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Home , Appendicular skeleton, Foramen magnum, Hyoid bone, Malleus, Mandibular notch

BONES AND MARKINGS TO KNOW

Axial

Skull c) Zygomatic (2) A. Cranial (8) - Temporal process a) Frontal (1) - d) Lacrimal (2) - - Lacrimal sulcus (groove)

b) Parietal (2) e) (2) - Sagittal suture - Coronal suture f) (2)

c) Temporal (2) g) (1) - - External auditory C. (1) - Styloid process - Horseshoe – shaped body - - Alveoli = sockets - Mastoid process - Ramus – two rami extend

upward at the posterior end d) (1) of the body - Lambdoidal suture - Mandibular condyle - - Coronoid process - - Mandibular notch e) (1) - Mental foramina - - Mandibular foramina - D. Middle Bones f) Ethmoid (1) a) = hammer (2) - Perpendicular plate b) = anvil (2) - c) = stirrup (2) - Superior and middle nasal conchae E. (1) - - U-shaped bone in the - Ethmoidal sinuses that is not attached directly to any other bone B. Facial Bones a) (2) F. Fetal - Alveoli = sockets a) Fontanels - Palatine process - Anterior - - Anterolateral - - Posterior - Posterolateral b) Palatine (2) b) Sutures

Vertebral Column

Types

A. Cervical: C1 – C7 (7) Structure of a thoracic - Transverse foramen Body a) Vertebral (spinal) foramen - superior surfaces of its Vertebral arch transverse processes Transverse process articulate with occipital Spinous process condyles of skull; allow Pedicle one to nod “yes” Lamina b) Intervertebral foramen - Odontoid process = dens Vertebral notches - forms with atlas; Superior and inferior articular allows one to rotate processes from side to side to indicate “no” F. (24)

B. Thoracic: T1 – T12 (12) Structure Head C. Lumbar: L1 – L5 (5) Neck D. (1) Shaft or body - Formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae Types - Median sacral crest - Sacral True or vertebrosternal (7 pairs) - Sacral hiatus False (5 pairs) E. (1) Vertebrochondral (3 pairs) - Formed by fusion of four to Floating (2 pairs) five coccygeal vertebrae - tailbone G. (1) - Superior manubrium - Central body - Xiphoid process

Appendicular Skeleton

Shoulder (pectoral) Girdle - , trapezoid, capitate, hamate, pisiform, A. (2) triquetral, lunate, scaphoid - Spine - Acromion process G. Metacarpals (10) - Glenoid cavity - form palm; numbered 1 to 5 - Coracoid process from thumb-side of toward little finger B. - Sternal end H. Phalanges (28) - Acromial end - bones of fingers; three bones (proximal, middle, Upper Limb distal) in each finger, except thumb, which has C. (2) two bones (proximal and - Head distal) - Anatomical neck - Surgical neck Pelvic Girdle - Greater and lesser - Deltoid tuberosity A. Os coax or coxal (hip) bones (2) - Capitulum (lateral condyle) - Trochlea (medial condyle) Regions - Lateral and medial epicondyles - Olecranon fossa - Coronoid fossa - Symphysis pubis D. (2) - Acetabulum - Head - Greater sciatic notch - Radial tuberosity - Obturator foramen - Styloid process (lateral) - Male vs. Female structure E. (2) - Trochlear notch Lower Limb - Coronoid process - Olecranon process A. (2) - Radial notch - Head - Styloid process - Fovea capitis - Neck F. Carpels (16) - Greater and lesser - form wrist; bones arranged trochanter in two irregular rows, bond - Medial and lateral condyles by ligaments that restrict - Patellar surface movement - Medial and lateral epicondyles

B. (2) - Movement: They produce an angular, opening-and closing C. (2) motion like that of a hinged - Medial and lateral condyles door. - Tibial tuberosity - Medial malleolus Parts of the knee joint D. - Anterior and posterior cruciate - Head ligaments - Lateral malleous - Medial and lateral menisci E. Tarsals (14) - Tibial and fibular collateral - Bones that form the ankle ligaments - Quadriceps tendon - Tarsal bone that forms the - Patellar ligament heel and is inferior to the - Transverse ligament talus Talus C. Planar (Gliding) - articulates with the tibia - Examples are the intercarpal and fibula to form ankle (between at joint; lies between tibia and the wrist). intertarsal joints, calcaneus sternoclavicular joints, acromioclavicular joints. Articulations - Movement: flexsion, extension, hyperextension. Rotation is Diarthroses (synovial) prevented by ligaments. D. Pivot Structure of a movable joint - Atlas to Axis joint - Joint cavity - Movement: the atlas rotates - Articular (hyline) ; around the axis and permits the covers articulating surfaces head to turn from side to side as - Articular capsule enclosing the in signifying “NO” joint E. Condyloid - Outer dense fibrous (white) - Examples are the wrist and including metacarpo-phalangeal joints for ligaments digits 2 and 5. - Articular disks at some joints - Movement: flex/extend or - Bursae abduct/adduct F. Saddle Types - Between thumb, metacarpal and A. Ball-and-socket trapezium - Examples are shoulder and hip Movement: opposition allows tip of - Movement: flex/extend; thumb to touch tip of other fingers; abduction/adduction; rotation rotation in all 3 anatomical planesβ B. Hinge - Examples are knee, elbow, ankle and interphalangeal joints