discreet management in the formation of a credible administrative model, which occupied him for 6 almost an entire year (1958). It is in fact an account highlighting a modern approach to scientific research in Greece, as it was perceived by Yiangos Pesmazoglou, in concert with an eminent team of modernizing scholars in the period immediately following the Civil War. The edition contains a greeting by the INR’s director Paschalis M. Kitromilides (p. 7-11), Vassilis Panagiotopoulos’ study "Η συμβολή του Γιάγκου Πεσμαζόγλου στην ίδρυση του ΕΙΕ (ΒΙΕ τότε)" (The contribution of Yiangos Pesmazoglou to the establishment of the NHRF (then RRF) (p. 13-54) and is completed by an appendix publishing Yiangos Pesmazoglou’s correspondence with Leonidas Zervas in 1958, characterizing the scholarly concept from which the NHRF was born.

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Machi Paizi-Apostolopoulou - Dimitris G. Apostolopoulos, Mετά την Κατάκτηση. Στοχαστικές προσαρμογές του Πατριαρχείου Kωνσταντινουπόλεως σε ανέκδοτη εγκύκλιο του 1477 [The conquest’s aftermath. Reflective adaptations of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in an unpublished circular of 1477], INR/NHRF, Series: “Institutions and Ideology in modern Greek society” - 91, Athens 2006, 136 p.

In 1477, twenty-four years after the fall of the capital city of the Byzantine state, seventeen after the conquest of the Despotate of the Morea, sixteen years after the surrender of the empire of Trebizond, the patriarch of Constantinople at that time, Maximos III, sent a circular addressed to Christians “finding themselves in every place under the rule of Our Lord and as far as Rome”. It was this unpublished text that triggered the writing of the present study. The significance of the document is of course obvious, as much by reason of the historical moment of its writing as of the official nature of the position of its author. Its significance is however not restricted to the contents of the document and extends also to what is implied, what may be discerned between the lines. The study is articled on four chapters, for the purpose of disclosing all aspects of this document of historic importance. The first presents the source in an exact reproduction, with whatever is known about its transmission, that is the manner in which the text reached us. The second presents the historical framework within which the circular came to be: the events following the Fall and, mainly, following the change that occurred in the relations between the Patriarchate and the Porte due to an initiative dating to 1474, an initiative one of whose instigators had since become Patriarch – he who issues the circular. The third chapter publishes the text, to enable the reader to follow our further exposés after being familiarized with the source to which we refer. In the fourth and last chapter we present the regulations announced by the circular, promoted by Maximos III, with a view to organizing the inner life of the Orthodox Church as well as the life of Christians who, as everything indicated, were henceforth to live under the yoke of Ottoman rule. We refer in the Epilogue to the events in the aftermath of 1477 and until the end of Maximos’ patriarchate, the closure thus of a cycle that was a truly significant period for the reorganization of the Church and the society of Christians.

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Spyros I. Asdrachas, Βίωση και καταγραφή του οικονομικού. Η μαρτυρία της απομνημόνευσης [Experiencing and recording economic life. The testimony of memoirs] INR/NHRF - 92 Athens 2007, 256 p. 7

The contents of this book record ten seminar sessions (ΙΝR, 1994/5) and one lecture (Society for the Study of Modern Hellenism, 1994). A foreword by their editors and the author’s introduction are followed by the contents of the volume divided in three parts: 1) "Methodological memoranda ", 2) "Men of violence and the watermark of the economy ", 3) "The degree and the type of recording of economic life in the Memoirs of 1821". The book closes with a listing of the names of those who took part in the author’s seminars (Paris, 1974-1998; ΙΝR, 1994-2007). In his introduction, the author states: "It is perhaps not superfluous to mention that the writings dating to 1821 were obliged by their very nature to refer to the Economy in diverse ways or from diverse motives, although these references did not construe a rule for the whole of the Memoirs. […] The extent the economy permeated those narratives was what my approach wished to highlight in some of the testimonies of those persons who contributed to the Greek war of independence in 1821".

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Dimitris G. Apostolopoulos, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Réal de Curban / Ουολταίρος, Μοντεσκιού, Ρεάλ. Νεότερα στοιχεία για την παρουσία τους στον ελληνικό ιδεολογικό χώρο [Voltaire, Montesquieu, Réal de Curban. New evidence on their presence in Modern Greek ideology of the 18th century], INR/NHRF - 93, Athens 2007, 144 p.

Three unpublished studies and two papers presented at academic conferences constitute the material with which this new edition was constructed, a publication of the research programme ‘Institutions and Ideology in modern Greek society’. The justification and uniting element of the collection of these five essays is the link between their subjects: they all treat aspects of the ideological presence of these three French thinkers and writers of the Age of Light on the Greek intellectual horizon of the 18th century; what permits, what legalizes these essays being presented in publication of a research programme is their originality. It is of course not the first time the presence, the ‘fate’ of Voltaire or of Montesquieu or of Réal de Curban on the Greek ideological horizon is the object of research. Much has been written, and of significance; however, certain fresh elements are contained in this new publication. It is well known that Eugenius Bulgaris was the first to translate Voltaire’s works into Greek. It is also known that in his essay Στοχασμοί εις τους κρισίμους Kαιρούς, του Kράτους του Oθωμανικού [Cogitations in the Critical Times of the Ottoman State], published in St. Petersburg in 1772, he makes use of two more works of the French ‘philosopher’, in fact with short excerpts in translation. The literary identity of one of these two works was however unknown to date, since Bulgaris referred to it in an obscure manner. The revelation that Eugenius had resorted to his favourite method of creating a neologism in order to render in Greek a word from the title of Voltaire’s work adds a piece to the puzzle of what was known hitherto both of Bulgaris’ reading and of his lust for words. The fate of Voltaire in Greece – and in South Eastern Europe in general – was the object of two significant studies, by Ariadne Kamarianou and by C. Th. Dimaras. Despite their efforts, both of these eminent historians of ideas and of education had not succeeded in pinpointing the literary and ideological origins of a Greek text published in Venice in the late 18th century, a text contradicting Voltaire’s ideas. The revelation of these data is published here. The hypothesis that the second and partial translation into Greek of Montesquieu’s work, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence, published in Venice in 1796, derives from the Russian version has not been formulated. It is here 8 formulated and published, together with another hypothesis announced for the first time in 1998, relating to the fate of yet another work by Montesquieu, De l’Esprit des lois, about which in 1790 Rigas declared he had it “half translated”. Here a different interpretation is ventured from the self-evident assumption that he did not have time to complete and publish it. The fact that Dimitrios Katartzis translated into Greek two volumes of the works of Gaspard Réal de Curban, La Science du gouvernement, is known from the works of Katartzis brought to light by research, particularly on the part of C. Th. Dimaras. What Dimaras did not notice or does not happen to mention, is that Katartzis failed to render into Greek two important chapters from Réal’s works: from the first volume that on the Romans and from the second, on the Turks. These data come to light together with what is attempted in interpretation of the suspension also of the translation of the remaining volumes of the work. These are therefore five studies aspiring to originality, published together. The book does not close with an epilogue and has instead the presentation of an enigma concerning the presence of a fourth thinker of the 18th century in the area of Greek ideology: Rousseau. The enigma regards the works of the citizen of Geneva, explicitly mentioned by Christodoulos Pablekis as having read them, without however their literary identity having been decoded. In other words, the book ends, not with the solution to one enigma but with the formulation of a fresh query.

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Machi Paizi-Apostolopoulou, H Eμπορική και Nαυτική Σχολή Όθωνος A. Σταθάτου, Iθάκη 1907-1914. Νέα στοιχεία από το σωζόμενο αρχείο της [The Otto A. Stathatos merchant and naval school at Ithaca 1907-1914. Most recent data drawn from the school’s extant archive], Ithaca 2007, 48 p.

In commemoration of the hundred years since the founding of the School (1907), I present its history based upon the extant books of the School’s Archive which I traced in the island of Ithaca. Out of the Archive’s five books, I gleaned information which permits one to restructure the portrait of an innovative -as far as its era is concerned- higher secondary education level school; such innovation is depicted by the teaching staff’s qualifications, the specific lessons taught and, lastly, by the level of the students enrolling to attend. The founding in the island of Ithaca by Otto Stathatos, an Ithacan himself, of a school specialising in merchant and naval studies amalgamating a high level of curriculum studies as well as of teaching staff, was the outcome of the private sector’s initiative towards the implementation of a plan already heralded by the government of the time as one of Greece’s vital necessitations. However, the Public Education’s fruitless pronouncements at the time combined with the -year endeavour.

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Gregori L. Ars (ed.) Η Ρωσία και τα πασαλίκια Αλβανίας και Ηπείρου 1759-1831. Έγγραφα ρωσικών αρχείων [Russia and the Paşaliks of Albania and Epirus 1759-1831. Documents from Russian archives], 9

Translation from Russian: Irina Smysliaeva; Foreword: Paschalis M. Kitromilides and V.K. Volkoff, INR/NHRF - 94, Athens 2007, 364 p.

The volume, the fruit of collaboration between the Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research and the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, comprises a hundred documents from the period 1759-1831, deriving from Russian archives and mainly the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire. The greater majority is published for the first time. They constitute a selection from the Russian archives of a wealth of data of interest for Greece, which has for the most part been unexploited and remained unknown in Greek historical research. The documents enrich our knowledge with fresh information and material regarding the events, the personalities and facts of Epirus and Albania in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. They also touch upon significant issues of the relations of Russia with Ali Pasha as well as the Christian populations of Albania and Epirus, highlighting Russia’s role in that area of the Balkans. The selection and editing of the edition is the work of the well-known Russian historian Gregori L. Ars, whose studies have cast light on interesting aspects of Greco-Russian relations, and particularly the presence of Russia in Greek affairs during the crucial pre- revolutionary period. The archival material presented in the volume highlights the actions of Ali Pasha, which has long been the object of a research project of the Institute for Neo- Hellenic Research. The data published are complementary to Gregori L. Ars’ work on Albania and Epirus in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, published in 1994, edited by Vassilis Panagiotopoulos and translated into Geek by Antonia Dialla. The edition has a foreword by the director of the INR Paschalis M. Kitromilides and the late director of the Institute of Slavic Studies V.K. Volkoff. There ensues an informative introduction by Gregori Ars and the body of the documents in the original languages French, Greek and Italian, with the Russian translated into Greek. The documents are accompanied by short summaries of their contents and the editor’s elucidating comments. The volume also contains indexes and an appendix of short summaries in Russian.

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Machi-Paizi-Apostolopoulou, Έλληνες λόγιοι του 18ου αιώνα, άσημοι, αφανείς και διάσημοι, σε διασταυρούμενες τροχιές [18th century Greek unknown, obscure and eminent scholars in intersecting orbits], INR/NHRF, Athens 2007 255 p.

The central characters of this book are four persons who were active in both Constantinople and Bucharest and authored within a time period spanning from the late 17th century years to roughly the end of the 18th century. It is probable that at a certain point, their paths intersected upon the same roots; some might even have traded thoughts and books. However, what they have in common is but their spiritual produce: the three of them narrated historical facts while the fourth one copied and saved their works, one of them intended to appropriate someone else’s work. Still, all the works, irrespectively of their greatness or insignificance or of their essential or lesser value, swirled about the whirlpool of certain winds; this fact resulted in leading certain of these works’ creators to either obscurity or eminence while others were lost in History’s immeasurable quietness. Varnavas from Cyprus was a versifier who, be means of the pleasing purity of an eye- witness, portrayed a blaze that broke out in Constantinople in 1696. Both Varnavas and his work would have remained unknown to the general public had they not been immortalised 10 by Nikolaos Karatzas who copied them in one of his library’s codes. Dimitrios Ramadanis, author of a widely known work which had, however, been attributed to another author, would have also remained unknown to the general public had not Nikolaos Karatzas noted his name next to the text of his work which he himself had copied. Lastly, Konstantinos- Kaissarios Dapontes, known as the author of the “Chronographer”, i.e. Radamanis’ work, was only natural to come afore since research has proved that he had also been involved with the work’s “appropriation”. As the writer proceeded with her research on these four persons, two manuscripts that she located unraveled certain issues that were pending ascertaining, in parallel, her older assumptions. Additionally, scholar Nikolaos Karatzas’ connecting role was revealed along with the intersecting orbits and threads that bind these four persons who lived and authored in the 18th century.

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Florin Marinescu, Ρουμανικά έγγραφα του Αγίου Όρους. Αρχείο Ιεράς Μονής Ιβήρων [Romanian documents of Mt Athos, Archive of the Iviron Monastery], INR/NHRF - 97, Athens 2007, vols. I-II, 561+670 p.

Volume I comprises a prologue by the abbot of Iviron Monastery, Archimandrite Nathanael. It is followed by a preface by the director of the Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research, Professor Paschalis Kitromilides and an extensive introduction by the author, wherein all facets of the Iviron Monastery’s relations with Wallachia and Moldavia over five centuries are analysed. Particular emphasis is given to the more than twenty dependencies belonging to the monastery in both regions. The rest of the volume contains a description of the archive, its classification table and summaries of the documents, from the oldest dating to 1432 up to and including 1820. Volume II contains the remainder of the summaries (from 1821 to 1910), indexes, a glossary, a table of archive numbers corresponding to the serial numbers in the volume, plus a short summary in French. The two volumes are accompanied by an Appendix wherein the monk Maximos Iviritis recounts the two journeys undertaken by a representation of the monastery, together with the author, to Romania in search of their former dependencies in May 2000 and May 2003.

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Evangelia Balta and Mustafa Oguz (editing - translation - commentary), Tο οθωμανικό κατάστιχο του Pεθύμνου Tapu-Tahrir 822 [The Ottoman Register of Rethymnon Tapu-Tahrir 822], INR/NHRF, Series: Historical and Folklore Society of Rethymnon - 98, Rethymnon 2007, 640 p.

Immediately after the fall of Candia, as was their custom with every newly-occupied place, the Ottoman conquerors conducted a census in order to catalogue its productive abilities and to assign the relevant taxation. The census of Crete was compiled in two detailed registers (TT 825 and TT 822) and deposited in the Ottoman Archive of the Prime Minister in Istanbul. From the latter register, relating to Candia and Rethymno, we published pages 330- 658, which refer to the liva of Rethymno. These show that the internal division of the Rethymno nahiyes imitates/copies the Venetian distretti of the territorio di Retimmo. For each village of the nahiye, the register includes entries on landowners and their possessions, 11 according to types of crops cultivated and number of olive trees. The entry for each village ends with an enumeration of uncultivated but still taxable lands. The island’s lands were considered araz-i haraciye, that is, subject to land taxes. The poll-tax census for Crete’s population was conducted simultaneously with the creation of land registers and appears in the register numbered TT 980 of the Ottoman Archive of the Prime Minister. The publication’s annotations include data concerning the poll tax of the settlements in the Rethymno liva. The publication also includes tables of the villages in the four nahiyes of Rethymno, showing the total number of owners, the extent of various cultivations, the total number of olive trees and the tax that each village was obliged to pay for both cultivated and fallow lands. In this way, the reader is given a sense of the structure of the nahiyes in the liva of Rethymno, as well as information on the economic

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Vassilis Panayiotopoulos, (in collaboration with Dimitris Dimitropoulos and Panagiotis Michailaris) Αρχείο Αλή πασά Συλλογής Ι. Χώτζη Γενναδείου Βιβλιοθήκης της Αμερικανικής Σχολής Αθηνών. Έκδοση - Σχολιασμός - Ευρετήρια [Archive of Ali Pasha, I. Chotzis collection in the Gennadius Library / American School of Classical Studies, Athens. Edition - Commentary - Indexes] Vol. I, 1747-1808, Athens 2007, 809 pp, Vol. II, 1809-1817, Athens 2007, 923 pp, Vol. III, 1818-1821, Athens 2007, 709 pp, Vol. IV, Introduction, Indexes, Glossary, INR/NHRF - 95, Athens 2008.

Ali Pasha Tepelenli, Pasha of Ioannina (c. 1750-1822) presents as a controversial but indisputably predominant personage of Modern Greek history. This legendary figure is of as much interest for the history of the waning Ottoman Empire as, and especially, for the re- emerging national history of Albania. The latter, through the enhancement of the role of Albanian pashas in the paşaliks of the broader region of Albania and Epirus, shows the upgrading of the Albanian presence in the Ottoman system of administration and particularly in the persona and actions of Ali Pasha, as precursors of Albanian ethnic awakening. The domain of the paşalik of Ioannina, with the internationalized Ionian Islands, which in the days of Ali Pasha saw the successive domination of four foreign powers (Venice, France, Russia, Britain) and his ambition to be seen as an idiosyncratic regional sovereign, triggered the engagement of an impressive series of writers, of the period as well as subsequently, in the subject of his governance and his person, bequeathing us excellent information, positive as to certain achievements and negative as to his barbarous conduct and crimes. Some published documents Ali himself had addressed to third persons, from diplomatic sources, are not inconsistent with the contradictory picture that springs from the testimonies of the written accounts. To date, however, the great authentic source of information was lacking which would confirm or deny the prevalent – European and Greek – perception of the personage and his acts, i.e. his personal archive. Ali Pasha’s personal archive, or rather the portion of it (1,500 documents) that survived through labyrinthine and partially untraceable conditions is today kept in the Gennadius Library in Athens and is published in its entirety in the present edition. With the faithful transcription of the documents, the systematic annotation and the provision of every assistance to the reader (indexes, glossaries, etc.) the understanding is facilitated of the 12 function of a primitive or hegemonic system and of the abstruse bureaucracy accompanying it. Greek historiography on Ali Pasha has thus acquired a fresh strong pylon and concurrently a new basis for checking and cross-checking the narrative sources, which is the major advantage of this monumental publication.

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Μιχαήλ Τσερβάντες, Ο επιτήδειος ευγενής δον Κισότης της Μάντσας. Η πρώτη γνωστή ελληνική μετάφραση έργου του Cervantes (τρίτη δεκαετία του 18ου αιώνα) [Miguel de Cervantes, the Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha. The first known Greek translation of the work (III decade of the 18th century)] Introduction Giorgos Kechagioglou and Anna Tabaki. Text, Glossary and Table of proper names by Giorgos Kechagioglou, Series: “Sources of Modern Greek Literature and History”-1, INR/NHRF - 99, Athens 2007, p. 158+814+28 pics

A significant document of an approach to unexplored literary works of the early Enlightenment in the area of South Eastern Europe, the present philological edition of the first known Greek translation (3rd decade of the 18th century) of one of the most emblematic works in the European narrative tradition – that in a way defines the age of modernity – Don Quixote, is based on three manuscript witnesses,, extracted by stages from oblivion and commented upon at different times, over a time span of about 45 years: the Sgourdaios codex (private Athenian collection); the Vytina manuscript (Vytina Community Library) and the most extensive of all, the manuscript from the Library of the Romanian Academy. The transmission of this Phanariot translation – carried out through the means of the Italian version of the work – appears to have remained exclusively in manuscript form. The text’s edition is prefaced by an extensive introductory study (p. 15-150) treating the literary and translation contexts of the early 18th century, the arousal of interest in Cervantes in Phanariot culture, followed by special attention of the transmission of the manuscript of Don Quixote and its original Italian version, as well as on the style and prerequisites of translation, formulating hypotheses on the anonymous translator as coming from the circle of the Mavrocordatos family in its early years, and on the possible dating of the enterprise. The work inaugurates the INR’s new series of publications ‘Sources of Modern Greek Literature and History’ and is complemented by a comprehensive Glossary and Table of proper names.

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Dimitris Apostolopoulos - Machi Paizi- Apostolopoulou, Πατριαρχείο Kωνσταντινουπόλεως. Tα σωζόμενα επίσημα κείμενα από την περίοδο 1454- 1498 [The Patriarchate of Constantinople. The extant official texts of 1454-1498], INR/NHRF, Athens 2008, 249 p. Forty one are the extant official texts of the Patriarchate of Constantinople; these texts originate from the first post-Byzantine period specified from the Patriarchate’s re- establishment and re-operation within the framework of the Ottoman State in 1454 up until the end of the 15th century and more specifically, up until the summer of 1498 which marked the end of Nyphon II patriarchy. These forty one texts are edited and presented in this volume in a concentrated and handy edition. A number of these texts – the ones that originate from an original document and have already been diplomatically edited – are simply reprinted in this volume along with each 13 text’s apparatus criticus. Various others which had not been diplomatically edited, despite the fact that their texts are extant in their original form, are diplomatically edited for the first time in this volume. In principle, the same happens even for those texts which are not extant in their original form but their text is unearthed either from a copy or from one of its extant draft: upon the instance that these texts had already been edited and we had not managed to locate other manuscripts enhancing their scripted tradition, we reprint their fullest -usually the latest- edition. However, should, new manuscripts having been located since, require a new edition, they are treated with a new philological edition of their text in this volume. The forty one texts included in this volume correspond to thirteen patriarchies while, the spectrum of the issues they deal with is outright indicative of the thematic material of the Ecumenical Patriarchate during the first and crucial fifty-year period following the Fall of Constantinople. There are texts pertaining to the Church’s inner life, encyclical letters through which the clerical authorities addressed the Orthodox Christians who lived in the Ottoman Empire in order to admonish and advise them, texts that directly pertain to or indirectly reveal relations between the Church and the Ottoman authorities; lastly, there are texts dealing with the relationship between the Orthodox and the Catholic Church such as the synodic volume of the 1484/1484 Pan-Orthodox synod which played a decisive role in the repeal of all that had been enacted in the Ferrara/Florence synod pertaining to the unification of the Churches. The book was edited within the “High Distinctions to Research Institutes of the General Research and Technology Secretariat” framework while it aspires to provide the researchers dealing with the institution of the Patriarchate of Constantinople a both authoritative and concentrated edition of the valuable primary material pertaining to the history of this institution

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Christina Agriantoni and Dimitris Dimitropoulos (eds), Σύρος και Ερμούπολη. Συμβολές στην ιστορία του νησιού, 15ος-20ός αι. [Syros and Hermoupolis. Contributions to the island’s history, 15th to 20th centuries], INR/NHRF - 101, Athens 2008, 274 p.

The volume Syros and Hermoupolis. Contributions to the island’s history, 15th to 20th centuries contains fourteen studies on Syros and Hermoupolis. The original texts were presented in the Hermoupolis Seminars in July 2005 and 2006. They are developed in the manner of the dual trend generally observed in Greek historiography in recent years, i.e. on the one hand the broadening of the thematic horizon and on the other the increased potential of penetration into separate fields. Temporally, the studies are placed in a period extending from the 15th to the 20th centuries. Thematically, their diversity was determined by the authors’ preparedness and their recent occupations, although the final result enabled the material’s organization in three entities. The island is treated first as a geographic unit, with its area and habitation patterns, as well as the population of the island before and after the establishment of Hermoupolis, by looking at the social structure and political life. This is followed by aspects of Hermoupolis’s economic life in the 19th century and first half of the 20th, and an attempt is made to recover the pattern of social relations and the uses of technology. Finally the intellectual life and the literary output of Syros and about Syros come into the focus of attention in their connection to wider currents and the identities of the city and its inhabitants. The studies contained in the book were originally presented in July 2005 and 2006 at the Hermoupolis Seminars taking place in the capital of the Cyclades for 24 successive years, 14 organized by the Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research of the National Hellenic Research Foundation and the Cyclades Academic and Educational Foundation. The editors are Christina Agriantoni and Dimitris Dimitropoulos, with contributions by Ioli Vigopoulou, Nassia Yiakovaki, Thomas Drikos, Paschalis Kitromilides, Christos Loukos, Maria Mavroidi, Katerina Papakonstantinou, Leda Papastefanaki, Alexis Politis, Giorgos Tolias, Angeliki Fenerli, Maria Christina Hadjioannou and the book’s editors.

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Machi Paizi-Apostolopoulou, Τα χειρόγραφα της συλλογής ΚΝΕ του Εθνικού Ιδρύματος Ερευνών. Κατάλογος έκθεσης [The National Research Foundation’s Institute of Neohellenic Research collection manuscripts. Exhibition catalogue], Hellenic Palaeography Society 10 year anniversary, National Research Foundation 50 year anniversary, Athens 2008, 12 p.

On the 18th of December a colloquium was held at the amphitheatre of the National Research Foundation; the colloquium’s main issue was: “…writing is for ever”. Within the framework of this event, it was deemed appropriate to organise an Exhibition of the manuscripts owned by the Institute of Neohellenic Research which have been eagerly acquired by its older members. Despite the fact that the largest part of this collection has been with the Institute since 1964, the aforementioned Exhibition served as the opportunity to push forward the significance as well as the rarity presented by a number of the manuscripts of this small collection. The ensuing Catalogue which contains a brief description of the manuscripts along with certain indicative information and photographs may serve in making them more widely known while it may represent the opportunity for the expression of general interest as far as the manuscripts of the Institute’s collection are concerned

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Eugenia Drakopoulou, Αναλυτικοί Πίνακες των Ελλήνων Ζωγράφων και των έργων τους (1450-1850) [Detailed lists of Greek painters and their works (1450-1850)], INR/NHRF - 102, Athens 2008, 401 p. Electronic edition at: http://files.ekt.gr/n011020.pdf (INR/NHRF , Instrumenta Studiorum Neohellenica, Digital Library)

This research undertaking is based on the specialized classification and processing of the published and unpublished material regarding Greek devotional painters and their work, both portable icons and frescoes, from the mid-15th to the mid-19th centuries. This publication draws on the two volumes by Manolis Hadjidakis on Greek painters after the Fall of Constantinople, published by the Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research in 1987 and 1997 respectively. This material has been complemented with new data gathered since the original publication in the framework of the INR’s programme ‘Devotional Art’ and is shortly to be presented in a separate volume. The goal of this research tool is not simply to provide an index or inventory, but to construct the composite picture of 2.400 named painters and their works, 4.800 portable icons and 820 frescoes. It is more specifically their chronological classification and the classification of the painters according to their place of origin and of their work, that is according to the location where the portable icons and the churches with their frescoes were found. 15

The data processing, that led to the compilation of the lists in this book, was undertaken with the aim of providing multiple levels of reading as much about the artistic output of Orthodox painters and those with a Greek training through four centuries, as a special aspect of the cultural evolution of modern Hellenism.

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Loukia Droulia - Gioula Koutsopanagou (eds), Εγκυκλοπαίδεια του Ελληνικού Τύπου 1784-1974 [Encyclopaedia of the Greek Press 1784-1974], Vol. I, 542 pp, vol. II, 699 pp, vol. III, 597 pp, vol. IV, 583 pp, INR/NHRF - 103, Athens 2008.

The fruit of a lengthy cooperation with numerous collaborators, the Encyclopaedia of the Greek Press, 1784-1974 in four volumes has reached completion. The programme, setting out in 1995, co-sponsored with the General Secretariat for Research & Technology and of 30 months’ duration, was enabled to continue thanks to donations from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation – which covered the entire publication project of the Encyclopaedia – as well as grants from state and other agencies and is part of the research work of the Institute of Neo- Hellenic Research and the National Hellenic Research Foundation. As it was the first time that in Greece the execution of such a project was ventured, the coordinating research team thought it advisable to organize a conference in advance, providing the occasion amongst specialists of the material, as well as representatives of the scholarly community and of militant journalism to exchange views. Their proposals were published in the Proceedings under the title ‘The Greek Press, 1784 to this day. Historical and theoretical approaches, INR/NHRF, Athens 2005’. The aim of the Encyclopaedia is to give a sample as representative as possible of the Greek Press in the Greek state and in the Greek communities abroad, from its earliest appearance in Vienna in the last decades of the 18th century up to the political changeover of 1974 – which constitutes a watershed for the history of the Press, the daily Press especially. The border expansion of the Greek state led to the inclusion of foreign-language newspapers in the corpus of Greek press, which also includes the bilingual newspapers of Greeks of the Diaspora as well as the Greek Press of Cyprus. The coverage is representative, both at the level of the political spectrum and ideological expression and of social life. As the significance of the Press strengthened, its function became specialized and, by stages, autonomous, expressing a variety of different groups in their equivalent publications (sports pages, financial, literary, religious, women’s, pedagogical, professional, etc.) The choice of the titles to be included as entries in the Encyclopaedia, a difficult task entailing much responsibility, was based on the following criteria: 1. Importance in the political / cultural life of the community where the paper is issued. 2. Longevity. 3. Substantial circulation. 4. Geographic extent of circulation. 5. Innovation. It was natural that the choice of the persons featured should on principle be according to the selected publications. In general, however, it was also based on the significance, the historicity and the effectiveness of the various prime movers and functionaries of the Press. It must be stressed that selection was based on the relation between availability, of the necessary information of contributions of the texts of the entries. It is well known that the written Press – by nature a fragile medium – and on the other hand beset by the aura of something ‘ephemeral’, in the long course of its existence in hard-copy form was not the object of respect and preservation. It was indeed on the contrary put to a number of uses other than its initial aim, with the result that in this day, when it has the position due to it in a cultural history, as intellectual-historiographical – indeed literary medium – entire series should 16 mostly not have survived or even any issues thereof could not be traced at all. It is evident that in our day and from now on, the unremitting efforts for locating and digitalizing the Press will lead to positive results. The Encyclopaedia consists of three parts. It begins with the introductory texts on the history – genesis and evolution – and the role of the Greek Press in political and cultural life in the first two centuries of its existence; they are followed by the body of entries – numbering more than 2.300 – illustrated with 1.600 photographs. Each entry for a newspaper or periodical is in three parts wherein are recorded: a) the logo and other elements of identity of the publication; b) the goals, the contributors and general historical course. Special prominence was given to the data constituting basic comparative material useful for a history of the Press; c) the libraries or in some cases the private collections in which the numbers were preserved, followed, where extant, by the relevant bibliography. Indicative biographies are also included of about 700 persons who were involved in the publication of the material and who had added their endeavours to the evolution of the Press. Appendices constitute the third part of the work, including: a) texts relating to the establishment and goals of the unions, trade unions or other associations of journalism, Press agencies for circulation of the Press, etc., shown in chronological order, whereby the organization and consolidation of the rights of the branch of journalism is shown, together with the other employments in the Press; b) the ‘Diagram of bibliography’ in the form of a commented general bibliography, presenting the Press as the object of research, constituting a valuable aid for future students of the subject; c) presentation of the legal status of the Press through its frequently thorny course, already from the date of establishment of the modern Greek State and d) photographic insets of the ‘life’ of the newspaper, from its production and vending up to its readership. The contents of the Encyclopaedia’s Appendix are in the spirit of providing a handy tool for anyone interested in delving deeper into studies of the Greek Press. The complete work entailed the cooperation of numerous collaborators next to the Programme’s team of researchers: 340 contributors (university professors, historians and other social scientists, journalists, students of local history, archivists, librarians, collectors) deposited their fund of knowledge and the results of their research on the leaves of this work.

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Giorgos Tolias, Ιστορία της Χαρτογραφίας του ελληνικού χώρου, 1420-1800. Χάρτες της συλλογής Μαργαρίτας Σαμούρκα [Mapping Greece 1420-1800: A History. Maps from the collection of Margarita Samourka], INR/NHRF - 104, 350 maps in colour, 540 p.

The subject of the book is the history of map production in regard to Greek space during the years of foreign rule (1420-1800). The maps of the area of Greece are seen as the products and the factors of a broader history, wherein a geographic specialization reflects composite realities – at times opposing one another – of a political, educational and ideological nature. The axis of the historical overview is the typology of maps: the study concentrates on various types and the historical phases of their production, while pinpointing and analysing the manner in which the cartographers perceived and defined the area of Greece, what this represented and what it comprised. Following a brief presentation of the ancient and medieval cartographic heritage of Humanism, the analysis focuses on the mechanisms of composition of cartographic 17 definitions of the Greek area in the Renaissance and throws light on the processes of shaping, standardizing and diffusion of the basic cartographic models of Greece and its regions through the production of world atlases in the 17th and 18th centuries. The applications of empirical or mathematical cartography within Greece during the same period are examined in parallel. The prerequisites and objectives of the abundant antiquarian and historical cartography of the area of Greece are analysed as the equivalent in cartography of the slow maturing of historical thought in the 16th to the 18th centuries. The richly illustrated historical study of the cartography of Greek space reveals the gradual emergence of Greece onto the cultural scene in modern times as a recognizable and commonly accepted geographic, cultural and historical entity. The Greek area is defined, by stages, in ever more composite terms, the present day and its historicity are studied in detail, and its ethnic character is assumed both in the conscience of Westerners as much as of the Greeks themselves. Particular attention was given to the illustration of the publication. It is founded upon the voluminous map collection of Margarita Samourka, the catalogue of which (some 1,700 maps) is published in an appendix compiled by the bibliographer Leonora Navari. The publication was realized thanks to the sponsorship of the Samourka Foundation. It was launched in a special function in the NHRF’s Leonidas Zervas amphitheatre on Thursday 20 November 2008. Professor Paschalis M. Kitromilides, INR’s Director was a speaker about the book, as was Professor Evangelos Livieratos, and the author. Professor Livieratos’ text is published in the INR’s Information Bulletin, No 33, (2008), p. 62-71.

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Dimitris G. Apostolopoulos, Tο Nόμιμον της Mεγάλης Eκκλησίας [The Legal Code of the Great Church], Vol. I, The historical framework. The facsimiles, INR/NHRF - 105, Athens 2008, 40 pp+ρνδ΄.

In 1564 the Patriarchate of Constantinople put together a collection of legal material named by themselves ‘The Legal Code of the Great Church’. This official manuscript volume was constituted of legal material deriving from a) the Byzantine epoch (6th to 14th c.); b) the early post-Byzantine period and specifically the interval from 1474-1498 and c) material dating to the 16th century. This source, of exceptional interest for the study of both the ecclesiastical institutions and of the life of Orthodox Christians living under Ottoman rule, was removed under unclarified circumstances from the Patriarchate at the end of the 16th century, which resulted not only in the loss of a significant written document but also to the gradual suppression of the memory of its existence. The study bringing it out of oblivion was published in 1999 under the title Relief Contours of an art of law. Byzantine law and post-Byzantine ‘legislation’ (National Hellenic Research Foundation / Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research, No. 69). The present edition makes available of a work in two volumes which seeks to present on the one hand, in an ‘Historical Introduction’, the elaboration of putting together of this official legal collection and on the other to reproduce in facsimile form its surviving pages, reclassifying them in their original order, since the manuscript body of the ‘Nomimon’ had undergone a number of amputations before sections of it were discovered in Samos, Paris and Athens. It is to be noted that until 1978 the conviction was firmly established in the community of scholars that during the period of Ottoman rule the collections of legal texts available were due to the initiative of private persons: the collection of Kounalis Kritopoulos; the collection 18 of legal canons by Manuel Malaxos; the legal code of Ioannis Kritikos, etc. In 1978, however, the research brought to light information showing that the Patriarchate of Constantinople too had ventured in the early 17th century to put together material officially collected, named To Mega Nomimon tis Megalis Ecclesias (The Legal Code of the Great Church). The original of this collection did not survive, but there is a copy in the manuscript of Kosinitsa 1 (today in Sofia in the Ivan Dujcev Centre, 211) and partially in Dositheos’ Nomiki Synagoge. It became known through the research published in 1999 that not only had there been a comparable endeavour by the Patriarchate in 1564 but that the original body of this official collection was extant. The surviving portions of this original are presented in the publication’s first volume. It is the fruit of the research project ‘Archives of the Patriarchate of Constantinople’ and of the research programme ‘Institutions and Ideology in Modern Greek society, 15th to 19th centuries, to be completed by the publication of the second volume in which the printed transcription of the contents of the Nomimon will appear, together with information about its literary identity.

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Paschalis M. Kitromilides and Charalambos Messis (eds), Βίος ή μαρτύριον του εν Αγίοις Πατρός Ημών Ιγνατίου Αρχιεπισκόπου Κωνσταντινουπόλεως γραμμένος Ελληνικά από Νικήτα Δαβίδ τον Παφλαγόνα και γυρισμένος εις την απλήν γλώσσαν υπό Νεοφύτου Ροδινού του Κυπρίου [The life or martyrdom of Our Father among the Saints Ignatios, Archbishop of Constantinople, written in Greek by Nikitas David the Paphlagonian and rendered in the plain language by Neophytos Rodinos the Cypriot], Series: “Sources of Cypriot Letters and History” - 1, INR/NHRF -106, Athens 2008, 159 p.

This publication inaugurates a new series in the Publications of the Institute for Neo-Hellenic Research, bearing the title ‘Sources of Cypriot Letters and History’. The research programme on which the series is based is sponsored by the A.G. Leventis Foundation. The book comprises a foreword by the general editor of the series Paschalis M. Kitromilides exposing the programme’s aims and underlying thinking. It is followed by an introduction by the co- editors under the title ‘Neophytos Rodinos and the paraphrase of the Vita Ignatii’ (pp 11-45). The chapters of the introduction are: I. Light and shadow of a spiritual physiognomy; II. Biographical milestones. On the paths of education and proselytism; III. The text; IV. The historical framework of Ignatios’ ‘Life’ and its subsequent uses; V. The manuscript and its language; VI. The relation of the ‘Life of Ignatios’ as written by Nikitas to the modern Greek transcription by Rodinos. The principal body of the book contains the diplomatic version of Neophytos Rodinos’ text, consisting of a letter by the author addressed to “The most devout and dearly beloved brothers and all others who read this book with no effort" and the paraphrase in vernacular modern Greek language of the text of the Byzantine author of the 9th-10th centuries Nikitas David the Paphlagonian on the life of St Ignatios, Patriarch of Constantinople. There follow a commentary, a note on the illustrations of the book, acknowledgements and an index. In their introduction, the editors outline the spiritual personality of Neophytos Rodinos (1576/7-1659), whom they describe as the most significant Cypriot author of the 17th century. The significance of his version of Nikitas’ text consists in its linguistic and literary interest. His vernacular Greek version includes numerous elements of the Cypriot dialect of the 16th century. It is pointed out that the text is a monument of the Cypriot language of the 19

Renaissance, before Cypriot Greek underwent an admixture from Turkish, which came about as a consequence of the Ottoman conquest of the island of Cyprus. The volume is illustrated by depictions of St Ignatios, including the well known mosaic from the northern tympanum of Agia Sophia in Constantinople and a fresco from the church of St Nicholas of the Roof in Kakopetria, Cyprus, as well as illuminations from manuscripts.

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Triantaphyllos E. Sklavenitis (ed.), Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών 1958-2008. Ίδρυση-πορεία-προοπτικές. [National Hellenic Research Foundation 1958-2008. Founding-course-perspectives] Texts by Dimitrios A. Kyriakides, Triantaphyllos E. Sklavenitis, Savvas E. Tsilenis, Paschalis M. Kitromilides, Taxiarchis Kolias, Miltiades B. Hatzopoulos, Efstratios I. Kamitsos, Nikolaos G. Economakos, Frangiskos Kolissis, Evangelos Bouboukas, Argyroula Sigala, Eleni Grammatikopoulou, Ares Xenakis, Panagiotis D. Michailaris. Athens 2008, 207 p.

The book is a special edition celebrating the 50th anniversary of the NHRF – a book that weighs in balance the elements of introversion and re-thinking of the NHRF’s foundation and course with a sense of extroversion and optimism for the Foundations’ perspectives in the decades ahead. The initiative for this anniversary publication is owed to the President and Director of the NHRF Professor D.A. Kyriakides, who besides his support and encouragement for the whole endeavour, authored the comprehensive introductory text. Triantaphyllos E. Sklavenitis proposed the structure of the book and, as its editor, cooperated with all the contributors, and the members of the Institutes and Services of the NHRF in the attempt to throw light on its fifty-year course. Sklavenitis also studied and indexed the Minutes of the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee, gathering the necessary data to write some of the book’s sections: an Essay on the founding and course of the NHRF, a chronological list and the tables of members of the Board and E C. The contribution of the Archive of Yiangos St. Pesmazoglou, the earliest of founders, was made available thanks to the gracious response of Madame Miranda Pesmazoglou. S.E. Tsilenis wrote an original study of the construction of the NHRF building, based on the file of its architectural concept and a study of the building itself. The Institute directors: of Neo-Hellenic Research, P. M. Kitromilides; Byzantine Research, T. Kolias; Greek and Roman Antiquity, M.B. Hatzopoulos; Theoretic and Physical Chemistry, E. I. Kamitsos; Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nikos G. Economakos (1945-2008) and Biological Research and Biotechnology, F Kolissis present data on the founding and course of their Institutes, elucidating the work that was done, evaluating their contribution to scientific progress on the national and international level, with reference to their planning and future perspectives. The director of the National Documentation Centre E. Bouboukas presented the course of the NDC from the early 1980s concurrently with the development of scientific documentation in Greece and its promotion to ‘national agency for the organization and availability of content of Science and Technology’. The NHRF Services are shown comprehensively in the book, together with their work: Administration and International Relations Office, A Sigala; Cultural Events, E. Grammatikopoulou; Mediating Office, A. Xenakis, demonstrating that over the years they have sustained the work of research and the NHRF’s development. The 33-year long union activity of the Staff Association was presented by P. D. Michailaris, based on the Association’s Archive and collective memory. The book has a wealth of illustration, and succeeds in adequately presenting both the work done so far at the NHRF and the perspectives ahead. 20

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Triantaphyllos E. Sklavenitis (ed.), Τα ιδρυτικά κείμενα του Εθνικού Ιδρύματος Ερευνών και η αλληλογραφία Ι. Στ. Πεσμαζόγλου και Λ. Θ. Ζέρβα [The founding texts of the National Hellenic Research Foundation and the correspondence between I. St. Pesmazoglou and L. Th. Zervas, Athens 2008, 167 p.

The book in a way complements the major anniversary edition of the fifty years of the NHRF, as it focuses on the founding texts (the Organization-Statute, the Regulation of Reinforcement of Research and its Rules), on lists of the first Board and E C members and the tables of the first twenty advisory committees per scientific branch. A text dating to 1957 or 1958, a proposal for the manifestation of a royal initiative for the organization of scientific research – reliably attributed to K. Th. Dimaras – enlightens the potential, sketches the perspectives and submits steps and organizational forms for the foundation of a research agency in service of the progress of the country. Testament to the steps taken found the NHRF is the correspondence between Yiangos Pesmazoglou and Leonidas Zervas who was guest researcher in the United States for the academic year 1957-1958: in twenty letters exchanged between March and July 1958, the steps needed to be taken are described, for the transposition of the goals and perspectives of the NHRF from research as lever of domestic development – of the initial planning – to research contributing on the international front of science. From application to basic research of limits to cutting-edge research. The texts are from I. St. Pesmazoglou’s archive, graciously provided for the study and the edition by Madame Miranda I. Pesmazoglou to the book’s editor. The book is owed to the initiative of the President and Director of the NHRF, Professor D. A. Kyriakides, who also wrote the foreword. The book’s publication completed the celebration of fifty years anniversary of the NHRF.

***

Evangelia Balta, Η οθωμανική απογραφή των Κυθήρων. 1715 [The Ottoman Census of Kythera. 1715] INR/NHRF, Athens 2009, 352 p.

The study is a publication with commentary of two registers kept in the Tapu ve Kadastro, in Ankara. The Ottoman census of 1715, which was conducted immediately after the surrender of Kythera to its new masters, can be correlated with the Venetian censuses that followed, when the island returned to the possession of the Serenissima Republic of San Marco, after the Treaty of Passarowitz, in 1718. The Ottoman census converses with these, particularly with the two that are closest in time, the censuses of 1721 and 1724, showing the continuity in the island’s history, as well as enhancing the central differences in attitude of the two sovereign powers concerning the marking of the land and the recording of the tax-payers. They also collaborate remarkably well for us to make the first estimates of the population magnitudes of settlements on Kythera during the eighteenth century. The Ottoman tax register demonstrates yet again the tactic that the Sublime Porte adopted in order to win over the local population, so as to persuade it to abandon its old sovereign. Both the tithe and the various other fiscal regulations in the Kythernans’ favour, which were ratified by firmans accompanying the tax register, show the catalytic role played by certain members of the Kytheran ‘Community of Nobles’ in negotiations with the imminent conqueror, to which 21 they handed over the island without struggle, demanding and, in the end, securing favourable terms of fiscal treatment.

***

Noël Golvers & Efthymios Nicolaidis (έκδοση - επιμέλεια), Ferdinand Verbiest and Jesuit Science in the 17th century China. An annotated edition and translations of the Constantinople manuscript (1676) INR & Ferdinand Verbiest Instutute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Athens-Leuven 2009, 384 p.

The book presents two manuscripts by Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J. (1623-1688), written in 1676 in Beijing and brought in Moscow for the Tsar by the legate Nicolas Spathary Milescu. Both texts contain the oldest version of the Astronomia Europaea, – a hitherto missing version. They were recently discovered in the form of a manuscript copy by Chrysanthos Notaras produced in Moscow in 1693. The manuscript had languished in obscurity in the library of the Metochion of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem in Constantinople for centuries. In these editions, the Latin text has been reconstituted, translated into English and annotated. The introduction situates the manuscripts within the context of Verbiest’s Latin works and highlights the sections of the manuscripts that were subsequently included in the well-known Compendium Latinum and Astronomia Europaea edition (Dilingen, 1687) as well as those that were eventually omitted. The introduction also traces the historical trail of the Moscow manuscripts and especially that of the Constantinopolitan copy – the sole surviving evidence – and sheds light on the hitherto unknown reception of 17th century Jesuit astronomy, mechanics and physics in Russia and South-Eastern Europe in the post-Byzantine era.

***

Vassilis Maragos, Παΐσιος Χιλανδαρινός και Σωφρόνιος Βράτσης από την Ορθόδοξη ιδεολογία στη διάπλαση της βουλγαρικής ταυτότητας [Paisii Hilendarski and Sofronii Vrachanski - From Orthodox ideology to the shaping of Bulgarian identity] Preface: Paschalis M. Kitromilides Institute for Neohellenic Research/NHRF, series: Library of the History of Ideas -6, Athens 2009, 402 p.

Vassilis Maragos' Paisii Hilendarski and Sofronii Vrachanski highlights Bulgaria's transition from pre-modern times, which were dominated by the unity of the Orthodox, to the formative period of modern Bulgarian national identity. Paisii Hilendarski (1720-1773) and Sofronii Vrachanski (1739-1813) are landmark figures on the road from traditional Christian Orthodox ideology to the modern ideas of Enlightenment and nationalism. In 1762, in his Slav-Bulgarian History, Paisii Hilendarski glorified the medieval Bulgarian kingdoms and called his compatriots to discard the widespread use of the Greek language and stop feeling ashamed for being Bulgarians. Sofroni Vrachanski published in 1805 the first book printed in Bulgarian. His Nedelnik or Book of Sundays, was an adaptation of a Greek- language book by Agapios Landos with the same title. Sofronii introduced to Bulgaria the ideas of Enlightenment while preserving the belief system of the Orthodox worldview. Maragos presents in stark relief the influence of Greek culture on the shaping of Bulgarian identity as well as the common cultural origins of Greeks and Bulgarians, which the author 22 attributes to both Orthodoxy and the Enlightenment. The book also discusses the processes through which modern Bulgarians were separated from the community of the Orthodox. Among the heirs to the intellectual legacy of Paisii and Sofronii broke out a strife on the role of the Greek language and culture. Its outcome was finally decided around the middle of the nineteenth century with the defeat of the Hellenophile party in the Bulgarian intelligentsia.. However, Greek culture continued to exert a positive influence on the development of intellectual life in Bulgaria until the Bulgarian church schism (1870) and beyond.

***

Greece during the Reign of George I: The Political Criticism of Michael G. Sakellariou in the Patras Newspaper “Cry for the Expiring Hellenism” (1910-1911). Preface: P. M. Kitromilides. Introduction: M. B. Sakellariou. Institute for Neohellenic Research/NHRF - 111, series: “Vivliothiki Enkyklopaedias Ellinikou Typou” - 2, Athens 2009, 439 p.

The idea for this publication emanated from the relative entry concerning the Patras journalist Michael G. Sakellariou (1846-1919) in the Encyclopaedia of the Greek Press, 1784- 1974 (Athens: INR/NHRF, 2008) and is the second of the special monographs in the series “Vivliothiki Enkyklopaedias Ellinikou Typou”. This book reprints a series of fifty-three articles named “A Fifty-year History”, under the heading “Why did Greece Fall”, which had been published by M. G. Sakellariou in his newspaper Cry for the Expiring Hellenism (1910-1911). The choice of the newspaper’s title and the articles’ heading demonstrates his agony about the future of his country and his anxiety over the “inaction” of Greek politicians at critical moments; at the same time, Greece’s fall and “expiring Hellenism” constitute the basis of his penetrating philosophical and political thought, as well as his critical reasoning on religious subjects, in direct correlation with the defense of the theological positions of the Metropolitan of Syros and Tinos, Alexander Logothetis. In his Introduction (pp. 13-47), Academician Michael B. Sakellariou describes the milieu and the troubled epoch of his forefather, offering, moreover, an ingenuous sentimental dimension, which only he, today, can present with such authenticity.

***

Δούγαλδ Στεβάρδου, Εγχειρίδιον Ηθικής Φιλοσοφίας, Μετάφραση Νεοφύτου Βάμβα [Dugald Steward, Outlines of Moral Philosophy Translation by Neophytos Vamvas Instruction held at the Ionian Academy, Corfu 1829-1830] Edited by Panagis D. Aliprantis Institute for Neohellenic Research/NHRF, Athens 2009, 336 p.

Neophytos Vamvas (1776/7-1855) was a priest and scholar originating from the island of Chios. He collaborated with Korais for many years. One of the first professors of the University of Athens, he was distinguished for his teaching as well as writing activity. He studied and taught philosophy, especially moral philosophy, and he was influenced by the philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment. In 1829-1830, when Vamvas was teaching philosophy at the Ionian Academy at Corfu, he taught the essay Outlines of Moral Philosophy, a work of Dugald Steward, who was an 23 important representative of Scottish moral philosophy. Vamvas used his own translation of the text in the Greek language. The text has been preserved in the manuscripts of a student of Vamvas, Elias Aliprantis (1808-1885). It belongs to a series of similar texts transmitting the lectures of the Ionian Academy’s professors. It is located in the archives of the priests Elias and Theoklitos Aliprantis, also students at the Academy, originating from the village of Lakithra, Cephalonia.

***

Evridiki Sifneos Greek merchants in the Sea of Azov: the power and the limits of a family business Athens 2009, 565 p.

This study refers to the Sifneo Frères entrepreneurial family and allows us not only to focus on the evolution of a family business against varying political and institutional contexts, but also to highlight the performance of Greek economic “expansionism” in Russia. Through its integration in ship ownership and industry, it serves as a means to capture the flexibility of the family firm in order to adapt to new environments. It reaffirms the key role of the entrepreneur and the comparative advantage of the Greek merchants in Russia vis à vis foreign entrepreneurs. Given its medium size, it highlights the performance of similar houses that shaped the big mass of Greek Diaspora’s business, of which only meagre documental evidence has been preserved to our days. The study is based on the Sifneos Family archive and explores issues of scale and scope depicting, initially, the expansion of a middle size family firm in three countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Greece. It deals in the particular with the mobility and adaptability of the entrepreneurs in order to minimize risk and explore new opportunities for profit. Finally, it emphasizes on the competitive advantage of family firms by rendering fruitful their business culture and by imbuing their members with altruism and a sense of “familiness” that reduced agency costs and mobilized a vast spectrum of resources. Chapter one deals with the theoretical approach of business history concerning the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship in Russia. Chapter two offers an introduction to the protagonists of the firm and places of action. Chapter three analyses the firm’s performance in Russia. Chapter four gives a review of its performance in Constantinople. Chapter five deals with entrepreneurial ventures in Greece. Chapter six is associated with the role of women in the family and in the family business. Chapter seven outlines everyday life, and chapter eight refers to the cultural choices and political affiliations of the firm’s leaders. Chapter nine is a brief summary of the conclusion of the study. It claims that the firm’s intangible assets, such as trust and unity, were very significant and led to a higher performance. Its strong social and human capital compensated for smaller effective capital. Altruism and mutual aid were cultivated to a larger extent than in non-family structures while the existence of a shared dream allowed the firm to overcome financial difficulties and crises to leadership.

***

Eleni Kyramargiou, Ευρετήριο Δημοτικού Αρχείου Δραπετσώνας, 1951-1980 [Index of Drapetsona Municipal Archive, 1951-1080] INR/NHRF & Municipality of Drapetsona, Athens 2010, 158 p. 24

The Institute for Neohellenic Research of the National Hellenic Research Foundation undertook the project of classifying the Municipal Archive of Drapetsona, a working-class suburb of the port of Piraeus. The archive contained material from the foundation of the Municipality of Drapetsona in 1951 up to the early 1980’s. Dimitris Dimitropoulos, Senior Research Associate of the Institute for Neohellenic Research, was the head of the project, while Eleni Kyrmargiou, PhD. candidate and collaborator on contract of the Institute, classified the Archive. The archive (253 folders and 63 administrative books) is divided into four sections: I. Administrative Service II. Financial Service, III. Technical Service, IV. Education - Welfare, which, in turn, are divided into separate subsections. The classification maintained the original structure of the Archive, which depicts the development of the Municipality and the social and cultural life of its inhabitants. The outcome of the project is the present publication which was included in the series of the Institute for Neohellenic Research.

***

Stessi Athini, Aspects of Modern Greek Prose Fiction, 1700-1830. The dialogue between Greek and foreign traditions in theory and practice INR/ NFR, Library of the History of Ideas 7, Athens 2010, 576 p.

This study attempts an historical and literary approach of the Greek prose fiction as a literary phenomenon from the first decades of 18th c. until 1830 by applying the theoretical tools of Polysystem Studies, Translation Studies, Reception Theory and Comparative Literature. In the first of the study’s three parts, under the title “Prose fiction and its genres”, the author discusses aspects of the generic nature of both printed and manuscript material, either original or in translation, based on a combination of thematic, structural, morphological and other criteria. The prominent axis of this generic classification is the concept of dialogue between tradition and modernity, native and foreign literature, “popular” and “scholarly” books, books for children and juveniles and books for adults. It is demonstrated that the main objective of Greek literature is literary syncretism, that is the creation of a dialogue between literary systems that belong to different periods of time (Antiquity, Byzantine era, Renaissance, Baroque, Enlightenment). The second part of the study entitled “Perceptions and theories for prose fiction” explores a fundamental aspect of the literary phenomenon, the discourse about prose fiction; this discourse rises out and is correlated with the emergence and the establishment of literary terms applicable to the modern narrative genres of the short story and the novel. The first indications, although latent or fragmentary, are found in epistolary texts from the milieu of the Mavrocordatos family; they are more clearly formulated in an essay by Demetri Catartzi, by product of his exchanges with the French Encyclopédie. Still, the conscious attempt at a theoretical discussion of the modern prose fiction was introduced by Adamantios Korais through his dialogue with European neoclassicism. Actually, he is the first to introduce the term “mythistoria”. The manuals for the instruction of rhetoric and poetry following the English and French models as well as the literary press greatly contributed to the recognition and the diffusion of the Greek prose fiction. The criticism that was expressed and the scepticism towards the prose fiction concerned mainly its moral benefit and usefulness. In the third part of the study, entitled “Translation: the dominant version of the dialogue with foreign literatures” the author focuses on various aspects of interlingual transfer. She re-examines the conception according to which the translation in placed in a high hierarchical position of the literary system and is entrusted with the realisation of basic cultural needs: the coordination and the parallelism with western literature as well as the consolidation of a modern language. Questions about the practice of translation are mainly 25 expressed in the context of the search for the appropriate language and suggest a dialogue with the French Encyclopaedists. The desire for “faithful” translations dominates in the period under examination without excluding other attempts for assimilation and manipulation of foreign elements. Throughout this elaboration there emerges a consciousness which recognizes the particularity of fiction as a distinctive element of literary prose, disrupting the verse literary canon. The book includes two appendices. The first presents the whole corpus of texts in prose fiction on which the present study is based. The second appendix presents the chronological table of the printed editions. A bibliography and an index of proper names and titles are also included

***

Cornelia Papacostea-Danielopolu, Romania’s Greek communities in the 19th century Greek translation: Nikolaos Diamantopoulos; Bibliographical Appendix: Sophia Matthaiou INR/ NFR, Library of the History of Ideas 8, Athens 2010, 225 p.

This is a Greek translation of the first part of the last work by the late Cornelia Papacostea- Danielopolu, Comunităţile Greceşti din România în secolul al XIX-lea (Bucharest, Editura Omonia, 1995). The meticulous translation, by the former Greek ambassador Nikolaos Diamantopoulos, has been enriched with a useful bibliographical appendix. The study of Cornelia Papacostea-Danielopolu, a renowned neohellenist, sketches out in detail the economic and cultural organization (in terms of religious life, educational structures, social life and solidarity) of the major Greek diaspora communities in Bucharest, Constantsa, Galaţi and Giurgiu from 1830 up to the end of 19th century. Since the author did not live to see her work in print, several specialists worked together for the work to reach its present, final, completed and revised form: Associate Professor Evi Georgitsogianni, the Romanian researchers Mihai Ţipău, Claudiu Turçitu and Ştefan Petrescu, and the INR/NHRF researcher Sophia Matthaiou who was responsible for the lengthy bibliographical appendix accompanying the Greek edition. The book opens up with a Foreword by Professor Paschalis M. Kitromilides, INR/ NHRF Director, and a chapter on the life and works of Cornelia Papacostea-Danielopolu by Professor Anna Tabaki. Two chapters come next. The first with the title “The Greek community of Bucharest” contains subchapters referring to: community, Church, “Evangelismos” society, schools, education and culture, Greek newspapers, printing offices, and translations. The second chapter with the title “Greek communities in other cities” contains the following subchapters: Greek community formation, Greek place of origin, relations with the Greek place of origin, intellectual professions, churches, schools, cultural life, printing offices, newspapers, translations and leading personalities of the community. The book closes with a chapter summarizing the findings of the author’s research. The bibliographical appendix complements the original text in an impressive way. It contains 358 titles of Greek books published in Romania from 1830 to 1900, some of them in recorded for first time, thanks to the fieldwork done by Mihai Ţipău and Ştefan Petrescu. 26

RESEARCH NOTEBOOKS

Vassilis Panagiotopoulos; Leonidas Kallivretakis, Dimitris Dimitropoulos, Michalis Kokolakis & Evdokia Olympitou, Πληθυσμοί και οικισμοί του ελληνικού χώρου. Ιστορικά μελετήματα [Populations and settlements in Greece. Historical essays], Research Notebooks 18, INR/NHRF , Athens 2003, 317 p.

The volume comprises nine essays elaborated in the framework of the Research Programme Historical research of the settlements of Greece, (15th-20th c.)’ by researchers and collaborators of the INR/NHRF. In the first text, with the title Historical research into the settlements of Greece: Research objectives and problems of sources, the director of research of the programme Leonidas Kallivretakis presents the goals of the programme as set out in its initial conception by its originator, Vassilis Panagiotopoulos, in a retrospective of its performance to date, and synoptically records the basic problems faced by research into historical geography and demography in Greece. The second text, entitled The economic area of Greeks in the years of Ottoman rule is a composite study by Vassilis Panagiotopoulos of the conditions of the economic life of Greeks within the Ottoman Empire. In the text Place names and diminutive place names in the Aegean islands: aspects of the endurance of the trail of space in time, by means of certain selected examples, Dimitris Dimitropoulos presents data on the perseverance of place names in the passage of time, as well as the convergences and divergences observed in the diminutive place-naming of the islands. In the study The dependency of Patmos at Stylos Apokoronou and the 1196 imperial solution Leonidas Kallivretakis examines the testimonies relating to the dependency in question, in an attempt to define the origins of its constitution and subsequent evolution. Evdokia Olympitou’s study The constituting of an island settlement: (the) Hora of Patmos in the period of Ottoman conquest examines the development and organization of the settlement and outlying habitations in combination with the economic activities of the inhabitants and the intervention of the community. In his exposé Castro and Old Town of Milos: the parallel course of two settlements (15th-19th c.) Dimitris Dimitropoulos examines the fluctuations of the population of those two settlements as recorded in the testimonies of the period. In his essay Land tenancy contracts in Naxos in the 16th and 17th centuries, the same author explores the terms of contracting land tenancy relations and the types of agreements applied. The study by Leonidas Kallivretakis Nea Pikerni of the Vouprasi Municipality: The chronicle of a Peloponnesian settlement of the 19th century (and the adventures of a population) records the historical course of the settlement, combined with its original site, Pikerni, Agii Saranta. Michalis Kokolakis, finally, in his study The Turkish statistic of Epirus in the 1895 Salname gives a detailed presentation of the above document, ascertaining the problems arising insofar as population data are concerned as well as the manner of exposure and the identifications of the listed settlements.

***

Emmanuel N. Frangiskos, Δ.Κ. Βυζάντιος και "Βαβυλωνία". Ερμηνευτικές δοκιμές και μαρτύρια βίου [D. K. Vyzantios and Babylonia. Interpretative essays an lifetime testimonies], Research Notebooks 20, INR/NHRF, Athens 2008, 116 p.

The five essays of the volume, with a foreword by Professor Dimitris Spathis, throw light upon questions on: a) the intellectual course Vyzantios followed in order to become the 27 author of Babylonia (1836), such as the influences deriving from posts in judicial and administrative institutions he held during the War of Independence and the early years of the independent state and b) the conjunctures, political and personal, that nurtured Vyzantios’ talent as a writer. Indications from the stage set of the comedy contribute to the dating of its authorship and to locating its sources of inspiration of certain themes appearing in concert with the principal theme of linguistic misunderstandings, such as medical care for the people by unprofessional profiteers, whilst others such as the wounding of the Cretan, and the female presence in a role of comforter of the unfortunate patron of the Nafplion inn, appear to intimate a relation to the author’s public and private life. Besides, the articles Vyzantios penned for newspapers of the day in defence of his copyrights as originator, or the disclaimer in print regarding his political persecution by the government of King Othon, as well as an unpublished critique by Panayotis Soutsos in praise of his worth as an iconographer on the occasion of an exhibition of icons destined for the church of the Rizareios School, plus, finally, a private letter of a dramatic tone, addressed to the prime minister Ioannis Kolettis with a plea for some financial assistance in his indigence are carefully collected and studied as testimonies to a beleaguered life amidst the conditions of fluidity – political and financial – of the years of the Greek war of independence and thereafter.

***

George Tolias and Dimitris Loupis (eds.), Eastern Mediterranean Cartographies, Research Notebooks 25/26, INR/NHRF, Athens 2004, 404 p.

The edition comprises 17 studies selected from the 60 papers of the 18th International Conference for the History of Cartography. The Conference was organized by the INR/NHRF in collaboration with the Hellenic Cartography Society and the International Society for the History of Cartography (Imago Mundi Ltd) in Athens in July 1998 (see INR/NHRF Information Bulletin No. 24). The first part of the volume, entitled Cartography, Administration and Exploration collects studies analysing cartographic activities and initiatives relating to the mechanisms of the administration and control of the regions of the Eastern Mediterranean, in impeccable and detailed imprints. This part includes studies focusing on the research into the prerequisites for an approach to the lost cartography of the Byzantines (Anna Avramea), as well as the scholarly uses of Ottoman maritime cartography in the 16th and 17th centuries (Dimitris Loupis). This entity further includes four studies on the cartographic underpinning of the Venetian possessions in the Orient. These studies focus on the reproductions of areas of habitation in the island registers of the 15th and 16th centuries (Nikos Belavilas), the cartography of the Venetian fortresses in Crete (Eleni Porphyriou), the Venetian cartography of Lefkada from the late 17th c. (Olga Katsiardi) and the Venetian sailing manuals and nautical aids of the late 17th century (Leonora Navari). This first entity closes with studies focusing on the cartography of Egypt by the French scientific mission at the end of the 18th century (Madlena Cavelti Hammer), the maps comprised in the travelogue of Ali Bei el-Abbasi (Annamaria Casassas - Carmen Montaner) and the maps of the Ottoman cadastre of Palestine at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries (Ruth Kark). The volume’s second part, under the title Cartography and Literary Traditions comprises studies concentrating on the learned cartography of the regions of the Eastern Mediterranean and its literary sources. The contributions to this entity focus on both the study of Arab geographic letters on the Mediterranean (Karen Pinto) and literary 28 documentation of Western medieval cartography of areas of the Greek mainland (Jon van Leuven). This thematic entity furthermore contains studies centred on antiquarian cartography, particularly the cartography of the kingdoms of ancient Cyprus, drawn in the 18th century (Maria Iakovou), the cartography of the Troad of the late 18th century (Catherine Hofmann) and studies of cartography of the wanderings of Odysseus from the 16th to the 20th centuries (Armin Wolf). The edition closes with a final entity containing two studies of Orthodox cartography of the 17th and 18th centuries. They are maps and topographic surveys connected to the Orthodox tradition of pilgrimage and sacred space found in Orthodox icons and regarding the cartography of Cyprus (Christodoulos Hadjichristodoulou) and of the Holy Land (Rehav Rubin).

*** Dimitris Dimitropoulos, Μαρτυρίες για τον πληθυσμό των νησιών του Αιγαίου, 15ος - αρχές 19ου αιώνα, [Testimonies on the population of the Aegean Islands, 15th - early 19th century], Research Notebooks 27, INR/NHRF , Athens 2004, 379 p.

The study is part of the framework of the Research Programme of the Centre for Neo- Hellenic Research Historical research of Greece’s habitation settlements (15th-20th c.), whose top priority is the collection of documentary material on the population of Greece. The study has two parts. Part I presents the type of sources from which data are drawn on the population of the Aegean islands from the 15th to the early 19th century, a period, during which there are no sources of a statistical nature. The study discusses the related problems and evaluates the degree of credibility of the available evidence. Then follows an exploration of certain population data regarding the insular area, such as the relation of taxation registers’ data to the population; the size of families; the ethnic-cultural groups of a region; the information to be drawn from the records of the Capodistrian period. Factors are also commented upon affecting the composition of a population and the way they are presented in the testimonies relating to the question. Part II presents population data for the islands of the Aegean Sea, classified in alphabetical order, based on modern geographic divisions. A catalogue has been constituted for each island, with any testimonies found, in chronological order and from which some information may be derived, or at least an indication of the state of the island’s population either in total or of some of its settlements. The book is accompanied by a bibliography and indexes.

***

Maria Stasinopoulou and Maria Christina Hadjiioannou (eds), Διασπορά - Δίκτυα - Διαφωτισμός [Diaspora - Networks - Enlightenment], Research Notebooks 28, INR/NHRF, Athens 2005, 171 p.

The volume contributes to the study of Greek commercial networks of the diaspora, from the period of European Enlightenment up to the late 19th century. The publication is the fruit of encounters during the 2002 Hermoupolis Seminars, at which the historians Olga Katsiardi- Hering, Paschalis Kitromilides, Ikaros Madouvalos, Katerina Papakonstantinou, Andrea Seidler, Vassiliki Seirinidou, Evridiki Siphneou, Maria Stasinopoulou and Maria Christina Chatziioannou took place with a paper. The interconnection between the diaspora, commercial networks and the Enlightenment is a commonplace in classic social theory. According to the foreword to the volume by the INR’s 29 director P.M. Kitromilides, it forms the basis of the conventional view on the formulation and dissemination of ideas, particularly as a description of the decanting of the culture of modernity from its Western centre to non-Western environments. In short, this conventional view, as among others it is expressed in Balkan historiography, considers it self- evident that the networks of commercial exchanges that spread from the southern Balkan Peninsula either to Central Europe by road or to the ports of Italy and the western Mediterranean by sea constituted the channels for the transport of ideas, contributing to phenomena of cultural change in early modern times, culminating in the manifestation of the Enlightenment in the 18th century. The query arising out of the foregoing is to what extent this conventional view as to the creation and diffusion of Enlightenment ought to be revised and to what degree. It is certain that it would not be realistic to expect that the perception be completely refuted. It is fairly stably substantiated by the weight of historical testimonies, and recent research has produced more refined versions which definitely confirm the general lines of the classic interpretative position in relation to the fundamental historical logic of the Enlightenment as social phenomenon. The potential of revisions may in any case be explored in two directions: one being as to the sense of the terms constituting the relation of causation upon which the logic of the Enlightenment is based, and the second as to the comprehension of the cultural and social contexts within which the drama of Enlightenment unfolds as the process of an intellectual and ethical transformation.

***

Anna Tabaki (ed.), Tendances actuelles de la Littérature comparée dans le Sud-Est de l’Europe Research Notebooks 29, Ιnstitut de Recherches Néohelléniques / FNRS, Athens 2006, 213 p.

This workshop, the first academic meeting of the Seminar on Comparative Literature and History of Ideas, which took place on 3 and 4 September 2001 at the National Hellenic Research Foundation (Leonidas Zervas auditorium and the Seminar Room) aimed at exploring the present situation of comparative studies in the area of South Eastern Europe. The thematology of the papers, in the order in which they were presented as well as that in which they appear in the book, trace the course from general theory to the specific example. The opening address is done by Paul Cornea, Professor Emeritus at the University of Bucharest, a significant personality of the 20th century in the field of comparative literature,, to be followed by a series of ‘national’ case studies such as Bulgaria (Roumiana Stantcheva), Serbia (Jelena Novakoviç) and Greece (Anna Tabaki). The paper of Walter Puchner focuses on the rich example of dramaturgy, extending his study to cases in Central Europe, such as Hungary. Specialized studies are subsequently presented that reflect the multiformity of contemporary approaches: the ever current grafting of ancient myth onto modern literature and dramaturgy (Ioanna Konstantoulaki-Hantzou); the pertextuality and the connection of literature to the fine arts (Elena Koutrianou); the comparative study of temporality (Antigone Vlavianou), the notion of the ‘field’ (champ) as corollary of the dialogue with the sciences (Maye Sehab) and the tendency of interest in less explored literary genres such as for instance couched in the first person or in other words autobiography, memoirs and travelogues (Ourania Polycandrioti). A final section is concerned with questions of reconsiderations of the notion of ‘scholar’ and the desiderata of comparative literature in South Eastern Europe (Tassos Kaplanis) as well as the presentation of a programme of studies (Miltos Pechlivanos; Lizzy Tsirimokou; Michalis 30

Chrysanthopoulos), in this case of the postgraduate programme of Comparative Literature of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki’s Literature Department. The volume closes with an Addendum containing the Proceedings of this Inter-Balkan Working Meeting; it is followed by an index of proper names of authors and their works.

***

Ourania Polycandrioti (ed.), Identité culturelle. Littérature, Histoire, Mémoire / Cultural Identity. Literature, History, Memory. Research Notebooks 30, Institut de Recherches Néohelléniques / FNRS, Athens 2006, 215 p.

These are the proceedings of an international Working Meeting, that took place at the INR/NHRF on 22 and 24 November 2001. The meeting came as part of the activities of the INR’s Seminar of Comparative Literature and History of Ideas. The academic and organizational responsibility for the Meeting was undertaken by Ourania Polycandrioti, collaborating with Rien T. Segers, Professor of cultural studies at Groningen University (Netherlands) and head of the international research group Études comparées sur l’identité culturelle et nationale operating in the framework of the Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée / International Comparative Literature Association - AILC/ICLA). The volume’s subject matter concerns matters of cultural identity as they are expressed through literary representation and their interweaving with history and memory. Eleven scholars from different academic disciplines (philologists, historians and social anthropologists) contribute their studies to the book. It is headed by the opening address by Rien T. Segers, treating the question of cultural identity seen from the angle of modern theory of cultural studies. More specialized studies follow, all of which however treat the literary text as narrative representation and the semantically charged myth-making processing of history, of cultural memory and the currents of ideas. The literary text, whether poetry or prose, is considered to be revealing of cultural osmoses, that it has the possibility of declaring identities, national or ethnic ideologies, or also at times to intimate the lack of them. For this reason, under certain circumstances, the literary text may also constitute a source of information for both historical and sociological studies. The book’s contents are as follows: Rien T. Segers, The Inevitable Strength of Cultural Identity at the Beginning of the 21st Century. Between Localizing and Globalizing Tendencies; Jean Bessière (prof. Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris III, honorary president of AILC/ICLA), Récit littéraire, mémoire, collectivité. A partir de Mahogany d’Édouard Glissant et de Libra de Don DeLillo ; Anna Tabaki (prof. Athens/Univ. Dpt. of Theatrical Studies), Historicité, interculturalité et processus identitaire dans l’acte de traduire : l’exemple grec ; Ioanna Konstantoulaki-Hantzou (prof. Athens/Univ. Dpt of French Language and Literature), Perspectives historiques et littéraires du texte ; Gina Politi (Prof. Emer. A U of Thessaloniki), Revolution and the British Nationalist Imaginary : The Case of Charles Dickens; Marios Byron Raizis (Prof. Emer. Athens/Univ.), Dionysios Solomos and the English Romantics; Renée- Paule Debaisieux (prof. Bordeaux III Univ.), Diigimata gia ta Palikaria mas (1885-1887), by Andreas Karkavitsas : une remémoration littéraire au service de l’exaltation du sentiment national; Maryse Dennes (prof. Bordeaux III Univ.), Le Christ russe face à l’idée du Christ. Une interprétation de l’usage du tableau de Holbein dans l’Idiot de Dostoïevski ; Odette Varon-Vassard (historian), Littérature juive de la diaspora : L’identité culturelle juive dans l’œuvre d’Albert Cohen; Evridiki Sifneou (INR/NHRF authorized researcher), A la recherche de l’entrepreneur. Convergences et divergences entre histoire et littérature; Maria Giannisopolou (ΕΚΚΕ researcher), Maria Thanopoulou (principal researcher ΕΚΚΕ), Mary 31

Leontsini (Univ. of Crete), Du témoignage écrit à la mémoire collective. Une ébauche de travail. In the Foreword (Avant-Propos) the history of the meeting is given, with detailed presentation of the studies of the volume. It is followed by an Introduction bearing the same title as the book: Introduction. Identité culturelle. Littérature, histoire, mémoire by Ourania Polycandrioti, wherein the general subject matter of the meeting is analysed, with emphasis on the question of cultural identity in its interrelation with history and memory and seen through the prism of comparative literature. The volume closes with an Appendix containing the programme of the working meeting and an index of proper names and book titles.

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Vassiliki Bobou-Stamati, Η Βιβλιοθήκη του Λόρδου Guilford στην Κέρκυρα (1824-1830) [Lord Guilford’s Corfu Library 1824-1830], Research Notebooks 31, INR/NHRF, Athens 2008, 128 pp., 1 CD-Rom

The well known English philhellene Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford, founder of the first Greek University in Corfu, the Ionian Academy (1824), endowed the institution with a library. Himself a renowned collector of books and manuscripts, he brought over his library from London by stages, with the intention of donating it to the Academy, whilst continuing to enrich it with fresh purchases and acquisitions. As, however, the terms of his Will, drawn up shortly before his death and that were the prerequisites for this donation were not fulfilled by the government of the Ionian Islands, the library reverted to his heir, Lord Sheffield. The collection was subsequently sold at several auctions by the well-known house of Evans in London (1830-1835). In all that has hitherto been written about the history of the Ionian Academy, it is pointed out that the contents of Guilford’s library are unknown. The gap is now filled by this publication which presents the manuscript catalogues of the library that happened to survive and are the sole evidence of its contents. Besides recording the titles (some 8,000) and relevant annotation for each book: bibliography, names of purchasers at the auctions and the books’ sale price, provided in electronic form, it is prefixed by the Prolegomena, the product of research on Guilford’s life and his activity in Corfu, with his efforts and sacrifices in securing the operation of the university, which was his life-work. A series of information and data unknown to date throw further light on the fate of the library.

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Dimitrios A. Stamatopoulos (ed), Το Αγιοταφικό Μετόχι Κωνσταντινουπόλεως: αρχειακές πηγές (18ος – 20ός αι.) [The Holy Sepulchre (Agiotafiko) Metochion in Constantinople: archival sources (18th-20th centuries)] Research Notebooks 32, INR/NHRF, Athens 2010, 260 pp.

The book contains a meticulous listing and analytic description of the contents of a portion of the Constantinople Records of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, 1750-1925, stored in the Rare Books and Special Collections Department of the Firestone Library at Princeton University. In the lengthy and detailed introduction, the author links the detachment of this portion of the Archive with the lawyer and trustee of the Holy Sepulchre in Constantinople Vladimir Mirmiroglou. Furthermore, since the majority of documents consist of promissory 32 notes, a considerable part of the introduction is devoted to an analysis and interpretation of this archival material in connection with the problem of the debt of the Holy Sepulchre Brotherhood in Jerusalem and its Metochion in Constantinople, which assumed alarming dimensions in the early 19th century. For the same reason, the writer chose to present the documents divided into two parts, with the first containing all the documents except for the promissory notes, and the second, promissory notes. It was considered necessary to enumerate the documents of both parts on the basis of chronology, rather than in the order in which they are placed in their folders (the archival material of this section remains uncatalogued). In particular, it was considered necessary to number the promissory notes in chronological order for an understanding of the development of the phenomenon of the Brotherhood’s debts. Apart from promissory notes, the document categories included in this Archive include: a) deeds of trust (vakfiye), b) lists of properties deeded to the Holy Sepulchre, c) bills and account books of income and expenses from various metochia belonging to the Holy Sepulchre throughout the Balkans, d) rental notices and tenants’ leases, e) documents involving the purchase and sale of properties, f) editions from the Patriarchal Printing Press of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, g) documents connected with the finances and administration of the Holy Sepulchre Metochion in Constantinople, including staff salaries and the settlement of accounts, and others. There are also many documents not directly connected with the operations of the Holy Sepulchre Metochion in Constantinople, but with the activities of individuals historically linked with it, or who had served from time to time as its trustees, as for example was the case of Vladimir Mirmiroglou.

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Dimitris Dimitropoulos - Evdokia Olympitou (eds), Fishing in the Greek seas. From testimonies of the past to contemporary reality, Research Notebooks 33, INR/NHRF, Athens 2010, 245 pp.

The collective volume Fishing in the Greek seas. From the testimonies of the past to contemporary reality, contains eleven studies related with fishing activity in the Aegean and Ionian Seas. They cover a long period, from prehistory until modern times, and a wide range of scientific approaches referring to the past: archaeology, history, ethnology and anthropology. These studies present, through selected examples, some aspects of fishing, such as fishing activity in the ancient world, tools and methods, ways and conditions of fishing in recent years in the Aegean and Ionian seas, representations in the ancient painting, and the close association with the world of labour in modern times. The book edited by Dimitris Dimitropoulos and Evdokia Olympitou contains texts of: Nikos Alevyzakis, El. P. Alexakis, Konstantina Bada, Athina Chatzidimitriou, Katia Fragoudi, Helen Gerontakou, Maria Kamonachou, Paschalis M. Kitromilides, George Koutsouflakis, Panayiotis Michailaris and the editors. The volume was the result of a workshop held in Syros in July 2007 as a part of the “Hermoupolis Seminars”, organized by the Institute for Neohellenic Research and the Scientific and Educational Foundation of the Cyclades. 33

HISTORICAL REVIEW

The Historical Review / La Revue Historique Institute for Neohellenic Research / Institut de Recherches Néohelléniques, National Hellenic Research Foundation / Fondation Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique

The first issue of the INR’s bilingual academic journal The Historical Review / La Revue Historique came out in December 2004. It is an annual publication, not restricted exclusively to Modern Greek studies, with the dual aim of making known to the international academic community the conclusions of the research carried out at the Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research, and to produce an international medium of information, exchange of ideas and academic debate in the broader field of historical and humanistic studies. Participants in the periodical’s publication committee are: Roxane Argyropoulou, Paschalis Kitromilides and Eftychia Liata. An International Publishing Committee was constituted in parallel, with: Spyros Asdrachas; Richard Clogg; Giorgos Dertilis; Loukia Droulia; Mark Mazower; Anthony Molho; Vassilis Panagiotopoulos; Andrei Pippidi and Fred Rosen. Tables of contents for each issue are available on the web: http://www.historicalreview.org/index.php/historicalReview

The Historical Review / La Revue Historique Volume 1 (2004), Institute for Neohellenic Research / Institut de Recherches Néohelléniques, National Hellenic Research Foundation / Fondation Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, 292 p.

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The Historical Review / La Revue Historique Volume II (2005), Institute for Neohellenic Research / Institut de Recherches Néohelléniques, National Hellenic Research Foundation / Fondation Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, 258 p.

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The Historical Review / La Revue Historique Volume III (2006), Institute for Neohellenic Research / Institut de Recherches Néohelléniques, National Hellenic Research Foundation / Fondation Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, 255 p.

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The Historical Review / La Revue Historique Volume IV (2007), Institute for Neohellenic Research / Institut de Recherches Néohelléniques, 34

National Hellenic Research Foundation / Fondation Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, 248 p.

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The Historical Review / La Revue Historique, Volume V (2008), Institute for Neohellenic Research / Institut de Recherches Néohelléniques, National Hellenic Research Foundation / Fondation Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, 288 p.

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The Historical Review / La Revue Historique, Volume VI (2009), Institute for Neohellenic Research / Institut de Recherches Néohelléniques, National Hellenic Research Foundation / Fondation Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, 292 p.

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The Historical Review / La Revue Historique, Volume VIΙ (2010), Institute for Neohellenic Research / Institut de Recherches Néohelléniques, National Hellenic Research Foundation / Fondation Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, 360 p. 35

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Α) International History Congresses

Paschalis M. Kitromilides and Triantaphyllos E. Sklavenitis (eds), Ιστοριογραφία της νεότερης και σύγχρονης Ελλάδας 1833-2002 [Historiography of Modern and Contemporary Greece 1833-2002], Proceedings of the Fourth International History Congress INR / NHRF, Athens 2004, 2 vols., 631+767 p.

This is the publication of the proceedings of the Fourth International History Congress whose aim is clearly stated in the Forward to the edition: “the objective of our Congress was the reflection on the routes taken by the historiography of modern and contemporary Greece. The study of history and the cultivation of history writing were the fundamental and defining elements of intellectual life evolving in the Greek state from the dawn of its independence. The real ideological and social needs to which historiography came to meet in the state of Greece endowed the former with special social functions, besides its pure academic character. These functions resulted in the complicated relation of history to Greek society, a relation frequently beset with discord. This is a fact of special importance to the aims of our Congress, and that is what will be discussed and assessed here". In two volumes and 1398 pages, the Proceedings comprise the Foreword of the INR/NHRF’s Director, Professor P.M. Kitromilides; the address of the then chairman of the sponsor, the Commercial Bank, Professor Giannis Stournaras; the opening speech of the president of the Organizing Committee Spyros I Asdrachas; the closing speech of the vice president of the Organizing Committee Professor Vassilis Kremmydas and the main body is the texts of the 68 papers (of 72 listed in the Congress’s programme), presented from 29 October to 3 November 2002.

Volume I: Contents The Formation of the National Historiography: From national history to the history of the society – From the Enlightenment to Romanticism – Greek historiography and the Balkans – History among the social sciences. Cultural History – History of education: The philological compositions – The Greek Press 1784-2002 – Procedures of cultural admixtures – Renewals in cultural history (History of ideas and of collective consciousness – history of collective behaviours and mentalities. New forms of research in the history of education) – History of the exact sciences – History of philosophy. Historiographic debates: The 1821 Greek War of Independence – Occupation – Resistance – Civil War.

Volume II: Contents Social History: Historical demography and geography – Social gender and history – Lifespans – The world of agriculture - Emigration - Diaspora – Ethno-cultural groups. Economic History: The economy and economic history; main hypotheses and research techniques – Agro-economy – Trade and transport – Markets and capital strategy – Industrialization. History of the institutions and the Greek state: The institutions before the establishment of the state (The history of the communities. Under Western rule) – Ecclesiastical institutions – The Orthodox millet and the Orthodox community – Institutional composition of the state (State formation and development. Political parties and alignments). 36

Incorporation of Greek studies in the international canon of historical studies: a Round Table.

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Paschalis M. Kitromilides - Panagiotis D. Michailaris (eds), Μυτιλήνη και Αϊβαλί. Μία αμφίδρομη σχέση στο Βορειοανατολικό Αιγαίο. [Mytilene and Ayvalik. A Bilateral Historical Relationship in the North-eastern Aegean] Proceedings of the Fifth International History Congress. INR/NHRF, Athens 2007, 560 p.

The above book came out in the series of the Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research’s Conference Proceedings, containing the proceedings of the Fifth International History Congress organized by the Institute at Mytilene, Lesbos in October 2003, in cooperation with the Studies Society of Lesbos and the Centre for Asia Minor Studies. The Congress took place at Mytilene’s new Archaeological Museum. It is a substantial volume of 560 pages plus Index, published with the academic editing by Paschalis M. Kitromilides and Panagiotis D. Michailaris. It comprises a Foreword by P.M. Kitromilides, and introductory text by P.D. Michailaris on the thematics of the Congress, followed by 30 papers by Greek and foreign historians that shed light on the close relations maintained for centuries between the island of Lesbos and the Asia Minor coast opposite with the important town of Kydonia. The papers are part of broader thematic cycles treating ecclesiastical life; education and intellectual life; the population; language; the economy; art (devotional painting, music, architecture); town planning, while a further entity is titled ‘Presences and testimonies’. The texts of these entities are by Aglaia Archontidou; A.I. Kalamata; papa-Dimitris Stratis; Roxane D. Argyropoulou and P.M. Kitromilides; P.D. Michailaris; S.Th. Anestides; Ourania Polycandrioti; Stratis Anagnostou; Angeliki Ralli; Dimitra Melissaropoulou; Evridiki Sifneou; Savvas Kofopoulos; Ioli Vigopoulou; Stratis Balaskas; Ioanna Petropoulou; Eugenia Drakopoulou; Katerina Korre-Zographou; Th. Soulakellis; D. Papageorgiou; S. Chtouris; Maria Tsitimaki; D. Psarou, and Em. Kolodny, Renée Hirschon, Patrick Boulanger, Mehmet Genc, Gulden Sariyildiz, Edhem Eldem and Zeki Arikan. The main objective of this Congress, itself of inter-disciplinary nature and orientation, was to study the relationship between the island of Lesbos and the Asia Minor coastal lands in a historical perspective, since the area constituted a uniform whole throughout the ages – whether in its geographic or economic and social dimension – from antiquity to the early 20th century when the area was divided between two national states. The congress itself, and consequently its proceedings, is a milestone in the study of the history of the North-Eastern Aegean, a geographical area which, as far as history is concerned, does not exhibit the intense scholarly activity of other areas of Neo-Hellenic interest such as that of the Ionian Sea – where successive conferences and other academic meetings are organized. The volume kick-starts a new era in the historical study of the North-Eastern Aegean in which the collaboration of Greek and Turkish historians is a sine qua non.

B) Conferences and Symposia

Paschalis M. Kitromilides and Anna Tabaki (eds), Relations Gréco-roumaines. Interculturalité et identité nationale / Greek Romanian Relations. Interculturalism and National Identity. IRN/FNRS, Athens 2004, 318 p. 37

This volume is a collection of three approaches by Greek and Romanian researchers. They were originally presented as papers at the Symposium of the same name organized by the Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research on 26 and 27 September 2000, aiming at publishing the conclusions of research to date and mapping the objects thereof, with a critical review of the ideological and cultural contexts through which the network of Greco-Romanian relations of modern times is inscribed. The bilingual book, in French and English, is articled on thematic entities, at times following and at others exploring or in specialization of the initial thematic disposition of the papers: La tradition post-byzantine / The post-Byzantine tradition (Andrei Pippidi, Maria Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou); Les constructions historiographiques / Historiographical constructions (Alexandru Zub, Paschalis M. Kitromilides); Les courants esthétiques dans la littérature / Aesthetic movements in literature (Anna Tabaki, Victor Ivanovici, Stesi Athini, Ourania Polycandrioti), Le monde des Beaux-Arts / The world of Fine Arts (Razvan Theodorescu, Eugenia Drakopoulou), La multiplicité des identités ethniques et sociales / The multiplicity of ethnic and social identities (Mihai Tipau, Neophytos Harilaou, Anca Dobre, Andronikos Falagas), L’enjeu des archives / Stakes in archival research (Florin Marinescu, Claudiu-Victor Turcitu, Maria Rafaila) and La diaspora comme facteur interculturel / The diaspora as a factor in intercultural exchange (Olga Cicanci, Athanasios E. Karathanassis, Efthymios Nikolaides, Evangelia N. Georgitsoyianni, Gioula Koutsopanagou, Maria Efthymiou). In the forewords to their texts, the editors stress on the one hand the need for a comparative approach and the reassessment of phenomena through dialogue between older academics with the younger generation (Paschalis M. Kitromilides) and on the other the sensibility manifested by the Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research under its founding director, C. Th. Dimaras – an approach adopted by the subsequent directors Loukia Droulia and Vassilis Panagiotopoulos – on the comparative interpretation of the history of ideas in the South-Eastern Europe (Anna Tabaki). Centred on the co-existence of the cultural and intellectual traditions of the Greek and Romanian peoples in early modern times, the multifaceted viewpoint of this collective work poses and scrutinizes a broad spectrum of questions of comparative history of culture and education in South Eastern Europe.

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Giorgos N. Vlahakis and Euthymios Nikolaides (eds), Bυζάντιο - Bενετία - Nεώτερος Eλληνισμός. Mια περιπλάνηση στον κόσμο της ελληνικής επιστημονικής σκέψης [Byzantium - Venice - Modern Hellenism. A peregrination in the world of Greek scientific thought], NHRF, Athens 2004, 320 p.

The proceedings of a conference organized by the Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research’s Programme of History of Sciences together with the Venice Institute of Byzantine and Post- Byzantine Studies in Athens in 2003. The subject of the interaction, osmosis, transfer between Hellenism and the rest of Europe through Italy is not a new one and has in fact been exhaustively studied. Few conferences have nonetheless been focused on the subject, and indeed located in Venice itself where from the 14th century until the city was conquered by Napoleon, the trade goods and knowledge of the East were gathered and whence, in a reverse course, the trade goods and knowledge of the West were sent to the East. Ever since the days of the last Byzantine dynasty, that of Paleologi, Venice and its environs was the most important point for the transmission of knowledge between the East and the West. The Latin conquests of the Greek lands and the various contacts made on the matter 38 of the union of the Churches brought Latin manuscripts on mathematics and astronomy to Byzantium, some of which were translated into or adapted to Greek. Likewise, numerous Greek manuscripts were found in Venice. They contained Greek science and scholarship but were also Greek translations from academies of the East that were unknown in Europe, such as those of Tauris and Maraga in Persia. In the post-Byzantine period – according to the words of scholars of the day and by the means of the university of Padua – Venice “repaid her scholarly debt to the Greeks” by teaching them the new advances in knowledge, whether these were based on the ancient Aristotelian and Ptolemaic tradition or, after Giovanni Poleni’s reforms of 1739, on the new sciences and scholarship. The conference’s thematics concentrated on the role of Venice as the intermediary area between Byzantium and the West, and between the West and the Greek communities in the Ottoman Empire. A few papers presented in more general lines the subject of Western- Hellenic interaction. A major portion of history was covered, from the 11th century and Simeon Seth up to the 18th century of the reforms of Padua’s Venetian university.

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Loukia Droulia (ed.), Ο Ελληνικός Τύπος, 1784 ως σήμερα. Ιστορικές και θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις [The Greek Press, 1784 to this day. Historical and theoretical approaches] International conference proceedings, Athens 23-25 May 2002. Programme: "Encyclopaedia of the Greek Press, 1784-1996", INR/NHRF, Athens 2005, 608 p., 49 illustrations.

The objective of the conference was to broaden the discussion and reply to questions arising from the publication of the Encyclopaedia of the Greek Press an endeavour inevitably selective and at once representative. The substantial tome of the proceedings, composed along the lines adopted by the conference organization committee – conference presentations and open workshops with interventions of the audience – comprises 19 papers, 47 audience interventions and 6 key- note papers at the round table under the title The Press as [medium for] the expression and formulation of collective movements and mentalities. The volume also contains accompanying material willingly provided by many of the participants: tables and tabulations of newspapers – whether by location or by subject – a specialized bibliography, as well as a classified record of advertisements and more, enriching what is generally known about the press and its history, and thus contributing to an important research goal of the Encyclopaedia’s programme – a detailed listing of the Greek press. The papers of the participants as well as the interventions of the audience are collated in five thematic entities on the lines of the three introductory discourses: 1. The Greek Press, wherein following the papers on the historical course of the Greek Press, the evolution of news reporting in the 19th and 20th centuries and the financial Press, the audience interventions are published that aimed at highlighting the problems discussed, such as the distinction between daily paper and periodical, or the matter of the language used by newspapers in the early years of their issue, the question of foreign-language newspapers and their potential inclusion in the category ‘Greek Press’, and also the presentation of certain categories (religious press, underground press, resistance press, etc.). 2. The Press, its world and the flow of news, wherein such subjects were debated as: the end-effect of internet in the survival of the printed Press; the flow of news; The first contributors (scholarly editorialists-journalists); the trade union organs of journalists; the first efforts at improving distribution of newsprint; the news agencies; advertising, caricaturists; 39 illustrators; newspaper technique and the layout of the first page. 3. Capitals and provinces. Papers in this entity were devoted to the Athenian press, the provincial press and specialized periodicals. There are more specific interventions of the audience on the press of Constantinople and Alexandria as major Greek cultural centres and particular reference to the provincial press (Volos; Macedonia-Thrace; Samos; the Dodecanese; Crete) and the provincial periodicals of the inter-war period, as well as of one Athenian quarter – Kallithea – or the press of internal migration. 4. Diaspora. The papers of this entity elaborated on the press of Greek communities beyond the borders, the press as source of the history of these communities, more particularly of Greeks of America, as well as the comparative approach of the ethnic press in the U.S.A. The daily and periodical press of Cyprus is also presented. The interventions of the audience herein were samples of reference to countries (Ottoman Empire; Bulgaria; Albania; Australia; South Africa) or cities (Smyrna, Montreal), where newsprint in Greek circulated or circulates. There is furthermore the sociological approach to the more general issue of the identity of Diaspora in the 20th century. 5. The press as research tool. Collections and electronic files. After introducing the subject in the open workshop, noting that as mirroring current affairs, the press has by now become a tool for research and an historical source it is stated that there is yet a deficiency of detailed listing of Greek newspapers and periodicals and that this is now expected to be filled by the programme of the Encyclopaedia of the Greek Press. 40

ANNUAL C. TH. DIMARAS LECTURES

Michel Delon, O Διαφωτισμός και η σημασία των διαβαθμίσεων / Les Lumières ou le sens des gradations. Translation: Anna Tabaki Addendum: Discussion of Michel Delon and Paschalis M. Kitromilides with Vassilis Mourdoukoutas / Annexe: Entretien de Michel Delon et de Paschalis M. Kitromilidès avec Vassilis Mourdoukoutas Annual C. Th. Dimaras Lecture -2003, INR/NHRF, Athens 2004, 184 p.

This was the eighth annual lecture dedicated to the memory of the founder of the Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research C. Th. Dimaras, a scholar pioneering in the history of ideas of the 18th and 19th centuries, whose oeuvre – as underlined by Michel Delon in his lecture – contributed to the “geographic and chronological enlargement of the notion of European Enlightenment”. The speaker at the eighth lecture was Professor Michel Delon, French and comparative literature professor at the Sorbonne and present Director of the French Society of 18th Century Studies. An eminent representative of French education and scholarship, thanks to his voluminous and multifaceted works, Michel Delon is today one of the most nonconformist and forward-looking voices in the field of history of ideas of the 18th century. Profoundly erudite in philosophical trends, literary movements and the texts themselves, the speaker focused his attention on one of the most interesting aspects of the Enlightenment, constituted by its empirical character and its tendency to grade and measure all kinds of phenomena. Taking as his starting point the famous memorandum of Adamantios Korais On the Present Condition of Culture in Greece, in apt commemoration of the bicentenary of the delivery of this seminal text before the Societé des Observateurs de l' Homme, and substantiated by the abundant fund of textual references drawn from all literary genres, the speaker analysed the significance of gradations in the age of Enlightenment. It was a fascinating and at the same time investigative peregrination from the linguistic and semantic usage of the term to its successive usage: in radical philosophical language, in the unfettering climate as a component element of literary genres (fiction, theatre, poetry) and its echoes in critique and the theory of art. In an Addendum, the complete interview is published of Michel Delon by Professor Paschalis M. Kitromilides in the form of a discussion, that appeared in the Kathimerini newspaper. The interview, monitored by Vassilis Mourdoukoutas, focused on interpretative facets of European Enlightenment as a review of semantic, aesthetic and ideological issues, while key questions regarding the topicality of the spirit of the Enlightenment in today’s world were formulated and answered.

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Jonathan Israel, H Ευρώπη και ο Ριζοσπαστικός Διαφωτισμός. Μια τυπολογία των διανοητικών και πολιτισμικών πηγών της νεωτερικότητας [Europe and the radical Enlightenment. A typology of modernity’s intellectual and cultural roots] Translation: Maria Christina Hatziioannou, C. Th. Dimaras Annual Lecture -2004, INR/NHRF, Athens 2005, 158 p. 41

Jonathan Israel is one of the principal supporters of a new interpretative viewpoint on the European Enlightenment which discerns the existence of an enormous gap between two conflicting enlightenments and their opposite, in a uniform evolution of European thought since the 17th century. They are opposing philosophical and ideological views, which have often been razed or suppressed and that constitute the core of modern values regarding democracy, equality and religious tolerance. Radical Enlightenment had been neglected by students of European revolutions of the 18th century with ethnic and national claims, because of its international character. A pleiad of European intellectuals elaborated on the concepts of radical Enlightenment such as Diderot, Bayle and, mainly, Spinoza. More specifically, radical Enlightenment is seen by the author as part of a revolutionary process setting out at the beginnings of the scientific revolution of the late 17th century and continuing into the 18th. The movement of radical Enlightenment clashed with the ideological defence of monarchy, aristocracy and ecclesiastical power, contested the superiority of men over women as well as the primacy of theology in education. In this lecture Israel thoroughly studied the theoretical underpinnings of the early Enlightenment in Europe and analysed the trends that rendered radical Enlightenment as source of the modern cultural physiognomy of Europe.

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Claude Lauriol, Ο Βολταίρος και η υπόθεση Καλάς. Από την ιστορία στον μύθο [Voltaire et l’affaire Calas. De l’histoire au mythe], Translation: Anna Tabaki. Annual C.Th. Dimaras Lecture -2005, INR/NHRF , Athens 2006, 142 p.

According to the speaker, the Calas Affair is still alive in the collective memory of the French people. This case of bigotry and its connection to Voltaire’s famous Traité sur la tolerance [Treatise on tolerance], a case that has not been properly investigated yet, is treated from all sides in this lecture. The lecture begins with a systematic exposé of facts: the death of the young Marc Antoine Calas in the ground floor of the family home in Toulouse (attributed to a possible suicide or unsolved murder) which was unhesitatingly imputed to the father, Jean Calas, a Huguenot cloth merchant. Public opinion assumed that the father killed his son upon being ordered to do so by the Protestant Church to prevent his conversion to Catholicism. The Supreme Court of Toulouse sentenced the father to death by torture. Claude Lauriol, who specializes in the study of dogmatic and religious quarrels in France in the 18th century, places the matter in its broader context of reference, connecting it to the climate reigning in France against the Huguenots after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. This is but one of the parameters of the affair. The other regards the active, albeit somewhat delayed involvement of Voltaire, leading him to write the Traité sur la tolerance as well as his mobilization for the restoration of Jean Calas’s reputation after his death. The whole argumentation is very interesting, as is the analysis of the Traité. Voltaire’s stance remains a complicated issue, as the Deist philosopher gradually relieved his support for Protestants and gravitated towards religious indifference. The Huguenots felt therefore some embarrassment and criticized the Traité. Yet the dynamics of Voltaire’s undertaking went much further than the contested points of his Traité, cloaking him in the legendary dimension of a fierce advocate of individual and religious liberty. 42

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Benedetta Craveri, H συμβολή των γυναικών σε μια νέα μορφή κοινωνικότητας (17ος-18ος αιώνας) [La contribution des femmes à une nouvelle forme de civilité (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles)] Translation: Roxane D. Argyropoulou. Annual C. Th. Dimaras Lecture -2006, INR/NHRF , Athens 2007, 107 p.

This lecture brings to the fore a new form of female social behaviour predominating in the world of French letters and politics during the 17th and 18th centuries. Studying the prevalence of women of the aristocracy and the urban class in French society, Professor Benedetta Craveri focuses on the influence they exerted on ethics, language, art, literature, psychological and moral thought, and religious belief. In Renaissance and counter-Reformation Europe women were to be found in the margins of political and social life. In France, however, from the 16th century on, women of the aristocracy enjoyed a more liberal treatment. Yet their social presence was to take a decisive turn from the very early 17th century, when they gained control of the new form of liberation that came about under the guise of entertainment within the courtly premises of Versailles or those of rich private houses. Distancing themselves from the atmosphere of the court and Cardinal Richelieu, certain women of the aristocracy embraced the Fronde Movement, turning to the Jansenism of Port-Royal and at the same time becoming the arbiters of etiquette, good taste, the French language and literature. They also took a keen interest in the education of girls. In the manuals published at the time they aimed to form both the “honest” man – the model of the morality of the period – and the “honest” woman. In the salons of the 17th century Précieuses, an art of living was created in Paris arousing the admiration and curiosity of the whole of Europe. Outstanding in the circle of the Précieuses were the cousin of Louis XIV la Grande Mademoiselle, Madame de Maintenon, esteemed writers such as Madeleine de Scudéry, Madame de La Fayette, Madame de Sévigné, who left chefs-d’oeuvres of French culture. The salons were frequented by figures of French classicism: La Rochefoucauld, Racine, La Bruyère. They were succeeded in the 18th century by other significant personalities of Parisian life: Madame de Lambert, Ninon de Lenclos, Madame de Tencin, Julie de Lespinasse, Madame du Deffand, the Duchess du Maine, Madame Geoffroy, Madame Necker were to encourage their select guests, Montesquieu, Voltaire, the Encyclopaedists in their work. Despite the fatal blow dealt to the ancien régime by the French Revolution, this social phenomenon, later preserved, represented not only the expression of French culture but in general a chapter of the Feminist movement.

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Janet Coleman, Αρχαία ελληνικά, νεωτερικά και μετανεωτερικά στοιχεία του πολιτικού συν-αγωνισμού. Οι δυνατότητες της δημοκρατικής ανοχής [Ancient Greek, Modern and Post-Modern Agonisms. The possibilities for democratic toleration], Translation: Marios Hatzopoulos. Annual C. Th. Dimaras Lecture -2007, INR/NHRF, Athens 2008, 136 p.

With this paper, Janet Coleman, a top-ranking historian of political thought in our day, made her own contribution in the dialogue between the Ancients and the Moderns and, indeed, in the field of contemporary intellectual history of Europe. The paper describes the quest for a different approach to the issues of political incorporation and strategies for mobilization of 43 citizens in contemporary society – a society based on subjectivism and value pluralism. Coleman’s point of departure and main frame of reference was the political thought of classical Greece – Aristotle in particular – bringing to the forefront the notion of agonism as the main structural component of political life in the ancient Greek city. From Coleman’s point of view, the ancient Athenians had succeeded in building a sense of common will, positioned above individual bonds of devotion to faith, family, community or profession. Individuals were thus raised to the status of citizens par excellence and were consequently involved in fertile antitheses as free men in a free society, antitheses not of an antagonistic but agonistic nature, following specific rules with the ultimate goal of benefiting the city. Coleman then thoroughly analyses the theoretical context upon which the notion of toleration is based in modern societies in such a way as to constitute a sine qua non condition for any democracy. Contrary to the tradition of classical political thought, modern political theory holds that the individual is a pre-eminently natural entity unshackled from social frameworks and society and custom. In this perspective, toleration is conceived as an ethical idea requiring the formulation of judgements exclusively stemming from individual and not collective rationality, either approving or deploring diverse life practices. Aristotle on the contrary maintained that we disapprove of something when we judge it to be wrong and that this judgement is not a matter of personal choice. This is precisely where the notion of agonism comes into play: in other words the perception that through a dialectic procedure the right judgement may be formed to suit the circumstance, and that this will come about if there is already an established ground of common morality. Aristotelian agonism does not demand the fabrication of an artificial unanimity grounded on the abstract principle of tolerance in such a way as to make of humans who were formerly solitary and hostile, beings forming communities, as postulated by modern political thought. In the opinion of Aristotle, the factor that keeps a human society together in the sense of the city, is a mutual feeling of friendship among citizens, the outcome of which is social concord: homo-noia, both at the level of ethics as of action. Through the contrast between classical and modern political thought upon the potential existence of democratic tolerance, in her conclusions Coleman shows the crucial role that may be played by the Aristotelian notion of homo-noein in confrontation of the fragmentation of the social fabric in today’s societies of late modernity. ***

Vincenzo Rotolo, Τα πενήντα χρόνια του Ινστιτούτου Νεοελληνικών Ερευνών: Ένας απολογισμός [Fifty years of the Institute for Neohellenic Research: A Retrospective] Translation: Α. Ntouma Annual C. Th. Dimaras Lecture -2008, INR/NHRF, Athens 2009, 100 p.

The speaker for the 2008 Annual Dimaras’ Lecture was Vicenzo Rotolo, Professor at the University of Palermo and President of the Institute for Byzantine and Neohellenic studies “Bruno Lavagnini” in Sicily. An acclaimed expert on the movement of Neohellenic Enlightenment, Rotolo witnessed the evolution of the Institute for Neohellenic Studies (INR) since its foundation almost half a century ago. His lecture aimed mainly at tracing this long and successful course. Not unexpectedly, Rotolo started his lecture with a praise to the Institute founder C. Th. Dimaras, whose path-breaking work on the Neohellenic Enlightenment and the history of Greek Literature inspired many scholars – and Rotolo himself. The speaker then went across the milestones of the INR’s life, in conjunction to the major political events that marked the recent history of Greece, all the while recounting the publishing achievements of the Institute, such as the series Cahiers de Recherché, the numerous symposia proceedings, the 44 anniversary publications, the yearly publication of C. Th. Dimaras anniversary lecture, as well as the most recent series (e.g. Library of the History of Ideas, Library of the Encyclopaedia of Greek Press, Sources of Greek Literature and History, Sources of Cypriot Literature), the periodicals (e.g. the INR bulletin) and the most recent publication, the bilingual academic journal The Historical Review / La Revue Historique published since 2004. When founding INR, Dimaras delineated the fields of interest along which the Institute’s research activity would develop. Apart from the history of ideas, Dimaras’ life-long interest, traveller’s literature, history of Greek cartography, social and economic history of the Ottoman-ruled Greek lands, historical geography and demography, history of institutions, history of technology and production, came into focus, becoming core-themes in respective research programmes and international conferences or symposia organized by the INR. Rotolo did refer to the way INR utilized the capabilities of the digital era producing innovative and highly useful data-bases in respect to existing research programmes. Equally, he did commend on the programme Historical Archive of the Greek Youth that the INR hosts, with a publishing record of 45 titles so far, and the Ermoupolis Seminars that the Institute organises each year on the island of Syros since 1985. As an old-time user of the INR library, Rotolo recalled its first steps and expressed his satisfaction for its great progress and considerable development: the archive of manuscripts and microfilms, the rich collection of Greek portraiture, a 350-strong collection of maps and various private collections and archives donated. The speaker finally concluded that the fertile intellectual climate developed at the INR, thanks to the people who served as its Directors, beginning with C. Th. Dimaras, facilitated the kick-off of many scholarly careers. In sum, the lecture of Rotolo about the Institute of Neohellenic Research was a richly documented review of a 50 year-long record of achievements; even more so, it was a first-hand account of the Institute’s history by a most reliable witness.

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Knud Haakonssen, Διαφωτισμοί και Θρησκείες [Enlightenment and Religions] Translation: Ρωξάνη Αργυροπούλου Annual C. Th. Dimaras Lecture -2009, INR/NHRF, Athens 2010, 140 pp.

Half a century ago, friends and foes of the Enlightenment were at least agreed that this phenomenon in European history was characterised by anti-clericalism and some degree of critical distance to religion. Today, many scholars are defending an Enlightenment that is, if not a religious movement, at least intimately intertwined with religion. Much of the work that has been done has consisted in using the relationship between Enlightenment and religion to re-define the concept of either or of both. In considering this debate about the nature of the Enlightenment and its relationship to religion, we may conveniently start from the publication some forty years ago of one particularly important work. Peter Gay’s The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, published in 1966, was a major synthesis that aimed at surveying the European Enlightenment as a whole, and it did so in order to argue for the general thesis that the modern secular world had been intellectually shaped in its essentials through the leading thinkers of the Enlightenment. This idea that the Enlightenment in its very nature was irreligious and anti-clerical was not new. His work was thus at variance with the fine-grained contextual study of texts that was rapidly establishing itself as a virtual ‘school’, soon to be known as ‘the Cambridge school’ of intellectual history. 45

As part of the growing fashion for cultural history, scholars began to investigate the Enlightenment as a variety of distinctive practices, as opposed to a set of articulated doctrines. For example, there was Robert Darnton’s disclosure of an Enlightenment running in social classes and groups that had been entirely obscured by traditional history of the ideas of the ‘high’ Enlightenment. Or there was Jürgen Habermas’ theory of a ‘public sphere’ in which more or less institutionalised practices took form, an idea that has sparked a wide variety of studies. But by the 1960s and 70s, not least under influence of Thomas Kuhn’s work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, science itself began to have its history written in a new way, not as analysis of the progress of scientific ideas, but as the account of communities of individuals united in forms of behaviour, attitudes, methods and techniques. A rather different argument for diversity came with the suggestion that the Enlightenment should be seen in national context, an idea that first was made popular in a collection of articles edited by Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich. The common feature of all these briefly indicated developments is that they tended to explode the idea of one coherent Enlightenment. They were aimed at creating a diverse Enlightenment or a plurality of Enlightenments. In view of this dramatic pluralism, it is hardly surprising that the relationship between Enlightenment and religion has been thrown wide open. However, partly as a consequence of the pluralistic ideas of intellectual history outlined earlier, the relevant notion of religion was transformed. It became possible to see it as a shift from institutionalised ritualistic religion to a different form of religious practice. If both Enlightenment and religion in the eighteenth century are as many-sided and complex, then the idea of relating them to each other becomes rather dubious. One of the most prominent contributions to recent Enlightenment debate has been the previously mentioned work by Jonathan Israel. His central suggestion is that we can and must identify the Enlightenment in terms of Spinoza and his legacy. Another important case from the Continental Protestant world that is likely to confound notions of a straight march of the mind towards modernity is that of Protestant natural law. However, it was in fact only with the so-called Catholic revival of the late nineteenth century that natural law became quite the prominent hallmark of the Roman Catholic religion that we think of today. While there are striking theories of individual rights in the early-modern period, it is more than a little difficult to make them into anything like a coherent tradition, and they were definitely not the dominant feature of Protestant natural law in general. To the contrary, the latter was in most cases a secular version of the Christian doctrine of the duties and offices that was thought to make up life on earth. The common natural law doctrine was a holistic social ethics in which rights were secondary and subordinate to considerations of the common good or public safety. Here it is intriguing to compare Geneva and Scotland. In both countries, the encounter between Enlightenment and Calvinist theology has often been considered to be related and connected.. The so-called Moderate party in the Scottish Church has become emblematic of this form of Enlightenment. At the same time, outside of this mainstream of Moderatism there was a wide variety of serious intellectual accommodations between Calvinist theology and Enlightenment ideas, a phenomenon that has been referred to as a hitherto “invisible Enlightenment” of evangelical ministers and lay people who shared progressive educational ideals that we associate with Enlightenment in the conventional sense. The countries making up not just Great Britain, but the British Isles were in many ways the epitome of the complex relations between church and state in the early-modern period. Conventionally we would say that separation of church and state based upon the idea that the church is a private voluntary association is an Enlightenment ideal, and because such ideas had roots in Calvinism, this form of theology has commonly been associated with the birth of the Enlightenment, most famously in Hugh Trevor-Roper’s essay on ‘The religious origins of the Enlightenment.’ Turning to the opposing side of the confessional divide, 46 convention would have it that the very antithesis of Enlightenment was a Church, such as the Anglican, that saw itself as established on the basis of the apostolic succession and hence in principle as universal, encompassing the state and entitled to its protection as part of divine providence (indeed, there remained a strong element of divine-right ideology within the Anglican Church). A particularist approach to the question of Enlightenment and religion would likewise seem to have direct implications for the long-standing debate whether and in what sense there was a transfer of ‘the’ Enlightenment to the Orthodox world. Behind that set of problems lurk the big questions, whether it makes sense to talk of a coherent European Christianity as an object of ‘the’ Enlightenment’s attention, and whether ‘the’ Enlightenment’s supposed issue in a secularised culture is a European ‘Sonderweg’, rather than being the mother of all modernity. 47

BOOKLETS

Newsletter for the history of science in South Eastern Europe, Published by the History of Science Programme No 8, April 2005. INR, National Hellenic Research Foundation Contents of No 8: History of science in the Greek area; EPS Symposium in Athens; Radical approaches of science; Ottoman science, technology and learning; Ottoman science and military art; Ali Qushji and Sali Zeki; Symposium in Assos, Turkey; Studies in Ottoman science; Greek mathematics in Bulgaria; Social studies of science in Bulgaria; Phd Theses on history of science; Byzantium-Venice-Modern Hellenism; European Society History of Science; History and Pedagogy of Mathematics; History of Medicine Congress; 2005 DHS Prize for Young Scholars; Sciences in Southeastern Europe; Diffusion of science and technology; E. Ihsanoglu SG of the Islamic Conference

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Newsletter for the History of Science in South Eastern Europe Published by the History of Science Programme INR, National Hellenic Research Foundation - IAA, National Observatory of Athens No 9, February 2007 The Newsletter can also be found on Internet: www.eie.gr/hasi Contents of No 9: The new Museum of the Observatory of Athens 3rd Hellenic Conference on History, Philosophy and Science Teaching EPS Conference ‘Notions of Physics in Natural Philosophy’ Science and technology: Ottoman Empire and National States Natural and Applied Science Literature during the Ottoman Period Studies in Ottoman Science Symposium on the History of Science and Technology Diversity of Mathematical Cultures in History Science and Social Justice Radical approaches in Science and Education Physics and physicists in Greece Ideology and Modern Greek science The Greek collections of scientific instruments The Greek Engineers Byzantine Cosmology GIREP-EPEC 2007 Conference ‘Frontiers of Physics Education’ A scientific instrument collection in Croatia News from the EPS History of Physics (HoP) Group DHST Prize for Young Scholars New review: Critical / Science & Education 48

International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science: new board and new site

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Newsletter for the History of Science in South Eastern Europe Published by the History of Science Programme INR, National Hellenic Research Foundation - IAA, National Observatory of Athens No 10, January 2008 This number contains the activities (conferences, publications, research projects, etc.) of the Programme History of Science for the year 2007. Besides its printed form, the Newsletter may also be found on the web: www.eie.gr/hasi Contents of No 10: News: The Museum of Astronomy and Earth sciences of the National Observatory of Athens. The Hellenic Society of History, Philosophy and Didactics of Science. Balkan of discoveries. Books and Journals: Europe, a common scientific space. Notions of Physics in Natural Philosophy, an EPS Conference Proceedings. Trafficking Materials and Gendered Experimental Practices. Ottoman Cannon Technology. wIslam and Anti-Westernism. Modernisation of Ottoman Navy. wAdnan Adivar and Celal Saraç. Two books on Greek history and philosophy of science, 18th-19th c. The topicality of Ancient Greek Philosophy. wCritical / Science and Education, Issues 5 and 6. Conferences: The Elati Seminars. Fourth Hellenic Conference on History, Philosophy and Science Teaching: Issues in Science, Philosophy and Didactics. History of Physics Group of EPS Annual Meeting. Conference GIREP EPEC. Mathematics and Technology in the body of education: the gender perspective. IUHPS/DHST Women Commission Conference in Syros. Conference on Mathematics Teaching. Obituary: Erdal Inonu (1926-2007)

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Neo-Hellenic files on Internet. Data Bases and Digitalized Collections, Institute of Neo-Hellenic Research of the National Hellenic Research Foundation, Programme ‘The Information Society’, ‘Pandektis’ Project Athens 2007, 47 p. Not for sale

A booklet publicizing the results of the INR’s participation in the Pandektis Programme with a detailed presentation, richly illustrated, of the nine data bases and digitalized collections available on the internet since 20 December 2007 . The publication was supervised by Katerina Dede and Triantaphyllos E. Sklavenitis who also wrote the foreword. It starts with the descriptions of the data bases and collections, each written by the people in charge of the relevant project: Neo-Hellenic Portrait-Painting (Triantaphyllos E. Sklavenitis), Travel Literature 15th-19th centuries: texts and text illustration (Ioli Vigopoulou), Data of Greek Cartography (Giorgos Tolias), Re-naming of Settlements in Greece (Dimitris Dimitropoulos, Leonidas Kallivretakis), Archive of Heraldic Monuments in Greece (Leonidas Kallivretakis), 49

Greek Painters after the fall of Constantinople 1450-1830 (Eugenia Drakopoulou), Functionaries of Higher, Middle and Primary Education (19th c): biographical and publications data (David Antoniou, Triantaphyllos E. Sklavenitis), The Greek Press Abroad (Loukia Droulia, Gioula Koutsopanagou), Industial and Artisanal Businesss in the Aegean (Evridiki Sifneou, Evdokia Olympitou). The INR/NHRF is presented at the end, with its departments, research programmes and data gathering actions.

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Machi Paizi-Apostolopoulou (ed.), The National Research Foundation’s Institute of Neohellenic Research collection manuscripts. Exhibition catalogue, Hellenic Palaeography Society 10 years, National Research Foundation 50 years, Athens 2008 (12 p.) On the 18th of December a colloquium was held at the amphitheatre of the National Research Foundation; the colloquium’s main issue was: “…writing is for ever”. Within the framework of this event, it was deemed appropriate to organise an Exhibition of the manuscripts owned by the Institute of Neohellenic Research which have been eagerly acquired by its older members. Despite the fact that the largest part of this collection has been with the Institute since 1964, the aforementioned Exhibition served as the opportunity to push forward the significance as well as the rarity presented by a number of the manuscripts of this small collection. The ensuing Catalogue which contains a brief description of the manuscripts along with certain indicative information and photographs may serve in making them more widely known while it may represent the opportunity for the expression of general interest as far as the manuscripts of the Institute’s collection are concerned. 50

HISTORICAL ARCHIVE OF GREEK YOUTH

Vaggelis D. Karamanolakis Η συγκρότηση της ιστορικής επιστήμης και η διδασκαλία της ιστορίας στο Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών (1837-1932) [The formation of historical scholarship and history teaching at the university of Athens (1837-1932)] Historical Archive of Greek Youth (HAGY) of the Younger Generation General Secretariat (YGGS), No 42, INR/NHRF , Athens 2006, 549 p.

The starting assumption of the book is that history is formed as an academic discipline through the catalytic influence of educational institutions aimed at producing and disseminating knowledge, such as universities. To a great extent, these institutions impose upon historiographic production the logic of their formation and function; the values governing them; their practices in advancing authority and the relationship of forces prevalent in them; and, their relations with political power and society. Since its founding (1837), and parallel to providing staff to the state apparatus, the University of Athens has undertaken to form, express and disseminate a discourse that was addressed to all the citizens of the new State in multiple ways. Its national role was commonly acceptable and, to a great extent, it determined its character, as was also the case with the corresponding institutions in Western Europe. The symbolic authority ascribed to the University of Athens from the early years of its founding did not pertain only to its educational mission but also to its usefulness with regard to advancing the Hellenic kingdom’s broader objectives under the new geopolitical conditions in the region. The connection between the Great Idea in its diverse meanings and the cultural propagation of Hellenism primarily in the Ottoman Empire has lent a special role to the University of Athens: that of a body commissioned to produce knowledge and develop professional- scientific personnel. Its mission as well as that of university teachers was to go beyond the teaching halls and disseminate its message to the broader area of “the Greek East”, beyond the borders of the Greek state. In this context, language, religion and particularly history which is the subject of this book, provided the homogenising elements linking the subjects of the Hellenic kingdom with their “unredeemed brethren” in the Ottoman Empire. History’s development in the University and its gradual formation into an academic subject with principles and research methods is reflected in the entire Greek historiographical production. The first four parts of the book focus on history teaching in the School of Philosophy. Each part is preceded by a brief overview of the institutional and historical development of the University of Athens in the corresponding period. In the last part, an overall overview regarding historical studies in the University of Athens is undertaken. Initially, the physiognomy of history teachers is examined. Then, on the basis of indexing and statistical processing of all the subjects taught at the University’s Faculty of Philosophy, history teaching is explored in the constellation of the curriculum’s overall development and its position is evaluated as against the other cognate subjects. The last pages of the book go back to the central question raised in the course of this work, which is: In a newly established State having no scientific tradition, how is it that the twofold substance of the University as an institution and a symbol has contributed decisively in the elaboration of historical scholarship and this in a complicated, multiform, sometimes contradictory and remarkably politicized process. 51

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Dimitris Sp. Tseres, Η μέση εκπαίδευση στη Λευκάδα (1829-1929). Επεξεργασμένα στοιχεία για τους εκπαιδευτικούς και τους μαθητές με τη βάση δεδομένων σε CD-ROM. Κατάλογος του Αρχείου του Γυμνασίου και του Ελληνικού Σχολείου [High School Education in Lefkada 1829-1929. Processed Data relating to Teachers and Pupils. Catalogue of the Archives of the Gymnasium and the Greek School] Historical Archive of Greek Youth (HAGY) of the Younger Generation General Secretariat (YGGS), No 43, INR/NHRF , Athens 2006, 414 p.

This book is based on thorough-going research in the archives of the Gymnasium of Lefkada (1829-1960) and the Greek School of Lefkada (1866-1929), all the material from which is assembled on the CD-ROM that accompanies the book. The same details have also been uploaded on to the Internet (site www.iaen.gr). This material consists of an alphabetical list as well as a list by school year of a) the teaching staff and b) the pupils of the schools above. The list of pupils includes their place of origin, their father’s profession, the years of study by grade, their age and the end-of-year results of every pupil. These data form the basis for the charts that constitute the second part of the book. The first part of the book - after a short introduction to the history of education in the Ionian Islands and the Greek State - contains an interpretation of the charts above. First, with regard to the teaching staff, there is an examination of the typical qualifications, number, specialities and place of origin of the teachers who served at the Gymnasium and at the Greek School of Lefkada. Secondly, with regard to the pupils, there is an examination of the possibility of access to high-school education in Lefkada and pupils’ progress within the schools over time as well as in comparison to the rest of the Greek State. There is also an examination of the relationship between the possibility of pupils’ access to high-school education in Lefkada and their social origin, gender and place of origin and, finally, there is an examination of the relationship between social origin and pupils’ performance. The third part of the book includes the catalogue of the archive of the Gymnasium of Lefkada (1829-1960) and the Greek School of Lefkada (1866-1929).

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Kostas Katsapis, Ήχοι και. Κοινωνική ιστορία του ροκ εν ρολ φαινομένου στην Ελλάδα, 1956-1967 [Sounds and reverberations. A social history of the rock ‘n roll phenomenon in Greece, 1956- 1967], Historical Archive of Greek Youth (HAGY) of the Younger Generation General Secretariat (YGGS), No 45, INR/NHRF , Athens 2007, 467 p. [ISBN 978-960-7138-39-2]

Fifty years after its appearance, in Greece too rock ‘n roll has begun to be the object of historiographic inquiry. The book’s subject is the arrival of rock ‘n roll in Greece, the framework in which it acquired a quite specific meaning as well as the tools employed for its interpretation. Rock ‘n roll was a fashion in music and dancing that conquered the youth of the mid-50s. Although it was heralded the world over as something totally new, the ‘authentic’ version of 52 rock ‘n roll was none else than the evolution of Rhythm ‘n Blues. The latter was part of Coloured music, and from the 40s already a favourite of big-city Afro-Americans. After Bill Halley’s hit Rock around the Clock, Rhythm ‘n Blues ceased to belong exclusively in the black domain and spread to big audiences of fanatic young white fans, acquired new artistic idols with international acclaim (Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Chuck Berry, etc.) and became known world-wide with a new name: Rock ‘n Roll. Both in the United States and the countries where it was seen as a youthful, ‘frenzied’ and probably ephemeral fashion, the appearance of Rock ‘n Roll triggered intensive controversy, it being considered that its propagation among the young was directly related to the increase in youthful transgression, together with a general looseness in the morals of the young. The interpretation of Rock ‘n Roll in Greece is the object of this book. Its basic premise is that the reactions aroused against this musical trend were pretexts, in essence cloaking a more general anxiety relative to the future of post-war Greek youth, the influences they were exposed to, their political conduct. Insofar as the Left is concerned, Rock ‘n Roll was perceived and castigated as the thin edge of the wedge of an attempt at americanization and political neutralization of Greek youth, while for the conservative circles of Greek society, Rock ‘n Roll was music potentially undermining the powers and influence of (Greek Orthodox) tradition, thus guiding its young fans ‘astray’ and ‘to the bad’.

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Anna Angelopoulou, Marianthi Kaplanoglou, Emmanuela Katrinaki, Eπεξεργασία παραμυθιακών τύπων και παραλλαγών AT 560-AT699, <Γ. Mέγα, Kατάλογος ελληνικών παραμυθιών 5> [Processing of fairy tale types and variations AT 560-AT699, ],

Historical Archive of Greek Youth of the Younger Generation General Secretariat, No. 44, INR/NHRF , Athens 2007, 519 p. This is the fifth volume of the catalogue of Greek fairy tales, in completion of the processing of ‘magic tales’. As was the case for the foregoing volumes, it is based on G. A. Megas’s catalogue, following in the general lines of its classification, proposing, however, either a different classification for certain fairy tales, or classifying a different type or sub-type. It also takes into consideration the revised edition of fairy tales by Aarne-Thompson-Uther (ATU), recently published by Professor Hans-Jörg Uther. The book comprises and analyses the AT 560-699 types (magic objects AT 560-AT-649 – supernatural strength and knowledge AT 650-699). The typical common element of the first group of these fairy tales is the acquisition by the hero of a magic object (lamp, ring, mill, sword, etc.) which assists him to fulfil his desires, to overcome his tribulations and triumph at the end of every story. In the second group the hero is endowed with magic powers (speaking with animals, a mind-reader, strong as a bear, etc.) thanks to which he achieves his goals at the end of his fabled course.

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Agapoula Kotsi, Νοσολογία των παιδικών ηλικιών και της νεολαίας (20ός αιώνας) [Childhood and youthful pathology (20th century)], HAGY/YGGS, No. 46, INR/NHRF, Athens 2008. 53

Developments in child and young persons’ pathology and mortality emerging from the analysis of use of hospital services for the child and under-age populations, according to category of disease and death rate per cause of death, are positive for Greece in the 20th century, both compared to equivalent developments in other countries and to the domestic record. The rate of children’s and young persons’ pathology and mortality is on a downward course for the entire post-war period, although it had been at a high point for a while in the period, concerning all age groups of the child and young population, very young ages in particular, which had seen a considerable increase in all the pre-war period. The nosological model of the pre-war period was gradually replaced with a differentiated model in the years after the war, both in relation to the total population and among the separate age groups of this population. The developments are attributed to numerous factors, medical or not, such as the increased per capita GDP, of the funds for health care, of the medical and nursing staff, the number of births in hospital with a doctor in attendance, the improved organization of health services, the more widespread immunizations, evolution of pharmaceutical treatment and prevention programmes, the urbanization of the population, improvement of the standard of living, to the housing conditions, the education level, etc., without it being possible to specify which factors operated in each period of time with greater decisiveness to form the modern pathological model. After a lengthy time span during which reduction of mortality and treatment of illness in children and young people were the principal concern of health care policy, mortality for these groups was henceforth low, and serious chronic complaints were rare. Nonetheless, a new spectrum of ill health, psycho-social conditions and way of life brought about an unfavourable framework for the welfare of this portion of the population, the indices of pathology and mortality may perhaps no longer suffice to indicate the state of health of children and young people, whilst the nosological model of the end of the 20th century brings a fresh dimension to the notion of health, having to cover both the physical state and the psychological function and social relations. The subject has acquired particular significance, since the transition from childhood to adulthood is a period in which the fundaments are established for the future state of health of individuals, and confronting and handling the problems arising during this time constitute a challenge for the social and sanitary services to develop suitable policies ensuring healthy future populations.

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Ioanna Papathanassiou, (in collaboration with Polina Iordanidou, Ada Kapola, Tassos Sakellaropoulos, Angeliki Christodoulou), Η Νεολαία Λαμπράκη τη δεκαετία του 1960. Αρχειακές τεκμηριώσεις και αυτοβιογραφικές καταθέσεις [The Lambraki Youth in the 60s. Archival documentation and autobiographical testimonials], HAGY/YGGS No. 47, INR/NHRF, Athens 2008.

The Democratic Lambraki Youth, the most dynamic component of the popular youth movement of the years 1964-1967, a legendary organization but also, in practical terms, an ‘unexplored area’ is placed at the centre of this particular endeavour. The initiative we undertook as a team in the framework of the Historical Archive of Greek Youth (HAGY) programmes had as its aim the production of a complete infrastructure capable of a distinct rendition of the historical course of the Lambraki Youth. Archival documents and the diverse traces the organization left in its short-lived existence are restored in their chronicled 54 sequences, become accessible and, for the first time, are cross-checked with the memories of its leading cadres. According to this logic the present volume must ab initio be considered as research leading to research in itself, as an attempt that aims mainly at documentation, combining it with historical inquiry. Following a brief introduction outlining the postulation of the research, an historical diagram is made of the political youth of the Left who maintained the ‘thread of continuity’ from the end of the civil war until the dictatorship of 21 April 1967. In this framework the DLY acquires its proper place through the constant recollection of the stable documentary frame, which follows, articulated in four parts: a. the detailed presentation of the archive of the Central Committee of the organization, now kept at the ASKI archives, and constitutes part of the Archive of the pre-dictatorship EDA (United Democratic Left). b. a systematic record of all its printed matter and the indexation of the series of the periodical Notebooks of Democracy (Tetradia tis Democratias) and the newspaper I Genia mas (Our Generation). c. Indexation of the I Avgi newspaper on subjects regarding the activities of the organization as well as references relating to the estimates of the DLY by the EDA party and political opponents. d. the presentation of short autobiographical interviews with the members of the Central Committee of the organization. An exhaustive chronicle for the period January 1963 to April 1967, complements the thematic units and, composed on three levels: activities of the younger generation, the Greek political scene and the international political framework, it aspires to coordinate the data of the days to facilitate the user. The edition, finally, is accompanied, inset in its back cover, by a CD containing the detailed data base constituted on the basis of material published in the I Avge newspaper on the subject of the Lambraki Youth.