DOCSLIB.ORG

The Evangelization of the Ottoman Christians in Western Anatolia in the Nineteenth Century Merih Erol*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Evangelization of the Ottoman Christians in Western Anatolia in the Nineteenth Century Merih Erol* “All We Hope is a Generous Revival”: The Evangelization of the Ottoman Christians in Western Anatolia in the Nineteenth Century Merih Erol* “Bütün Ümidimiz Cömert Bir Uyanış”: On Dokuzuncu Yüzyılda Batı Anadolu’da Os- manlı Hıristiyanlarının Evanjelizasyonu Öz Bu makalenin konusu 1870 ve 1880’li yıllarda American Board of Commis- sioners for Foreign Missions adlı misyonerlik örgütünün Batı Türkiye Misyonu adlı biriminin kapsamındaki Manisa ve İzmir istasyonlarında yürüttüğü faaliyetler ve bu bölgedeki Rum ve Ermenilere İncil’in mesajını öğretme çabalarıdır. Esas kaynaklar olarak Amerikalı Protestan misyoner Marcellus Bowen’ın 1874-1880 yılları arasın- da Manisa’dan Boston’daki ana merkeze ve Yunanistan kökenli Protestan misyoner George Constantine’in 1880-1889 yılları arasında İzmir’den Boston’a gönderdikleri mektuplar kullanılmıştır. Bu birinci şahıs anlatımlar olguları ve olayları anında ve doğrudan yorumladıkları için çok zengin bir malzeme sunarlar. Bu çalışma, Ameri- kalı misyonerlerin faaliyetlerini İzmir’in çokkültürlü ve çokuluslu toplumuna uyar- lama çabalarını, bölgede yaşayan Rumlara ve Ermenilere vaaz verirken ya da onlara ibadet için seslenirken hangi dilin kullanılması gerektiği konusundaki kanaatlerini ve gerekçelerini, Protestan misyonerlere muhalefet eden İzmir’deki Rum Ortodoks yüksek rütbeli ruhbanlarının başvurduğu yolları ve dini kitap satma, okul ve kilise açma/yapma eylemlerinin Osmanlı yetkililerince hangi şartlara bağlandığını ve yet- kililerin engelleriyle karşılaştıklarında misyonerlerin hangi aracılara başvurduklarını incelemektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: İzmir, Anadolu’da misyonerlik faaliyetleri, Ermeni ve Rum Pro- testanlar, mezhep/din değiştirme, on dokuzuncu yüzyıl. * Özyeğin University. Osmanlı Araştırmaları / The Journal of Ottoman Studies, LV (2020), 243-280 243 “ALL WE HOPE IS A GENEROUS REVIVAL” Introduction Smyrna/İzmir was the first mission station of the American Board of Com- missioners for Foreign Missions in Ottoman Turkey.1 Yet the British Protestants’ arrival in the city was earlier. In 1815, two missionaries of the Anglican Church Missionary Society came to İzmir with the intention of forming a Bible Society. William Jowett and James Connor founded a Bible Society in İzmir with the full approval of the Greek Bishop. Their goal was to further Christian education and missionary endeavor. The two American missionaries sent by the ABCFM Levi Parsons and Pliny Fisk settled in İzmir in 1820, and began learning modern Greek from Neophytos Vamvas, the president of the College of Chios, a Greek cleric and intellectual.2 In the ensuing years, the Greek War of Independence encouraged the American missionaries to undertake missionary work among Greeks hoping that independence from Muslim yoke would be accompanied by a moral and spiritual rejuvenation.3 In the 1830s, in collaboration with the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Greek cleric and educator Vamvas, who had become Professor of Philosophy at the Ionian Academy on the British- dominated island of Corfu, translated the Holy Scriptures into modern Greek.4 Furthermore, in independent Greece, the leading statesmen showed interest in the missionaries’ educational work because such institutions and infrastructure were lacking in the aftermath of the independence. Hence, the first generation 1 I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Ms. Evi Tramantza, Ms. Liza Vachtsevanou, and Ms. Stella Asderi for helping me to use their archival records and collections at Anatolia College. The research trip for this article was supported by Özyeğin University. 2 Chris Royer, “Anglicanism in Smyrna (1815-1923),” www.globalmissiology.org. January 2018, p. 3; (Accessed on December 16, 2018). Pliny Fisk and Alvan Bond, Memoir of the Rev. Pliny Fisk, A.M. Late Missionary to Palestine (Boston: Crocker and Brewster, 1828), p.116; Pavlina Nasioutzik, Αμερικανικά Οράματα στη Σμύρνη τον 19ο Αιώνα: Η συνάντηση της αγγλοσαξονικής σκέψης με την ελλη- νική (American visions in Smyrna in the 19th century: The encounter of the Anglosaxon and the Greek thought), Athens: Estia, 2002, p. 271. 3 Joseph L. Grabill wrote that the young Greeks sent to Amherst and Yale Colleges by the missionaries, influenced some Americans to view the Greek War of Independence as a war between the cross and the crescent. Joseph L. Grabill, Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East. Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927, (University of Minnesota Press, 1971), p.8. 4 Georgios D. Metallinos, Παράδοση και Αλλοτρίωση (Tradition and Estrangement) (Athens: Domos, 2001[1986]), p. 127. See Richard Clogg, “The Foundation of the Smyrna Bible Society (1818),” Mikrasiatika Chronika, 14 (1970), pp. 31-49. 244 MERIH EROL of missionaries dealt mainly with the translation and publishing of the Bible and religious books, and establishing schools. By the end of the 1830s, as observed by Gerasimos Augustinos, the Protestant missionaries in İzmir, besides financing the charity schools that they had opened in İzmir and neighboring towns, also were continuously producing publications in Greek, including the periodical Apothiki (Storehouse) or “Magazine of Useful Knowledge” which became very popular.5 The Greeks of İzmir were the most influential group in the city thanks both to their demographic and economic weight. Τhere was a rapid process of Graeci- zation in the nineteenth century in İzmir and along the Aegean shore, triggered by migration from the Kingdom of Greece, the Aegean archipelago, and the in- ner Anatolian provinces, as well as the high birth rate of the Greek Orthodox in the region.6 Missionaries were not simple tools of American foreign policy, yet one should not fail to see that they largely shared the American statesmen’s and diplomats’ ambitions of acquiring power and influence in the Ottoman Eastern Mediterranean. Uygur Kocabaşoğlu has pointed to the close collaboration be- tween commerce and missionary work observing that the missionaries shaped the lifestyles and habits of the locals and prepared them as good customers.7 Therefore, ocean surmise that the İzmirian Greeks’ wealth and their economically and socially advantageous position made them a particularly important target population in the view of the American missionaries. In İzmir, Daniel Temple, Henry John van Lennep, and Elias Riggs engaged missionary work among the Greeks until 1844, the year when the ABCFM took the decision to stop working among the Greeks. Henceforth, more emphasis was given to the Armenians of the city. John B. Adger, Elias Riggs, and Rev. Joel 5 Gerasimos Augustinos, ““Enlightened” Christians and the “Oriental” Churches: Protestant Missions to the Greeks in Asia Minor, 1820–1860”, Journal of Modern Greek Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, October (1986), p. 133. 6 Hervé Georgelin, “Armenian Inter-Community Relations in Late Ottoman Smyrna”, in Armenian Smyrna/ İzmir. The Aegean Communities, Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.), UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series, Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 11, (Cali- fornia: Mazda Publishers, 2012), p. 179; Vangelis C. Kechriotis, The Greeks of İzmir at the end of the Empire. A Non-Muslim Ottoman Community Between Autonomy and Patriotism, Ph.D. Thesis, (University of Leiden, 2005). 7 Uygur Kocabaşoğlu, Kendi Belgeleriyle Anadolu’daki Amerika: 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmpara- torluğu’ndaki Amerikan Misyoner Okulları, (Istanbul: Arba, 1989), pp.18-20. 245 “ALL WE HOPE IS A GENEROUS REVIVAL” S. Everett engaged in missionary activities into the 1850s.8 By 1853, an Arme- nian evangelical church was formed in İzmir and the first Sabbath was held. The construction of a small chapel was completed in 1858. The American Protestant missionaries’ activities were not limited to the city of İzmir; with no less enthu- siasm they pursued their evangelizing endeavors in the nearby towns of Akhisar (Thyateira) and Manisa. In the 1870s, due to increasing pressure from the native churches in İzmir, the American Board transferred its base in western Anatolia to Manisa. It should be mentioned that the ABCFM organized its missionary activities in Anatolia in three major geographical mission regions: the Western Turkey Mission, the Central Turkey Mission, and the Eastern Turkey Mission. This study focuses on the missionary activities of the ABCFM in the 1870s and 1880s at Manisa and İzmir stations operating under the Western Turkey Mission. It is mainly based on the letters of the missionary Rev. Marcellus Bowen (1874- 1880) sent from Manisa to the headquarters of the ABCFM in Boston, and the letters of Rev. George Constantine (1880-1889) sent from İzmir to the same destination. The Western Turkey Mission had six other stations: Constantino- ple/ Istanbul, Bursa, Trabzon, Marsovan/ Merzifon, Caesarea/Kayseri, and Sivas. The Central Turkey Mission included the stations of Antep, Maraş, Adana, Urfa, and Hacin, and the Eastern Turkey Mission had stations in Erzurum, Bitlis, Van, Harput, and Mardin. Until 1880, Manisa served as the center for the American missionary work in a vast region which contained cities and towns of various sizes, such as İzmir, Ödemiş, Bayındır, Akhisar, Aydın, Alaşehir (Philadelphia), Kula, Uşak, Afyonkarahisar, Isparta, Burdur, and Konya. In 1880, the central office of the Western Turkey Mission was transferred back to İzmir. Before highlighting some elements of the broader political framework in the post-Reform Edict period, and exploring the activities in the mission stations of Manisa and İzmir in particular, I would like to provide some information on the course
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ethiopia and India: Fusion and Confusion in British Orientalism
    Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review 51 | 2016 Global History, East Africa and The Classical Traditions Ethiopia and India: Fusion and Confusion in British Orientalism Phiroze Vasunia Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/314 Publisher IFRA - Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique Printed version Date of publication: 1 March 2016 Number of pages: 21-43 ISSN: 2071-7245 Electronic reference Phiroze Vasunia, « Ethiopia and India: Fusion and Confusion in British Orientalism », Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review [Online], 51 | 2016, Online since 07 May 2019, connection on 08 May 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/314 Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review Global History, East Africa and the Classical Traditions. Ethiopia and India: Fusion and Confusion in British Orientalism Phiroze Vasunia Can the Ethiopian change his skinne? or the leopard his spots? Jeremiah 13.23, in the King James Version (1611) May a man of Inde chaunge his skinne, and the cat of the mountayne her spottes? Jeremiah 13.23, in the Bishops’ Bible (1568) I once encountered in Sicily an interesting parallel to the ancient confusion between Indians and Ethiopians, between east and south. A colleague and I had spent some pleasant moments with the local custodian of an archaeological site. Finally the Sicilian’s curiosity prompted him to inquire of me “Are you Chinese?” Frank M. Snowden, Blacks in Antiquity (1970) The ancient confusion between Ethiopia and India persists into the late European Enlightenment. Instances of the confusion can be found in the writings of distinguished Orientalists such as William Jones and also of a number of other Europeans now less well known and less highly regarded.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on a Conversation on Christianity, Islam and Kurdish Nationalism
    The Sheikh and the Missionary: Notes on a Conversation on Christianity, Islam and Kurdish Nationalism Owen Robert Miller Bilkent University Kamal Soleimani* El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios de Asia y África Introduction n the morning of October 11, 1881, Henry Otis Dwight, an American missionary and newspaper correspondent for the New York Tribune paid a visit to the Kurdish Naqshbandi Sheikh Ubeydullah. For the last few months, Sheikh Ubeydullah, originally Ofrom the Hakkâri region, south of Lake Van, had been living in a house near the Yıldız Palace in Istanbul. As the preeminent Naqshbandi sheikh in the Ottoman Empire, descended from the Prophet Muhammad and with hundreds of thousands of ardent followers, Sheikh Ubeydullah was accorded a certain amount of official respect, receiving food daily from Sultan Abdülhamid II’s personal kitchen. However, he was also, as Dwight observed, “for all intents and purposes a prisoner.”1 A year before this meeting, in October 1880, Sheikh Ubeydullah had led a predominantly Kurdish army into the northern plains of the Qajar Empire.2 Over the course of ten days, part of Ubeydullah’s army would lay siege to the city of Urmia. Although his exact intentions have 1 ABCFM 600/328, Dwight to Rev. Clark, October 12, 1881, p. 1. 2 See Sabri Ateş’s insightful paper, “In the Name of the Caliph and the Nation: The Sheikh Ubeydullah Rebellion of 1880–81,” Iranian Studies, 47 (5) (2014), pp. 735-798. © 2019 Hartford Seminary. DOI: 10.1111/muwo.12299 394 THE SHEIKH AND THE MIssIONARY been subject to much
    [Show full text]
  • Approaching the Texture of the Greek Evangelical Hymnography
    IMS-RASMB, Series Musicologica Balcanica 1.2, 2020. e-ISSN: 2654-248X Approaching the Texture of the Greek Evangelical Hymnography by Vasiliki Konstantinou DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.26262/smb.v1i2.7943 ©2020 The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivatives International 4.0 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- nd/4.0/ (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the articles is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. The copyright for eventually included manuscripts belongs to the manuscript holders. Konstantinou, Approaching the Τexture… Approaching the Texture of the Greek Evangelical Hymnography Vasiliki Konstantinou Abstract: This paper explores the Greek Evangelical Hymnography, considering not only the Lutheran protestant tradition but also the way the origins of the churches influenced the hymn melodies. Moreover, it focuses on the presentation and the analysis of evangelical hymns which were mainly sung in Cappadocia. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of three hymns, the melodies of which were only passed down through oral tradition (nowadays almost forgotten), and which are presented for the first time in this paper. Since the population exchange between Greece and Turkey took place at the beginning of the 20th century, two different cultural environments started to coexist amongst the churches that settled in Greece, the Modern Greek and the Ottoman. Each one affected the language of the hymnography and its musical texture (modality, harmony and rhythm). Keywords: Greek Evangelical Hymnography; Cappadocia; Karamanli Writing.
    [Show full text]
  • American Constantinople Relief Committee Records, 1912 – 1914
    The Burke Library Archives, Columbia University Libraries, Union Theological Seminary, New York Missionary Research Library Archives: Section 2 Finding Aid for American Constantinople Relief Committee Records, 1912 – 1914 Credit to MRL 2: American Constantinople Relief Committee Records, box 1, folder 10, The Burke Library at Union Theological Seminary, Columbia University in the City of New York. Finding Aid prepared by: Brigette C. Kamsler, October 2011 With financial support from the Henry Luce Foundation Summary Information Creator: American Constantinople Relief Committee Title: American Constantinople Relief Committee Records Inclusive dates: 1912 – 1914 Abstract: American Constantinople Relief Committee formed in 1912 to raise money for war refugees in Turkey and surrounding area. Quickly raised and sent thousands of dollars in aid to American Red Cross in Constantinople. Committee disbanded in 1914 after questions of integrity were raised against secretary’s fundraising practices. Size: 1 box, 0.25 linear feet Storage: Onsite storage Repository: The Burke Library Union Theological Seminary 3041 Broadway New York, NY 10027 Email: [email protected] MRL 2: American Constantinople Relief Committee Records, 1912 – 1914 2 Administrative Information Provenance: Originally part of the independent Missionary Research Library, these records were moved with the MRL to the Brown Memorial Tower of Union Theological Seminary in 1929. In 1976 the records were accessioned to the Burke Library archives with the closure of the MRL. Access: Archival papers are available to registered readers for consultation by appointment only. Please contact archives staff by email to [email protected], or by postal mail to The Burke Library address on page 1, as far in advance as possible Burke Library staff is available for inquiries or to request a consultation on archival or special collections research.
    [Show full text]
  • More Than an Island 2 MORE THAN an ISLAND
    SYROS more than an island 2 MORE THAN AN ISLAND... ΧΧΧ TABLE OF CONTENTS Discovering Syros .................................... 4 Introduction From myth to history ............................. 6 History The two Doctrines .................................. 8 Religion will never forget the dreamy snowy white color, which got in my eyes when I landed in Syros at Two equal tribes this fertile land I dawn. Steamers always arrive at dawn, at this divide, where two fair cities rise all-white swan of the Aegean Sea that is as if it is with equal pride ...................................... 10 sleeping on the foams, with which the rainmaker is sprinkling. Kaikias, the northeast wind; on her Cities and countryside eastern bare side, the renowned Vaporia, which is Economy of Syros .................................... 14 always anchored beyond St. Nicholas, a fine piece of a crossway, and immortal Nisaki downtown, the Tourism, agricultural production, swan’s proud neck, with Vafiadakis’s buildings, and crafts and traditional shipbuilding the solid towers of the Customs Office, where the waves alive, as if they are hopping, laughing, run- Authentic beauty ..................................... 16 ning, chuckling, hunting, fighting, kissing, being Beaches, flora and fauna, habitats, baptized, swimming, brides white like foam. climate and geotourism At such time and in this weather, I landed on my dream island. I don’t know why some mysteries lie Culture, twelve months a year .......... 18 in man’s heart, always remaining dark and unex- Architecture, tradition, theatre, literature, plained. I loved Syra, ever since I first saw it. I loved music, visual arts and gastronomy her and wanted to see her again. I wanted to gaze at her once more.
    [Show full text]
  • Protestant Missionaries to the Middle East: Ambassadors of Christ Or Culture?
    Protestant Missionaries to the Middle East: Ambassadors of Christ or Culture? by Pieter Pikkert Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the subject of Missiology at the University of South Africa Promoter Dr. William Saayman Submitted May 2006 1 I declare that Protestant Missionaries to the Middle East: Ambassadors of Christ or Culture? is my own work and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated or acknowledged by means of complete references. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Brian Johnson, American Board historian and keeper of its library in Istanbul, Turkey, not just for giving me unlimited access to the many treasures contained therein, but also for pointing out potentially useful books and articles I might have overlooked. I also thank Norine Love, librarian of the Fellowship of Faith for Muslims library in Toronto, Canada, for allowing me take books to the Middle East and letting me keep them for months at a time. Dr. Philip Wood, former director of WEC Canada, the mission agency I am affiliated with, encouraged me to pursue this doctorate in the first place; his successor, Henry Bell, has been unstinting in his support since Philip’s return to the Congo. I also thank my promoters, Dr. Marge Karecki and Dr. William Saayman for being faithful communicators and gentle guides and encouragers from afar. Anna, my best friend, faithful wife and “partner in the gospel” for over 20 years never wavered in her faith in the value of this project for the missionary community in the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Nones in Brazil and the USA in Light of Secularization Theory with Missiological Implications
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2020 A Study of Nones in Brazil and the USA in Light of Secularization Theory with Missiological Implications Jolive R. Chavez Andrews University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Missions and World Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Chavez, Jolive R., "A Study of Nones in Brazil and the USA in Light of Secularization Theory with Missiological Implications" (2020). Dissertations. 1745. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/1745 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT A STUDY OF NONES IN BRAZIL AND THE USA IN LIGHT OF SECULARIZATION THEORY, WITH MISSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS by Jolive R. Chaves Adviser: Gorden R. Doss ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological SeMinary Title: A STUDY OF NONES IN BRAZIL AND THE USA IN LIGHT OF SECULARIZATION THEORY, WITH MISSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS NaMe of researcher: Jolivê R. Chaves NaMe and degree of faculty adviser: Gorden R. Doss, PhD Date completed: NoveMber 2020 The growth of those who declare theMselves to be Nones, or religiously unaffiliated, in Brazil and the USA has been continuously higher than that of the general population. In Brazil, they are the third-largest group in the religious field, behind only Catholics, and Pentecostal evangelicals. In the USA, they are the second largest group, after Protestants as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • Bible-Work in 19Th Century Jerusalem
    First “Organized” F T H E B I B O L E N D A L Bible-work in E H T th N 19 Century I K R Jerusalem O W E L B (1816–1831) I B Part VII: Five Bible-men in Jerusalem (1823–1824) by Kai Kjær-Hansen In the spring of 1823, a trio consisting of Joseph Wolff and two American missionaries – Pliny Fisk and Jonas King – had worked as Bible-men in Jerusalem. Fisk and King had soon sold their rather limited supply of mainly non-Hebrew Scriptures. Throughout the period Wolff was in a position to supply Hebrew Scriptures, but he was only able to distribute a few to Jews in Jerusalem. Four months after leaving Jerusalem, Fisk is back in the town, and a reorganization of the work is carried out. A Jerusalem Bible Society was not established, but at the turn of the year 1823–1824 a “Bible Society Room” is set up in Jerusalem. A good many Scriptures are distributed over these five months. The present challenge is to uncover the relationship between the distribution of non-Hebrew Scriptures to Christians – be they residents of Jerusalem or pilgrims – and Hebrew Scriptures to Jews. Pliny Fisk is the only one of these five Bible-men who remains in Jerusalem all through this period of five months, from November 21, 1823, to April 22, 1824.1 The others are listed chronologically. William Jowett, a resident of Malta, is sent out by the Church Missionary Society (CMS); he arrives together with Fisk and stays in Jerusalem for approximately three weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • 1Daskalov R Tchavdar M Ed En
    Entangled Histories of the Balkans Balkan Studies Library Editor-in-Chief Zoran Milutinović, University College London Editorial Board Gordon N. Bardos, Columbia University Alex Drace-Francis, University of Amsterdam Jasna Dragović-Soso, Goldsmiths, University of London Christian Voss, Humboldt University, Berlin Advisory Board Marie-Janine Calic, University of Munich Lenard J. Cohen, Simon Fraser University Radmila Gorup, Columbia University Robert M. Hayden, University of Pittsburgh Robert Hodel, Hamburg University Anna Krasteva, New Bulgarian University Galin Tihanov, Queen Mary, University of London Maria Todorova, University of Illinois Andrew Wachtel, Northwestern University VOLUME 9 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsl Entangled Histories of the Balkans Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies Edited by Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover Illustration: Top left: Krste Misirkov (1874–1926), philologist and publicist, founder of Macedo- nian national ideology and the Macedonian standard language. Photographer unknown. Top right: Rigas Feraios (1757–1798), Greek political thinker and revolutionary, ideologist of the Greek Enlightenment. Portrait by Andreas Kriezis (1816–1880), Benaki Museum, Athens. Bottom left: Vuk Karadžić (1787–1864), philologist, ethnographer and linguist, reformer of the Serbian language and founder of Serbo-Croatian. 1865, lithography by Josef Kriehuber. Bottom right: Şemseddin Sami Frashëri (1850–1904), Albanian writer and scholar, ideologist of Albanian and of modern Turkish nationalism, with his wife Emine. Photo around 1900, photo- grapher unknown. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Entangled histories of the Balkans / edited by Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov. pages cm — (Balkan studies library ; Volume 9) Includes bibliographical references and index.
    [Show full text]
  • Amerirmt Huarii of (Eommthatnttpra Far Jfnmgtt Jhtastntta
    T h e O n e H u n d r e d t h A n n u a l R e p o r t --------------------------------------------------- of the--------------------------------------------------- Amerirmt Huarii o f (EommtHatnttpra far 11 < Jfnm gtt JHtastntta TOGETHER WITH THE MINUTES OF THE CENTENARY MEETING HELD AT BOSTON OCTOBER 11- 14, 1910 ^ ^ ^ ^ PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD CONGREGATIONAL HOUSE BOSTON m e g ^ m 3 ¿> V 100 - ;0 4 ¡Sift M art ^ill Jlrra» S am u el U sh e r 17* HIGH STREET» BOSTON, MASS. CONTENTS P a g e Organization of the American B o a r b ................................................. 5 Charter and B y -La w s ................................................................................ 7 Introduction ................................................................................................. 21 M inutes of the A nnual M eeting ......................................................... 27 Corporate Members Present................................................................... 27 Missionaries P r e s e n t ................................................................................ 29 Male Honorary Members Reported as Present.................................. 29 Organization................................................................................................. 31 Committees A p p o in te d ............................................................................ 3l~33 Amendment to By-Laws . 33, 34 Announcement of G i f t s ............................................................................ 33 Letters of Excuse
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of the Life and Times of Thomas Cosmades
    Thomas Cosmades The Story of the Life and Times of Thomas Cosmades Introduction For years friends and family have been requesting me to put down at least the highlights of my life, pleasant and unpleasant. Following serious thought I concluded that doing this could be of service to people dear to me. Also my account can benefit coming generations. Many recollections in my thoughts still cheer my heart and others sadden, or make me ashamed, even after many years. If I fail to put my remembrances on paper they will die with me; otherwise they will profit those interested. I am confident of their being useful, at least to some. Innumerable people have written and published their life stories. Some have attracted favorable impressions and others the contrary. The free pen entrusted for free expression shouldn’t hesitate to record memories of some value. We are living in an age of intimidation and trepidation. People everywhere are weighing their words, writings, criticisms, drawings, etc. Prevailing conditions often dictate people’s manner of communication. Much talk is going around regarding democracy and free speech. Let’s be candid about it, democratic freedom is curtailed at every turn with the erosion of unrestricted utterance. The free person shouldn’t be intimidated by exorbitant reaction, or even violence. I firmly believe that thoughts, events and injustices should be spelled out. Therefore, I have recorded these pages. I did not conceal my failures, unwise decisions and crises in my own life. The same principle I have applied to conditions under which I lived and encountered from my childhood onwards.
    [Show full text]
  • New Horizons the Opc In
    NEW HORIZONS in the ORTHODOX PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 3 Then and Now at Palos Heights 7 A Servant’s Summit AUG-SEPT 2017 // by Danny E. Olinger // by Jamie Dean THE OPC IN Chicag and VOLUME 38, NUMBER 7 CONTENTS New Horizons in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church Editor: Danny E. Olinger Managing Editor: James W. Scott FEATURES Editorial Assistant: Patricia E. Clawson Cover Designer: Christopher Tobias 3 Then and Now at Palos Heights: Proofreader: Sarah J. Pederson Editorial Board: The Committee on Christian 84th General Assembly Education’s Subcommittee on Serial Publications By Danny E. Olinger © 2017 by The Committee on Christian Education of 7 A Servant’s Summit: The Orthodox Presbyterian Church. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all Scripture quotations are Deacons as Visitors from The ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard By Jamie Dean Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. 10 The Reformation on Suffering: All rights reserved. (We use the 2011 revision.) Articles previously published may be slightly edited. Affliction for Christ’s Sake New Horizons (ISSN: 0199-3518) is published By Brian De Jong monthly except for a combined issue, usually August- September, by the Committee on Christian Education of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 607 N. Easton Road, Bldg. E, Willow Grove, PA 19090-2539; tel. 215- DEPARTMENTS 830-0900; fax 215-830-0350. Letters to the editor are welcome. They should deal 12 with an issue the magazine has recently addressed. Christian Education Their language should be temperate, and they may not Review: The Benedict Option • Our charge anyone with an offense.
    [Show full text]