DOCSLIB.ORG

Missions, Charity, and Humanitarian Action in the Levant (19Th–20Th Century) 21 Chantal Verdeil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Missions, Charity, and Humanitarian Action in the Levant (19Th–20Th Century) 21 Chantal Verdeil Christian Missions and Humanitarianism in the Middle East, 1850–1950 Leiden Studies in Islam and Society Editors Léon Buskens (Leiden University) Nathal M. Dessing (Leiden University) Petra M. Sijpesteijn (Leiden University) Editorial Board Maurits Berger (Leiden University) – R. Michael Feener (Oxford University) – Nico Kaptein (Leiden University) Jan Michiel Otto (Leiden University) – David S. Powers (Cornell University) volume 11 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/lsis Christian Missions and Humanitarianism in the Middle East, 1850–1950 Ideologies, Rhetoric, and Practices Edited by Inger Marie Okkenhaug Karène Sanchez Summerer LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: “Les Capucins français en Syrie. Secours aux indigents”. Postcard, Collection Gélébart (private collection), interwar period. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Okkenhaug, Inger Marie, editor. | Sanchez Summerer, Karène, editor. Title: Christian missions and humanitarianism in the Middle East, 1850-1950 : ideologies, rhetoric, and practices / edited by Inger Marie Okkenhaug, Karène Sanchez Summerer. Other titles: Leiden studies in Islam and society ; v. 11. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Leiden studies in Islam and society, 2210-8920 ; 11 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020018566 (print) | LCCN 2020018567 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004394667 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004434530 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Missions–Middle East–History–19th century. | Missions–Middle East–History–20th century. | Humanitarian assistance–Middle East–History– 19th century. | Humanitarian assistance–Middle East–History–20th century. Classification: LCC BV3160 .C46 2020 (print) | LCC BV3160 (ebook) | DDC 266.00956–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020018566 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020018567 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill‑typeface. ISSN 2210-8920 ISBN 978-90-04-39466-7 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-43453-0 (e-book) Copyright 2020 by the Editors and Authors. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Copyright 2020 by the Editors and Authors. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Figures viii Notes on Contributors x Introduction 1 Inger Marie Okkenhaug and Karène Sanchez Summerer Part 1 Prologue 1 Missions, Charity, and Humanitarian Action in the Levant (19th–20th Century) 21 Chantal Verdeil Part 2 Advocacy 2 Liberated Bodies and Saved Souls: Freed African Slave Girls and Missionaries in Egypt 41 Beth Baron 3 Physical Expressions of Winning Hearts and Minds: Body Politics of the American Missionaries in “Asiatic Turkey” 62 Nazan Maksudyan 4 Spiritual Reformation and Engagement with the World: Scandinavian Mission, Humanitarianism, and Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1905–1914 90 Inger Marie Okkenhaug 5 “A Strange Survival”: The Rev. W.A. Wigram on the Assyrians before and after World War I 110 Heleen Murre-van den Berg vi contents Part 3 Best Practices 6 Missionary Hubris in Colonial Algeria? Founding and Governing Christian Arab Villages 1868–1930 133 Bertrand Taithe 7 Missionary Work, Secularization, and Donor Dependency: Rockefeller- Near East Colleges Cooperation after World War I (1920–1939) 155 Philippe Bourmaud 8 “Machine Age Humanitarianism”: American Humanitarianism in Early 20th-Century Syria and Lebanon 183 Idir Ouahes 9 Scottish Presbyterian Churches and Humanitarianism in the Interwar Middle East 209 Michael Marten Part 4 Epilogue: Impact of the 1948 Crisis 10 Confined by Conflict, Run by Relief: Arabs, Jews, and the Finnish Mission in Jerusalem, 1940–1950 233 Seija Jalagin 11 Catholic Humanitarian Assistance for Palestinian Refugees: The Franciscan Casa Nova of Jerusalem during the 1948 War 253 Maria Chiara Rioli Index 277 Acknowledgements This volume is the result of a NWO (the Dutch Research Council) International- isation in the Humanities research project “Engaging Europe in the Arab World: European missionaries and humanitarianism in the Middle East (1850–1970)”, in cooperation with the IEG Leibniz Institute of European History (Mainz, Ger- many) and the IISMM, Institut d’études de l’Islam et des Sociétés du monde musulman (Paris, France). We would like to thank the Dutch Research Council for financing this research project, as well as the IEG Leibniz Institute of European History, the IISMM Institut d’études de l’Islam et des Sociétés du monde musulman and the Institut Universitaire de France for their financial and administrative support of the international workshops where some of the papers for this book were first presented and discussed. We would also like to thank Volda University College for their contribution to funding this publication. We are grateful to many colleagues in Leiden, Mainz, Paris, and elsewhere who, through their contributions to conferences, workshops and through extended email conversations over the years, helped us to flesh out our ques- tions, concerns, and approaches. Figures 1.1 Postcard, Collection Gélébart, private collection. 33 3.1 Aram (before photograph). Reproduced from “For Young People: Orphans in Turkey,” Missionary Herald vol. 94 (May 1898): 204–208 70 3.2 Boys coming to Home (before photograph). Reproduced from “For Young People: Orphans in Turkey,” Missionary Herald vol. 94 (May 1898): 204–208 70 3.3 Orphans at Oorfa at dinner (after photograph). Reproduced from “For Young People: Orphans in Turkey,” Missionary Herald vol. 94 (May 1898): 204–208 71 3.4 A rescued orphan girl (after photograph). Reproduced from “For Young People: Orphans in Turkey,” Missionary Herald vol. 94 (May 1898): 204–208 72 3.5 Village Armenians (before photograph). Reproduced from Rev. George C. Reynolds, “For Young People: A Gospel Triumph in the Land of Ararat,” Missionary Herald vol. 91 (May 1896): 212–216 75 3.6 The family at Van (after photograph). Reproduced from Rev. George C. Reynolds, “For Young People: A Gospel Triumph in the Land of Ararat,” Missionary Herald vol. 91 (May 1895): 212–216 76 3.7 An Armenian family. Reproduced from J.E. Pierce, of Bardezag, “For Young People: Who are the Armenians,” Missionary Herald vol. 87 (April 1891): 175–178 77 3.8 A group of Alumni, Bithynia High School, Bardizag. SALT Archives, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions / Photographs / Bardizag, ABAHBARD009 78 3.9 A Greek peasant woman. Reproduced from Rev. James W. Selye, of Constantinople, “For Young People: A Greek Town in Turkey,” Missionary Herald vol. 85 (October 1889): 424–427 79 4.1 Girls in the orphanage in Musch with dolls from Scandinavian donors. Note: “Barn ved Musch barnehjem?” Wikimedia, made available by National Archives of Norway, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barn_ved_Musch _barnehjem%3F_‑_fo30141712180050.jpg 105 4.2 Armenian women. Note: “Armenske kvinner,” Wikimedia, made available by National Archives of Norway, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Armenske_kvinner_‑_fo30141712190013_1469.jpg 106 4.3 Bodil Biørn and teacher Maritza with 1st grade in Mush, ca. 1912. Note: “Bodil Biørn med skoleklasse,” Wikimedia, made available by National Archives of Norway, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bodil_Bi%C3%B8rn_med _skoleklasse_‑_fo30141712180005.jpg 107 8.1 A 1917 ACRNE poster depicting the compassionate, if Orientalist, efforts of American humanitarianism in the Middle East. Library of Congress collection, retrieved from https://lccn.loc.gov/2002711981 192 figures ix 8.2 Another 1917 ACRNE poster asking for compassionate donations from American citizens. Library of Congress collection, retrieved from https://lccn.loc.gov/2002719422 193 8.3 A later poster dating from 1919 and printed by ACRNE’s successor organization; Near East Relief (NER). Library of Congress collection, retrieved from https://lccn.loc.gov/2002708879 196 11.1 Jerusalem casa nova, early 20th century, ASCTS 270 Notes on Contributors Beth Baron is Distinguished Professor of History at the City College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York and Director of the Middle East and Middle Eastern American Center at the CUNY Graduate Center. From 2009 to 2014, she edited the International Journal of Middle East Studies, and from 2015 to 2017, served as president of the Middle East Studies Association of North Amer- ica. Her most recent book, The Orphan Scandal: Christian Missionaries and the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, appeared with Stanford University Press in 2014. Earlier works include
Load more

Recommended publications
  • RELAIS PERES BLANCS - MAGHREB N°32 – Janvier 2019
    RELAIS P.B. MAGHREB N°32 – Janvier 2019 RELAIS PERES BLANCS - MAGHREB N°32 – Janvier 2019 EDITORIAL Chers amis de notre petite province, En regardant d’une façon rétrospective l’année 2018 écoulée, je ne peux pas me retenir de faire miennes ces paroles du psalmiste :«notre bouche était pleine de rires, nous poussions des cris de joie ; alors on disait parmi les nations : « Quelles merveilles fait pour eux le Seigneur ! » Oui ! « Quelles merveilles le Seigneur fit pour nous : nous étions en grande fête ! » (Ps125 : 2,3) En effet, il nous a comblés de ses bienfaits ! Il a fait régner dans ce beau pays qui nous a vus naître un beau signe de fraternité pour le monde entier. RELAIS P.B. MAGHREB N°32 – Janvier 2019 En effet, il nous a comblés de ses bienfaits ! Il a fait régner dans ce beau pays qui nous a vus naître un beau signe de fraternité pour le monde entier. Les musulmans et les chrétiens se sont tenus mains dans les mains, et se sont montrés aux yeux du monde comme on aimerait toujours les voir i.e. des hommes et des femmes de paix et de fraternité, des hommes et des femmes du vivre ensemble. Quel autre don pou- vons-nous attendre du ciel en ce jour 150ème anniversaire de notre fondation ? Quelle joie au ciel pour tous nos prédécesseurs Pères Blancs et Sœurs Blanches qui ont dépensé et donné leur vie dans et pour le dialogue entre les religions et les cultures ! En nos 19 bienheureux martyrs, dont le sang a été mêlé au sang algérien, Dieu nous a fait un don inesti- mable ! Que son nom soit magnifié à jamais ! Ce premier numéro de notre Relais Maghreb 2019 m’offre aussi l’opportunité pour vous présenter mes vœux de Noël et vous souhaiter une bonne et heureuse année 2019 ! Le Bienheureux Père Christian Ches- sel disait ceci : « La faiblesse choisie devient l’un de plus beaux langages pour dire la ‘discreta caritas’ de Dieu aux hommes, à la fois charité pleine de discernement, mais aussi charité discrète de celui qui a voulu partager la faiblesse de notre condition humaine ‘en toutes choses, excepté le péché’.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on a Conversation on Christianity, Islam and Kurdish Nationalism
    The Sheikh and the Missionary: Notes on a Conversation on Christianity, Islam and Kurdish Nationalism Owen Robert Miller Bilkent University Kamal Soleimani* El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios de Asia y África Introduction n the morning of October 11, 1881, Henry Otis Dwight, an American missionary and newspaper correspondent for the New York Tribune paid a visit to the Kurdish Naqshbandi Sheikh Ubeydullah. For the last few months, Sheikh Ubeydullah, originally Ofrom the Hakkâri region, south of Lake Van, had been living in a house near the Yıldız Palace in Istanbul. As the preeminent Naqshbandi sheikh in the Ottoman Empire, descended from the Prophet Muhammad and with hundreds of thousands of ardent followers, Sheikh Ubeydullah was accorded a certain amount of official respect, receiving food daily from Sultan Abdülhamid II’s personal kitchen. However, he was also, as Dwight observed, “for all intents and purposes a prisoner.”1 A year before this meeting, in October 1880, Sheikh Ubeydullah had led a predominantly Kurdish army into the northern plains of the Qajar Empire.2 Over the course of ten days, part of Ubeydullah’s army would lay siege to the city of Urmia. Although his exact intentions have 1 ABCFM 600/328, Dwight to Rev. Clark, October 12, 1881, p. 1. 2 See Sabri Ateş’s insightful paper, “In the Name of the Caliph and the Nation: The Sheikh Ubeydullah Rebellion of 1880–81,” Iranian Studies, 47 (5) (2014), pp. 735-798. © 2019 Hartford Seminary. DOI: 10.1111/muwo.12299 394 THE SHEIKH AND THE MIssIONARY been subject to much
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Theological Synthesis of Christian and Shona Views of Death and the Dead: Implications for Pastoral Care in the Anglican Diocese of Harare, Zimbabwe
    TOWARDS A THEOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF CHRISTIAN AND SHONA VIEWS OF DEATH AND THE DEAD: IMPLICATIONS FOR PASTORAL CARE IN THE ANGLICAN DIOCESE OF HARARE, ZIMBABWE. by WILSON T. SITSHEBO A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Theology Faculty of Arts The University of Birmingham August 2000 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT In this contextual study I investigate why and how the traditional approach to mission, engaged by Anglican missionaries, gave rise to a dual observance of ritual among Shona Anglican Christians. I begin by establishing the significance and essence of Shona views of death and the dead, then investigate the missionaries' historical background. I highlight that Christian arrogance, in the guise of racial superiority, underlies the confrontational and condemnatory approach. Traditional views were considered evil, in their place, Shona converts were forced to adopt western Christian views as the only acceptable and valid way of coping with this eschatological reality. These views did not usually fit the Shona worldviews and religious outlook, hence the adoption of dual observance.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Cardinal Lavigerie Et Les Missions Spiritaines Au Cåfiur De L'afrique
    Mémoire Spiritaine Volume 8 Mort et résurrection: le « Saint-Coeur de Article 5 Marie » et le «Saint-Esprit» en 1848 November 1998 Le cardinal Lavigerie et les missions spiritaines au cœur de l'Afrique Henry J. Koren Henri Littner Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/memoire-spiritaine Part of the Catholic Studies Commons Recommended Citation Koren, H. J., & Littner, H. (2019). Le cardinal Lavigerie et les missions spiritaines au cœur de l'Afrique. Mémoire Spiritaine, 8 (8). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/memoire-spiritaine/vol8/iss8/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Spiritan Collection at Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mémoire Spiritaine by an authorized editor of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. Ci-dessus Vue de Bagamoyo (Zanguebar), d'après un dessin du R.P Leroy cssp, Les Missions catholiques, n° 762, 1 1 janvier 1884. Ci-dessous : Maison d'habitation des missionnaires à Bagamoyo (Zanguebar), Les Missions catholiques, n° 776, 18 avril 1884. LA MISSION SPIRITAINE DANS L'HISTOIRE Mémoire Spiritaine, n° 8, deuxième semestre 1998, p. 30 à 49. Le cardinal Lavigerie et les missions spiritaines au cœur de l'Afrique Henri Koren et Henri Littner* En 1951, le P. Marcel Storme, des Scheutistes, publiait son étude mo- numentale sur les essais d'évangélisation de l'intérieur de l'Afrique au e 1 XIX siècle . Malheureusement, ce travail, rédigé en néerlandais, n'était pas 2 accessible au grand nombre et n'obtint donc pas l'audience qu'il méritait . De plus, bon nombre d'archives importantes n'étaient pas encore ouvertes aux chercheurs, ce qui n'est plus le cas aujourd'hui.
    [Show full text]
  • American Constantinople Relief Committee Records, 1912 – 1914
    The Burke Library Archives, Columbia University Libraries, Union Theological Seminary, New York Missionary Research Library Archives: Section 2 Finding Aid for American Constantinople Relief Committee Records, 1912 – 1914 Credit to MRL 2: American Constantinople Relief Committee Records, box 1, folder 10, The Burke Library at Union Theological Seminary, Columbia University in the City of New York. Finding Aid prepared by: Brigette C. Kamsler, October 2011 With financial support from the Henry Luce Foundation Summary Information Creator: American Constantinople Relief Committee Title: American Constantinople Relief Committee Records Inclusive dates: 1912 – 1914 Abstract: American Constantinople Relief Committee formed in 1912 to raise money for war refugees in Turkey and surrounding area. Quickly raised and sent thousands of dollars in aid to American Red Cross in Constantinople. Committee disbanded in 1914 after questions of integrity were raised against secretary’s fundraising practices. Size: 1 box, 0.25 linear feet Storage: Onsite storage Repository: The Burke Library Union Theological Seminary 3041 Broadway New York, NY 10027 Email: [email protected] MRL 2: American Constantinople Relief Committee Records, 1912 – 1914 2 Administrative Information Provenance: Originally part of the independent Missionary Research Library, these records were moved with the MRL to the Brown Memorial Tower of Union Theological Seminary in 1929. In 1976 the records were accessioned to the Burke Library archives with the closure of the MRL. Access: Archival papers are available to registered readers for consultation by appointment only. Please contact archives staff by email to [email protected], or by postal mail to The Burke Library address on page 1, as far in advance as possible Burke Library staff is available for inquiries or to request a consultation on archival or special collections research.
    [Show full text]
  • Sorrow Is Turned to Joy: a Play About the 1909 Adana Massacres, Staged by Armenian Genocide Survivors in Greece1
    SORROW IS TURNED TO JOY: A PLAY ABOUT THE 1909 ADANA MASSACRES, STAGED BY ARMENIAN GENOCIDE SURVIVORS IN GREECE1 Matthias BjØrnlund & Iben Hendel Philipsen Abstract: In April 1924, a group of Armenian women genocide survivors in the care of a Danish missionary organization in Thessaloniki staged a play; Sorrow is Turned to Joy, based on the 1909 Adana massacres. The article briefl y explores the framework and context of the missionary organization, the actors, and the theatrical performance, followed by a translation of the entire play from Danish into English. Background The year was 1924. In the Greek city of Thessaloniki (Salonica), the small Danish Evangelical missionary organization Industrimissionen i Armenien (The Industrial Mission in Armenia; IM) had established workshops, homes, and educational facilities for Armenian genocide survivors, mainly widows, young women, and children, from their base in the Papafi quarter. The organization was founded in Denmark in the autumn of 1921 under the motto of “Hjælp til Selvhjælp” (“Help to Self-Help”), and their fi rst mission fi eld was in Greek-controlled Rodosto (Tekirdag), a city overfl owing with tens of thousands of destitute Christian refugees from Asia Minor. According to the memoirs of one of the IM missionaries, Margrethe Jepsen, on their arrival in the spring of 1922, the shores at Rodosto were fi lled with dead and dying people, mostly women and children, often half-naked and abused, sometimes pregnant from rape and tattooed by the perpetrators.2 However, like most other non-Turks and non-Muslims, the IM staff and the Armenians in their care had to relocate head over heels (albeit under the formal protection of British, French, and Italian troops in the region) after only a few months as Kemalist forces took over Eastern Thrace and the city.3 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Iroquis [Sic] Foods and Food Preparation
    Digitized by Microsoft®. Huntington Free Library Native American Collection %.:c f CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Digitized by Microsoft® This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation witli Cornell University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in limited quantity for your personal purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partial versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commercial purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archi^g,g^p^J^t§feM31924101546921 3 1924 101 546 921 Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES Hon. p. E. Blondin, Minister; R. G. McConnell, Deputy Minister. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I MEMOIR 86 I No. 12, Anthropological Series Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation BY F. W. Waugh OTTAWA Government Printing Bureau 1916 No. 1612 Digitized by Microsoft® ^£«^ w ^CA^ Digitized by Microsoft® .. CONTENTS. Pagb Introduction , j Phonetic key 2 Agricultural methods and customs , 3 The Iroquois as horticulturists > ; 3 Corn culture in eastern North America S Communal customs , 6 Making the clearing 7 Division of labour 8 Co-operative customs 10 "All the females" 12 Implements employed 14 Early descriptions of corn culture 16 Corn "medicines" 18 Planting of the corn 20 Thanksgiving after planting 22 Cultivation ceremonials 22 Rain-making 23 Other planting time customs
    [Show full text]
  • The War of Famine: Everyday Life in Wartime Beirut and Mount Lebanon (1914-1918)
    The War of Famine: Everyday Life in Wartime Beirut and Mount Lebanon (1914-1918) by Melanie Tanielian A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Beshara Doumani Professor Saba Mahmood Professor Margaret L. Anderson Professor Keith D. Watenpaugh Fall 2012 The War of Famine: Everyday Life in Wartime Beirut and Mount Lebanon (1914-1918) © Copyright 2012, Melanie Tanielian All Rights Reserved Abstract The War of Famine: Everyday Life in Wartime Beirut and Mount Lebanon (1914-1918) By Melanie Tanielian History University of California, Berkeley Professor Beshara Doumani, Chair World War I, no doubt, was a pivotal event in the history of the Middle East, as it marked the transition from empires to nation states. Taking Beirut and Mount Lebanon as a case study, the dissertation focuses on the experience of Ottoman civilians on the homefront and exposes the paradoxes of the Great War, in its totalizing and transformative nature. Focusing on the causes and symptoms of what locals have coined the ‘war of famine’ as well as on international and local relief efforts, the dissertation demonstrates how wartime privations fragmented the citizenry, turning neighbor against neighbor and brother against brother, and at the same time enabled social and administrative changes that resulted in the consolidation and strengthening of bureaucratic hierarchies and patron-client relationships. This dissertation is a detailed analysis of socio-economic challenges that the war posed for Ottoman subjects, focusing primarily on the distorting effects of food shortages, disease, wartime requisitioning, confiscations and conscriptions on everyday life as well as on the efforts of the local municipality and civil society organizations to provision and care for civilians.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kpd and the Nsdap: a Sttjdy of the Relationship Between Political Extremes in Weimar Germany, 1923-1933 by Davis William
    THE KPD AND THE NSDAP: A STTJDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL EXTREMES IN WEIMAR GERMANY, 1923-1933 BY DAVIS WILLIAM DAYCOCK A thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. The London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 1980 1 ABSTRACT The German Communist Party's response to the rise of the Nazis was conditioned by its complicated political environment which included the influence of Soviet foreign policy requirements, the party's Marxist-Leninist outlook, its organizational structure and the democratic society of Weimar. Relying on the Communist press and theoretical journals, documentary collections drawn from several German archives, as well as interview material, and Nazi, Communist opposition and Social Democratic sources, this study traces the development of the KPD's tactical orientation towards the Nazis for the period 1923-1933. In so doing it complements the existing literature both by its extension of the chronological scope of enquiry and by its attention to the tactical requirements of the relationship as viewed from the perspective of the KPD. It concludes that for the whole of the period, KPD tactics were ambiguous and reflected the tensions between the various competing factors which shaped the party's policies. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE abbreviations 4 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER I THE CONSTRAINTS ON CONFLICT 24 CHAPTER II 1923: THE FORMATIVE YEAR 67 CHAPTER III VARIATIONS ON THE SCHLAGETER THEME: THE CONTINUITIES IN COMMUNIST POLICY 1924-1928 124 CHAPTER IV COMMUNIST TACTICS AND THE NAZI ADVANCE, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW THREATS 166 CHAPTER V COMMUNIST TACTICS, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW OPPORTUNITIES 223 CHAPTER VI FLUCTUATIONS IN COMMUNIST TACTICS DURING 1932: DOUBTS IN THE ELEVENTH HOUR 273 CONCLUSIONS 307 APPENDIX I VOTING ALIGNMENTS IN THE REICHSTAG 1924-1932 333 APPENDIX II INTERVIEWS 335 BIBLIOGRAPHY 341 4 ABBREVIATIONS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission Och Materialitet I Det Humanitära Arbetet
    DIN 2015-2 ombrukket2.qxp_DIN 25.11.15 12.02 Side 87 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk 2/2015 brought to you by CORE provided by Novus - Online tidsskrifter (Novus forlag) ”KÄRlEK MÖTTE MIG I VaRjE STyCKE” – MISSIon oCh MaTERIalITET I dET hUManITÄRa aRBETET Bland aRMEnISKa FlyKTInGaR I ThESSalonIKI, 1923–1947 MaRIa SMÅBERG I denna artikel diskuterar jag hur materiella ting kan fungera som nycklar till den historiska förståelsen av en stor del av missions- verksamheten. Utifrån exemplet den svenska missionären alma johansson, som arbetade bland armeniska flyktingar i Thessalo- niki, 1923– 1947, analyserar jag den materiella kulturen i det hu- manitära arbetet och visar hur utbyten av handarbete över gränserna skapade kosmopolitiska band som knöt samman svenska och armeniska kvinnor och bidrog till förändring lokalt och globalt. nyCKEloRd: mission, materialitet, humanitarianism, kosmopolitisk om- sorgsetik, armeniska folkmordet, Kvinnliga missionsarbetare (K.M.a.) InlEdnInG när det svenska kronprinsparet Gustaf adolf1 och louise skulle besöka Thessaloniki 1934 tyckte den svenska missionären alma johansson att hon, som enda boende svensk där, skulle få möjlighet att träffa dem. På ankomstdagen klädde hon sig i sin finaste klänning, satte en svensk 87 DIN 2015-2 ombrukket2.qxp_DIN 25.11.15 12.02 Side 88 2/2015 flagga på bröstet och köpte den vackraste blomsterbukett hon kunde finna. johansson gick sedan till mottagningen i hamnen och hoppades på att bli uppmärksammad som svensk. hon presenterades för kunglig- heterna och tog då tillfället i akt att ge dem ett stycke armeniskt hand- arbete och berätta om sitt arbete bland armeniska flyktingar i Thessaloniki.
    [Show full text]
  • Histories of Humanitarian Action in the Middle East and North Africa
    HPG Working Paper Histories of humanitarian action in the Middle East and North Africa Edited by Eleanor Davey and Eva Svoboda September 2014 HPG Humanitarian Policy Group Acknowledgements The editors would like to thank all those who contributed to this publication and to the conference that its papers are drawn from. First and foremost, thanks are due to the speakers and authors – all those included in this collection, as well as Elcin Macar and Mohsen Ghafory-Ashtiani – whose expertise and enthusiasm have been fundamental. Anicée Van Engeland, Heba Morayef, Keith Watenpaugh and Moncef Kartas were members of the project steering committee and gave invaluable support and guidance for which HPG is very grateful. Background research was provided by Samir Naser and Tabitha Poulton. The conference would not have been possible without the support of the Arab Thought Forum (ATF) in Amman, in particular Dr Elsadig Elfaqih and Rana Arafat. It is also thanks to the ATF that the conference report was translated into Arabic. Scott Taylor’s help with regard to HRH Prince El Hassan Bin Talal’s speech was much appreciated. Last but not least, we would like to thank the scholars, practitioners and individuals who put the editors in touch with authors, and who provided valuable comments during the peer review process. Humanitarian Policy Group Overseas Development Institute 203 Blackfriars Road London SE1 8NJ United Kingdom Tel. +44 (0) 20 7922 0300 Fax. +44 (0) 20 7922 0399 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.odi.org/hpg ISBN: 978 1 909464 86 5 © Overseas Development Institute, 2014 Readers are encouraged to quote or reproduce materials from this publication but, as copyright holders, ODI requests due acknowledgement and a copy of the publication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Enormous Variety of Social and Economic Activities And
    © Scandia 2008 www.scandia.hist.lu.se The enormous variety of social and economic activities and relationships found in traditional peasant society, often within comparatively small geographical areas, makes it necessary to construct some kind of classificalory framework before it is possible to undertake any meaningful investigation of a sizeable re- gion, especially an investigation of a comparative nat~re.~The detail and the criteria adopted will depend largely on the depth desired and the objectives aimed at, and, as with any classification involving a human element and a time dimension, whsatever scheme is chosen can only approxjmate to reality; it must be regarded as no more than a tool of in~estigation.~It is also well to keep in mind that, as Gerd Enequist has observed, the geographer 'always has to resign himself to the fact that boundaries are in fact boundary zones. In geography a]- most all pl~enomenahave the distributional characteristics of continuous transi- tion. 94 In attempting to map the contrasting economic and social regions of peasant society in Scandinavia5 in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries (before which evidence for the area as a whole is too scanty for any but the most rudi- mentary assessment), it is necessary to supersede both national boundaries and those of certain traditional divisions within them. While the former have un- doubtedly influenced cultural and economic patterns and have in their turn often been dictated by these and by geographical factors which have helped to determine them, such considerations must not be allowed to determine the shapes of zones of a non-political nature.
    [Show full text]