livelihoods today and tomorrow

September 2014 SCs/STs/NTs

livelihoods September 2014 Invest in Community for Community!- 5 One billion people, or 15 percent of the world’s population, experience some form of disability. One-fifth of the estimated global total, or between Happy Ganesh! 110 million and 190 million Happy Batukamma, Navartri, Dusserah! people, encounter significant disabilities. Persons with Happy Teachers’ Day! disabilities on average as a group Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Nomadic Tribes, a close to a are more likely to experience third of the population in the country are considered the original adverse socioeconomic outcomes inhabitants of our land. Yet most of them are considered poor by any than persons without disabilities. socio-economic reckoning. 70-75% of the total poor in India are SCs/

STs/NTs. Targeted schemes and targeting within any scheme is therefore necessary. Poverty reduction in the country would remain a rhetoric unless we begin the effort with these communities first. In this context, ‘livelihoods’ has explored ‘SCs/STs/NTs’.

Do not miss reading Leo Tolstoy’s classic – War and Peace.

‘Legend’ introduces ‘LC Jain’ and ‘Rama Reddy’. ‘How to’ supplement discusses ‘How to Nurture Community Leaders?’ Usual e-links introduce a video (Fish and Shrimp Culture), book (Governance of Commons), LEAP (Durgiperi Village), and value-chain/subsector (Soap Nuts/Coffee).

Daily notes for the month are presented as part of the e-livelihoods learning course. This month, it is capsule 9: Institutions. With the faith and hope that you find the issue a useful read, we remain. Attitude plays vital role in development sector rather than skills and the ‘livelihoods’ team knowledge.

Latest ‘livelihoods’ Supplements e-course

2 September 2014 livelihoods

Inside ... ‘livelihoods’ team Editor-in-Chief G Muralidhar Focus : SCs/STs/NTs 11 Working Editors B Ramya T Venkateshwarlu Edit Associates V. Aravind Kumar K Krishna Chaithanya Every Month….. S Laxman K Ramesh News & Response 4 M Siddhardha On Ground 9

Kshetram walked/ walking with us Sukshetram T Aparna Gayathri Mansi Koushik K Bharathi V Muralidhar Perspectives Invest in Community for Community! 5 G Bhargava D Narasimha Reddy Bhima Shankar Naval Shaini Common Persons and Vulnerable Persons Interviews 6 Chandranshu Gupta T Nirmala Interviews Dharmendhar LB Prakash Glen Shewcheck M Raja Srinivas Enterprises Individual, Collective, Social and Public 8 P Kishore S Rekha Krishna Murari B Sai Srinivas Development In Action M Lavanya K Sridevi New Livelihoods & Leader, B Madhusudhan G Swathi P Madhusudhan M Vijaybhasker Community Worker G Madhu Vamsi K Visweswar Rao P Mahesh Story, Books & Resources 22

‘Yoga’kshemam 23 For Private Circulation only

LEAP Durgiperi village With Support From VCA Soap Nuts Akshara Livelihoods (ALPL) Sub-sector Coffee e-links E-book Governance of Commons For enquiries contact: V-book Fish & Shrimp Culture AKSHARA Network for Development Support Services, HIG II B-25 F-6, APHB Colony, Baghlingampally, Hyderabad - 500044 e– course Capsule: 9 Institutions

Mobile: 09951819345 www.aksharakriti.org Supplement; How to do How to Nurture Community Leaders www.livelihoods.net.in [email protected] Supplement: Legends L C Jain and M Rama Reddy

livelihoods September 2014 3 Response

Received ‘livelihoods’ August 2014. Thank you for sending. It is informative particularly focus article and Yogakshemam Can public private partnership articles are fine. Venkata Ramana Badam model attract aspired results? Hyderabad. News

Funds Sanctioned For New Houses Modi launches 'My Clean India' at Idh Colony-Telangana : Hyderabad: campaign: New Delhi: Prime Minister The State government on Tuesday Narendra Modi launched the Swachh issued orders sanctioning Rs.36.54 Bharat, or Clean India, Mission on the crores for construction of 386 new birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. houses at IDH Colony and in the slum The Mission will aim to make India ‘clean’ areas of Ammuguda, Parthiwada, by October 2, 2019, Mahatma Gandhi’s Bhagat Singh Nagar and Subash 150th birth anniversary, Mr. Modi said. Chandra Bose Nagar, The orders came This goal will include the elimination of in the wake of a block at IDH Colony open defecation, which he called a “blot collapsing in the wee hours of August on society”,. 800 Million People Still Malnourished, 30 after which Chief Minister K. U.N. Says: United Nations; More than Artisans’ villages to be next stop for Chandrasekhar Rao inspected the 800 million people worldwide do not get tourists: New Delhi: October 2, 2014: houses and the four slums which were enough to eat, even as the world in a dilapidated condition. He had then Villages that are home to weavers, artisans and craftsman may soon be produces more than twice as much food announced that in five months, the as it needs, according to new government would convert those areas added to the itinerary of tourists. Textiles Secretary S.K. Panda has written to all figures released by the United Nations. into model housing colonies by Hunger has declined slowly over the last reconstructing them at its own expense. Chief Secretaries to name four or five villages for this scheme to be developed decade: 11.3 percent of the world’s CM to Launch Janmabhoomi on lines of the Sansad Adarsh Gram population was clinically undernourished programme in Vijayawada-AP: The Yojana that Prime Minister Narendra Modi in the 2012-14 period, down from 18.7 ‘Janmabhoomi-Maa Vooru’ programme announced on Independence Day. percent in the 1990-92 period. Hunger will take off on October 2 with Chief keeps its hold on a handful of countries. Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu himself Mars mission starts, Mangalyaan Chad, Central African Republic and reaching out to the masses to know launched successfully: Sriharikota: A Ethiopia have some of the highest rates their problems and take necessary day after the last of diwali rockets was of undernourished people. A relatively remedial action. A battery of IAS fired in this part of the country, "the big large percentage of the population officers will personally supervise the one" blasted off from the first launch pad remains hungry across South Asia. And programme which is aimed at improving in Sriharikota, firing the ambition of a in Iraq, the share of hungry people has the living conditions of people by nation, and the imagination of many soared: Nearly one in four Iraqis are basically tackling poverty and other others. After 45 minutes, the first phase of undernourished, according to the report, micro and macro issues faced by the India's first Mars mission was pronounced up from 7.9 percent of the population in State post-bifurcation .
a success.
the 1990-92 period .
4 September 2014 livelihoods

Invest in Community for Community! Happy Teachers’ Day! established Happy Ganesh! ♦ Ministers have been asked to adopt austerity measures Happy Navaratri, Batukamma, Vijayadasami! ♦ Code of Conduct has been issued to Ministers and Officers Congrats to India, ISRO and Indian Scientists for successful Mars Mission in the first attempt itself with Rs.7 a kilometer. ♦ However, the Government is yet to appoint full-time Ministers for some key Ministries It appears, even of for a short while, conviction of Corrupt at high places [read like Jayalalita] is possible. ♦ Bureaucratic reshuffle has not been taken up The bifurcated states, AP and Telangana, have started to ♦ Governors of some states have been eased out live independent of each other. Post-bifurcation processes ♦ Swachch Bharat Abhiyan has been launched to make are acquiring momentum. India clean by 2019 Modi completes 100 days in ‘minimum government’ and ♦ Make in India campaign has been launched. FDI is ‘maximum governance’. By-elections have mixed results being actively invited without any real dent in the pattern of general elections. The real test would be in the upcoming State Elections in ♦ Public-Private Partnerships is the key mantra in the Maharashtra, Haryana and Jharkhand. government ♦ Achche Din are still to come. But no one was expecting ♦ Efforts on Curriculum Revision are ‘on’ them so quickly. Prices are still high ♦ Modi proved himself a great orator. He Perspectives ♦ Efforts on revisiting MGNREGS are ‘on’ is proving himself a strong, decisive and proactive G Muralidhar 100 days is too early to make up our minds ♦ Planning Commission has been on the new government. Plus it has the ‘closed’ and a think tank and/or a Development advantage of having a decisive mandate in Commission is likely to replace this with revised the Lok Sabha. The leadership is also now consolidated. structure Yet, this Government needs to articulate how it wants to ♦ A panel for locating Black Money has been set up work for the reduction poverty and well-being of the ♦ Groups of Ministers and Empowered Groups of marginalized. It needs to establish that it pursues the Ministers have been reduced and PMO has emerged betterment of lives and livelihoods of the poor, about 50- as the numero uno decision making centre 80% by various reckonings. It needs to establish quickly a long-term planning mechanism in the country in general and ♦ Judicial Commission with PM and Chief Justice of India for the poor in particular. has replaced the Collegium for making appointments to higher judiciary The Government needs to initiate People’s Budget and ♦ Universal Financial Inclusion Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Bottom-up Budget Processes. The Federal Philosophy that Jan Dhan Yojana, has been launched and 4.5 Crore is articulated should not be limited to states but it has to go accounts opened to districts, blocks, and panchayats at the earliest. It is important that we have governable small states, districts, ♦ Decided – to create a National Food Grid blocks and panchayats. Carving out administrative units at various levels should be initiated. It is required to have the ♦ Consolidated Fund transfers to states would be the key authentic citizen/household database with initial data and way to fund states that would be the basis for all calculations. All excess and ♦ Proactive on Foreign Policy for India to emerge as a duplicate cards should be weeded out by a special drive. significant player at regional level and global level ♦ A portal for citizens to directly interact with government Government should invest in building human capital of all the families starting with 3-5 responsive leaders and cadres has been set up in each village/ward or unit of 100 families with a strong ♦ A new ministry of entrepreneurship has been accountability to community as a PRIORITY.

livelihoods September 2014 5 Common Person Grassroots Worker Suffering With Knee Pains... Provide to Good Education ...

Can you tell us about yourself? Can you tell us about yourself? My name is Billanuru Santamma. I am 55 years My name is Yeka Nukaraju. I am 43 years old. old. I am an illiterate person. What is your education qualification? What is your native Place? I have completed my B.A (History). My native My native place is Karnataka, but about thirty years back place is Dungalavaripalem village, Z.Gangavaram we shifted to Hyderabad. Currently, I am living in Peerjati panchayati, Makavaram mandal, Vishakhpatnam district. Guda, Ghat Kesari mandal, Hyderabad. Can you tell us about your family? Can you tell us about your family? My wife and two daughters, along with my father live with me. My wife is a house wife. My elder daughter is studying I have two daughters and two sons. My elder son and elder 8th class in a private school, while my younger daughter is daughter are married. My elder son and his family is living studying 6th class in a government school near my home. with us. My husband is not living with us since the last four years. He was a Rickshaw Puller. What is your occupation and how much do you earn? Why are you living separately? I am working as a Village Organisation Assistant and also doing mobile book-keeping at Dungalavaripalem and When my husband worked as a Rickshaw Puller, he put Z.Gangavaram villages, under Z.Gangavaram panchayati. I some money on a private chit every month. The chit owner get Rs. 500/- from VO as a VOA and Rs. 1000/- from SHG ran away with our money. Due to that my husband was for mobile book-keeping. I am also working as an LIC agent disturbed mentally for some years and started harassing and I also do NREGS work. me and my children. After that he went to our native village How did you get the VOA job? in Karnataka for a change and has continued staying there. He is in touch with my children but never talks to me. Earlier, when I was free, I did a book-keeping work for some of the SHGs at my village, voluntarily. After that, What is your occupation? How many hours working when the VO wanted an assistant, the VO members asked and how much you earn? me to join as a VOA as well as the book-keeper. I am working as a domestic worker from thirty years, at What is your nature of work? New Nallakunta area in Hyderabad. Currently, I am working I attend VO meetings twice a month and attend Mandal in 6 houses, from morning 11am to 9pm and getting Samaikya meeting once a month. I attend and help in all Rs.7,000/- per month with lunch. the works and schemes the VO is involved in such as Did you provide studies to your children? Internal lending and repayments, Abhayahastam claims, Bond renewals, Scholarships etc. I write and update all My sons did not study well and settled as labour. But my records and accounts of the VO. I update all SHG’s elder daughter studied B. Tech and is working in a private accounts and minutes through mobile book-keeping. company and my younger daughter studied M.B.A. and is waiting for a job. Did you get any training from the Project on VOA and Mobile book-keeping? How did you survive when you came to Hyderabad? I got trained in mobile book-keeping for three days but I did We had five acres of rain-fed land in my native village. Due not take any training on VOA. I attend Mandal Samakhya to continuous drought, we did not have enough food to eat. (MS) review meeting every month and clarify my doubts. When we came to Hyderabad, my husband started working What are the problems you are facing in your daily job? as a Rickshaw Puller and I started working as a Domestic Worker. At that time, I was working in about ten houses and Though my work is very heavy, my remuneration is very getting Rs.700-800 per month. We stayed in a little rented low in this job. house. Did you get any benefits from the Government? What are the problems you are facing in your daily life? Yes, I got a ration card, an Adhaar card and a Gas I am suffering from knee pains, so I am not able to stand or connection from the Government. sit for a long time, compared to earlier. What more support do you need from your department? Did you get any benefit from the government? As I am getting very low remuneration, I request the Except for a ration card, I have not got any benefit from the respective authorities to increase my remuneration and to government. I built my own house at Pirjati Guda, which make me a permanent employee. has two rooms, where I am living right now with my family. What are your future plans? What are your future plans? I plan to provide higher education to my two children, as I I want to marriage to my younger daughter and younger want my daughters to be either doctors or teachers in son. I want to work as a domestic worker till I die.
future.
6 September 2014 livelihoods

Vulnerable Person Vulnerable Person No Future Plans ... I Do Work Until End...

Can you tell us about yourself? Tell us about yourself? I am Patro Rajamani and 63 years old. My name is Brahmachary. I am 45 years I am an illiterate person. old. What is your native place? What is your native place? My native place is Kanchara Veedi, My native place is Chanduru mandal, Palasa town, Srikakulam district. Nalgonda district, Telangana. Can you tell us about your family? Tell us about your family? My husband expired 10 years ago with a lung disease. My husband married me after his first wife expired. Right now, I live with my wife, 3 daughters and 1 son. My eldest my elder son and his family are living with me. My elder son daughter and 2nd daughter are studying intermediate 2nd is doing agriculture, while my younger son is working as a and 1st year respectively, in a private college in Chandur teacher in Goppili village Srikakulam district. under Fee Reimbursement scheme, and another What are you doing and how much do you earn? daughter and son are studying 9th and 6th class in I and my son cultivate green vegetables (leafy vegetables) Government Z.P.H. school in Chandur. and seasonal flowers like Marie Gold etc. I inherited 30 What is your occupation? cents of agricultural land from my elders, where I have a water pump. My son sells green leaves and vegetables in I sell brass pots. I go to various places like Achampet, the market near our home, while I sell green leaves by Ibrahimpatnam, Maal, Choutuppal, Narkatpally etc. to sell taking them to nearby villages early in the mornings. I travel my stuff. to the villages by Bus/Auto/by Walk and return home at 1 PM. In the evenings, I water the field, pluck the vegetables How many brass pots do you sell in a day? and process the vegetables and green leaves for the next It depends upon the demand. Somedays, I sell 3-4 pots, day’s market. We earn about Rs. 500-600/- per day. while on somedays i don't sell anything. But on an Did you provide education to your children? average I sell 2 pots daily. I earn Rs. 300-400 per day, Due to financial problems, my elder son and my daughter excluding the cost of pots. could not continue their education. But I provided good education to my younger son. He is doing a government job What kind of problem are you facing? as a teacher. I have been suffering from Muscular Paralysis, B.P, and How did you survive as a second wife and then as a Sugar problems for last 4 years. So, I cannot walk without widow? the support of another person. I spent Rs. 80000 for After my marriage, I lived with my husband, along with his medical treatment till now, which I have borrowed from children. Due to some problems, the two children separated my relatives. Due to my financial problems, I am worried from us and took their share from my husband’s assets. about how to get my daughters married, in future. After my husband expired, I continued my cultivation with the support of my elder son and daughter and sent my Are you benefitting from the Aarogyasri scheme? younger son to school. I am suffering from asthma and not No, as the treatment given to me in government hospitals able work like earlier and have to take medicine regularly. was not good, I went to a private hospital, but they As I am growing old, I am not able to support my son in his refused to treat me under the scheme. So, I had to pay regular agriculture works. Rs. 80000 for my treatment. Did your children take care of you now? What is your wife doing? I had hopes on my younger son as I have provided quality education to him, but he is neither not taking care of me nor My wife is a Beedi worker. She earns Rs. 2000 per supporting me financially. My elder son is helping me in all month. the aspects. So, I need to work continuously to support him in his agricultural activities. Do you get any support from the government? Did you get any benefits from the government? I have a Ration card, a Deepam subsidy Gas cylinder, an Aadhar card and a Voter card. Yes, I am getting widow pension. I also got a Indiramma house and a ration card from the government. What are your future plans? What are your future plans? I want to provide good education to my children, get them I have no future plans. But I hope I won't depend on anyone married and give them a brighter future. I want to work till till my last breath.
the end of my life.

livelihoods September 2014 7 Enterprises

Individual Enterprise Collective Enterprise

Selling Vessels Baskets Making

Social Enterprise Public Enterprise

Barefoot College Rythu Bazar

8 September 2014 livelihoods

On Ground Village Organization Dungalavaripalem Gramaikhya Sangam

Dungalavaripalem Gramaikhya Sangam is located at departments etc. The VO prepares agenda, discusses on Z.Gangavaram Panchayati, Makavarapalem Mandal, agenda and takes a decision. The VO attends the Mandala Visakhapatnam District. It was formed on 19th November, Samakhya meeting once a month. 2005 and was registered in 2008, under mutually aided Loans & Savings: Every SHG pays Rs.100 to the VO, as societies act. There are 19 SHGs in the VO. Of these, 18 membership fee every year, which goes to the corpus fund are for women and the remaining 1 is for disabled people. of the VO. Every SHG has to pay Rs.100 as savings every Every SHG has 10-15 members. Currently, the VO has 230 month to the VO and also has to pay Rs.2400 as Srinidhi members. Podupu to the VO once a year. VO has Rs.3,10,000 as the Office-Bearers: The general body of the VO comprises of CIF. The VO takes loans from Mandal Mahila Samakhya all SHG members in the VO operational area and the (MMS) on an interest rate of 6% and gives loans to SHGs Executive committee (EC) comprises of the first leaders or on an interest rate of 12%. The SHGs give loans to the active members of the all the member SHGs. The selection members on an interest rate of 24%. Members take loans of the Office-Bearers is done by the Executive Committee, from the SHG for agricultural investment, dairy, petty from among themselves. There are five Office-Bearers business purposes etc. Loan repayment rate is very good in (OB). Currently, K.Venkayyamma is the President, this VO. P.Lakshmi is the Secretary and B.Nagamani is the Other activities: The VO is giving a pension of Rs.500 to Treasurer. They are the only authorized persons to operate 12 members under the Abhaya Hastam Scheme every the VO account. One VO Assistant (Book-Keeper) and one month. The VO has three sub-committees: NREGS Community Volunteer are also working for the VO. committee,, Bank Linkage committee and Scholarship Meetings: The VO conducts two meetings a month. The committee. VO Assistant (Book-keeper) attends all meetings, while the It is maintaining a General bank account and a Srinidhi Community Volunteer only attends one meeting a month. If bank account. Most of the Village related works are being needed, the VO also invites the APM, implemented under the authority of the VO Scheme Panchayat President, ANM, Line in this Panchayat.
Facility

MGNREGS Anganwadi Center

The MGNREGS (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural The Z.Gangavaram Aanganwadi center has been Employment Guarantee Scheme) has started operating in operating from 2 nd October, 2005. Currently, there are 28 Dungalavaripalem, Z.Gangavaram Panchayati, children (10 children between 0-6 years of age and 18 Makhavaram mandal, Visakhapatnam district from children between 6-11 years of age) and 3 pregnant 25 th November, 2008. women in this centre. There are 230 Job card-holders in this village, but currently The timings of this centre are from 9 am to 3 pm daily, only 190 card-holders are utilizing this scheme. Under this except on public holidays and Sundays. The center has a scheme, the repair and reconstruction of tanks, roads, Teacher and an Assistant (Aaya). The teacher teaches canals etc., are being done within the panchayat. games and rhymes to the children, while the Aaya cooks food and serves it to them. Once the work is sanctioned to the panchayat, the people They provide twenty grams of food to the pre-school have to conduct a Grama Sabha under the President of the children, while the children older than six years are Panchayat and make a resolution with the support of the provided with 1kg pulses, 3kg rice and ½ kg oil. They serve Technical officer or Technical Assistant from NREGS. The eggs four days a week on Monday, Wednesday, Friday, VRP (Village Resource Person) working within the and Saturday, while they give milk daily to children and panchayat is the leader to the card holders. pregnant women. As per the scheme the people will get more work during the The ANM does regular health checkups and gives folic acid summer season, when compared to other seasons. They tablets to the pregnant women and gives vaccines to the will get about Rs. 90 - 150 per day under this scheme. The babies in the centre. During the babies’ growing stages, men and women both get equal pay for the work. The TO their weights are mentioned in the mothers’ child protection (Technical Officer) and the TA (Technical Assistant) work cards, which are issued by the respective primary health at the mandal level; while the Village Resource Person centers. Records of immunization, vaccines, and tablets (VRP) works at the Panchayti level, under this scheme. are all mentioned and recorded through this card system. The VRP takes attendance of all the members who come The Aanganwadi staff have also participated in pulse polio to work.
camps and other social issues.

livelihoods September 2014 9 Focus SCs/STs/NTs

Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Nomadic Tribes (NTs) are considered as marginalized groups in the country. Most of the poor people in India are in these groups. These communities have been denied basic services, opportunities, better livelihoods, social recognition, facilities etc. The illiteracy rate, malnutrition, infant mortality, health problems, landlessness, least participation in governance, rights violation, migration, displacement etc. are very high in these communities. Most of the livelihoods in these communities are traditional and non- remunerative and their livelihoods and resources are highly impacted by the on-going globalization, liberalization and privatization policies. On one side, these changes are providing some new opportunities, while on the other side they are enhancing these communities' vulnerable conditions. In this context, ‘livelihoods’ tried to put special focus on these communities, to understand the lives and livelihoods of the marginalized communities.

10 September 2014 livelihoods

Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribe (STs) and Nomadic Tribes (NTs) are considered as marginalized groups in the country. Most of the poor people in India are in these groups. These communities have been denied basic services, opportunities, better livelihoods, social recognition, facilities etc. The illiteracy rate, malnutrition, infant mortality, health problems, landlessness, least participation in governance, rights violation, migration, displacement etc. are very high in these communities. Most of the livelihoods in these communities are traditional and non-remunerative and their livelihoods and resources are highly impacted by the on-going globalization, liberalization and privatization policies. On one side, these changes are providing some new opportunities, while on the other side they are enhancing these communities' vulnerable conditions. In this context, ‘livelihoods’ tried to put special focus on these communities, to understand the lives and livelihoods of the marginalized communities. government jobs, private jobs and running enterprises. Their situation has been gradually changing, but not at a SCs and STs are 16.6% and 8.6% respectively in the total desirable level. Many people, particularly in the villages are population of the country. According to the 2011 census, still in vulnerable conditions and surviving with least paid there are 1241 individual ethnic groups in SC category and livelihoods. Most of the SCs are still in the clutches of 705 tribal groups in ST category. Out of the 29 states and poverty. 7 Union Territories (UTs), Punjab and Haryana have no ST population; while Mizoram, Lakshadweep have the highest SCs have been facing various forms of discrimination and ST population (95%); Nagaland, Lakshadweep and oppression for centuries by upper castes in the country. Andaman Nicobar islands have no SC population; Punjab According to United Nations (UN), 2,50,000,000 people has the highest SC population (32%) in the country. The have been suffering with different forms of discrimination nomadic tribes and de-notified tribal people make up of and oppression across the world and out of this number, nearly 60 million people. There are 315 nomadic tribes and nearly 180,000,000 people are SCs belonging to our 198 de-notified tribes in the country. country. The discrimination and oppression are in-part due to untouchability. This untouchability has been preventing The SCs are called ‘Dalits’. It means crushed or oppressed. the SCs from the economical opportunities and social Mostly, the SC communities’ are located in rural, tribal and positions. With support of reservations and social welfare urban areas, and traditionally engaged in providing services schemes, SCs got educational, employment opportunities and help in many activities in the villages. Traditionally, and financial assistance for enterprises. Government has they depend on agricultural labour, removing animals established different departments and made many carcasses, cleaning dead animals, as cobblers, as schemes for the welfare of SCs. A number of Non- drummers in fairs, taking care of other people's cattle, Governmental Organizations and societies like Society for helping in events, providing messages (Including delivering Eradication of Rural Poverty (SERP) or Indira Kranthi messages of death), cutting fire wood, manual scavenging, Patham are working to enhance the livelihoods and rights sweeping and cleaning drainages, keepers at the of SCs. Only a small portion of SCs, who are better of than graveyard, village jogini or devadasi or matangi, grave others in their community are accessing the benefits, but digging, watching crops and water tanks, talari, majority of sections or sub-groups are unable to access the construction works, performing of animal sacrifices, benefits. These opportunities facilitate the changes in weaving etc. Many of these livelihoods are poorly paid and economical conditions of the SCs. Educated and employed their works are also deemed as not respectable by the SCs have awareness and fight their problems with the help society. Lack of resources or capital and social stigma of Constitutional Acts for their rights and self respect. attached to their economical activities have denied them These efforts are gradually facilitating changes in social developmental results. They were excluded from the work conditions of SCs. The ongoing liberalization, privatization opportunities in production, processing and and globalization policies are providing new opportunities sales. Almost, 77% of the SCs are landless labours and for a small section of people within the SCs. But most of the without productive assets and sustainable livelihoods people are not benefitting from the privatization. Earlier, opportunities. they used to go government schools and hospital for Because of reservations, SCs are accessing educational education and health needs respectively, but now they are and employment opportunities. Now many people are being forced to invest money on these services. shifting from their traditional livelihoods and doing Scheduled Tribes are called Adivasis, which means

livelihoods September 2014 11 aboriginals or indigenous. STs are also referred to as Tribals. STs are mainly located in the forest areas, hilly areas, rural and urban areas. Broadly, STs are categorized in five groups such as hilly tribes, plain tribes, nomadic tribes, de-notified tribes and primitive tribal groups. STs are unable to access basic facilities such as education, health, transport, electricity, telecom services etc., as they are mainly located in hilly and forest areas and also due to lack of concern in providing sufficient and quality services to the STs. They are accessing some facilities such as education and health institutions but these facilities are functioning poorly. Illiteracy, diseases, malnutrition and infant mortality are very high in STs. They are located in very resource-rich places but these resources are not utilized for the development of STs, instead because of these resources they are forced to displace from their homelands. Nearly, 8.5 million STs are displaced by hydro-electric dams, heavy industries, mines, steel plants, irrigation projects and highways. Almost, 55% of the displaced persons belong to the STs, in the country. STs are mainly dependent on shifting cultivation, Non There are more than 500 nomadic and semi-nomadic Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) collection, livestock rearing tribes, with them making up 10% of the total population in and raising, basket making, making crafts, selling fake the country. Among these tribes, nearly 470 tribes are jewellery, wage labour, etc. These are less remunerative placed in SC, ST and BC categories. Most of the nomadic jobs and require a lot of hard work. The livelihoods of STs tribes do not have ration cards, voter cards, bank accounts such as shifting cultivation, livestock rearing, NTFP and aadhar cards. Due to this situation, they are unable to collection, crafts making, fishing and hunting etc., are access any government schemes. Some nomadic tribes dependent on forests. Because of the climate changes, are always moving from place to place, so it prevents mining activities, irrigation projects and other educational opportunities to their children. developmental projects they are being pushed into more remote areas, which then shrinks the resources they need Most of the communities are dependent on hunting, for their livelihoods. Middle men and traders are exploiting livestock rearing, selling bangles, beads, threads, ribbons, the STs because of their innocence and illiteracy; while pins, perfumes and artificial hair; selling agriculture tools forest officials are preventing them from collecting NTFP and implements in agriculture season; grinding stones for produce from the forest due to different forest protection household use; hunting and selling animals; traditional Acts and animal conservation Acts. Declining resources for healing by using medicine from plants; selling meat; livelihoods and the many different types of development performing dances, basket making, fortune telling, snakes projects are forcing STs to migrate to towns and cities in catching, performing monkey shows and puppet shows, search of livelihoods to survive. These migrated STs are selling salt etc. Most of their livelihoods depend on engaging in unskilled-work like labours in small factories, agriculture directly or indirectly. Now there are a lot of wage labours in construction works, watchmen in changes such as changes in farm and non-farm livelihoods, enterprises or apartments and other works with less electronic media, mobiles, small enterprises, declining payment, more hard work and no job security. grazing lands, evolving new Acts to prevent animal hunting and accessing NTFP from forest, cultural changes etc. The central and state governments provide reservations for These changes have influenced the livelihoods of Nomadic STs in education, employment and financial assistance. tribes. Their traditional livelihoods have been declining and The government established integrated tribal welfare they are forced to shift to other livelihoods. These agencies and departments provide different services in conditions lead them to do un-skilled wage labour works or areas such as education, health, housing, infrastructure other small works or begging. facilities, employment opportunities, trainings and market linkages for their products, financial assistance for Nomadic tribes are among the most un-organized enterprises establishment etc. A very minuscule section of communities in the country, due to their way of living. They people within the community are utilizing the reservations move from place to place for living. So, it is difficult to and welfare schemes and getting government jobs and organize nomadic people into Self-Help Groups or other opportunities. cooperatives, collectives and associations. This situation has made their condition more vulnerable, particularly the Nomadic tribes are not found in specific areas as they De-notified Tribes (DNT). In these, some communities are move from place to place in search of their livelihoods.

12 September 2014 livelihoods

un-justly notified as ‘criminal tribes’ Mehtar, Bhangi 13. Muchi, Rishi 14. Chamar-Ravidas, Chambhar, under Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 and Namasudra 15. Patni 16. Sutradhar Chamgar, Haralayya, Harali, Khalpa, these communities have been facing Machigar, Mochigar, Madar, Madig, 3. Bihar harassment from the police and forest Mochi, (in Dangs district and officials and also this identification is 1. Bantar 2. Bauri 3. Bhogta 4. Umergaon Taluka of Valsad district preventing them to get employment Bhuiya 5. Bhumij 6. Chamar, Mochi, only), Nalia, Telegu Mochi, Kamati opportunities in enterprises Chamar-Rabidas, Chamar-Ravidas, Mochi, Ranigar, Rohidas, Rohit, Chamar-Rohidas, Charmarkar] 7. Samgar] 5. Bhangi, Mehtar, Olgana, I. Sub-groups in Scheduled Caste Chaupal 8. Dabgar 9. Dhobi, Rajak] Rukhi, Malkana, Halalkhor, Lalbegi, (SC): 10. Dom, Dhangad, Bansphor, Balmiki, Korar, Zadmalli, Barwashia, 1. Andhra Pradesh & Telangana Dharikar, Dharkar, Domra] 11. Barwasia, Jamphoda, Zampada, Dusadh, Dhari, Dharhi 12. Ghasi 13. 1. Adi Andhra 2. Adi Dravida 3. Zampda, Rushi, Valmiki] 6. Chalvadi, Halalkhor 14. Hari, Mehtar, Bhangi Anamuk 4. Aray Mala 5. Arundhatiya Channayya 7. Chenna Dasar, Holaya 15. Kanjar 16.Kurariar 17. Lalbegi 6. Arwa Mala 7. Bariki 8. Bavuri 9. Dasar 8. Dangashia 9. Dhor, 18. Mushar 19. Nat 20. Pan, Sawasi, Beda (Budga) Jangam (in the districts Kakkayya, Kankayya 10. Garmatang Panr] 21. Pasi 22. Rajwar 23. Turi of Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy, 11. Garoda, Garo 12. Halleer 13. Mahbubnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, 4. Chhattisgarh Halsar, Haslar, Hulasvar, Halasvar 14. Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal, Holar, Valhar 15. Holaya, Holer 16. 1. Audhelia 2. Bagri, Bagdi 3. Bahna, Khammam and Nalgonda) 10. Bindla Lingader 17. Mahar, Taral, Dhegu Bahana 4. Balahi, Balai 5. Banchada 11. Byagara, Byagari 12. Chachati Megu 18. Mahyavanshi, Dhed, Dhedh, 6. Barahar, Basod 7. Bargunda 8. 13. Chalavadi 14. Chamar, Mochi, Vankar, Maru Vankar, Antyaj 19. Basor, Burud, Bansor, Bansodi, Muchi, Chamar-Ravidas, Chamar- Mang, Matang, Minimadig 20. Mang- Bansphor, Basar 9. Bedia 10. Beldar, Rohidas] 15. Chambhar 16. Chandala Garudi 21. Meghval, Meghwal, Sunkar 11. Bhangi, Mehtar, Balmiki, 17. Dakkal, Dokkalwar 18. Dandasi Menghvar 22. Mukri 23. Nadia, Hadi Lalbegi, Dharkar 12. Bhanumati 13. 19. Dhor 20. Dom, Dombara, Paidi, 24. Pasi 25. Senva, Shenva, Chenva, Chadar 14. Chamar, Chamari, Bairwa, Pano 21. Ellamalawar, Sedma, Rawat 26. Shemalia 27. Bhambhi, Jatav, Mochi, Regar, Nona, Yellammalawandlu 22. Ghasi, Haddi, Thori 28. Tirgar, Tirbanda 29. Turi Rohidas, Ramnami, Satnami, Relli, Chanchandi 23. Godagali, 30. Turi Barot, Dedh Barot. 31. Balahi, Surjyabanshi, Surjyaramnami, Ahirwar, Godagula (in the districts of Balai 32. Bhangi, Mehtar 33. Chamar Chamar, Mangan, Raidas 15. Chidar Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and 34. Chikwa, Chikvi 35. Koli, Kori 36. 16. Chikwa, Chikvi 17. Chitar 18. Vishakhapatanam) 24. Godari 25. Kotwal (in Bhind, Dhar, Dewas, Guna, Dahait, Dahayat, Dahat 19. Dewar Gosangi 26. Holeya 27. Holeya Gwalior, Indore, Jhabua, Khargone, 20. Dhanuk 21. Dhed, Dher 22. Dasari 28. Jaggali 29. Jambuvulu 30. Mansaur, Morena, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Dohor 23. Dom, Dumar, Dome, Kolupulvandlu, Pambada, Pambanda, Shajapur, Shivpuri, Ujjain and Vidisha Domar, Doris 24. Ganda, Gandi 25. Pambala] 31. Madasi Kuruva, Madari districts). Ghasi, Ghasia 26. Holiya 27. Kanjar Kuruva 32. Madiga 33. Madiga Dasu, 28. Katia, Patharia 29. Khatik 30. 7. Haryana Mashteen 34. Mahar 35. Mala, Mala Koli, Kori 31. Khangar, Kanera, 1. Ad Dharmi 2. Balmiki, Chura, Ayawaru] 36. Mala Dasari 37. Mala Mirdha 32. Kuchbandhia 33. Mahar, Bhangi 3. Bangali 4. Barar, Burar, Dasu 38. Mala Hannai 39. Mehra, Mehar 34. Mang, Mang Berar 1[5. Batwal, Barwala] 6. Bauria, Malajangam 40. Mala Masti 41. Mala Garodi, Mang Garudi, Dankhani Mang, Bawaria 7. Bazigar 8. Bhanjra 9. Sale, Nethani 42. Mala Sanyasi 43. Mang Mahasi, Madari, Garudi, Radhe Chamar, Jatia Chamar, Rehgar, Mang 44. Mang Garodi 45. Manne Mang 35. Meghwal 36. Moghia 37. Raigar, Ramdasi, Ravidasi, Balahi, 46. Mashti 47. Matangi 48. Mehtar Muskhan 38. Nat, Kalbelia, Sapera, Batoi, Bhatoi, Bhambi, Chamar- 49. Mitha Ayyalvar 50. Mundala 51. Navdigar, Kubutar 39. Pasi 40. Rohidas, Jatav, Jatava, Mochi, Paky, Moti, Thoti 52. Pamidi 53. Rujjhar 41. Sansi, Sansia 42. Silawat Ramdasia] 10. Chanal 11. Dagi 12. Panchama, Pariah 54. Relli 55. 43. Zamral 44. Turi Darain 13. Deha, Dhaya, Dhea Samagara 56. Samban 57. Sapru 14.Dhanak 15. Dhogri, Dhangri, Siggi 58. Sindhollu, Chindollu 59. Yatala 5. Goa 16. Dumna, Mahasha, Doom 17. 60. Valluvan 1. Bhangi (Hadi) 2. Chambhar 3. Gagra 18. Gandhila, Gandil Gondola 2. Assam Mahar 4. Mahyavanshi (Vankar) 5. 19. Kabirpanthi, Julaha 20. Khatik 21. Mang 1. Bansphor 2. Bhuinmali, Mali 3. Kori, Koli 22. Marija, Marecha 23. Brittial Bania, Bania 4. Bhupi, Dhobi 6. Gujarat Mazhabi, Mazhabi Sikh] 24. Megh, Meghwal] 25. Nat, Badi] 26. Od 27. 5. Dugla, Dholi 6. Hira 7. Jalkeot 8. 1. Ager 2. Bakad, Bant 3. Bawa-Dedh Pasi 28. Perna 29. Pherera 30. Jhalo, Malo, Jhalo-Malo 9. Kaibartta, Debh-Sadhu 4. Bhambi, Bhambhi, Sanhai 31. Sanhal 32. Sansi, Jaliya 10. Lalbegi 11. Mahara 12. Asadaru, Asodi, Chamadia, Chamar, Bhedkut, Manesh 33. Sansoi 34.

livelihoods September 2014 13 Sapela, Sapera] 35. Sarera 36. Malkana, Halalkhor, Lalbegi, Balmiki, Chamar, Muchi 13. Chandala 14. Sikligar, Bariya] 37. Sirkiband Korar, Zadmalli 22. Bhambi, Bhambhi, Cheruman 15. Domban 16. Gosangi Asadaru, Asodi, Chamadia, Chamar, 17. Hasla 18. Holeya 19. Kadaiyan 20. 8. Himachal Pradesh Chambhar, Chamgar, Haralayya, Kakkalan, Kakkan] 21. Kalladi 22. 1. Ad Dharmi 2. Badhi, Nagalu 3. Harali, Khalpa, Machigar, Mochigar, Kanakkan, Padanna, Padannan] 23. Balmiki, Bhangi, Chuhra, Chura, Madar, Madig, Mochi, Muchi, Telegu Kavara (other than Telugu speaking or Chuhre 4. Bandhela 5. Bangali 6. Mochi, Kamati Mochi, Ranigar, Tamil speaking Balija, Kavarai, Banjara 7. Bansi 8. Barad 9. Barar, Rohidas, Rohit, Samgar 1[23. Bhovi, Gavarai, Gavarai Naidu, Balija Naidu, Burar, Berar 10. Batwal 11. Bauria, Od , Odde, Vaddar, Waddar, Voddar, Gajalu Balija or Valai Chetty)] 24. Bawaria 12. Bazigar 13. Bhanjra, Woddar] 24. Bindla 25. Byagara 26. Koosa 25. Kootan, Koodan 33. Bhanjre 14. Chamar, Jatia Chamar, Chakkiliyan 27. Chalavadi, Chalvadi, Kudumban . 26 Kuravan, Sidhanar, Rehgar, Raigar, Ramdasi, Ravidasi, Channayya 28. Chandala 29. Chenna Kuravar, Kurava, Sidhana] 27. Maila Ramdasia, Mochi 15. Chanal 16. Dasar, Holaya Dasar 30. Dakkal, 28. Malayan 29. Mannan, Pathiyan, Chhimbe, Dhobi 17. Dagi 18. Darain Dokkalwar 31. Dakkaliga 32. Dhor, Perumannan, Vannan Velan] 30. 19. Darai, Daryai 20. Daule, Deole Kakkayya, Kankayya 33. Dom, Moger (other than Mogeyar)] 31. 21. Dhaki, Toori 22. Dhanak 23. Dombara, Paidi, Pano 34. Ellamalwar, Mundala 32. Nalakeyava 33. Dhaogri, Dhuai 24. Dhogri, Dhangri, Yellammalawandlu 35. Ganti Chores Nakadaya 34. Nayadi . 35. Pallan 36. Siggi 25. Doom, Doomna, Dumna, 36. Garoda, Garo 37. Godda 38. Palluvan 37. Pambada 38. Panan 39. Dumne, Mahasha 26. Gagra 27. Gosangi 39. Halleer 40. Halsar, Paraiyan, Parayan, Sambavar, Gandhila, Gandil, Gondola 28. Hali Haslar, Hulasvar, Halasvar 41. Handi Sambavan, Sambava, Paraya, 29. Hesi 30. Jogi 31. Julaha, Julahe, Jogis 42. Hasla 43. Holar, Valhar 44. Paraiya, Parayar] 40. Pulayan, Kabirpanthi, Keer 32. Kamoh, Dagoli Holaya, Holer, Holeya 45. Holeya Cheramar, Pulaya, Pulayar, Cherama, 33. Karoack 34. Khatik 35. Kori, Koli Dasari 46. Jaggali 47. Jambuvulu 48. Cheraman, Wayanad Pulayan, 36. Lohar 37. Marija, Marecha 38. Kadaiyan 49. Kalladi 50. Kepmaris Wayanadan Pulayan, Matha, Matha Mazhabi 39. Megh 40. Nat 41. Od 51. Kolupulvandlu 52. Koosa 53. Pulayan] 41. Puthirai Vannan 42. 42. Pasi 43. Perna 44. Phrera, Koracha, Korachar 54. Korama, Raneva 43. Samagara 44. Samban Pherera 45. Rehar, Rehara 46. Korava, Koravar] 55. Kotegar, Metri 45. Semman, Chemaman, Chemmar] Sanhai 47. Sanhal 48. Sansi, 56. Kudumban 57. Kuravan 58. 46. Thandan 47. Thoti 48. Vallon Bhedkut, Manesh 49. Sansoi 50. Lingader 59. Machala 60. Madari 61. 12. Madhya Pradesh Sapela 51. Sarde, Sarera, Sarare, Madiga 62. Mahar, Taral, Dhegu Siryare, Sarehde 52. Sikligar 53. Sipi Megu 63. Mahyavanshi, Dhed, 1. Audhelia 2. Bagri, Bagdi(excluding 54. Sirkiband 55. Teli 56. Thathiar, Vankar, Maru-maru-vonkar 64. Maila Rajput, Thakur sub-castes among Thathera 57. Barwala 65. Mala 66. Mala Dasari 67. Mala Bagri, Bagdi] 3. Bahna, Bahana 4. Balahi, Balai 5. Banchada 6. Barahar 9. Jharkhand Hannai 68. Mala Jangam 69. Mala Masti 70. Mala Sale, Netkani 71. Basod 7. Bargunda 8. Basor, Burud, 1. Bantar 2. Bauri 3. Bhogta 4. Mala Sanyasi 72. Mang, Matang, Bansor, Bansodi, Bansphor, Basar 9. Bhuiya 5. Chamar, Mochi 6. Choupal Minimadig 73. Mang Garudi, Mang Bedia 10. Beldar, Sunkar 11. Bhangi, 7. Dabajar 8. Dhobi 9. Dom,Dhangad Garodi 74. Manne 75. Masthi 76. Mehtar, Balmiki, Lalbegi, Dharkar 12. 10. Dusadh, Dhari, Dharhi 11. Ghasi Mavilan 77. Meghwal, Menghvar 78. Bhanumati 13. Chadar 14. Chamar, 12. Halalkhor 13. Hair, Mehtar, Bhangi Moger 79. Mukri 80. Mundala 81. Chamari, Bairwa, Bhambhi, Jatav, 14. Kanjar 15. Kuraiar 16. Lalbegi Nadia, Hadi 82. Nalkadaya 83. Mochi, Regar, Nona, Rohidas, 17. Musahar 18. Nat 19. Pan, Sawasi Nalakeyava 84. Nayadi 85. Pale 86. Ramnami, Satnami, Surjyabanshi, 20. Pasi 21 Rajwar 22. Turi. Pallan 87. Pambada 88. Panchama surjyaramnami, Ahirwar, Chamar, 10. Karnataka 89. Panniandi 90. Paraiyan, Paraya Mangan, Raidas 15. Chidar 16. 91. Paravan 92. Raneyar 93. Chikwa, Chikvi 17. Chitar 18. Dahait, 1. Adi Andhra 2. Adi Dravida 3. Adi Samagara 94. Samban 95. Sapari Dahayat, Dahat 19. Dewar 20. Karnataka 4. Adiya (in Coorg district) 96. Sillekyathas 97. Sindhollu, Dhanuh 21. Dhed, Dher 22. Dhobi (in 5. Ager 6. Ajila 7. Anamuk 8. Aray Chindollu 98. Sudugadu Siddha 99. Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore distirct) Mala 9. Arunthathiyar 10. Arwa Mala Thoti 100. Tirgar, Tirbanda 101. 23. Dohor 24. Dom, Dumar, Dome, 11. Baira 12. Bakad 13. Vant (In Valluvan. Domar, Doris 25. Ganda, Gandi 26. Belgaum, Bijapur, Dharwar and North Ghasi, Ghasia 27. Holiya 28. Kanjar 11. Kerala Kanara District) 14. Bakuda 15. 29. Katia, Patharia 30. Khatik 31. 1 Balagai 16. Bandi [17. Banjara, 1. Adi Andhra 2. Adi Dravida 3. Adi Koli, Kori 32. Kotwal (in Bhind, Dhar, Lambani, Lambada, Lambadi, Lamani, Karnataka 4. Ajila 5. Arunthathiyar 6. Dewas, Guna, Gwalior, Indore, Sugali, Sukali] 18. Bathada 19. Beda Ayyanavar 7. Baira 8. Bakuda 9. Jhabua, Khargone, Mandsaur, Jangam, Budga Jangam 20. Bellara Bathada 10. Bharathar (other than Morena, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, 21. Bhangi, Mehtar, Olgana, Rukhi, Parathar), Paravan 11. Chakkiliyan 12. Shivpuri Ujjain and Vidisha Districts)

14 September 2014 livelihoods

33. Khangar, Kanera, Mirdha 34. Vankar 39. Mala 40. Mala Dasari 41. Gokha 38. Gorait, Korait 39. Haddi, Kuchbandhia 35. Kumar (in Mala Hannai 42. Mala Jangam 43. Hadi, Hari 40. Irika 41. Jaggali 42. Chhatarpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Mala Masti 44. Mala Sale, Netkani Kandra, Kandara, Kadama, Kuduma, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi and Tikamgarh 45. Mala Sanyasi 46. Mang, Matang, Kodma, Kodama] 43. Karua 44. Katia districts) 1[36. Mahar, Mehra, Mehar, Minimadig, Dankhni Mang, Mang 1[45. Kela, Sapua Kela, Nalua Kela, Mahara] 37. Mang, Mang Garodi, Mahashi, Madari, Garudi, Radhe Mang Sabakhia Kela, Matia Kela 46. Khadala Mang Garudi, Dankhani Mang, Mang 47. Mang Garodi, Mang Garudi 48. 47. Kodalo, Khodalo 48. Kori 49. Mahasi, Madari, Garudi, Radhe Mang Manne 49. Mashti 50. Meghval, Kummari 50. Kurunga 51. Laban 52. 38. Meghwal 39. Moghia 40. Menghvar 51. Mitha Ayyalvar 52. Laheri 53. Madari 54. Madiga 55. Muskhan 41. Nat, Kalbelia, Sapera, Mukri 53. Nadia, Hadi 54. Pasi 55. Mahuria 1[56. Mala, Jhala, Malo, Zala, Navdigar, Kubutar 42. Pardhi (in Sansi 56. Shenva, Chenva, Sedma, Malha, Jhola] 57. Mang 58. Mangan Bhind, Dhar, Dewas, Guna, Gwalior, Ravat 57. Sindhollu, Chindollu 58. 59. Mehra, Mahar 60. Mehtar, Bhangi Indore, Jhabua, Khargone, Mandsaur, Tirgar, Tirbanda 59. Turi. 61. Mewar 62. Mundapotta 63. Morena, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Musahar 64. Nagarchi 65. 14. Manipur Shivpuri, Ujjain and Vidisha Distircts) Namasudra 66. Paidi 67. Painda 68. 43. Pasi 44. Rujjhar 45. Sansi, Sansia 1. Dhupi, Dhobi 2. Lois 3. Muchi, Pamidi 1[69. Pan, Pano, Buna Pana, 46. Silawat 47. Zamral 48. Sargara Ravidas 4. Namasudra 5. Patni 6. Desua Pana] 70. Panchama 71. Sutradhar 7. Yaithibi. Panika 72. Panka 73. Pantanti 74. 13.Maharashtra 15. Meghalaya Pap 75. Pasi 76. Patial, Patikar, 1. Ager 2. Anamuk 3. Aray Mala 4. Patratanti, Patua 77. Rajna 78. Relli Arwa Mala 5. Bahna, Bahana 6. 1. Bansphor 2. Bhuinmali, Mali 3. 79. Sabakhia 80. Samasi 81. Sanei 2 Bakad, Bant 7. Balahi, Balai 8. Brittial Bania, Bania 4. Dhupi, Dhobi 82. Sapari 83. Sauntia, Santia 84. [Basor, Burud, Bansor, Bansodi, 5. Dugla, Dholi 6. Hira 7. Jalkeot 8. Sidhria 85. Sinduria 1[86. Siyal, Basod] 9. Beda Jangam, Budga Jhalo, Malo, Jhalo-Malo 9. Kaibartta, Khajuria] 87. Tamadia 88. Tamudia 2 Jangam 10. Bedar [11. Bhambi, Jaliya 10. Lalbegi 11. Mahara 12. 89. Tanla 91. Turi 92. Ujia 93. Bhambhi, Asadaru, Asodi, Chamadia, Mehtar, Bhangi 13. Muchi, Rishi 14. Valamiki, Valmiki 94. Mangali (in Chamar, Chamari, Chambhar, Namasudra 15. Patni 16. Sutradhar. Koraput and Kalahandi districts) 95. Chamgar, Haralayya, Harali, Khalpa, 16. Mizoram Mirgan (in Navrangpur districts). Machigar, Mochigar, Madar, Madig, 18. Punjab Mochi, Telegu Mochi, Kamati, Mochi, 1. Bansphor 2. Bhuinmali or Mali 3. Ranigar, Rohidas, Nona, Ramnami, Brittial-Bania or Bania 4. Dhupi or 1. Ad Dharmi 2. Balmiki, Chura, Rohit, Samgar, Samagara, Satnami, Dhobi 5. Dugla or Dholi 6. Hira 7. Bhangi 3. Bangali 4. Barar, Burar, Surjyabanshi, Surjyaramnami, Jalkeot 8. Jhalo, Malo or Jhalo-Malo Berar 1[5. Batwal, Barwala] 6. Bauria, Charmakar, Pardeshi Chamar; 12. 9. Kaibartta or Jaliya 10. Lalbegi 11. Bawaria 7. Bazigar 8. Bhanjra 9. Bhangi, Mehtar, Olgana, Rukhi, Mahara 12. Mehtar or Bhangi 13. Chamar, Jatia Chamar, Rehgar, Malkana, Halalkhor, Lalbegi, Balmiki, Muchi or Rishi 14. Namasudra 15. Raigar, Ramdasi, Ravidasi, Ramdasia, Korar, Zadmalli, Hela.]13. Bindla 14. Patni 16. Sutradhar Ramdasia Sikh, Ravidasia, Ravidasia Byagara 15. Chalvadi, Channayya 17. Odisha Sikh] 10. Chanal 11. Dagi 12. Darain 16. Chenna Dasar, Holaya Dasar, 13. Deha, Dhaya, Dhea 14. Dhanak 1. Adi Andhra 2. Amant, Amat, Holeya Dasari 17. Dakkal, Dokkalwar 15. Dhogri, Dhangri, Siggi 16. Dumna, Dandachhatra Majhi] 3. Audhelia 4. 18. Dhor, Kakkayya, Kankayya, Dohor Mahasha, Doom 17. Gagra 18. Badaik 5. Bagheti, Baghuti 6. Bajikar 19. Dom, Dumar 20. Ellamalvar, Gandhila, Gandil, Gondola 19. 7. Bari 8. Bariki 9. Basor, Burud 10. Yellammalawandlu 21. Ganda, Gandi Kabirpanthi, Julaha 20. Khatik 21. Kori, Bauri, Buna Bauri, Dasia Bauri] 11. 22. Garoda, Garo 23. Ghasi, Ghasia Koli 22. Marija, Marecha 23. Mazhabi, Bauti 12. Bavuri 13. Bedia, Bejia 14. 24. Halleer 25. Halsar, Haslar, Mazhabi Sikh] 24. Megh 25. Nat 26. Beldar 15. Bhata 16. Bhoi 17. Hulasvar, Halasvar 26. Holar, Valhar Od 27. Pasi 28. Perna 29. Pherera 30. Chachati 18. Chakali 19. Chamar, 27. Holaya, Holer, Holeya, Holiya 28. Sanhai 31. Sanhal 32. Sansi, Bhedkut, Chamara, Chamar-Ravidas, Chamar- Kaikadi (in Akola, Amravati, Bhandara, Manesh 33. Sansoi 34. Sapela 35. Rohidas, Mochi, Muchi, Satnami] 20. Buldana, Nagpur, Wardha and Sarera 36. Sikligar 37. Sirkiband. 3[38. Chandala 21. Chandai Maru 23. Yavatmal districts and Chandrapur Mochi.39. Mahatam, Rai Sikh Dandasi 1[24. Dewar, Dhibara, Keuta, district, other than Rajura tahsil) 29. Kaibarta] 25. Dhanwar 26. Dhoba, 19. Rajasthan Katia, Patharia 30. Khangar, Kanera, Dhobi 27. Dom, Dombo, Duria Dom Mirdha 31. Khatik, Chikwa, Chikvi 32. 1. Adi Dharmi 2. Aheri 3. Badi 4. 28. Dosadha 29. Ganda 30. Kolupulvandlu 33. Kori 34. Lingader Bagri, Bagdi 5. Bairwa, Berwa 6. Ghantarghada, Ghantra 31. Ghasi, 35. Madgi 36. Madiga 37. Mahar, Bajgar 7. Balai 8. Bansphor, Ghasia 32. Ghogia 33. Ghusuria 34. Mehra, Taral, Dhegu Megu 38. Bansphod 9. Baori 10. Bargi, Vargi, Godagali 35. Godari 36. Godra 37. Mahyavanshi, Dhed, Vankar, Maru Birgi 11. Bawaria 12. Bedia, Beria

livelihoods September 2014 15 13. Bhand 14. Bhangi, Chura, Mehtar, Koodan (in Kanyakumari district and 16. Basor 17. Bawariya 18. Beldar Olgana, Rukhi, Malkana, Halalkhor, Shenkottah taluk of Tirunelveli district) 19. Beriya 20. Bhantu 21. Bhuiya 22. Lalbegi, Balmiki, Valmiki, Korar, 35. Kudumban 36. Kuravan, Sidhanar Bhuyiar 23. Boria 24. Chamar, Zadmalli 15. Bidakia 16. Bola 17. 37. Madari 38. Madiga 39. Malia 40. Dhusia, Jhusia, Jatava 25. Chero 26. Chamar, Bhambhi, Bambhi, Bhambi, Mala 41. Mannan (in Kanyakumari Dabgar 27. Dhangar 28. Dhanuk 29. Jatia, Jatav, Jatava, Mochi, Raidas, district and Shenkottah taluk of Dharkar 30. Dhobi 31. Dom 32. Rohidas, Regar, Raigar, Ramdasia, Tirunelveli district) 42. Mavilan 43. Domar 33. Dusadh 34. Dharmi 35. Asadaru, Asodi, Chamadia, Moger 44. Mundala 45. Nalakeyava Dhariya 36. Gond 37. Gwal 38. Chambhar, Chamgar, Haralayya, 46. Nayadi 47. Padannan (in Habura 39. Hari 40. Hela 41. Harali, Khalpa, Machigai, Mochigar, Kanyakumari district and Shenkottah Kalabaz 42. Kanjar 43. Kapariya Majar, Madig, Telugu Mochi, Kamati taluk of Tirunelveli district) 48. 44. Karwal 45. Kharaita 46. Kharwar Mochi, Ranigar, Rohit, Samgar 18. Pagadai 49. Pallan 50. Palluvan 51. (excluding Vanwasi) 47. Khatik 48. Chandal 19. Dabgar 20. Dhanak, Pambada 52. Panan (in Kanyakumari Kharot 49. Kol 50. Kori 51. Korwa 52. Dhanuk 21. Dhankia 22. Dhobi 23. district and Shenkottah taluk of Lalbegi 53. Majhwar 54. Mazhabi 55. Dholi 24. Dome, Dom 25. Gandia 26. Tirunelveli district) 53. Panchama 54. Musahar 56. Nat 57. Pankha 58. Garancha, Gancha 27. Garo, Garura, Pannadi 55. Panniandi 56. Paraiyan, Parahiya 59. Pasi, Tarmali 60. Patari Gurda, Garoda 28. Gavaria 29. Godhi Parayan, Sambavar 57. Paravan (in 61. Sahariya 62. Sanaurhiya 63. 30. Jingar 31. Kalbelia, Sapera 32. Kanyakumari district and Shenkottah Sansiya 64. Shilpkar 65. Turaiha Kamad, Kamadia 33. Kanjar, Kunjar taluk of Tirunelveli district) 58. 23. Uttar Pradesh 34. Kapadia Sansi 35. Khangar 36. Pathiyan (in Kanyakumari district and Khatik 37. Koli, Kori 38. Kooch Band, Shenkottah taluk of Tirunelveli district) 1. Agariya 2[excluding Sonbhadra Kuchband 39. Koria 40 Madari, 59. Pulayan, Cheramar 60. Puthirai districts] 2. Badhik 3. Badi 4. Baheliya Bazigar 41. Mahar, Taral, Dhegumegu Vannan 61. Raneyar 62. Samagara 5. Baiga 2[excluding Sonbhadra 42. Mahyavanshi, Dhed, Dheda, 63. Samban 64. Sapari 65. Semman districts] 6. Baiswar 7. Bajaniya 8. Vankar, Maru, Vankar 43. Majhabi 44. 66. Thandan (in Kanyakumari district Bajgi 9. Balahar 10. Balai 11. Balmiki Mang, Matang, Minimadig 45. Mang and Shenkottah taluk of Tirunelveli 12. Bangali 13. Banmanus 14. Garodi, Mang Garudi 46. Megh, district) 67. Thoti 68. Tiruvalluvar 69. Bansphor 15. Barwar 16. Basor 17. Meghval, Meghwal, Menghvar 47. Vallon 70. Valluvan 71. Vannan (in Bawariya 18. Beldar 19. Beriya 20. 2 Mehar 48 Nat, Nut 49. Pasi 50. Rawal Kanyakumari district and Shenkottah Bhantu 21. Bhuiya [excluding 51. Salvi 52. Sansi 53. Santia, Satia taluk of Tirunelveli district) 72. Sonbhadra district] 22. Bhuyiar 23. 54. Sarbhangi 55. Sargara 56. Vathiriyan 73. Velan 74. Vetan (in Boira 24. Chamar, Dhusia, Jhusia, Singiwala 57. Thori, Nayak 58. Tirgar, Kanyakumari district and Shenkottah Jatava 25. Chero 1[excluding Tirbanda 59. Turi. taluk of Tirunelveli district) 75. Vettiyan Sonbhadra and Varanasi districts] 26. 76. Vettuvan (in Kanyakumari district Dabgar 27. Dhangar 28. Dhanuk 29. 20. Tamil Nadu and Shenkottah taluk of Tirunelveli Dharkar 30. Dhobi 31. Dom 32. Domar 1. Adi Andhra 2. Adi Dravida 3. Adi district). 33. Busadh 34. Gharami 35. Ghasiya Karnataka 4. Ajila 5. Arunthathiyar 6. 36. Gond 1[excluding Mehrajganj, 21. Tripura Ayyanavar (in Kanyakumari district and Sidharth Nagar, Basti Gorakhpur, Shenkottah taluk of Tirunelveli district) 1.Bagdi 2. Bhuimali 3. Bhunar 4. Deoria, Mau, Azamgarh, Jonpur Balia, 7. Baira 8. Bakuda 9. Bandi 10. Chamar, Muchi 5. Dandasi 6. Gazipur, Varanasi, Mirzapur and Bellara 11. Bharatar (in Kanyakumari Dhenuar 7. Dhoba 8. Dum 9. Ghasi Sonbhadra districts] 37. Gual 38. district and Shenkottah taluk of 10. Gour 11. Gur 12. Jalia Kaibarta Habura 39. Hari 40. Hela 41. Kalabaz Tirunelveli district) 12. Chakkiliyan 13. Kahar 14. Kalindi 15. Kan 16. 42. Kanjar 43. Kapariya 44. Karwal 45. 13. Chalavadi 14. Chamar, Muchi 15. Kanda 17. Kanugh 18. Keot 19. Khadit Khairaha 46. Kharwar(excluding Chandala 16. Cheruman 17. 20. Kharia 21. Koch 22. Koir 23. Kol Benbansi) (excluding Deoria, Balia Devendrakulathan 18. Dom, 24. Kora 25. Kotal 26. Mahisyadas 27. Gazipur, Varanasi and Sonbhadra Dombara, Paidi, Pano 19. Domban Mali 28. Mehtor 29. Musahar 30. districts)] 47. Khatik 48. Khorot 49. 20. Godagali 21. Godda 22. Gosangi Namasudra 31. Patni 32. Sabar. 33. Kol 50. Kori 51. Korwa 52. Lalbegi 23. Holeya 24. Jaggali 25. Jambuvulu Dhulhi, Sabdakar, Badyakar 34. Natta, 53. Majhwar 54. Mazhabi 55. 26. Kadaiyan 27. Kakkalan (in Nat Musahar 56. Nat 57. Pankha 1 Kanyakumari district and Shenkottah [excluding Sonbhadra and Mirzapur 22. Uttaranchal taluk of Tirunelveli district) 28. Kalladi districts] 58. Parahiya 1[excluding 29. Kanakkan, Padanna (in the Nilgiris 1. Agaria 2. Badhik 3. Badi 4. Sonbhadra district] 59. Pasitarmali district) 30. Karimpalan 31. Kavara Baheliya 5. Baiga 6. Baiswar 7. 60. Patari [excluding Sonbhadra (in Kanyakumari district and Bajaniya 8. Bajgi 9. Balhar 10. Balai district] 61. Rawat 62. Saharya 1 Shenkottah taluk of Tirunelveli district) 11. Balmiki 12. Bangali 13. [excluding Lalitpur district] 63. 32. Koliyan 33. Koosa 34. Kootan, Banmanus 14. Bansphor 15. Barwar Sanaurhiya 64. Sansiya 65. Shilpkar

16 September 2014 livelihoods

66. Turaiha districts) 21. Manna Dhora 22. Mukha divisions and in Santal Parganas Dhora, Nooka Dhora 23. Nayaks (in district. North Chotanagpur division 24. West Bengal the Agency tracts, i.e.: Srikakulam, comprises Dhanbad, Giridih and 1. Bagdi, Duley 2. Bahelia 3. Baiti 4. Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Hazaribag districts; South Bantar 5. Bauri 6. Beldar 7. Bhogta Godavari, West Godavari and Chotanagpur division comprises 8. Bhuimali 9. Bhuiya 10. Bind 11. Khammam districts) 24. Pardhan 25. Palamu, Lohardaga, Gumla, Ranchi, Chamar, Charmakar, Mochi, Muchi, Porja, Parangiperja 26. Reddi Dhoras Purbi Singhbhum and Pashchimi Rabidas, Ruidas, Rishi 12. Chaupal 27. Rona, Rena 28. Savaras, Kapu Singhbhum districts; Santal Parganas 13. Dabgar 14. Damai (Nepali) 15. Savaras, Maliya Savaras, Khutto district comprises Godda, Sahibganj, Dhoba, Dhobi 16. Doai 17. Dom, Savaras 29. Sugalis, Lambadis 30. Dumka and Deoghar districts. 7. Dhangad 18. Dosadh, Dusadh, Dhari, Thoti (in Adilabad, Hyderabad, Binjhia 8. Birhor 9. Birjia 10. Chero 11. Dharhi 19. Ghasi 20. Gonrhi 21. Karimnagar, Khammam, Chick Baraik 12. Gond 13. Gorait 14. 3 Halalkhor [22. Hari, Mehtar, Mehtor, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Ho 15. Karmali 16. Kharia 17. Kharwar Bhangi, Balmiki] 23. Jalia Kaibartta Nizamabad and Warangal districts) 31. 18. Kondh 19. Kisan 20. Kora 21. 24. Jhalo Malo, Malo 25. Kadar 26. Valmiki (in the Agency tracts, i.e.: Korwa 22. Lohara, Lohra 23. Mahli 24. Kami (Nepali) 27. Kandra 28. Kanjar Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Mal Pahariya 25. Munda 26. Oraon 27. 29. Kaora 30. Karenga, Koranga 31. Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Parhaiya 28. Santal 29. Sauria Paharia Kaur 32. Keot, Keyot 33. Khaira 34. Godavari and Khammam districts) 32. 30. Savar Khatik 35. Koch 36. Konai 37. Yenadis 33. Yerukulas 5. Chhattisgarh Konwar 38. Kotal 39. Kurariar 40. 2. Arunachal Pradesh Lalbegi 41. Lohar 42. Mahar 43. Mal 1. Agariya 2. Andh 3. Baiga 4. Bhaina 44. Mallah 45. Musahar 46. 1. Abor 2. Aka 3. Apatani 4. Dafla 5. 5. Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Namasudra 47. Nat 48. Nuniya 49. Galo 6. Khampti 7. Khowa 8. Mishmi Bhumiya, Bharia, Paliha, Pando 6. Paliya 50. Pan, Sawasi 51. Pasi 52. Bhattra 7. Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patelia 9. Momba 10. Any Naga tribes 11. Patni 53. Pod, Poundra 54. Rajbanshi 8. Bhil Mina 9. Bhunjia 10. Biar, Biyar Sherdukpen 12. Singpho 55. Rajwar 56. Sarki (Nepali) 57. Sunri 11. Binjhwar 12. Birhul, Birhor 13. (excluding Saha) 58. Tiyar 59. Turi. 60. 3. Assam Damor, Damaria 14. Dhanwar 15. Chain (in Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia 1. Chakma 2. Dimasa, Kachari 3. Garo Gadaba, Gadba 16. Gond; (Arakh, and Dakhin Dinajpur districts). 4. Hajong 5. Hmar 6. Khasi, Jaintia, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, II. Sub-groups in Scheduled Tribes Synteng, Pnar, War, Bhoi, Lyngngam Koilabhuta, Kolibhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn (ST): 7. Any Kuki Tribes, including: (1. Biate, Biete 2. Changsan 3. Chongloi 4. Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, 1. Andhra Pradesh & Telangana Doungel 5. Gamalhou 6. Gangte 7. Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, 1. Andh 2. Bagata 3. Bhil 4. Chenchu, Guite 8. Hanneng 9. Haokip, Haupit Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond, Chenchwar 5. Gadabas 6. Gond, 10. Haolai 11. Hengna 12. Hongsung Gowari Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Naikpod, Rajgond 7. Goudu (in the 13. Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol 14. Jongbe Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Agency tracts, i.e.: Srikakulam, 15. Khawchung 16. Khawathlang, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Khothalong 17. Khelma 18. Kholhou Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Godavari, West Godavari and 19. Kipgen 20. Kuki 21. Lengthang 22. Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Khammam districts) 8. Hill Reddis 9. Lhangum 23. Lhoujem 24. Lhouvun Muria, Nagarchi, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj Jatapus 10. Kammara 11. 25. Lupheng 26. Mangjel 27. Misao 28. Gond, 'Sonjhari, Jhareka, Thatia, Kattunayakan 12. Kolam, Mannervarlu Riang 29. Sairhem 30. Selnam 31. Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria, 13. Konda Dhoras 14. Konda Kapus Singson 32. Sitlhou 33. Sukte 34. Daroi )17. Halba, Halbi 18. Kamar 19. 15. Kondareddis 16. Kondhs, Kodi, Thado 35. Thangngeu 36. Uibuh 37. Karku 20. Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Kodhu, Desaya Kondhs, Dongria Vaiphei) 8. Lakher 9. Man (Tai Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri 21. Kondhs, Kuttiya Kondhs, Tikiria speaking) 10. Any Mizo (Lushai) tribes Khairwar, Kondar 22. Kharia 23. Kondhs, Yenity Kondhs 17. Kotia, 11. Mikir 12. Any Naga tribes 13. Pawi Kondh, Khond, Kandh 24. Kol 25. Bentho Oriya, Bartika, Dhulia, Dulia, 14. Syntheng Other areas [ 1. Kolam 26. Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Holva, Paiko, Putiya, Sanrona, Barmans in Cachar 2. Boro, Nihar, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya 27. Sidhopaiko 18. Koya, Goud, Rajah, Borokachari 3. Deori 4. Hojai 5. Korwa, Kodaku 28. Majhi 29. Majhwar Rasha Koya, Lingadhari Koya Kachari, Sonwal 6. Lalung 7. Mech 8. 30. Mawasi 31. Munda 32. Nagesia, (ordinary), Kottu Koya, Bhine Koya, Miri 9. Rabha Nagasia 33. Oraon, Dhanka, Dhangad Rajkoya 19. Kulia 20. Malis (excluding 34. Pao 35. Pardhan, Pathari, Saroti 4. Bihar Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, 36. Pardhi, Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Khammam, Mahbubnagar, Medak, 1. Asur 2. Baiga 3. Banjara 4. Bathudi Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Phans Pardhi, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal 5. Bedia 6. Bhumij in North Shikari, Takankar, Takia (in (i) Bastar, Chotanagpur and South Chotanagpur Dantewara, Kanker, Raigarh,

livelihoods September 2014 17 Jashpurnagar, Surguja and Koria comprises Jamnagar and Junagadh Malayekandi 34. Maleru 35. Maratha districts; (ii) Katghora, Pali, Kartala and districts. 25. Rathawa 26. Siddi (in (in Kodagu district) 36. Marati (n Korba tehsils of Korba district' (iii) Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Dakshina Kannada district) 37. Meda Bilaspur, Pendra, Kota and Takhatpur Junagadh, Rajkot and Surendranagar 38. Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, tehsils of Bilaspur district; (iv) Durg, districts) 27. Vaghri (in Kachchh Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Patan, Gunderdehi, Dhamdha, Balod, district)b 28. Varli 29. Vitola, Kotwalia, Nayaka, Naik, Nayak, Beda, Bedar Gurur and Dondilohara tehsils of Durg Barodia and Valmiki 39. Palliyan 40. Paniyan district; (v) Chowki, Manpur and 41. Pardhi, Advichincher, Phanse 8. Himachal Pradesh Mohala Revenue Inspector Circles of Pardhi 42. Patelia 43. Rathawa 44. Rajnandgon district' (vi) Mahasamund, 1. Bhot, Bodh 2. Gaddi 3. Gujjar 4. Sholaga 45. Soligaru 46. Toda 47. Saraipali and Basna tehsils of Jad, Lamba, Khampa 5. Kanaura, Varli 48. Vitolia, Kotwalia, Barodia 49. Mahasamund district; (vii) Bindra- Kinnara 6. Lahaula 7. Pangwala 8. Yerava Navagarh Rajim and Deobhog tehsils Swangla 12. Kerala of Raipur district; and (viii) Dhamtari, 9. Jammu and Kashmir Kurud and Sihava tehsils of Dhamtari 1. Adiyan 2. Arandan 3. Eravallan 4. district) 37. Parja 38. Sahariya, 1. Bakarwal 2. Balti 3. Beda 4. Bot, Hill Pulaya 5. Irular, Irulan 6. Kadar 7. Saharia, Seharia, Sehria, Sosia, Sor Boto 5. Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard, Shin 6. Kammara (in the areas comprising the 39. Saonta, Saunta 40. Saur 41. Changpa 7. Gaddi 8. Garra 9. Gujjar Malabar district as specified by sub- Sawar, Sawara 42. Sonr 10. Mon 11. Purigpa 12. Sippi section (2) of section 5 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (37 of 6. Goa 10. Jharkhand 1956)). Malabar district comprises 1. Dhodia 2. Dubla (Halpati) 3. Naikda 1. Asur 2. Baiga 3. Banjara 4. Bathudi Kannur (earlier Cannanore), (Talavia) 4. Siddi (Nayaka) 5. Varli 5. Bedia 6. Binjhia 7. Birhor 8. Birjia 9. Kozhikode, Malappuram districts and Chero 10. Chick Baraik 11. Gond 12. Palakkad (earlier Palaghat) district 7. Gujarat Gorait 13. Ho 14. Karmali 15. Kharia excluding Chittur taluk. 8. Kanikaran, 1. Barda 2. Bavacha, Bamcha 3. 16. Kharwar 17. Khond 18. Kisan 19. Kanikkar 9. Kattunayakan 10. Kochu Bharwad (in the Nesses of the forests Kora 20. Korwa 21. Lohra 22. Mahli Velan 11. Konda Kapus 12. of Alech, Barada and Gir). The area 23. Mal Pahariya 24. Munda 25. Oraon Kondareddis 13. Koraga 14. Kota 15. comprises Jamnagar and Junagadh 26. Parhaiya 27. Santhal 28. Sauria Kudiya, Melakudi 16. Kurichchan 17. districts. 4. Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Paharia 29. Savar 30. Bhumij Kurumans 18. Kurumbas 19. Maha Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, 11. Karnataka Malasar 20. Malai Arayan 21. Malai Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Pandaram 22. Malai Vedan 23. 1. Adiyan 2. Barda 3. Bavacha, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Malakkuravan 24. Malasar 25. Bamcha 4. Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Vasave 5. Charan (in the Nesses of Malayan (in the areas comprising the Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir). Malabar district as specified by sub- Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, The area comprises Jamnagar and section (2) of section 5 of the States Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Junagadh districts. 6. Chaudhri (in Reorganisation Act, 1956 (37 of Vasave 5. Chenchu, Chenchwar 6. Surat and Valsad districts) 7. 1956)). Malabar district comprises Chodhara 7. Dubla, Talavia, Halpati 8. Chodhara 8. Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Kannur (earlier Cannanore), Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi, Valvi 9. Dhodia 10. Dubla, Talavia, Kozhikode, Malappuram districts and Valvi 9. Gond, Naikpod, Rajgond 10. Halpati 11. Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Palakkad (earlier Palaghat) district Gowdalu 11. Hakkipikki 12. Hasalaru Mavchi, Padvi 12. Gond, Rajgond 13. excluding Chittur taluk. 26. 13. Irular 14. Iruliga 15. Jenu Kuruba Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Malayarayar 27. Mannan 28. Marati (in 16. Kadu Kuruba 17. Kammara (in Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari 14. Hosdrug and Kasaragod taluks of Dakshina Kannada district and Kokna, Kokni, Kukna 15. Koli (in Kasaragod district) 29. Muthuvan, Kollegal taluk of Chamarajanagar Kachchh district) 16. Koli Dhor, Tokre Mudugar, Muduvan 30. Palleyan 31. district) 18. Kaniyan, Kanyan (in Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha 17. Kunbi (in the Palliyan 32. Palliyar 33. Paniyan 34. Kollegal taluk of Chamarajanagar Dangs district) 18. Naikda, Nayaka, Ulladan 35. Uraly Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, district) 19. Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor 13. Madhya Pradesh Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka 19. Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Padhar 20. Paradhi (in Kachchh Son Katkari 20. Kattunayakan 21. 1. Agariya 2. Andh 3. Baiga 4. Bhaina district) 21. Pardhi, Advichincher, Kokna, Kokni, Kukna 22. Koli Dhor, 5. Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Phanse Pardhi (excluding Amreli, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha 23. Konda Bhumiya, Bharia, Paliha, Pando 6. Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kapus 24. Koraga 25. Kota 26. Koya, Bhattra 7. Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patelia Kachchh, Rajkot and Surendranagar Bhine Koya, Rajkoya 27. Kudiya, 8. Bhil Mina 9. Bhunjia 10. Biar, Biyar districts) 22. Patelia 23. Pomla 24. Melakud 28. Kuruba (in Kodagu 11. Binjhwar 12. Birhul, Birhor 13. Rabari (in the Nesses of the forests of district) 29. Kurumans 30. Maha Damor, Damaria 14. Dhanwar 15. Alech, Barada and Gir). The area Malasar 31. Malaikudi 32. Malasar 33. Gadaba, Gadba 16. Gond; (Arakh,

18 September 2014 livelihoods

Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Bamcha 5. Bhaina 6. Bharia Bhumia, and Rajura tehsil of Chandrapur Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Pando 7. Bhattra 8. district) 46. Varli 47. Vitolia, Kotwalia, Koilabhuta, Koliabhuti, Bhar, Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Barodia Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, 15. Manipur Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave 9. 1. Aimol 2. Anal 3. Angami 4. Chiru 5. Gatti, Gaita, Gond Gowari, Hill Maria, Bhunjia 10. Binjhwar 11. Birhul, Birhor Chothe 6. Gangte 7. Hmar 8. Kabui 9. Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, 12. Chodhara (excluding Akola, Kacha Naga 10. Koirao 11. Koireng Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Amravati, Bhandara, Gondiya, 12. Kom 13. Lamgang 14. Mao 15. Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Buldana, Chandrapur, Nagpur, Maram 16. Maring 17. Any Mizo Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Wardha, Yavatmal, Aurangabad, (Lushai) tribes 18. Monsang 19. Moyon Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Nagwanshi, Jalna, Bid, Nanded, Osmanabad, 20. Paite 21. Purum 22. Ralte 23. Sem Ojha, Raj, Sonjhari Jhareka, Thatia, Latur, Parbhani and Hingoli districts) 24. Simte 25. Suhte 26. Tangkhul 27. Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria, 13. Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi 14. Thadou 28. Vaiphui 29. Zou Daroi) 17. Halba, Halbi 18. Kamar 19. Dhanwar 15. Dhodia 16. Dubla, 16. Meghalaya Karku 20. Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Talavia, Halpati 17. Gamit, Gamta, Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri 21. Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi 18. Gond 1. Boro Kacharis 2. Chakma 3. Keer (in Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore (Rajgond, Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Dimasa, Kachari 4. Garo 5. Hajong 6. districts) 22. Khairwar, Kondar 23. Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Hmar 7. Khasi, Jaintia, Synteng, Pnar, Kharia 24. Kondh, Khond, Kandh 25. Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koilabhuti, War, Bhoi, Lyngngam 8. Koch 9. Any Kol 26. Kolam] 27. Korku, Bopchi, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Kuki Tribes, including: (1. Biate, Biete Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, Bondhi, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, 2. Changsan 3. Chongloi 4. Doungel 5. Bondeya 28. Korwa, Kodaku 29. Majhi Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gamalhou 6. Gangte 7. Guite 8. 30. Majhwar 31. Mawasi 32. Mina (in Gatti, Gaita, Gond, Gowari, Hill Maria, Hanneng 9. Haokip, Haupit 10. Haolai Sironj sub-division of Vidisha district) Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, 11. Hengna 12. Hongsungh 13. 33. Munda 34. Nagesia, Nagasia 35. Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol 14. Jongbe 15. Oraon, Dhanka, Dhangad 36. Panika Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Khawchung 16. Khawathlang, (in Chhatarpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Khothalong 17. Khelma 18. Kholhou Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi and Tikamgarh Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Naikpod, 19. Kipgen 20. Kuki 21. Lengthang 22. districts) 37. Pao 38. Pardhan, Pathari Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj, Sonjhari Lhangum 23. Lhoujem 24. Lhouvun Saroti 39. Pardhi (in Bhopal, Raisen Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, 25. Lupheng 26. Mangjel 27. Misao 28. and Sehore districts) 40. Pardhi; Vade Maria) 19. Halba, Halbi 20. Riang 29. Sairhem 30. Selnam 31. Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Langoli Kamar 21. Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Singson 32. Sitlhou 33. Sukte 34. Pardhi, Phans Pardhi, Shikari, Kathodi, Dhor Kathkari, Son Kathodi, Thado 35. Thangngeu 36. Uibuh 37. Takankar, Takia (in (i) Bastar, Son Katkari 22. Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Vaiphei) 10. Lakher 11. Man (Tai Chhindwara, Mandla, Raigarh, Seoni Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri 23. speaking) 12. Any Mizo (Lushai) tribes and Surguja districts; (ii) Baihar tehsil Khairwar 24. Kharia 25. Kokna, Kokni, 13. Mikir 14. Any Naga tribes 15. Pawi of Balaghat district; (iii) Betul and Kukna 26. Kol 27. Kolam, Mannervarlu 16. Raba, Rava 17. Synteng Bhainsdehi tehsils of Betul district; (iv) 28. Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, 17. Mizoram Bilaspur and Katghora tehsils of Kolgha 29. Koli Mahadev, Dongar Koli 1. Chakma 2. Dimasa (Kachari) 3. Bilaspur district; (v) Durg and Balod 30. Koli Malhar 31. Kondh, Khond, Garo 4. Hajong 5. Hmar 6. Khasi and tehsils of Durg district; (vi) Chowki, Kandh 32. Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Jaintia (including Khasi Synteng or Manpur and Mohala Revenue Nihal, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya 33. Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam) 7. Any Inspectors Circles of Rajnandgaon Koya, Bhine Koya, Rajkoya 34. Kuki Tribes, Including: (1. Biate, Biete district; (vii) Murwara, Patan and Nagesia, Nagasia 35. Naikda, Nayaka, 2. Changsan 3. Chongloi 4. Doungel 5. Sihora tehsils of Jabalpur district; (viii) Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Gamalhou 6. Gangte 7. Guite 8. Hoshangabad and Sohagpur tehsils of Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka 36. Hanneng 9. Haokip, Haupit 10. Haolai Hoshangabad district and Narsimhapur Oraon, Dhangad 37. Pardhan, Pathari, 11. Hengna 12. Hongsungh 13. district; (ix) Harsud tehil of East Nimar Saroti 38. Pardhi: Advichincher, Phans Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol 14. Jongbe 15. district; and (x) Dhamtari and Pardhi, Phanse Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Khawchung 16. Khawathlang, Mahasamund districts and Bindra- Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Khothalong 17. Khelma 18. Kholhou Nawagarh tehsil of Raipur district) 41. Shikari, Takankar, Takia 39. Parja 40. 19. Kipgen 20. Kuki 21. Lengthang 22. Parja 42. Sahariya, Saharia, Seharia, Patelia 41. Pomla 42. Rathawa 43. Lhangum 23. Lhoujem 24. Lhouvun Sehria, Sosia, Sor 43. Saonta, Saunta Sawar, Sawara 44. Thakur, Thakar, Ka 25. Lupheng 26. Mangjel 27. Misao 28. 44. Saur 45. Sawar, Sawara 46. Sonr Thakur, Ka Thakar, Ma Thakur, Ma Riang 29. Sairhem 30. Selnam 31. Thakar 45. Thoti (in Aurangabad, 14. Maharashtra Singson 32. Sitlhou 33. Sukte 34. Jalna, Bid, Nanded, Osmanabad, Thado 35. Thangngeu 36. Uibuh 37. 1. Andh 2. Baiga 3. Barda 4. Bavacha, Latur, Parbhani and Hingoli districts Vaiphei) 8. Lakher 9. Man (Tai

livelihoods September 2014 19 speaking) 10. Any Mizo (Lushai) tribes Irular 5. Kadar 6. Kammara (excluding 21. Korwa 22. Lepcha 23. Lodha, 11. Mikir 12. Any Naga tribes 13. Pawi Kanniyakumari district and Shencottah Kheria, Kharia 24. Lohara, Lohra 25. 14. Synteng taluk of Tirunelveli district) 7. Magh 26. Mahali 27. Mahli 28. Mal Kanikaran, Kanikkar (in Kanniyakumari Pahariya 29. Mech 30. Mru 31. Munda 18. Nagaland district and Shencottah taluk of 32. Nagesia 33. Oraon 34. Parhaiya 1. Garo 2. Kachari 3. Kuki 4. Mikir 5. Tirunelveli district) 8. Kaniyan, Kanyan 35. Rabha 36. Santal 37. Sauria Naga 9. Kattunayakan 10. Kochu Velan 11. Paharia 38. Savar Konda Kapus 12. Kondareddis 13. 19. Odisha 1. Andaman &Nicobar Islands (UT) Koraga 14. Kota (excluding 1. Bagata 2. Baiga 3. Banjara, Banjari Kanniyakumari district and Shencottah 1.Andamanese, Chariar, Chari, Kora, 4. Bathudi 5. Bhottada, Dhotada 6. taluk of Tirunelveli district) 15. Kudiya, Tabo, Bo, Yere, Kede, Bea, Balawa, Bhuiya, Bhuyan 7. Bhumia 8. Bhumij 9. Melakudi 16. Kurichchan 17. Bojigiyab, Juwai, Kol 2. Jarawas 3. Bhunjia 10. Binjhal 11. Binjhia, Binjhoa Kurumbas (in the Nilgiri district) 18. Nicobarese 4. Onges 5. Sentinelese 6. 12. Birhor 13. Bondo Poraja 14. Kurumans 19. Maha Malasar 20. Malai Shom Pens Chenchu 15. Dal 16. Desua Bhumij 17. Arayan 21. Malai Pandaram 22. Malai 2. Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT) Dharua 18. Didayi 19. Gadaba 20. Vedan 23. Malakkuravan 24. Malasar Gandia 21. Ghara 22. Gond, Gondo 25. Malayali (in Dharmapuri, Vellore, 1. Dhodia 2. Dubla including Halpati 3. 23. Ho 24. Holva 25. Jatapus|Jatapu Tiruvannamalai, Pudukkottai, Salem, Kathodi 4. Kokna 5. Koli Dhor including 26. Juang 27. Kandha Gauda 28. Namakkal, Villupuram, Cuddalore, Kolgha 6. Naikda or Nayaka 7. Varli Kawar 29. Kharia, Kharian 30. Kharwar Tiruchirappalli, Karur and Perambalur 3. Daman and Diu (UT) 31. Khond, Kond, Kandha, Nanguli districts) 26. Malayekandi 27. Mannan 1. Dhodia 2. Dubla (Halpati) 3. Naikda Kandha, Sitha Kandha 32. Kisan 33. 28. Mudugar, Muduvan 29. Muthuvan (Talavia) 4. Siddi (Nayaka) 5. Varli Kol 34. Kolah Loharas, Kol Loharas 30. Palleyan 31. Palliyan 32. Palliyar 35. Kolha 36. Koli, Malhar 37. 33. Paniyan 34. Sholaga 35. Toda III. Major Nomadic Communities Kondadora 38. Kora 39. Korua 40. (excluding Kanniyakumari district and (ND): Kotia 41. Koya 42. Kulis 43. Lodha 44. Shencottah taluk of Tirunelveli district) Madia 45. Mahali 46. Mankidi 47. Nomadic Communities are mainly two Mankirdia 48. Matya 49. Mirdhas 50. 36. Uraly types such as livestock-raising people and other people who do various types Munda, Munda Lohara, Munda 23. Tripura Mahalis 51. Mundari 52. Omanatya 53. of small works for survival including 1. Bhil 2. Bhutia 3. Chaimal 4. Chakma Oraon 54. Parenga 55. Paroja 56. begging, dancing, singing, hunting, 5. Garoo 6. Halam 7. Jamatia 8. Pentia 57. Rajuar 58. Santal 59. storey-telling, snake-charming etc. Khasia 9. Kuki, including the following Saora, Savar, Saura, Sahara 60. A: Pastoral nomads: These category sub-tribes: (1. Balte 2. Belalhu 3. Shabar, Lodha 61. Sounti 62. Tharua of people raise different kinds of Chhalya 4. Fun 5. Hajango 6. Jangtei livestock such as buffaloes, sheep, 20. Rajasthan 7. Khareng 8. Khephong 9. Kuntei 10. goats, camels, cattle, donkeys and Laifang 11. Lentei 12. Mizel 13. Namte 1. Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri yaks. These people raise livestock in a 14. Paitu, Paite 15. Rangchan 16. Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, mobile pastoral system. Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Rangkhole 17. Thangluya) 10. Lepcha Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave 2. Bhil 11. Lushai 12. Mag 13. Munda, Kaur 1. Ahir (Gujarat, Rajasthan,Madhya 14. Noatia 15. Orang 16. Riang 17. Mina 3. Damor, Damaria 4. Dhanka, Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh) raise Santal 18. Tripura, Tripuri, Tippera 19. Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi 5. Garasia cattle 2. Bakarwal (Jammu and Uchai (excluding Rajput Garasia) 6. Kathodi, Kashmir) mainly raise goats 3 . Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, 24. Uttarakhand Bharwad (Gujarat) sheep and goat 4. Son Kathodi, Son Katkari 7. Kokna, Bhotia (Uttarakhand, upper regions of 1. Bhotia 2. Buksa 3. Jannsari 4. Raji Kokni, Kukna 8. Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Garhwal and Kumaon) sheep, goats 5. Tharu Kolcha, Kolgha 9. Mina 10. Naikda, and cattle 5. Bhutia (North district of Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia 25. Uttar Pradesh Sikkim Buddhist) sheep, goats and Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka 1. Bhotia 2. Buksa 3. Jaunsari 4. Raji cattle 6. Changpa (Jammu and 11. Patelia 12. Seharia, Sehria, 5. Tharu 6. Gond Kashmir, mainly in Zanskar) Yak 7. Sahariya 13. dhushar Charan Gir forest region of Gujarat) 26. West Bengal 21. Sikkim cattle 8. Dhangar (Maharashtra, 1. Asur 2. Baiga 3. Bedia, Bediya 4. Karnataka andMadhya Pradesh) 1.Bhutia (including Chumbipa, Bhumij 5. Bhutia, Sherpa, Toto, Dukpa, sheep 9. Gaddi (Himachal Pradesh Dopthapa, Dukpa, Kagatey, Sherpa, Kagatay, Tibetan, Yolmo 6. Birhor 7. and Jammu and Kashmir) sheep and Tibetan, Tromopa, Yolmo) 2. Lepcha Birjia 8. Chakma 9. Chero 10. Chik goats 10. Gaddi Muslim (Bihar, 22. Tamil Nadu Baraik 11. Garo 12. Gond 13. Gorait Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) cattle, 14. Hajang 15. Ho 16. Karmali 17. they are mainly urban dairymen 11. 1. Adiyan 2. Aranadan 3. Eravallan 4. Kharwar 18. Khond 19. Kisan 20. Kora Gaderia (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya

20 September 2014 livelihoods

Pradeshand Haryana) goats 12. Gavli (Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh) traditionally beggars and hunters. 24. (Gujarat, Goa, Karnataka and jugglers, dancers, basket-weavers and Kharia Muslim (West Bengal) Maharashtra) cattle 13. Gayri fortune-tellers. 8. Bedia (North India) catching of snakes, toads and birds. (Southern Rajasthan (Mewar) sheep train their girls to sing and dance. 9. 24. Mirasi or Pakhwaji, Kalawartand 14. Ghosi (Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Boria (North India - Awadh region) Qawwal (North India and Pakistan) 25. Pradesh) cattle Golla also 15. often employed as village watchmen. Mirshikar (Bihar) hunters and Nandiwala (Andhra Pradesh, Entirely Hindu. 10. Deha (Haryana and trekkers. 26. Narikurava (Tamil Nadu) Telangana and Maharashtra) cattle Punjab) traditional occupation was The main occupation is hunting. But as 16. Gujjar (Jammu and Kashmir, begging and agricultural labour. 11. they were prohibited entry into the Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan) Dharhi (Awadh region of Uttar forests to pursue this livelihood, they mainly buffalo, but also cattle 17. Jath Pradesh) singing and playing the tabla were forced to take up other (Kutch region of Gujarat) cattle and for their patron communities. 12. alternatives such as selling beaded occasionally camels 18. Kinnaura Dharkar (Awadh region of Eastern ornaments to survive. 27. Nat : They (Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh) Uttar Pradesh) rope-making and the are fourteen subgroups, the main ones sheep and goats 19. Kuruba manufacture of baskets and mats, also being the Nituria, Rarhi, Chhabhayia, (Karnataka) sheep 20. Kuruma supplement their income by begging. Tikulhara, Tirkuta, Pushtia, Rathore, (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana) 13. Dom (South India and Pakistan) Kazarhatia, Kathbangi, Banwaria, sheep 21. Mer (Saurashtra region of traditionally employed during the Kougarh, Lodhra, Korohia, and Gujarat) camels, also some cattle 22 . cremation rituals . 14. Banjaras and Gulgulia. (North India) traditionally Monpa (Tawang and West Kemeng Lambanis (South India and Pakistan) entertainers and jugglers. 28. Pamaria districts of Arunachal Pradesh) Yak occupation includes scavenging, (Bihar) Their occupation remains and cattle 23. Rath (western weaving of ropes and baskets. 15. singing and dancing. 29. Patharkat or Rajasthan (Ganganagar and Bikaner Gadia Lohar (Madhya Pradesh and Sangtarash (Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) districts) cattle, mainly of the rathi move on from one place to another stone cutters 30. Perna (Haryana and breed 24. Rebari or Raika (Rajasthan place on bullock carts. Their camps Punjab) dependent on begging. 31. and Gujarat) camel, cattle and goats are often found at the edge of villages, Qalandar (North India and Pakistan 25. Sindhi Sipahi or Sindhi 16. Gandhil and Gandola (Haryana, Punjab) leading bears, monkeys and Musalman (Marwar and Jaisalmer in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh) donkey- other performing animals with which Rajasthan) mainly camels, also cattle rearing and secondary occupations they wander, announcing the presence and sheep 26. Toda (Nilgiri region of include the manufacture of brooms. with an hourglass-shaped drum called Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka) They are an iterant community, a damru . 32. Sansi (Rajastan, cattle 27. Van Gujar (Uttarakhand and traditionally involved in peddling. 17. Haryana and Punjab) sell and barter Uttar Pradesh) buffalo Habura (Doab region of Uttar cattle, some are also involved in Pradesh) often also engaging in jugglery and acrobatics. 33. Sapera B: Peripatetic nomads: Throughout vagrancy. 18. Heri (Haryana and (Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh) South Asia, there are groups of Punjab) a herd of cattle. 19. Hurkiya 34. Sapera Muslims or Mastan or nomads who are peddlers, itinerant (Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh) men Ustad (found in the districts of minstrels, dancers and dramatists. used to play the hurka drums and the Saharsa, Champaran, Sitamarhi and 1. Abdal (North India, mostly in women used to dance but now working Purnea in Bihar) traditional occupation Gujarat) traditionally associated with as daily wage labourers. 20. Kalabaz is snake-charming. 35. Sapuria begging at shrines 2. Aheria (North (Uttar Pradesh) Those Nats who traditionally associated with snake- India) hunting and trapping. Many were became acrobats over-time evolved charming. also involved with acting as guides on into a distinct community. 21. Khalifa Conclusion: Overall, in SCs/ STs/ NTs royal hunts. 3. Bakho (Mainly in the (West Bengal and Bangladesh) there are many sub-groups which are districts of Begusarai, Patna, involved in the repairing of umbrellas. more marginalized and backward and Chamoaran in Bihar and Nalanda in In addition to that, the community are are unable to access the fruits of Telangana) Traditionally associated also involved in the manufacture of development. Governments have been with singing folk songs. 4. Bangali fishhooks. 22. Kanjar: (Northern India designing and implementing a number (Haryana, Punjab and western Uttar and Pakistan) They are divided into of schemes and intervention programs Pradesh) snake charming is their main four clans, the Callad, Superala, Diyal for the welfare of these marginalized occupation. 5. Bansphor or and Rachhband. A fifth group, the communities. Governments are even Banbansi (Uttar Pradesh) traditionally Patharkat are now a distinct. This allocating special budgets for the involved in the manufacture of bamboo community is historically associated development of marginalized items for household usage. 6. Basor with prostitution. 23. Karwal: They are communities. The critical thing is the a sub-division within the Dom further subdivided into a number of implementation of the programs with community (In Uttar Pradesh, mainly in clans, the main ones being the true spirit to enhance the livelihoods the Bundelkhand region), traditionally Purabia, Hazari, Uttariya, Koiereriya and protect the rights of the involved in the manufacture of and Turkiya. (Uttar Pradesh) marginalized communities.
bamboo furniture. 7. Bazigar

livelihoods September 2014 21 Story The Little Wave

The story is about a little wave, bobbing along in the ocean, having a grand old time. He's enjoying the wind and the fresh air - until he notices the other waves in front of him, crashing against the shore. "My God, this terrible", the wave says. "Look what's going to happen to me!" Then along comes another wave. It sees the first wave, looking grim, and it says to him: "Why do you look so sad?" The first wave says: "You don't understand! We're all going to crash! All of us waves are going to be nothing! Isn't it terrible?" The second wave says: "No, you don't understand. You're not a wave, you're part of the ocean." ( by Mitch Resources Albom).

Book Name : War and Peace Classic Book Book Name: ‘Sacrificing People’ Latest Book Author : Leo Tolstoy Invasions of Tribal Landscape War and Peace delineates in graphic detail, events Author: Felix Padel surrounding the French invasion of Russia, and the Felix Padel analyses the role of missionaries in impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as Orissa’s Kandhamal district, where the Konds are seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic concentrated. His work is increasingly relevant in the face families. The entanglements of their personal lives of environmental destruction as mining companies have with the then contemporary history of 1805 to 1813. Tolstoy invaded the Kond territory due to the rich Bauxite cappings, spent years researching and rewriting the book. He worked dominating their largest mountains and has displaced from primary source materials, as well as from history books, several million tribal people. From colonial intrusion to philosophy texts and other historical novels. Tolstoy also used developmental displacement. This book analyses the roots a great deal of his own experience in the Crimean War to bring of human violence which sacrifices the essence of being in vivid detail and first-hand accounts of the structure of the human. It is a meticulously researched, exceptionally Russian army. War and Peace is well known as one of the best original study of the forms of domination that permeate the insights into the mental processes of a great novelist.
modern world.

LEAP : http://aksharakriti.org/magazines/doc_download/365-leap-durgiperi-village e-links

VCA : http://aksharakriti.org/magazines/doc_download/364-vcasoap-nuts

Subsector: http://aksharakriti.org/magazines/doc_download/363-subsector-coffee e-book : http://www.xiss.ac.in/Downloads/Governance%20of%20Commons%20and%20Livelihood%20Security.pdf v-book : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cswy-7qQCk

Supplements Supplement 1: http://www.aksharakriti.org/magazines/doc_download/368-suppelementhow-to-nurture-community-leaders-

Supplement 2: http://www.aksharakriti.org/magazines/doc_download/367-legends-lc-jain-and-m-rama-reddy- e-course; Capsule No - 9 : Institutions e-course http://www.aksharakriti.org/magazines/doc_download/366-e-course-capsule-no-9-institutions-

22 September 2014 livelihoods

‘Yoga’kshemam

Happy Teachers’ Day! to coexist and flow together till the end.

Happy Ganesh! “ I long for the richness and fullness of further development you unable to go back, I unable to Happy Navaratri, Batukamma, Dusserah! go forward, in a constant state of struggle . Remembered Richard Bach’s Illusions: . Away and apart or together and apart, it is too ♦ The bond that links your true family is not one of unhappy blood, but of respect and joy in each other's life. . my precious friend the glorious climactic Rarely do members of one family grow up under expression of a relationship grown to full blossom the same roof (!) . glad to know I recognized the rare and ♦ Your conscience is the measure of the honesty of lovely opportunity we had while we had it, and your selfishness. Listen to it carefully gave all I could, in the purest and highest sense, ♦ You're never given a dream without also being to preserve it.” given the power to make it true This month reconfirms, we are only instruments of the ♦ What the caterpillar calls the end of the world, the master. When ‘amma’ was detected with adeno master calls a butterfly carcinoma, surgery appeared a sure solution. Definitive procedure was to be abandoned on the ♦ It's important. We are all free to do whatever we surgery table as it was found to be aggressive and want to do fast spreading as a creeper, and touched most of the ♦ Negative attachments - if you key organs. We can only pray for her really want to remove them from G Muralidhar smooth and less painful departure. your life, you just relax and Life has to go on for the rest of us. remove them from your thinking. That’s all there is Amidst all this, our heart and mind are busy reflecting to it on what we pursue and why. The reflection ♦ There is no such thing as a problem without a gift reconfirms ‘hurrying’ up transition and transformation for you in its hands processes towards augmenting joy in life in inching ♦ You're always free to change your mind and towards merger in the universe. choose a different future, or a different past As we transform, we are on

♦ You are never given a wish without also being viswapravaahasangamayogam. Journey of the bliss. given the power to make it true. You may have to Now is the time. work for it however Can we be there? Yes, if we pursue Atma Yoga. If ♦ The only obligation we have in any lifetime is to be we pursue the journey! If we stay on course! If we go true to ourselves on and keep flowing! If we as travelers hold on to ♦ Learning is finding out what you already know. each other! If we grow on each other’s strengths and Doing is demonstrating that you know it. Teaching complement each other! If we try experiencing the joy is reminding others that they know just as well as of flowing together! If we help ourselves outgrow our you. We are learners, doers and teachers own selves, through mutual inspiration and support! simultaneously Krishna confirms we merge in the universe and we become the universe. ♦ Happiness is a choice. It is not always an easy one Real ‘illusions’! Join us in the world of yoga – for flowing and transforming together – towards Then remembered the star of the eyes, as the eyes moisten a bit, is the ‘letter’ to remind us that we need viswakrsnaikyayogasiddhi. You will not regret it.

livelihoods September 2014 23

24 September 2014 livelihoods