From World Brain to the World Wide Web Transcript
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The Origins of the Underline As Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: a Case Study in Skeuomorphism
The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Romano, John J. 2016. The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33797379 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism John J Romano A Thesis in the Field of Visual Arts for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2016 Abstract This thesis investigates the process by which the underline came to be used as the default signifier of hyperlinks on the World Wide Web. Created in 1990 by Tim Berners- Lee, the web quickly became the most used hypertext system in the world, and most browsers default to indicating hyperlinks with an underline. To answer the question of why the underline was chosen over competing demarcation techniques, the thesis applies the methods of history of technology and sociology of technology. Before the invention of the web, the underline–also known as the vinculum–was used in many contexts in writing systems; collecting entities together to form a whole and ascribing additional meaning to the content. -
H. G. Wells Time Traveler
Items on Exhibit 1. H. G. Wells – Teacher to the World 11. H. G. Wells. Die Zeitmaschine. (Illustrierte 21. H. G. Wells. Picshua [sketch] ‘Omaggio to 1. H. G. Wells (1866-1946). Text-book of Klassiker, no. 46) [Aachen: Bildschriftenverlag, P.C.B.’ [1900] Biology. London: W.B. Clive & Co.; University 196-]. Wells Picshua Box 1 H. G. Wells Correspondence College Press, [1893]. Wells Q. 823 W46ti:G Wells 570 W46t, vol. 1, cop. 1 Time Traveler 12. H. G. Wells. La machine à explorer le temps. 7. Fantasias of Possibility 2. H. G. Wells. The Outline of History, Being a Translated by Henry-D. Davray, illustrated by 22. H. G. Wells. The World Set Free [holograph Plain History of Life and Mankind. London: G. Max Camis. Paris: R. Kieffer, [1927]. manuscript, ca. 1913]. Simon J. James is Head of the Newnes, [1919-20]. Wells 823 W46tiFd Wells WE-001, folio W-3 Wells Q. 909 W46o 1919 vol. 2, part. 24, cop. 2 Department of English Studies, 13. H. G. Wells. Stroz času : Neviditelný. 23. H. G. Wells to Frederick Wells, ‘Oct. 27th 45’ Durham University, UK. He has 3. H. G. Wells. ‘The Idea of a World Translated by Pavla Moudrá. Prague: J. Otty, [Holograph letter]. edited Wells texts for Penguin and Encyclopedia.’ Nature, 138, no. 3500 (28 1905. Post-1650 MS 0667, folder 75 November 1936) : 917-24. Wells 823 W46tiCzm. World’s Classics and The Wellsian, the Q. 505N 24. H. G. Wells’ Things to Come. Produced by scholarly journal of the H. G. Wells Alexander Korda, directed by William Cameron Society. -
The Inventory of the H.G. Wells Collection #458
The Inventory of the H.G. Wells Collection #458 Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center Wells, Herbert George, 1866 - 1946 Purchi.se 1969 Box 1 Letters . 16 AIS, l postcard AIB, 3 holograph envelopes ✓1899 AIS 1899 N0 vember 27, Sandgate, Ken} to Harold Grost, Esq. ✓ 1900 AIS 1900 January 28, Sandgate, Kent, to "Connell" Conal 0 •Riordan 2 PPo ✓AIS 1900 October 19, Sandgate, Keny to 'lftMy Dear Sir" 3 PPo on l Marked "iBrivaten o V ALS 1900 November _22, Sandgate, Kent, to 11Dear Sir11 2 PP• on l Marked 11Private 11 ·v'Envelope holograph. Postmarked 1900 November 23. Addressed to William H. Maas, Esqo, Londono ✓1905 AIS 1905 April 30, Sandgate, to the Director of trre Natural History Museum~ ✓1914 ALS 1914 April 7, t,1ondonJ to «.DEar Sirs" ✓ 1922 AIS nodo, Dun.mow, to Mrs o Dawson Scott. Envelope holograph. Postli"..arked 1922, June 12, London. Addressed to Mrs. Dawson Scott. ✓ ALS n.d., London, to Mrs 0 Scotto Envelope holograph. Postmarked 1922, June 15, Londono Addressed to Mrs. Dawson Scott. ( 1924 AIS 1924 November 3, Dunmow, to Miss Hordero /1925 AIS 1925 June 8, Dunmow, to Miss H0 rdero v/1928 Postcard ALSo Postmarked 1928 January 21, London, to Mrs• Dawson Scotto V" 1935 ALS 1935 May 15, r.Londonl, to -Miss Hordero Wells, Herbert George 1866 - 1946 Page 2 AL5 November 15, n .y., r.London l to Lord Du...visa.ny. AL5 Ilodo [London] to 11 :My dear Sir" 4 PP• on 2 cards. Ats n.d. Dunmow to Mr. Ridling ?, 1 P• ' .AL5 n.d. -
Ted Nelson History of Computing
History of Computing Douglas R. Dechow Daniele C. Struppa Editors Intertwingled The Work and Influence of Ted Nelson History of Computing Founding Editor Martin Campbell-Kelly, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Series Editor Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Advisory Board Jack Copeland, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Ulf Hashagen, Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany John V. Tucker, Swansea University, Swansea, UK Jeffrey R. Yost, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA The History of Computing series publishes high-quality books which address the history of computing, with an emphasis on the ‘externalist’ view of this history, more accessible to a wider audience. The series examines content and history from four main quadrants: the history of relevant technologies, the history of the core science, the history of relevant business and economic developments, and the history of computing as it pertains to social history and societal developments. Titles can span a variety of product types, including but not exclusively, themed volumes, biographies, ‘profi le’ books (with brief biographies of a number of key people), expansions of workshop proceedings, general readers, scholarly expositions, titles used as ancillary textbooks, revivals and new editions of previous worthy titles. These books will appeal, varyingly, to academics and students in computer science, history, mathematics, business and technology studies. Some titles will also directly appeal to professionals and practitioners -
The Culture of Wikipedia
Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia Good Faith Collaboration The Culture of Wikipedia Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. Foreword by Lawrence Lessig The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Web edition, Copyright © 2011 by Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. CC-NC-SA 3.0 Purchase at Amazon.com | Barnes and Noble | IndieBound | MIT Press Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been lauded, lambasted, and satirized. Despite unease over its implications for the character (and quality) of knowledge, Wikipedia has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the centuries-old Author Bio & Research Blog pursuit of a universal encyclopedia. Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia is a rich ethnographic portrayal of Wikipedia's historical roots, collaborative culture, and much debated legacy. Foreword Preface to the Web Edition Praise for Good Faith Collaboration Preface Extended Table of Contents "Reagle offers a compelling case that Wikipedia's most fascinating and unprecedented aspect isn't the encyclopedia itself — rather, it's the collaborative culture that underpins it: brawling, self-reflexive, funny, serious, and full-tilt committed to the 1. Nazis and Norms project, even if it means setting aside personal differences. Reagle's position as a scholar and a member of the community 2. The Pursuit of the Universal makes him uniquely situated to describe this culture." —Cory Doctorow , Boing Boing Encyclopedia "Reagle provides ample data regarding the everyday practices and cultural norms of the community which collaborates to 3. Good Faith Collaboration produce Wikipedia. His rich research and nuanced appreciation of the complexities of cultural digital media research are 4. The Puzzle of Openness well presented. -
The KWIC and the Dead: a Lesson in Computing History
THE PROFESSION basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select The KWIC and the immediately and automatically another.” The memex plainly foreshadowed BT’s patent, which presumably would not have been granted if the “inventor” or patent Dead: A Lesson in examiner had read Bush’s article. That article was neither obscurely published nor ignored. It inspired many develop- ments, such as Theodore Nelson’s early Computing History Project Xanadu (http://www.xanadu. net/), which in turn inspired Tim Berners- Lee’s World Wide Web. Neville Holmes, University of Tasmania CUMULATIVE INNOVATION We cannot use the hyperlinks in memex documents, or in the items stored on the culture can be defined as “the 4,873,662—which grants a monopoly Web, without a mechanism for moving sum total of ways of living built until 2006—to seek license fees from from item to item along a trail of links, up by a group of human beings, Internet service providers in the US. and they are of only limited use without a A which is transmitted from one Hyperlinks, included in the body of means of sharing trails and their items. generation to another” (The electromagnetically encoded documents, Bush envisaged making microfilm Macquarie Dictionary, The Macquarie refer to other electromagnetically en- updateable in situ through dry photogra- Library Pty. Ltd., Macquarie University, Australia, 1997). In this sense, a profes- sion is a culture, or at least a subculture, Ideas published decades ago defined by its purpose and responsibilities. may suggest solutions to some To fulfill that purpose better, the profes- sion should cultivate its history. -
Science Fiction in the Island of Dr. Moreau and the Time Machine
Journal of humanities and Social Sciences Issue (8), Volume (2) November 2018 ISSN: 2522-3380 SCIENCE FICTION IN THE ISLAND OF DR. MOREAU AND THE TIME MACHINE Meryana Emad Abdulmon`em English Department Higher Institute for Languages || Mansoura Abstract: The present research paper is about two different novels, which are the Island of Doctor Moreau and the Time Machine, which are written by H.G.Wells; who is one of the most prominent writers in the 20th century. The main objective of this research paper is to explore the theme of science fiction and reveal the role of literature to express the power of science fiction, as the human beings can create and innovate, because they cannot do so if they are prisoners of their limited reality. As all people in the 20th century concentrate on scientific theories and struggles between classes, H.G.Wells reflects these two ideas according to his point of view in his works; the Time Machine and the Island of Doctor Moreau, using the power of science fiction to imagine other worlds that are not available in concentrate reality, predicting how the life will be and how to live within for the outside world past and future. Keywords: Science Fiction, H.G.Wells, The Island of Dr.Moreau, Time Machine, Travelling Through The Time, Transplantation, Vivisection. 1. Introduction Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946)—known as H. G. Wells ,was a prolific English writer in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, social commentary, textbooks and rules for war games. Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels and is called a "father of science fiction". -
Memex and Beyond : a Design Trajectory from Vannevar Bush’S Memex
Memex and Beyond : A Design Trajectory from Vannevar Bush’s Memex Haeree Park A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Design University of Washington 2014 Committee: Axel Roesler Sang-gyeun Ahn Dominic Muren Program Authorized to Offer Degree: School of Art, Interaction Design © 2014 Haeree Park University of Washington Abstract Memex and Beyond: A Design Trajectory from Vannevar Bush’s Memex Haeree Park Chairs of the Supervisory Committee: Dr. Axel Roesler Interaction Design Sang-gyeun Ahn Industrial Design This project revisits memex, a hypothetical knowledge-storage device that Vannevar Bush proposed in 1945 and traces its trajectory in the perspec- tive of interaction design. While the pursuit of memex from a technological perspective shows its benefits now, it is still questionable whether today’s digital artifacts truly realize Bush’s insights into the human thinking process of association. As a response to Vannevar Bush’s memex, this thesis suggests mmx, a con- ceptual system that supports cognition and interaction using a non-intrusive augmented vision. Visualizing cognitive activities as the linkages between knowledge nodes, mmx enables tracking, linking, rearranging, and sharing of information sources according to how humans think, amplifying personal and collective knowledge. A video prototype of mmx was created with this text as a final outcome. The processes of multi-dimensional studies derived from Vannevar Bush’s memex, a design research for understanding association, and the final execu- tion to create the video prototype for mmx ultimately reflect the relationship of today’s information technology and design, and their ideal development to support human intelligence. -
The Archives of Paul Otlet: Between Appreciation and Rediscovery, 1944–2013
The Archives of Paul Otlet: Between Appreciation and Rediscovery, 1944–2013 Stephanie Manfroid and Jacques Gillen Translated by Patricia M. Phillips-Batoma Abstract This paper outlines the life and work of Paul Otlet (1868–1944). Otlet was a founder of the scholarly disciplines of bibliography, documenta- tion, and information science. As a result of the work he undertook with Henri La Fontaine (1854–1943)—specifically, the establishment in 1895 in Brussels of the International Institute of Bibliography, which aimed to construct a Universal Bibliographic Repertory— Otlet has become known as the father of the Internet. Otlet’s grand project, as stated in his Traité de documentation (1934), was never fully realized. Even before his death, the collections he assembled had been dismembered. After his death, the problematic conditions in which Otlet’s personal papers and the collections he had created were preserved meant that his thought and work remained largely unacknowledged. It fell to W. Boyd Rayward, who began to work on Otlet in the late 1960s, to rescue him from obscurity, publishing in 1975 a major biography of the pioneer knowledge entrepreneur and internationalist progenitor of the World Wide Web. Introduction When Paul Otlet died in December 1944, the exceptional collective and internationalist project he had founded came to an end (fig. 1). While successors undertook to continue his plans for bibliography and docu- mentation, several decades would pass before his achievements were rec- ognized and for his legacy to be preserved and valued.1 His major contri- butions at the end of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries in helping to elevate bibliography and what he sometimes called bibliology to disciplinary status make him a father of these disciplines and one of LIBRARY TRENDS, Vol. -
How the Predictions of Paul Otlet, HG Wells And
CITY UNIVERSITY LONDON Anticipating the Internet: how the predictions of Paul Otlet, H.G. Wells and Vannevar Bush shaped the Digital Information Age Dominic Allington-Smith September 2015 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MSc in Library Science Supervisor: Dr Lyn Robinson Dominic Allington-Smith LIS Dissertation Project (INM363) Abstract This is an historical research project that investigates predictions of future information technology made by Paul Otlet, H.G. Wells and Vannevar Bush, specifically those described in the Mundaneum, World Brain and Memex respectively. It is carried out by means of an extended review of the relevant Library and Information Science literature and aims to determine the reasons for their predictions, the relationship (if any) between them, and their influence upon the development of the modern-day Internet. After investigating the work of each figure in turn, further investigation is undertaken through a comparative analysis. It concludes that, although there are differences in approach and emphasis between the predictions, each of them was made in reaction to a common problem – the proliferation of published information – and each of them aimed to solve this problem by applying scientific means to improve the free flow of information throughout society, thus improving it for the benefit of all. Furthermore, their ideas stemmed from the same intellectual traditions of positivism and utopianism, and were expressed through technology, that although advanced for its time, was rapidly superseded by the rise of digital computing during the second half of the twentieth century. Finally, although the technology they used to express their predictions is now obsolete, and had little direct influence on the practical workings of the contemporary Internet, the works, concepts and ideas of Otlet, Wells and Bush remain highly relevant in today’s ever-increasingly Digital Age. -
Google & the World Brain [Feature]
Google & the World Brain [Transcript] HG WELLS RECON There is no practical obstacle whatever now to the creation of an efficient index to all human knowledge, ideas and achievements. To the creation that is of a complete planetary memory for all mankind. CAPTION From the essay "World Brain" by H.G. Wells, 1937 WARDEN BOYD RAYWARD He was one of the early inventors of science fiction, the idea of time travel, the possibility of invisibility, of intergalactic struggles. And then he came up with ideas of how we might reorganize the knowledge apparatus of the world, which he called the World Brain. For Wells, the World Brain had to contain all that was learnt and known and that was being learnt and known. KEVIN KELLY If you have access to anything that has been written, not just theoretical access but like instant access next to your brain. That changes your idea of who you are. HG WELLS RECON It can be reproduced exactly and fully in Peru, China, Iceland, Central Africa or wherever else. ROBERT DARNTON They were frank in their ambition and dazzling in their ability to execute it. WARREN BOYD RAYWARD The Google Books Scanning Project is clearly the most ambitious world brain scheme that has ever been invented. JEANNENEY NOEL JEANNENEY There is a danger that Google's aim is to achieve a monopoly. EVGENY MOROZOV The nightmare scenario in 20 years’ time would be Google tracking everything you read. PAMELA SAMUELSON Google could basically hold the whole world hostage. JARON LANIER Ever since Wells, science fiction is always about the possibility that people don't really matter in the future. -
DOWNLOAD 17Th/18Th ANNUAL SBMT PROGRAM BROCHURE
17/18th Annual SBMT World Congress of Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, California, USA (In Person & Virtual Event Focused on Brain and Spine) Breaking Boundaries of Science, Technology, Medicine, Art & Healthcare Policy July 8 - July 11, 2021, LA Convention Center, 1201 S. Figueroa St, Los Angeles, CA 90015 Exhibition, Workshops, Didactics, Bio-skills/Cadaver Labs (Brain and Spine) and Brain Mapping Foundation Gala Audience includes: neurosurgeons, radiologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, rehabilitation medicine physicians, cardiologists, pulmonologists, bio-ethicists, oncologists, radiation oncologists, neuroscientists, engineers, physicists, psychologists, industry leaders, Orthopedic/Spine Sur- geons, biochemists, nanotechnologists, pharmacists, stem cell scientists, computer/data scientists, post- docs, residents, and fellows For more information visit: www.WORLDBRAINMAPPING.ORG 1 World Congress of Society for 17/18th Annual Brain Mapping and Therapeutics Breaking Boundaries of Science, Technology, Medicine, Art, and Healthcare Policy TOPICS COVERED BY WORLD LEADERS IN THIS MEETING: Neurosurgery (e.g. image guided therapy, intraoperative navigation, nanoneurosurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, minimally invasive therapy, vascular neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery, neurotrauma/military medicine, neurosurgical oncology, surgical simulation, Peripheral nerve disorders…) Neurology (e.g. EEG,ERP,movement disorders, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimers, Parkinson, and huntington), neurooncology, neuromodulation,