BONES AND BONE MARKINGS TO KNOW Axial Skeleton Skull c) Zygomatic (2) A. Cranial bones (8) - Temporal process a) Frontal (1) - Frontal sinus d) Lacrimal (2) - Supraorbital foramen - Lacrimal sulcus (groove) b) Parietal (2) e) Nasal bone (2) - Sagittal suture - Coronal suture f) Inferior nasal concha (2) c) Temporal (2) g) Vomer (1) - Zygomatic process - External auditory meatus C. mandible (1) - Styloid process - Horseshoe – shaped body - Mandibular fossa - Alveoli = sockets - Mastoid process - Ramus – two rami extend upward at the posterior end d) Occipital bone (1) of the body - Lambdoidal suture - Mandibular condyle - Foramen magnum - Coronoid process - Occipital condyles - Mandibular notch e) Sphenoid bone (1) - Mental foramina - Sella turcica - Mandibular foramina - Sphenoid sinus D. Middle Ear Bones f) Ethmoid (1) a) Malleus = hammer (2) - Perpendicular plate b) Incus = anvil (2) - Crista galli c) Stapes = stirrup (2) - Superior and middle nasal conchae E. Hyoid Bone (1) - Cribriform plate - U-shaped bone in the neck - Ethmoidal sinuses that is not attached directly to any other bone B. Facial Bones a) Maxilla (2) F. Fetal Skull - Alveoli = sockets a) Fontanels - Palatine process - Anterior - Maxillary sinus - Anterolateral - Infraorbital foramen - Posterior - Posterolateral b) Palatine (2) b) Sutures Vertebral Column Types A. Cervical: C1 – C7 (7) Structure of a thoracic vertebra - Transverse foramen Body a) Atlas Vertebral (spinal) foramen - superior surfaces of its Vertebral arch transverse processes Transverse process articulate with occipital Spinous process condyles of skull; allow Pedicle one to nod “yes” Lamina b) Axis Intervertebral foramen - Odontoid process = dens Vertebral notches - forms joint with atlas; Superior and inferior articular allows one to rotate head processes from side to side to indicate “no” F. Ribs (24) B. Thoracic: T1 – T12 (12) Structure Head C. Lumbar: L1 – L5 (5) Neck Tubercle D. Sacrum (1) Shaft or body - Formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae Types - Median sacral crest - Sacral canal True or vertebrosternal (7 pairs) - Sacral hiatus False (5 pairs) E. Coccyx (1) Vertebrochondral (3 pairs) - Formed by fusion of four to Floating (2 pairs) five coccygeal vertebrae - human tailbone G. Sternum (1) - Superior manubrium - Central body - Xiphoid process Appendicular Skeleton Shoulder (pectoral) Girdle - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, pisiform, A. Scapula (2) triquetral, lunate, scaphoid - Spine - Acromion process G. Metacarpals (10) - Glenoid cavity - form palm; numbered 1 to 5 - Coracoid process from thumb-side of hand toward little finger B. Clavicle - Sternal end H. Phalanges (28) - Acromial end - bones of fingers; three bones (proximal, middle, Upper Limb distal) in each finger, except thumb, which has C. Humerus (2) two bones (proximal and - Head distal) - Anatomical neck - Surgical neck Pelvic Girdle - Greater and lesser tubercles - Deltoid tuberosity A. Os coax or coxal (hip) bones (2) - Capitulum (lateral condyle) - Trochlea (medial condyle) Regions - Lateral and medial Ilium epicondyles Ischium - Olecranon fossa Pubis - Coronoid fossa - Symphysis pubis D. Radius (2) - Acetabulum - Head - Greater sciatic notch - Radial tuberosity - Obturator foramen - Styloid process (lateral) - Male vs. Female pelvis structure E. Ulna (2) - Trochlear notch Lower Limb - Coronoid process - Olecranon process A. Femur (2) - Radial notch - Head - Styloid process - Fovea capitis - Neck F. Carpels (16) - Greater and lesser - form wrist; bones arranged trochanter in two irregular rows, bond - Medial and lateral condyles by ligaments that restrict - Patellar surface movement - Medial and lateral epicondyles B. Patella (2) - Movement: They produce an angular, opening-and closing C. Tibia (2) motion like that of a hinged - Medial and lateral condyles door. - Tibial tuberosity - Medial malleolus Parts of the knee joint D. Fibula - Anterior and posterior cruciate - Head ligaments - Lateral malleous - Medial and lateral menisci E. Tarsals (14) - Tibial and fibular collateral - Bones that form the ankle ligaments Calcaneus - Quadriceps tendon - Tarsal bone that forms the - Patellar ligament heel and is inferior to the - Transverse ligament talus Talus C. Planar (Gliding) - articulates with the tibia - Examples are the intercarpal and fibula to form ankle joints (between carpal bones at joint; lies between tibia and the wrist). intertarsal joints, calcaneus sternoclavicular joints, acromioclavicular joints. Articulations - Movement: flexsion, extension, hyperextension. Rotation is Diarthroses (synovial) prevented by ligaments. D. Pivot Structure of a movable joint - Atlas to Axis joint - Joint cavity - Movement: the atlas rotates - Articular (hyline) cartilage; around the axis and permits the covers articulating surfaces head to turn from side to side as - Articular capsule enclosing the in signifying “NO” joint E. Condyloid - Outer dense fibrous (white) - Examples are the wrist and connective tissue including metacarpo-phalangeal joints for ligaments digits 2 and 5. - Articular disks at some joints - Movement: flex/extend or - Bursae abduct/adduct F. Saddle Types - Between thumb, metacarpal and A. Ball-and-socket trapezium - Examples are shoulder and hip Movement: opposition allows tip of - Movement: flex/extend; thumb to touch tip of other fingers; abduction/adduction; rotation rotation in all 3 anatomical planesβ B. Hinge - Examples are knee, elbow, ankle and interphalangeal joints .