Temporal Bone, Normal Anatomy, Computed Tomography/Histology

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Temporal Bone Normal Anatomy Computed Tomography /Histology Correlation Otopathology Laboratory Department of Radiology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Eric F. Curtin Barbara J. Burgess Dianne D. Jones Jennifer T. O’Malley Hugh D. Curtin MD Otopathologylaboratory.org Facial nerve Malleus Incus Cochlea Lateral canal Oval Window Axial CT Red Arrow -Facial nerve VII Attic IAC Vest LSCC Red Arrow -Facial nerve VII M I M-Malleus I-Incus Vest Cochlea S-Stapes VII S Interscalar septum M M-Modiolus Interscalar septum M M-Modiolus Anterior epitympanic recess Cog Cochleariform process Cochlea Facial recess S-Stapes Pyramidal process S Sinus Tympani ME ME-middle ear RW-round window Cochlea RW Stapedius M Carotid TMJ plate Jugular plate Coronal CT FN 2 FN 1 Cochlea Carotid Malleus Tegmen Incus FN 2 Oval window Scutum Lateral Semicircular Canal Pyramidal process Round Window Jugular Facial Nerve Key image lateral canal facial nerve oval window .. Poschl CT Carotid Tensor tympani Eustachian tube VII1 IAC Basilar turn cochlea Apical turn cochlea Turn 2 cochlea VII1 VII2 Tensor tympani VII2 Jugular vein Tensor tympani Jugular vein Cochleariform process Superior SCC M M-malleus VII2 Oval W Round W Lateral canal Common crus TMJ Lateral SCC VII2 I S I –Incus S- Stapes Tegmen Vestibular aqueduct VII2 VII3 EAC Stenvers CT SSCC VII1 Carotid VII1 is separated from nerve to lateral canal by Bill’s bar Canal for nerve to lateral SCC VII VII1 Basilar turn cochlea LSCC SSCC VII3 Round window Styloid process Vestibule VII3 PSCC Common Crus IAC Axial CT Histology correlation Utricle Lateral Semicircular Canal Vestibule Vestibule Saccule Utricle Vestibule Saccule Utricle Vestibule Saccule Utricle Anterior Crus of the Stapes Carotid Tympanic Carotid plate membrane Middle Ear Jugular Jugular plate Coronal CT Histology correlation Saccule Otopathology Laboratory Department of Radiology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Otopathologylaboratory.org Eric F. Curtin Barbara J. Burgess Dianne D. Jones Jennifer T. O’Malley Hugh D. Curtin MD.

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Bedside Neuro-Otological Examination and Interpretation of Commonly
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.2004.054478 on 24 November 2004. Downloaded from BEDSIDE NEURO-OTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION AND INTERPRETATION iv32 OF COMMONLY USED INVESTIGATIONS RDavies J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75(Suppl IV):iv32–iv44. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.054478 he assessment of the patient with a neuro-otological problem is not a complex task if approached in a logical manner. It is best addressed by taking a comprehensive history, by a Tphysical examination that is directed towards detecting abnormalities of eye movements and abnormalities of gait, and also towards identifying any associated otological or neurological problems. This examination needs to be mindful of the factors that can compromise the value of the signs elicited, and the range of investigative techniques available. The majority of patients that present with neuro-otological symptoms do not have a space occupying lesion and the over reliance on imaging techniques is likely to miss more common conditions, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), or the failure to compensate following an acute unilateral labyrinthine event. The role of the neuro-otologist is to identify the site of the lesion, gather information that may lead to an aetiological diagnosis, and from there, to formulate a management plan. c BACKGROUND Balance is maintained through the integration at the brainstem level of information from the vestibular end organs, and the visual and proprioceptive sensory modalities. This processing takes place in the vestibular nuclei, with modulating influences from higher centres including the cerebellum, the extrapyramidal system, the cerebral cortex, and the contiguous reticular formation (fig 1).
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Vascular Supply of the Human Spiral Ganglion: Novel Three
www.nature.com/scientificreports Corrected: Publisher Correction OPEN Vascular Supply of the Human Spiral Ganglion: Novel Three- Dimensional Analysis Using Synchrotron Phase-Contrast Imaging and Histology Xueshuang Mei1,2*, Rudolf Glueckert3, Annelies Schrott-Fischer3, Hao Li1, Hanif M. Ladak4,6, Sumit K. Agrawal5,6 & Helge Rask-Andersen1,6* Human spiral ganglion (HSG) cell bodies located in the bony cochlea depend on a rich vascular supply to maintain excitability. These neurons are targeted by cochlear implantation (CI) to treat deafness, and their viability is critical to ensure successful clinical outcomes. The blood supply of the HSG is difcult to study due to its helical structure and encasement in hard bone. The objective of this study was to present the frst three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and analysis of the HSG blood supply using synchrotron radiation phase-contrast imaging (SR-PCI) in combination with histological analyses of archival human cochlear sections. Twenty-six human temporal bones underwent SR-PCI. Data were processed using volume-rendering software, and a representative three-dimensional (3D) model was created to allow visualization of the vascular anatomy. Histologic analysis was used to verify the segmentations. Results revealed that the HSG is supplied by radial vascular twigs which are separate from the rest of the inner ear and encased in bone. Unlike with most organs, the arteries and veins in the human cochlea do not follow the same conduits. There is a dual venous outfow and a modiolar arterial supply. This organization may explain why the HSG may endure even in cases of advanced cochlear pathology. Human inner ear function relies on microcirculation derived from vessels in the internal auditory canal (IAC).
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Cochlear Partition Anatomy and Motion in Humans Differ from The
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Research Reports
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Anatomic Moment
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The Nervous System: General and Special Senses
18 The Nervous System: General and Special Senses PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • Sensory information arrives at the CNS • Information is “picked up” by sensory receptors • Sensory receptors are the interface between the nervous system and the internal and external environment • General senses • Refers to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception • Special senses • Refers to smell, taste, balance, hearing, and vision © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Receptors • Receptors and Receptive Fields • Free nerve endings are the simplest receptors • These respond to a variety of stimuli • Receptors of the retina (for example) are very specific and only respond to light • Receptive fields • Large receptive fields have receptors spread far apart, which makes it difficult to localize a stimulus • Small receptive fields have receptors close together, which makes it easy to localize a stimulus. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Receptors and Receptive Fields Receptive Receptive field 1 field 2 Receptive fields © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Receptors • Interpretation of Sensory Information • Information is relayed from the receptor to a specific neuron in the CNS • The connection between a receptor and a neuron is called a labeled line • Each labeled line transmits its own specific sensation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Interpretation of Sensory Information • Classification of Receptors • Tonic receptors
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Hair Cells Are Bent Against the Tectorial Membrane , Causing Them to Depolarize and Release Neurotransmitter That Stimulates Sensory Neurons
EAR EAR - PARTS EXTERNAL EAR INTERNAL EAR MIDDLE EAR EXTERNAL EAR CONSISTS OF : 1. AURICLE OR PINNA 2. EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL 3. EARDRUM AURICLE OR PINNA IS A FLAP OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE SHAPED LIKE TRUMPET. COVERED BY SKIN RIM OF AURICLE IS HELIX LOWER PORTION IS LOBULE LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES ATTACH THE AURICLE TO THE HEAD EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL Is a curved tube 2.5 cm long EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL BONY PART CARTILAGINOUS PART Collects sound waves and channels them inward TYMPANIC MEMBRANE OR EARDRUM Thin , transparent partition between the external auditory canal and middle ear. It is composed of connective tissues and has 3 layers….. 1.Outer surface of tympanic membrane is covered by epidermis ( stratified Squamous keratinised epithelium ) 2.Inner surface is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. 3.Middle layer is composed of collagen, elastic fibers and fibroblasts Tympanic membrane is the only structure made from all the 3 germ layers ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. 3 LAYERS OF TYMPANIC MEMBRANE ARE: 1. CUTICLE LAYER 2. FIBROUS LAYER 3. MUCOUS LAYER CUTICLE FIBROUS MUCOUS LAYER LAYER LAYER TYMPANIC MEMBRANE LATERAL PROCESS PARS FLACCIDA OF MALLEUS Tympanic membrane UMBO EXTERNAL EAR MIDDLE EAR PARS TENSA Handle of malleus is attached to inner surface of tympanic membrane Point of maximum convexity of tympanic membrane is UMBO Tearing of tympanic membrane is called as PERFORATED EARDRUM Tympanic membrane may be examined directly by an OTOSCOPE. External auditory canal contains a few hairs and specialized sweat glands called CERUMINOUS GLANDS ( MODIFIED APOCRINE GLAND ) that secrete earwax or cerumen. The combination of hairs and cerumen helps prevent dust and foreign objects from entering the ear.
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Endoscopic Treatment of Middle Ear Myoclonus with Stapedius and Tensor Tympani Section: a New Minimally-Invasive Approach
British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research 4(17): 3398-3405, 2014 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Endoscopic Treatment of Middle Ear Myoclonus with Stapedius and Tensor Tympani Section: A New Minimally-Invasive Approach Natasha Pollak1*, Roya Azadarmaki2 and Sidrah Ahmad1 1Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 2Metropolitan NeuroEar Group, Rockville, Maryland, USA. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author NP designed study, performed surgery, literature review, writing, reviewing. Author RA literature review, writing, reviewing. Author SA performed surgery, writing, reviewing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Received 26th January 2014 th Case Study Accepted 11 March 2014 Published 27th March 2014 ABSTRACT Aims: We describe a new, entirely endoscopic surgical technique for treatment of middle ear myoclonus. Case Presentation: In our patient, the stapedius and tensor tympani tendons were sectioned to control chronic middle ear myoclonus. The procedure was performed using endoscopic ear surgery techniques, with the aid of rigid Hopkins rod endoscopes. Control of the pulsatile tinnitus was achieved after endoscopic tenotomy of the stapedius and tensor tympani, without any complications. Discussion and Conclusion: Endoscopic tensor tympani and stapedius tendon section is a new, minimally invasive treatment option for middle ear myoclonus that should be considered as a first line surgical approach in patients who fail medical therapy. The use of an endoscopic approach allows for easier access and vastly superior visualization of the relevant anatomy, which in turn allows the surgeon to minimize dissection of healthy tissue for exposure. The entire operation, including raising the tympanomeatal flap and tendon section can be safely completed under visualization with a rigid endoscope with good control of the pulsatile tinnitus.
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