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Rumah Adat Di Pesisir Selatan Pulau Seram, Malukutinjauan Awal Etnoarkeologi

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Rumah Adat Di Pesisir Selatan Pulau Seram, Malukutinjauan Awal Etnoarkeologi Humaniora, Vol. 26, No. 3 Oktober 2014: 266-275HUMANIORA VOLUME 26 No. 3 Oktober 2014 Halaman 266-275 RUMAH ADAT DI PESISIR SELATAN PULAU SERAM, MALUKU TINJAUAN AWAL ETNOARKEOLOGI Lucas Wattimena* ABSTRACT Ethnoarchaeology Research is a reconstruction of archaeological context in answering the society of human life in the past, present, and future. The objective of the study is to provide support of anthropological data for understanding archaeological phenomena. One aspect of ethnoarchaeology is the indigenous house on the south coast of Ceram Island in Central Mollucas regency, Mollucas Province. The study aims to understand the prehistoric charactheristic contained in the indigenous house of Nuaulu People in South Ceram. It uses qualitative approach and qualitative analysis. The results showed that the prehistoric characteristics of the indigenous house of Nuaulu People located on the southern coast of Seram island are found in its shape (on poles), settlement patterns, and structure. Keywords: ethnoarchaeology, indigenous house, people of Nuaulu, spatial pattern ABSTRAK Penelitian etnoarkeologi merupakan konteks rekonstruksi arkeologi dalam menjawab kehidupan manusia masyarakat zaman dahulu, kini dan akan datang. Tujuan studi etnoarkeologi adalah pemberian dukungan data antropologi dalam membedah fenomena-fenomena arkeologi. Salah satu aspek etnoarkeologi adalah rumah adat di pesisir selatan Pulau Seram Kabupaten Maluku Tengah, Provinsi Maluku. Pertanyaan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana karakteristik prasejarah yang terdapat pada rumah adat Orang Nuaulu di Seram Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami karakteristik prasejarah yang terkandung pada rumah adat Orang Nuaulu di Seram Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif sebagai metode dengan analisis deskripsi kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik prasejarah rumah adat orang Nuaulu di pesisir selatan Pulau Seram terdapat pada aspek bentuk rumah panggung, pola permukiman, dan struktur rumah adat. Kata Kunci: etnoarkeologi, orang Nuaulu, pola permukiman, rumah adat * Balai Arkeologi Ambon, Maluku 266 Lucas Wattimena - Rumah Adat di Pesisir Selatan Pulau Seram, Maluku PENGANTAR masyarakat yang masih hidup sebagai konteks penciptaan budaya bendawi. Schiffer (Tanudirjo, Pulau Seram memiliki kekayaan peninggalan 2009:3) menyatakan etnoarkeologi adalah kajian arkeologi yang kaya dan beragam sesuai dengan tentang budaya bendawi dalam sistem budaya nilai budaya tiap peninggalan arkeologi. Salah satu yang masih ada untuk mendapatkan informasi, kekayaan arkeologi adalah arsitektur bangunan khusus maupun umum, yang dapat berguna bagi rumah adat yang secara eksplisit menunjukkan penelitian arkeologi. Etnoarkeologi menelisik ciri kekhasan budaya masa lampau, sekarang, hubungan antara tindakan manusia dan budaya bahkan pada masa-masa mendatang. Oleh bendawi di masa kini untuk menyediakan prinsip- Soejono (Sudiono, 2000:1) dikatakan bahwa prinsip yang dibutuhkan dalam kajian tentang hal ini tercermin dalam kehidupan manusia masa lampau. Kajian-kajian arkeologi telah sejak masa prasejarah hingga masa kini. Pada melihat potensi-potensi prasejarah kehidupan masa prasejarah, khususnya masa berburu manusia dari tingkat paling rendah hingga tingkat dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat lanjut paling kompleks. Kajian tulisan ini diharapkan (mesolitikum) yang berlangsung 10.000-3.000 dapat memberikan sumbangan terhadap penelitian tahun yang lalu, manusia telah memanfaatkan gua- etnografi dan arkeologi dalam menjawab khazanah gua sebagai tempat hunian sementara. Kemudian, kompleksitas kehidupan manusia masyarakat pada masa bercocok tanam (neolitikum) yang orang Nuaulu di pesisir selatan Pulau Seram. berlangsung 4.500-2.500 tahun yang lalu, manusia telah tinggal secara menetap di suatu Tulisan ini mencoba memberikan gambaran perkampungan dalam rumah berukuran kecil yang budaya bendawi rumah adat di pesisir selatan berbentuk bulat dan sederhana. Pulau Seram dalam rangka memberikan informasi deskripsi bagi penelitian arkeologi lewat kajian Di pesisir selatan Pulau Seram terdapat etnoarkeologi tentang rumah adat. Untuk itu, fokus komunitas orang Nuaulu yang hidup dengan permasalahan yang diangkat adalah bagaimana kebudayaan material budaya bendawi, yaitu karakteristik prasejarah yang terdapat pada rumah Rumah Adat. Kajian etnoarkeologi terhadap rumah adat orang Nuaulu di Seram Selatan. adat di pesisir selatan adalah kajian arkeologi dan antropologi untuk melihat karakteristik Catatan penelitian orang Nuaulu di Seram prasejarah. Meskipun komunitas adat Nuaulu Selatan pernah dilakukan oleh antropolog Roy sudah mengenal kehidupan sekarang, tetapi Ellen dengan disertasi yang berjudul Nuaulu konteks sosial budaya masih dilestarikan, misalnya ecology and settlement pada tahun 1978. rumah adat. Pandangan dan pemahaman orang Kemudian, dengan tema gender, pada tahun Nuaulu terhadap rumah adat adalah kesatuan 2010, Johan Nina melakukan penelitian tentang sistem bagian dari siklus kehidupan mereka. perempuan Nuaulu di Dusun Simalouw. Pada Kajian etnoarkeologi (Tanudirjo, 2009:3-4) dibagi tahun 2008, tim peneliti dari Balai Arkeologi menjadi tiga kelompok. Pertama, kajian etnografi Ambon melakukan studi etnoarkeologi orang secara informal memberikan informasi kepada ahli Nuaulu di Dusun Bonara. Setelah itu, pada tahun arkeologi. Disebut etnoarkeologi informal kalau 2013 pada wilayah pesisir selatan Pulau Seram pengamatan etnografi dilakukan hanya sekilas dilakukan penelitian arkeologi Islam oleh peneliti saja, tetapi dimaksudkan untuk kepentingan dari Balai Arkeologi Ambon. arkeologi. Kedua, etnoarkeologi mengkaji secara Penelitian ini dilakukan di beberapa lokasi khusus salah satu aspek tertentu dari budaya di Pulau Seram, tepatnya di Seram Selatan yang masih hidup, misalnya mata pencaharian, bagian pesisir, yaitu pada Komunitas Adat rang teknologi, atau religi. Ketiga, etnoarkeologi Nuaulu di Negeri/Desa Nuanea di kilo 12, Dusun menelaah secara mendalam seluruh budaya Rohua, Dusun Yalatan, Kecamatan Amahai, 267 Humaniora, Vol. 26, No. 3 Oktober 2014: 266-275 Kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Pengumpulan POTRET LOKASI PENELITIAN data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik Secara astronomis Kabupaten Maluku survei atau pengamatan nonpartisipasi; peneliti Tengah terletak pada 2,507,50 Lintang Selatan melakukan pengamatan terhadap bangunan dan 125-132.50 Bujur Timur. Batas-batasnya rumah adat (budaya bendawi), beserta aktivitas adalah sebelah utara berbatasan dengan Laut sosial budaya di dalam, di luar, dan sekitarnya. Seram, sebelah selatan berbatasan dengan Laut Wawancara dilakukan dengan menggunakan Banda, sebelah barat dengan Laut Buru, dan pedoman wawancara sebagai petunjuk dasar untuk sebelah timur berbatasan dengan perairan Papua. mengetahui fenomena-fenomena budaya bendawi Ibukota Kabupaten Maluku Tengah adalah Kota rumah adat. Studi kepustakaan juga dilakukan Masohi yang dapat ditempuh melalui darat, laut, guna mendapatkan data awal dalam memulai dan udara. Perjalanan melalui jalur darat dari suatu kajian etnoarkeologi. Alat multimedia; tape Kota Ambon ditempuh dengan feri jurusan Liang recorder, handycam, dan kamera dimanfaatkan (Pulau Ambon) - Waipirit (Pulau Seram). Setelah pula dalam pengumpulan data. Teknik analisis sampai di pelabuhan Waipirit Pulau Seram, data menggunakan pendekatan Seiddel perjalanan dilanjutkan dengan menggunakan (Moleong, 2006:248) dan analisis data kualitatif kendaraan roda dua atau empat selama 4 jam dilakukan dengan (1) melakukan pencatatan tiba di Kota Masohi. Beberapa lokasi penelitian yang menghasilkan catatan lapangan, dengan hal (pesisir selatan), yaitu Negeri Nua Nea dan itu diberi kode agar sumber datanya tetap dapat Dusun Simalouw, dicapai sebelum tiba di Kota ditelusuri; (2) mengumpulkan, memilah-milah, Masohi. Jarak antara kedua lokasi dengan Kota mengklasifikasikan, mensintesiskan, membuat Masohi kurang lebih 20 menit perjalanan dengan ikhtisar dan membuat indeks; dan (3) membuat menggunakan kendaraan roda dua atau empat, agar kategori data itu mempunyai makna, mencari sedangkan jarak tempuh lokasi penelitian dengan dan menemukan pola dan hubungan-hubungan, pelabuhan Waipirit kurang lebih 3 jam perjalanan. dan membuat temuan-temuan umum. Lokasi penelitian Dusun Yalatan dan Rohua yang Gambar 1 berada di sebelah barat pesisir selatan ditempuh Lokasi penelitian dari Kota Masohi kurang lebih 2 jam perjalanan, sedangkan dari pelabuhan Waipirit kurang lebih 6 jam perjalanan. Jalur laut dapat menggunakan kapal cepat jurusan Tulehu (Pulau Ambon) – Amahai (Pulau Seram) dengan waktu tempuh kurang lebih 3 jam. Dari pelabuhan Amahai dilanjutkan perjalanan dengan menggunakan kendaraan roda dua atau empat menuju lokasi penelitian Dusun Rohua dan Yalatan ke arah barat dengan jarak tempuh 2 jam, sedangkan Negeri Nua Nea dan Dusun Simalouw ke arah timur dengan jarak tempuh 30 menit. Perjalanan melalui jalur udara dari Bandara Internasional Pattimura Kota Ambon menuju lapangan terbang Amahai di Pulau Seram Keterangan: memerlukan waktu 1 jam 45 menit. Setelah tiba : Lokasi penelitian di lapangan terbang Amahai, dilanjutkan dengan : Kota Masohi (Ibukota Kabupaten) menggunakan kendaraan roda dua atau empat 268 Lucas Wattimena - Rumah Adat di Pesisir Selatan Pulau Seram, Maluku menuju lokasi penelitian. kuskus, dan rusa. Pencaharian lainnya adalah Lokasi penelitian secara administratif berada mencari kayu dan meramu sagu. di bawah pemerintahan Kabupaten Maluku POLA PERMUKIMAN (SPATIAL PATTERN) Tengah Kecamatan Amahai. Lokasi penelitian terdiri dari
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