(

J WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES

VOLUME 6 - MALUKU

,.

PATTIMURA UNIVERSITY

and THE SUMMER INSTITUTE OP LINGUISTICS

in cooperation with THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES

VOLUME 6 - MALUKU

Nyn D. Laidig, Edi tor

PAT'I'IMORA tJlflVERSITY

and

THE SUMMER IRSTlTUTK OP LIRGOISTICS

in cooperation with

'l'BB DBPAR".l'MElI'1' 01' BDUCATIOII ARD CULTURE Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and cultures

Volume 6 Maluku

Wyn D. Laidig, Editor

Printed 1989

Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia

Copies of this publication may be obtained from

Summer Institute of Linguistics Kotak Pos 51 Ambon, Maluku 97001 Indonesia

Microfiche copies of this and other publications of the Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from Academic Book Center Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road l Dallas, TX 75236 U.S.A.

ii PRAKATA

Dengan mengucap syukur kepada Tuhan yang Masa Esa, kami menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku Workpapers in Indonesian Languages , and Cultures. Penerbitan ini menunjukkan adanya suatu kerjasama

yang baik antara Universitas Pattimura deng~n Summer Institute of Linguistics; Maluku .

Buku ini merupakan wujud nyata peran serta para anggota SIL dalam membantu masyarakat umumnya dan masyarakat pedesaan khususnya

Diharapkan dengan terbitnya buku ini akan dapat membantu masyarakat khususnya di pedesaan, dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan prestasi mereka sesuai dengan bidang mereka masing-masing.

Dengan adanya penerbitan ini, kiranya dapat merangsang munculnya penulis-penulis yang lain yang dapat menyumbangkan pengetahuannya yang berguna bagi kita dan generasi-generasi yang akan datang.

Kami ucapkan ' terima kasih kepada para anggota SIL yang telah berupaya sehingga bisa diterbitkannya buku ini

Akhir kat a kami ucapkan selamat membaca kepada masyarakat yang mau memiliki buku ini. Harapan kami buku hasil kerjasama UNPATTI-SIL ini dapat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat di daerah seribu pulau yang tercinta ini, yaitu Maluku.

iii r

PREP ACE

Workpapers 1n Indones1an Languages and Cul tures is a joint publication of the Indonesian Branch of the SUJDJaer Insti tute of Linguistics, Cenderawasih University in Irian Jaya, Hasanuddin University in Sulawesi, and Pattimura University in Maluku. It is hoped that through this series some of the linguistic and ethnographic results of o~r cooperative research will become more accessible to colleagues and scholars sharing an interest in these aspects of Indonesia.

This issue, Volume 6 in the series, is the tirst to result from our work in Maluku with Pattimura University. The results of four lexicostatistic surveys in Central Maluku are presented, covering the geographical areas of Ambon, Lease, West Seram, and East ·Seram. Al though these studies only begin to examine of the complex linguistic picture on these islands, they do represent a significant contribution to our understanding of the contemporary linguistic situation in Central Maluku.

\ ~ We are deeply indebted to our many friends and co­ workers at Pattimura University. Without the ••ooth working relationship that we enjoy together, the resul ts presented in this issue would not have been possible.

Wyn D. La1dJ.g · AIlbon April 1989

v Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

Volume 6 Maluku

Wy~ D. Laidig, Editor

Table of Contents ~

A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Lease Islands

Edward A. Ko tynski ...... 1

A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to West Seram

Yushin Taguchi ...... 15

A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to Ambon Island

Edgar W. Travis ...... 64

The Languages Indigenous to Eastern Seram and Adjacent Islands

Russel A. Loski and Gail M. Loski ...... 103

vii LEXICOSTATISTIC SURVEY OF THE LANGUAGES INDIGENOUS TO WEST SERAM

Yushln Taguchi

Pattimura University and The Summer Institute ot Linguistics

1. Introduction 2 . General Information 3. Previous Classification 4 . Survey Description 4. 1 Aims 4. 2 Methodology 4 . 3 Lexicostatistic Res~lts 4. 3.1 The West Seram Stock 4 . 3 . 2 The Nuaulu-Saleman Family 4 . 3 . 3 The East Seram Stock 4 . 4 Comparison with Previous Classification 4 . 5 Need for Further Investigation 5. Summary 6 . Notes 7. Appendices 8 • Bibliography

1. INTRODUCTION

This report is a preliminary lexicostatistic classification of the indigenous languages on the western part of Seram Island and adjacent areas. A survey of the area was undertaken by linguists of Pattimura University and The Summer Institute of Ling~st ics (UNPATTI-SIL) as a part of their cooperative agreement. As shown below, four survey trips were conducted during the period of June t o October, 1985 and February, 1988.

west Seram Survey 15 Date , Location Participants

June July Kec. ~ahai E. Kotynski & 1985 & K'ec. Seram Barat ~. Taguchi

September Kec. Taniwel T. Mettler & 1985 & Kec. Seram utara Y. Taguchi

S"eptember - Kec. Kairatu E. Leslie & October Y. Taguchi 1985

February , Kec. Kairatu J. Christensen 1988 Y. Taguchi

Additional wordlists from the neighboring island of Saparua were compared with those from Seram for the purpose of determining wider relationships.

On the basis of this survey data, in conjunction with reports of other linguistic investigations on the islands, 17 distinct languages still spoken int he region of West Seram are identified.

2. GENERAL INFORMATION

Sera,m is one of the largest islands of the nearly 1,000 islands in the Maluku province, with an area of 18,625 square kilometers (see Map 1). It is a very woode d and mountainous island with mo~htains rising to 2,750 mi the highest peak is in the interior and reaches 3,000 m. Seram is swampy in the north, and steep and rocky along the southern shoreline. It has no navigable rivers and very few year-round harbors. The island, especially the northern half of it, has an entirely different weather pattern from , Ambon. (It is commonly' said, "if it's clear on Seram,'it's probably rainy on Ambon.") Most of the villages are located on the coast. Although the peoples' livelihood used to be derived directlyfyom agriculture and fishing, currently most commodities are purchased with cash obtained from the sale of cloves, nutmeg, frUits, resin and timber, especially in the coastal villages.

Map 2 indicates the political subdivisions of Seram Island as well as wordlist sites for this survey. Seram and the adjacent islands are administered as ten Kecamatan (Kec.) or Distr iets: Seram Barat, Taniwel, Kairatu, Amahai, Seram utara, Tecgn Nila Serua, Tehoru, Bula, Werinama and Seram Timur. These districts are administereq under the Centra~ ' Maluku Kabupaten (Regency), whose capital, Masohi, is located in Kec. Amahai.

16 West Seram Survey

• ~ . • "

=e: Cb til rt til 128°1'.: 129° E Cb t"C OJ S til C t"C

West Seram p in t~e Moluccas Archipelago (j'o,"O 3° S RAM PO Kelanu ~ /.o - Manipa / aQ \ IRIAN ~~saparua ~ ~ JAYA. rky/d ~M A LUKU ti~ V "",a La"' <: C> '0>" ~Seram \ Ambon LEASE ISLANDS ~·f ~ o 50 100 ~ If Kilometres ~77~P~

~ 12S0 E 12,)°E

..... -..J Map 1 West Seram and the adjacent Islands ..... 00

I<.ey: kecamatan boundaries o wordlist sites • 1.. villages visited 2. 0 villges no t visited KEC. SERAM UTA RA

KEC. TANIWEL

KEC. SERAM BARAT

o 0 :<- ...'" ~~ T'-" ...J. ~ <:5 ~ D

D~ sapar ua Har uku' 0 TlMU R Nusa Laut Q

o 20 40 60. 80 100 ~ I I (/I Kilome t res rt

til CD t1 III 8 til C Map 2 Political Subdivisions of Seram Island t1 <: CD "<:

~ Collins has described the kind of contact people on Seram had wi th outsidel influences:

"The arrival of Europeans in the .sixteenth century marked the beginning of a century of exacerbated, armed struggle culminating in the depopulation of vast areas, the forced removal of villagers from the interior to the coast, and both unchecked flights of refugees as well as directed resettlement of whole villages to different islands. The-policy of coastal resettlement has persisted into thi s century. Furthermore, Seram exper i enced the devastating influenza epidemic of 1918 and the deleterious effect of a decade-long (1950-1964) guerilla movement in the post revolutionary period. Recently immigration from other parts of Maluku and Indonesia has also take n place." (Collins 1984:86)

As a result, many of the coastal languages of Seram have been geographically divided by the resettlement of interior peoples on the coast (see Map 3).

3. PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATION

Map 3 presents the linguistic situation around western Seram and the adjacent area according to the most recent classification (Collins and Voorhoeve 1983)1. The suggested relationships may be displayed as follows:

• NOTE: 1. Language names are written entirely in capitals.

2. Languages covered by this report are written in bold italics.

Austronesian languages

Central Maluku group

East Central Ma1uku subgroup

Seram subgroup division

Nunusaku section

. Piru Bay sUbsection

west Seram Survey 19 ~estern Piru Bay languages BOANO MANIPA BATUMERAH (extinct) LARIKE-WAKASIHU .. ASILULU LUHU Luhu proper dialect Plru dialect Kelang dialect

Eastern Piru Bay languages HITU KAIBOBO HARUKU SAPARUA KAMARIAN (dying) NUSALAUT (dying) AMAHAI PAULOHI (dying) SEPA-TELUTI

Three Rivers subsection ALUNE Northern dialect Central dialect Southern dialect NAKA'ELA (dying) WHALE Tala River dialect North-eastern Coastal dialect other Wemale dialects A'I'AMANU LISABATA-NONIALI HULUNG (dying) LOUN (dying) SALEHAN

Central Seram subsection NUAULU (PATAKAI) HANUSELA

East Seram Section BOBOT (HATUMETEN, WERINAMA) MASIWANG (BONFIA) SETI Hoti dialect Limabata dialect Kobi-Benggoi dialect . (almost extinct)

20 West Seram Survey • ..

~ (1) til ('"t 128°E 129°E 8ALEMAN rn (1) t1 LI8ABATA-NONIALI III 51 rn c t1

<(1) '< ~BOANO 3°8 ~'

SETI

LtmlJ f~~saparua Key ~ ButonesejMalay speaking area Nu," Laut .\j;j0 • Javanese ~ "V S~la LEASE ISLANDS o TObelo uninhabited

, 4°5 4°S '100 129°E ~ ~ 29 ~O . qo §o j Kilometres

Map 3 West Seram Languages according to Collins and Voorhoeve N ~ Collins has been responsible for most of the ~ecetit research on these lang1,lage~. The bibliography lists his writings relevant " to the languages of Seram and adjacent islands.

The above classification shows the findings of a historical ~ comparat i ve study of the languages of the Central Moluccas, in which Collins revised the classification of the descendants of Proto-Central Moluccan, mainly on the basis of phonological innovations. Since my aim was to determine synchronic patterns of intelligibility, I have used terms such as "dialect", "language", "language family" in relation to synchronic lexical similarity.

4. SURVEY DESCRIPTION

4.1 AIMS

The principal aim of the survey was to classify the languages of West Seram wi th reference to contemporary similar i ty. The emphasis of this report is then to show synchronic relationships, not to posit historical relationships. Wordlists were obtained from representative villages where the . vernacular languages of the western part of Seram are spoken.

4.2 METHODOLOGY

4.2.1 Interviews

A wordlist of 210 words was used for the survey. This wordlist, prepared by UNPATTI-SIL for their surveys in Maluku, is shown in Appendix A. Map 2 above shows the various wordlist sites used in this survey of West Seram. Also, a summary of the information regarding the sources for each of the wordlists used in this report is presented in Appendix B .

. Most of the data were gathered in the vi llages where the languages are spoken, although some data were obtained from native speakers temporarily away from their native villages 2. In every case the informant was a native of the village being surveyed, however in many cases there were multiple informants. In such instances the consensus of the group was recorded.

A sociolinguistic questionnaire was also used to record some information regarding language usage and attitudes. 4.2.2 Determining Cognates Although lexicostatistics can be applied under either a diachronic or synchronic perspective (Simons 1977:13), we here use the term "cognate" with the more general meaning of "phonetically similar form" or "probable cognate" because this was a synchronic

22 West Seram Survey study and recogn i tion of similar forms by the native speaker is, of course, the synchronic viewpoint (Simons 1977:13).

For each cognate compar ison only one response was used. If .. more than one response was given the surveyor asked for the preferred form. When no response was given that item was omitted from the comparison .

Where polymorphemic forms were encountered only one morpheme was compared for cognates. There was no attempt made to identify loanwords since intelligibility was in focus rather than historical relationships . The wordlists were recorded entirely in phonetic script. Consistent sound changes were taken into account in compar ing cognat es I however the a im was to highl ight simi lar i ty rather than strictly genetic relationships. I used the inspection method (Sanders 1977:33-34) to establish whether or not words were cognate from the synchronic perspective, and I grouped the cognate words together in cognate sets (Sanders 1977:36-37), that is, all the words that are cognate with each other for a given i~em on the wordlist form one cognate set. The use of this method enabled me to process the data via computer.

I reduced the computer generated lexical similarity matrix to its "s igni f icant" percentages. Al though the computer generated matrix is quite accurate, the use of significant percentages is necessary to any cover random errors introduced by surveyors in the survey pr ocess, and to give the surveyor an estimate of a probable range of values rather than one specific value. (Simons ,. 1977:75-106). 4.3 LEXICOSTATISTIC RESULTS

In interpret~ng the lexicostatistic results I used the classificatory terms listed below. They are used to describe the relationships between various languages in this report. The cognate percentage ranges used here are those of K. Smith (1986), with some slight adjustments. Chart 1 shows the terms and percentage ranges as used here.

West Seram Survey 23 Chart 1 The Terms and Percentage Ranges

Lexical Similarity Interpretation

25 - 49% separate Stocks in the same Superstock

49 - 6 2% separate Families in the same Stock

62 - 75% separate Subfamilies in the same Family

75 - 80% separate Languages in the same Subfamily

80 - 90% - separate Dialects in the same Language

90 - 100% same Dialect

Chart 2 shows Significant Percentage of Lexical Similarity for West Seram languages as well as neighboring vernaculars.

Chart 3 presents Blust's (1981) divisions af Austronesian, as " shown in Grimes and Grimes (MS). The data presented in this paper show all the languages indigenous to West Seram to be members of the same Phylum, that is th~ Austronesian Phylum.

24 West Seram Survey Chart 2, West Seram Languages grouped according .to lexical similarity :,65 68 Kulur- Saparua l68 70 89 Iha (SAPARUA) j :i69 71 86 87 Iha-Seram ~70 82 84 84 Latu 1 60 Sa.67 67 68 67 Kama r ian (KAMARIAN) .. , .. , ...... Dialect boundary : 59 58164 65 65 65 ! ~6_ Hatusua ----- Language boundary 58 57~~?5 66 ~5~ 84 Kaibobo (KAIBOBO) ------Sub-family boundary 53 50 52 53 56 57 .59!62 62 Piru (PIRU) _._-.- Family boundary 1 ~ 53 51 54 54 62 58 57~61~:: Luhu (LUHU) - .. --.. - Stock boundary 43 45 47 48 48 50 53 55 56~_. ~uano-Utara (BUANO) 1 5755555757596465 61596054Kairatu :149 50 50 51 . 50 53 57 59 54 58 59 52.80; Rambatu 48 48 48 50 49 53 57 61 55 57 57 521 80 ' 87~Niniari-Piru (ALUNE) , 46 47 47 48 48 51 55 53 53 56 55 53! 79 84.91 Riring '152 52 53 53 54 55 59 6) 58 55 58 541 3 84' ~4' B4~ ~ ~ ~u 1kan ' 48 50 49 49 49 50 55 5 , 54 54 57 63 7 79 81 83 84:8ur iah , 48 48 54 53 55 55 59 53 58 59 64 60167 63 63 64 70 63 Nuniali • 48 47 54 54 55 56 60 5} 61 62 65 60, 65 62 6363 67 62 94 Lisabata-Timur (LISABATA-NUNIALI) 4847 54 53 54 56 60 6) 60 61 6563166 64 64 64 67 63 ?~.~~.~~~araja 4845 51 5052 53 62 5) 59 60 63 59'163 61 61 61 6562 84 85 88;Kawa ! 4949 53 54 56 56 59 61 61 6061 58. 61 61 6563656073757269 Naka'ela (NAKA'ELA) 52 51 52 53 55 55 59 6) 58 54 55 51167 6~ 62 6~ 67 58, 67 6~ 67 6~ 66 Hulung (HULUNG) 44 43 42 44 47 47 48 48 50 48 46 42 55 53 52 52 51 50 50 52 51 50 53157 Sokowaty . . 1 : 47 46 44 46 48 49 50 48 46 48 47 42 ·59 55 55 53 55 53 52 53 52. 5053,69 88 Honitetu (SOUTH WEMALE) . 4644. 4646484951514848484559565454555051 5351 4953161 8785 Ahiolo 48 47 47 49 50 51 51 50 43 50 51 43 58 57 54 54 56 52 55 57 54 51 57'167 70 74 77 Uwenpantai 1 : 4847 50 52 51 52 52 53 50 49 52 47 60 57 55 57 57 55 59 59 58 55 57 , 70 71 ·70 72 84 Kasieh (NORTH WEMALE) 14647 47 49 49 49 51 52 49 47 50 44 57 56 54 55·55 53 54 54 535055164 70 70 76 81 82 Horale 48475051505252504949484559545353525350515049 51j63 7~~~~~ 80· Nuweletetu 4446"464948'484649494346 44 53 '4847 47'4ii4i'49 49 48 4650'504649 49 48'S2S148jRumaholat (NUAULU)

44 44 42 45 44 45 43 47 46 40 44 41 51 44 44 43 44 44 47 48 47 46 47 48 43 45 44 47 47 47 42li!~ Paeanea (SAlEMAN) 40 38 42 43 43 41 41 44 45 41 40 36 44 38 41 41 41 41 42 43 42 41 44 40 37 41 40 39 41 39 38 45 4 Huaulu

39 38 42 43 42 40 37 43 43 37 39 36 41 37 39 38 40 39 39 40 41 41 40 38 35 39 37 36 39 37 36 44 4~181 Kanikeh (MANUSELA) 40 40 42 44 43 41 38 42 43 36 40 35 41 37 38 36 40 40 38 39 40 39 39 38 35 39 38 36 39 40 37 44 4,,78 84 Hatuolo 4239444545 43 39 44423942374440393840404042414341403840403841 40 '37 43 4~75 79 84,Maneorendah 44 41 48 46 47 46 42 46 44 39 44 36 47 42 43 41 43 43 43 44 43 42 43 42 39 42 42 41 43 41 40 44 4~163 65 68'75 Seti 4442 49 48 48 48 44 46 45 40 43 35 47 42 42 40 45 42 43 45 44 41 434239 41 4241 43 41 39 45 4~.60 61 63~72- 88 Kobi (SETI) 41 36 44 45 46 · 45 43 42 42:843 34 43 37 .38 36 41 39 4042 41 40403936 40 38 37 39 ~ 3~ 40 41 ~;~~6~.~,~~~~

west Seram Survey 25 , - I Chart 3. Blust's (1981) Divisions of -Austronesian

~USTROMESIAN

ATAYAL l C TSOUIC PAIWANIC HALAYO-POLYHBSIAN (MP)

WESTERl l MP CENTRAL HP EAS'l'ERN MP HP languages of the lesser Sundas east of Sumbawarese and the southern and central Moluccas.

SOUTH HALMAHERA OCEANIC & WEST NEW GUINEA

Chart 4 is the reduced matr ix of Chart 2 -to show language groupings'. The lexicostatistic percentages computed for this survey also \ show all these languages to be members of the same superstock. This is shown by the matrices given in Charts 2 and 4; all the percentages of lexical similarity are 3~% or above. As shown in Chart 3, we shall call this superstock the Central Malayo-Polynesian Superstock, following Blust (1981).

26 West Seram Survey Chart 4 : West Seram Languages Gro~ped According to Lexical Similarity

(Each name listed is a separate language.)

IflAMAHAI

'1 ~~ ~~ARUA 1. 591 67 :KAMARIAN , • I 58 165 '.15 , ~~~BOBO 52 55 59 [62:PIRU 52 57 57 162 : 77 LUHU 44 48 53 56 ' 6~ BUANO :' 50 52 58 58 57 58 '~ALUNE ! 147 54 60 59 61 64 61 164 LISABATA-NUNIALI : 49 55 59 61 60 61 58 j63 72 NAKA'ELA II52 54 59 59 54 55 51 63 6J~~, HULUNG , 45 46 50 49 48 47 43 54 51 53 159 NORTH WEMALE " . ! 47 50 52 50 49 50 45 53 54 55 ~~ SOUTH WEMALE !'454846 '4943"4644 '49 4'8 50 "504'8 501lNUAULU 1 44 44 43 47 40 44 41 45 47 47 48 44 461i69.SALEHAN , 40 43 39 43 38 40 36 40 41 41 39 38 38'« " 451!MANUSEL 41 47 43 44 39 43 35 39 42 42 41 40 40 43 421163 lETI ,-1 ._- '------

key ------Sub-family boundary - -0 -_ ' _ - Family boundary -_. . --.. _- Stock boundary ------Super-stock boundary

i .

west Seram Survey 27 Although these results originate from a synchronic lexicostatistic compar ison, it is useful to compare them wi th prior classifications determined from diachronic studies. The present results differ iri se veral details ~rom the classification by Collins and Voorhoeve (secti on 3 above). I distinguish PIRU from LUHU because these two languages show lexical similarity of 75\, which indicates a Sub-family relationship. I consider SOUTH WEMALE (represented by Honitetu dialect in Chart 2) to be a different language from NORTH wEMALE.' We distinguish seventeen languages still spoken on western Seram and the adjacent area, although some of them are near l y extinct. These seventeen languages group as two language stocks and a stock-level isolate grouping-- East Seram stock (MANUSELA, SETI), West Seram stock (AMAHAI, SAPARUA, KAHARIAN, KAIBOBO, PIRU, LUHU, BUANO, HULUNG, NAKA'ELA , LISABATA-NUNIALI , ALUNE, SOUTH WEMALE and NORTH WEMALE), and the Central Seram Family as a stock-level isolate grouping. These groupings are shown in Charts 5, 6, and 7, which are subdivisions of Chart 4. A chaining relationship was found at the stock level between' the west Seram stock and the CentralSeram Family as a stock level isolate grouping.

Chart 5 The East Seram Stock

MANUSELA 63 SET!

28 West Seram Survey Chart 6 The West Seram stock

.IAMAH A I 169 SAPARUA ~67 : KAHARIAN • I 58~: 75 KAIBOBO Sub-family 52 55 '59f6 2: PIRU Family , I 52 57 57162 : '7 LUHU 44 48 53 56 ' 60 l 64 BUANO

50 52 58 58 57 58 ' 53!ALUNE

47 54 60 59 61 64 61 ,1 64 LISABATA-NUNIALI 49 55 59 61 60 61 '58163 72 NAKA'ELA 52 54 59 59 54 55 51~67 66 HULUNG 45 46 50 49 48 47 43 54 5'1 ~ 59 SOUTH WEMALE to 47 50 52 50 49 50 45 53 54 55 ~ 72 NO~TH ~MALE .

Chart 7 The Central Seram Family as a stock-level isolate grouping

INUAULU Family 169 .--.--SALEMAN

West Seram Survey 29 To sum up, the languages of West Seram group into seven Families, as shown in Chart ' 8:

Chart 8 Families in West Sera.

Eastern Piru Bay Family AMHAI SAPARUA

Central Piru Bay Family KAIBOBO KAMARIAN SAPARUA

Western Piru Bay Family BUANO KAIBOBO LUHU PIRU

Western Three River Family ALUNE HULUNG LISABATA-NUNIALI NAKA'ELA Eastern Three River Family NORTH WEHALE SOUTH WEHALE

Nuaulu~Saleman Family NUAULU SALEMAN

Hanusela-Setl Family KANUSELA SETI

Note ' that KAIBOBO and SAPARUA ar~ involved in multiple Families because of a chaining relationship. 'rherel,ationshlp was found between the first thre-e Families, which we shall call Piru Bay Family Chain, as shown below in Chart 9.

30 West Seram Survey Chart 9 : The Pl.ruBay Faal·1y Chain

IAMAHAI

~9 SAPARUA 0 ------Sub-family _ 5~l~~ :KAMARIAN -0--0- Family . I 58\65: 75 KAIBOBO 52 55 '591~;: PIRU 52 57 57162:77 LUHU

44 48 53 56' 60} 64 , BUANO

Kap 4 shows west Seram languages determined. by lexico­ statistics and Chart 10 shows the - interrelationships of the languages.

Appendix C li-sts speakers for villages still using these languages.

4.3.1 The west Sera. Stock

4.3.1.1 ALUIIB

This is the largest language in West Seram and . 1s spoken in five villages in ·Kecamatan (Kac.) Sera. Barat (Kava,. Layuen, Lumoli, Koretau, and Nlniari)i and in twenty-tw.o villages In Kec. Kairatu and Taniwel. Collins (1983: 20) also lists the names of Patasiwa Alfloeren and Sapalewa in reference to ALUNE. In the Ethnologue (Gr imes 1984) the name of Sapolewa is used, probably because one of the biggest rivers on western Seramhas a similar name (Sapalewa). At thts time there are -nine Alune speaking­ villages in the Sapalewa basin. The reference to Hatunuru-Alune in Stresemann (1927) is unclear. We are aware o·f only one Hatunuru: it is the name ofa WBHALE vil1aqe located In the east of the Taniwel area.

west Seram Surv~y 31 W tv 128°E LISABATA-NUNIALI 129°E

3°S S.UANO 3°8 a SETI '

~::::...... , :

MANIPA KELANG?~ KAIBOBO

Key "T Butonese/Malay speaking area Saparua D\iJ Javanese •V Sula Nusa Laut v\) 0 Tob elo uninhabited ~ LEASE ISLANDS Note : Language names here are til based on the official rt census data (Maluku Da lam co 4°s Angka 1982). 4° S It o 20 40 60 80 100 129°E tot I 1 Kilometres IIIa til c tot Map 4 West Seram Languages determined by Lexicostatistics It< "<

". I ., \ 1 . t • :> •

~ a n- to •toe II Chart 10. Interrelationships: the languages indi gen ous to Wes t Seram B to C toe ..< ~rstock So( (25%)

Stock (45%)

Family (61%)

Sub-family (75%)

Amaha; Saparua Kamarian Kaibobo Piru Luhu Bueno Al une Hulung Lisabata- Naka'ela South North Nuaul u Sal eman Manusel a Seti . Nuniali Wemale Wemale

eN eN Access to ALUN·E villages is by boat, available three times a week from Ambon harbor (old) to the villages in Kec. Taniwel; daily from ~ Hitu to the villages in Kec.Seram Barat; and by ferry daily from Liang to the villages in Kec. Kairatu. Language ~sage is strong except in some coastal villages. The people living in the interior (the majority of this language group) are using their language daily. Some very old people in Kawa · village speak the language' because they used to have contact with the Alune speaking people almost daily before tney moved down from the inter ior to the western coast. Chart 11 indicates that theALUNE language has five dialects which have diverged. Kairatu dialect, however, is almost a separate language and is almost extinct. Perhaps several recent settlements including the transmigration from Jawa have accelerated its extinction. The rest of the Alune-speaking villages fall into four dialect groups: South (Rambatu, Hanussa, Rumberu etc.), Central West (Rir 1ng, Niniar i, Lumoli et.c.), Central East (Bur iah, Weth and Laturake) and North Coastal (Nikulkan, Hurnaten, Wakolo etc.)'. In three villages near the Tala river basin (Hukuanakota, Hukukecil and Watui), the dialect is reportedly close to the Central West.

Chart 11 The Alune Lan9uage . : Kairatu . 80· Rambatu ...... Dialect

80 87:Niniari , ...... 79 84 91 : Riring ...... 83 84 84 84 : Nikulkan

77 79 81 83 84 :...... Buriah -..

The chief difference between three dialects and the Rambatu . dialect is. the use of (k] in the former three dialects whereas in the South it has shifted to [1]. Villages speaking the South ·dialect are Lohiasapalewa, Loh1atala, Hanussa, Rambatu and Rumberu. The South dialect is the minority dialect. ALUNE relates to HULUNG, NAKA'ELA and LISABATA~NUNIALI at the family level, which we call the Western. Three River Family, as shoWn in Chart 12. Lexical similarity does not show the exclusively closer relationship with NAKA'ELA than the other entities in the Western Three River Family as Collins (1983:22) subgroups those two in the name of Ulat inai (literally, the mother the mountain range in ALUNE).

34 West Seram Survey ~ Chart 12 The Western .Three River Faaily

'" ALUNE

64 LISABATA-NUNIALI

63 72 .NAKA'ELA

63 67 66 HULUNG ,

4.3.1.2 ANABAI . . The Amahal ~anguage was formerly spoken In Amahai, Soahuku and Makar lki. Nowadays, .the language is almost extinct and only the oldest generation Inliakariki and Rutah can speak it'. AMAHAI relates to SAPARUA at the Family level, which we call the Eastern Piru Bay Family, as shown · in Chart 13.

Chart 13 The Eastern Piru Bay Family

AMAH AI

69 SAPARUA

4.3.1.3 BUANO

BUANO is spoken mainly In the village of North Buano. The language is re~ortedly spoken only by certain generation in the South Buano village whose religion is Protestant while the village of North Buano is Islam. The language survives with great vigor in this densely populated village on the coast of Buano island facing Seram (Collins 1984: 94). BUANO relates to KAIBOBO, PIRU and LUHU at the' Family level, which we call Western Piru Bay Falllily Chain as shown in Chart 14. .

. west Se:r:am Survey 35 • j

Chart 14 . The Western Plru Bay Family Chain

! 1 KAIBOBO 162 PIRU -- . ----. -- Family .E ·,?: LUHU . 56 6 0 ~ .BUANO

4.3.1.4 HULUHG

HULUNG, spoken by fewer than ten pe-ople in the village of that name and its hamlet Sauweli, is nearly extinct • . HULUNG relates to NAKA'ELA, LISABATA-NUNIALI and ALUNE at the Family level (Western Three River Family) .

4.3.1.5 KAIBOBO

There are five KAIBOBO speaking villages on the littoral of Piru Bay as Collins also calls it west Littoral language (Collins 1983:102). The Kat"bobo language .is almost extillct in Eti, Hat\lsua, and Waisamu, while it is still spoken in Ariate and Kaibobo. Lexical similarity indicates that convergence has occurred between the Hatusua dialect and KAHARIAN as shown in Chart 15. That is, lexical similarity indicates that there is probable mutual intelligibility between them at the sub-family level. Chart 16 shows. the interrelationships mentioned here.

Chart 15: KAHARIAH and Hatusua Convergence

[KAHARIAN . Language :~ Hatusua Sub-family ~;~ I 84 Kaibobo

36 West Seram Survey Chart 16: KAHARIAN and Hatusua Interrelationship

61\ Family

75\ Sub-family .

80\ Language

KAHARIAN Hatusua Kaibobo

The reason for this is probably because the Hatusua village is much closer to the village of Kamarian geographically · and economically. KAIBOBO relates to KAHARIAN at the Sub-family level and relates to SAPARUA at the Family level (Central Piru Bay Family), as shown in Chart 17; and to PIRU, LUHU and BUANO at the . Family level (Western Piru Bay Family).

Chart 17 The Central Piru Bay Family

I I SAPARUA - -:- -- Sub-fami ly I ---, 67 I KAHARIAN I 65 '75 KAIBOBO ""'------

4.3.1.6 KAHARIAH

KAHARIAN was spoken in Rumahkay, Seruawan, Tihulale and in the village of that name. Nowadays the language is almost extinct. Perhaps the appearance of several recent settlements between. the KAIBOBO-KAHARIAN·-speaking communities is the . main impetus for extinction.· KAHARIAN shares a common language Family with SAPARUA and KAIBOB~ (Central Piru Bay Family) . . As . mentioned above, convergence has · occurred between the Hatusua dialect and the KAHARIAN language.

West Seram Survey 37 . 4.3.1.7 LISABATA-NUNIALI

Despite the fact that LI SABATA-NUNIALI -speak ingpeople are broadly spread along the north coast of Ke_c. · Seram Barat and the north coast of Kec. Seram utara, lexical simi lar i ty indicates probable hi.gh mutual intelligibility between them except in Kawa as shown in Chart 18. This chart indicates that Lisabata-Timur, Nuniali and Sukaraja are the same dialect and only Kawa i~ . a separate dialect. Chart 19 shows the interrelationships between the dialects. therefor~ although Collins describes that Lisabata (Lisabata-Timur and Lisabata-Barat) and Nuniali are two different langua~es in his subgrouping of Three Rivers (Collins 1983:37), they are same dialect of the language. Also he describes in the same diagram that Iha compris~s those two. The lexicostatistic results . described here, however, indicate that IHA and LISABATA~NUNIALI are related only at the stock level (50\ cognate in chart 4). .

Chart 18 The Lisabata-Nuniali Language

Dialect

: Nuniali ' ) >4 Lisabata-Timur Lisabata-Nunfal1 Dialect ; 92 95 Sukaraja

84 85 88 ~ Kawa Kawa Dialect ." ......

Chart 19 Interrelationships between dialects

80\ Language

90\ Dialect

Nuniali Lisabata-Timur Sukaraja Kawa

38 West Seram Survey The village of Nuniali is the only Chri~tian ~illage speaking this language. In Kawa . we noticed that certain sections of the pop~lation are using Malay among themselves, which may be due to a large number · of . Butonese residents in . the village . LISABATA-NUNIALI relates to HULUNG, NAKA'ELA and ALUNE at the '" F~mi ly level (Western Three River Fami ly) •

4.3.1.8 LUHU

LUHU speakers live in two separated vi llages: Waesala and Luhu. Reportedly during the Dutch period many people in Luhu were forced to work in Waesala for a special project and they have lived there ever since. Although Collins reported that the KELANG language seems to be almost identical with LUHU (Collins 1984: 94), we have no further report about the KELANG language". The dialect differences between Luhu and Waesala are unknown. LUHU relates to PIRU at the Sub-family level (Piru-Luhu Sub-Family) as shown in 11 Chart 20 ; and to KAIBOBO, PIRU and BUANO at the Family level (Eastern Piru Bay Family).

Chart 20 : The Piru-Luhu Sub-Family

Language

LUHU -- .:.- -- Sub-fami ly

4.3.1.9 HAKA'ELA

The NAKA'ELA people used to live in the mountainous interior of Seram, but afte·r they migrated to Taniwel . village on the north coast,. the number of speakers decreased rapidly11 • Now there are reported to be only five speakers. NAKA'ELA relates to HULUNG, LISABATA-NUNIALI and ALUNE at the Family level (Western Three River Family). Chlenov (1976.) mentions the language of Taniwel (Collins 1983:17,1.9). However, the source of his wordlist is not clear. It is possible for thewordlist to refer either to the NAKA'ELA language, or to the town of Taniwel. Reportedly there used to be three' villages · in the area of Taniwel: Lasaata, Lumaelen and Lumauru. At this time, we know of only one native speaker; thus a reliable wordlist is unavailable.

west Seram Survey 39 ·L3.1.10 PIRU ,

The PIRU language is nearly extinct. Reportedly there remain at most ten native speakers in the town ,of Pir.u. The language relates to LUHU at the Sub-family level (Piru-LuhuSub-Family), and to KAIBOBO and BUANO at the Family level (Western Piru Bay Family) .

4.3.1.11 SAPARUA

The SAPARUA language is spoken . in eight villages: five villages on Seram ( Iha, Kulur, Latu, Hualoy and Tumalehu) and three villages on Saparua (Iha, Kulur and Siri-Sori Islam). The language was spoken in Haria and Paperu villages on Saparua island, but today in those villages as well as in all Christian villages, SAPARUA is extinct (Collins 1984: 92; Kotynski 1989). The people in these Seram villages are originally from Saparua Island, where their language is still in daily use. The language is also spoken by some Latu people living i n Kairatu village. SAPARUA relates to AHAHAI at the Family level (Eastern Piru Bay Family); 'and to KAHARIAN and KAIBOBO at the Family level (Central Piru Bay Family)" .

4.3.1.12 NORTH WEHALE

In recent times ' all the NORTH WEHALE villages in Kecamatan (Kec.) Taniwel and Seram utara resettled on the north coast between Taniwel and Saleman. As a result, the NORTH WEHALE-speaking people are widely spread in two Kecematams on the northwestern coast of Seram: eight villages in Kec. Seram Utara and sixteen villages in Kec. Taniwel. Nuweletetu beside Sepa near the entrance to Tauluti Bay may be the easternmost of this language. Chart 21 shows that NORTH WEMALE has at least three dialects which have diverged; and that there is a language chain between these dialects and the Nuweletetu. Dialect intelligibility testing will be needed in between these dialects and with the South Wemale dialects especially .because the Nuweletetu dialect also shar'es 78\ similar i ty with the Ahiolo dialect, which is now one of the prestigious dialects.

"

40 West Seram Survey Chart 21 The North Wemale language

Uwenpanta i

84 Kasieh

81 82 Horale

7 2 74l 80 Nuweletetu

The language shares a common language Family only with SOUTH WEHALE (Eastern Three River Family.) as shown in Chart 22.

Chart 22 The Eastern Three River Family

SOUTH WHALE

72 NORTH WEHALE

4.3.1.13 SOUTH WEHALE

Some of the SOUTH WHALE-speaking villages have resettled on the south coast quite recently, and the language is also widely spread in two kecematans: eleven villages In Kec. Kalratu, and at least two villages in Kec. Amahai. Honitetu near the Kairatu town is the westernmost village and the easternmost village is u unknown • Chart 23 shows that there ar~ mainly three dialects but reportedly the Honitetu and the Sokowaty dialect are almost same, which are along the well maintained road since the Dutch perlod. Ahiolo and Ablo are now central villages in terms of the language and the culture. Dialect intelligibility testing is still needed in between the dialect of the language and between the NORTH WEHALE language.

West Se.ram Survey 41 Chart 23: The SOUTH WEHALE language

Sokowaty

88 Honitetu

87 85 Abio

4.3.2 The Nuaulu-Saleman Family as a Stock-level isolate

4 .3.2.1 NUAULU

The NUAULU people are living primarily on the north coast of Kec. Seram Utara and on the southeastern coast of Kec. Amahai. There have been reports of Nuaulu people still l iving in the interior, however these reports (from non-Nualu people) may mi stakenly refer t o Hanusela people, who like the Nuaulu people, wear a tradi tional -red cloth on their heads. The Nuaulu people themselves claim that there are no more of them living in the _mountainous interior. There are two coastal villages in Kec. Seram Utara (Openg and Rumaholat) near Sawai. There are also four villages in the southeastern coast of Kec. Amahai: (Bunara, Simalou, Hahualan, and Ruhuwa). Ellen (1978: 9-12) also lists Watane and Ahisuru, but the inhabi tants of those vi llages have moved to Simalou, n i ne k i lometers inland from the coastal village of Makariki. Reportedly the lexical similarity between the south dialects is -quite highll ,while between the north dialects it is st i 11 unknown. There are also indications that Rumaholat/Openg may be a separate language from Nuaulu spoken in Kec. Amahai, however the present survey is too limited to allow any discussion on this poine'. In any case, it is clear that further survey, including dialect intelligibility testing, is needed between the north dialects and between the north and the south dialects. Pending further investigation, it seems that NUAULU relates to SALEHAN at the- fami ly level (Nuaulu-Saleman Fami ly) and shares a common language stock only with SALEMANi that is, it is a stock-level isolate grouping as shown in Chart 24.

Chart 24 The Nuaulu-Saleman Family

NUAULU 69 SALEMAN "

42 West Seram Survey 4.3.2.2 SALEMAN 17

The SALEMAN language is spoken in four villages (Saleman, Pasanea, Sawai and Besi) and in part of ,the town of Wahai along Saleman Bay. Sawai is the most heavi ly populated vi llage (1576 people in 1985), although there may be quite a few SALEMAN speakers in Wahai (the number is unknown). SALEMAN relates to NUAULU at the Family level (Nuaulu-Saleman Family) as mentioned above.

4.3.3 The Bast Seram stock

4.3.3.1 KANUSELA

The MANUSELA language is spoken in avproximately thirty villages in central Seram (Collins 1984: 113)1 . Two thirds of the speakers still live in the mountains (Collins 1984:113)". Wanasa is the most southwestern Manusela-speaking village. It , is just above Tehoru at the western entrance to Tehoru Bay (Collins 1984: 113-114). Alakamat near Sawai is the hamlet of Huaulu village in 2l the interior , which is the most northwestern village. The life style in Huaulu and Alakamat is still very traditional including their religion. Sadar, a coastal village settled from Siliha, is located near the SETI -speak ing area not far from Kobi (ColI ins 1984: 114). In the south there may be Manusela speakers in or near Laha and Hunesli otherwise Waelomatan above Wolu is perhaps the most southeastern village which speaks MANUSELA (Collins 1983z 109, 1984: 114). Lexical similarity indicates that MANUSELA has at least three dialects which have diverged: the Northwestern, North Central and Northeastern dialects, as shown in Chart 25. The Northwestern dialect represented by Huaulu is reportedly most prestigious al though it shares only 81\ cognates wi th the nearest dialect (North Central represented by Hatuolo). We stlll need further ' information about the southern part of central Seram. A chaining relationship at the language level was found between Huaulu and other dialects, which we shall call the Manusela Language Chain. Chart 26 shows interrelationships between dialects and the language cnain mentioned here. .

West Seram Survey 43 Chart 25 Northern Dialects of Manusela

Huaulu

81 Kanikeh

Hatuolo ~---- Language Chain 84 Maneorendah

Chart 26 Interrelationships - Dialects and L~nguage Chain

75% Sub-family

80% Language

Huaulu Kanikeh Hatuolo Maneorendah

The MANUSELA language relates to both Seti and Kobi dialect at the family level (Manusela Family) as shown in Chart 27. The chart also indicates that both the Seti language shares family level intelligibility with the Maneorendah dialect (Seti Family). Furthermore, we find a chaining relationship of those language families, which we shall call the Hanusela-Seti Family Chain. A Sub-family level lexical similarity (75%) is shown as the convergence between the Seti dialect and the Haneorendah dialect~ which are geographically very close each other.

44 West Seram Survey Chart 27 The Hanusela-Seti Family Chain

IHuaulu

181 Kanikeh ·78 84 Hatuolo Language

175 79 84 Haneorendah --Family

163 65 68 :!~~ Set1 - - - - " - Sub-fami ly -60 61 63 72 88 Kobi

80 Wahakaim ~'~3'~82.,-.-,,--

The high lexical simil~rity between these villages probably indicates significant contact since these villages are geo­ graphically very close. Language study began among the people of Huaulu village (the most northwestern village of MANUSELA) in 1984.

(I 4.3.3.2 SB'l'I

SETI is normally categorized as one of the East Seram languages. The people are widely spread in four kecamatan (Seram Utara, Bula, Werinama and Tehoru). Collins reported that SETI is still spoken in the interior of Seram to the east of the Isai mountain ridge 'and north of the Bobot and Masiwang rivers, but most SETI-speaking villages now are located on the north and south coast of eastern Seram, particularly the eastern edge of Taluti Bay (Collins 1984: 117). The five villages in Kec. Seram Utara are Siahari, Seti, Seti Bhakti, Nusa Botan and Aketernate. The names of the villages in Bula, Werinama and Tehoru are unknown~ Lexical similarity indicates that SETI has at least two dialects which have diverged. Seti dialect relates to MANUSELA at the family level (Manusela Family).

4.4 COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATION

The results of our lexicostatistic comparison indicates that LUHU and PIRU share only a Sub-Family relationship, that is, they are different languages, whereas ' Collins classified Piru as a dialect of ' LUHU. Collins put SALEMAN and NUAULU in different categories (subsections). However, because these two languages are closely related in a common language family (69\ lexical Similarity) and as a Stock-level isolate, they should be grouped together. Although Collins grouped NUAULU and MANUSELA in the same

west Sera~ Survey 45 ------

category (Central Seram sub-secti on), NUAULU should be grouped wi t h SALEMAN; and MANUSELA and SETI should be grouped separately. WEMAL E cannot be class i f ied as a member of the same subsect i on (ALUNE, NAKA'ELA, LISABATA-NUNIALI, HULUNG, SALEMAN and WEMALE), because

WEMALE does not share even a family relationship with any other ) . language except wi th the Hulung language. See the interrelationships of the West Seram languages which were shown in Chart 10.

4.5 NEED FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION

To determine the synchronic relationships between the West Seram languages , lexicostatistic survey is still required for the following languages :

KELANG u on Manipa island LOUN 1n Kec. Seram utara MANIPA on Manipa island Southern dialect of MANUSELA in Kec. Amahai and Tehoru P'AULOHI (extinct?) in Kec. Amaha i Waesala (dialect of LUHU?) in Kec. Seram Barat

5. SUMMARY

In the survey of West Seram, information was gathered showing seventeen languages spoken in the area. Eleven languages are still vigorously used; two are used by older generations; and four are nearly extinct. All the languages indigenous to West Seram listed above belong to the Austronesian Phylum, and to Central Malayo-Polynesian Superstock. There are three stock level divisions above 46% cognate within these languages: West Seram Stock, East Seram Stock and the Nuaulu-Saleman Family representing a stock level division. A summary of the classification of the seventeen languages indigenous to West Seram is shown in Chart 28.

"

46 West Seram Survey Chart 28 : Summary Classification

Austronesian Phylum

Central Malayo-Polynesian Superstock

West Seram East Seram Nuaulu-Saleman stock Stock Family

1. ALUNE 1. MANUSELA 1. NUAULU

2. AMAHAI 2. SETI 2. SALEHAN

3. BUANO

4. HULUNG

5. KAIBOBO

6. KAMARIAN

7 • LISABATA-NUNIALI

8. LUHU

9. NAKA'ELA

10. PIRU

11. SAPARUA

12. NORTH WEHALE

13. SOUTH WEHALE

west Seram Survey 47 6. NOTES

1. Although Kelang, LOUN, MANIPA and PAVLOHI are also western Seram languages or dialects of the languag~s, they are not included in this report because, for Kelang, we were unable to obtain a wordlist; for LOUN, we could not stop at the village of Latea where Collins mentions that there are a few speakers and we have no wordlist; for MANIPA, our wordlist has too much Malay influence and cannot be used for comparison; and for PAULOHI, we could not get there because of the wave season (no wordlist).

ATAMANU, BOBOT, SEPA, TALUTI, YALAHATAN and WOLU will be covered in the eastern Seram report to appear by SIL. The following are the languages originally listed in the Ethnologue (Gr ,imes 1984) and updated with the informat i on gathered through the survey activities. -HOAMOL is spoken in the part of Manipa and Kelang islands according to the Ethnologue. The oral tradition asserts that there used to be spoken only one language in the Hoamoal peninsula and on nearly contiguous islands such as Asa'ude and Kelang (Collins 1983:79). The trad­ i tion also asserts that LUHU and PIRU are its des­ cendants. Because reportedly people on Ke1ang resettled to Manipa, some Hoamoal speakers can be on both Manipa and Kelang. However, as Collins ,also uses "Hoamoal" as a prototype of Kelang, Luhu, Manipa etc. (Collins 1983:78,79) we don't ·think it is a present language in that name. -We were unable to ver i fy the existence of the LIMA, JAHALATANE and WAELULU languages in western Seram.

-SOOW HUHELIA is a language in Manipa island according to the Ethnologue (1984), however we could find no information in support of a language by this name. -TALUTI probably refers to TELUTI in eastern Seram.

2. All interviews were conducted by SIL linguists who recorded responses phonetically.

3 . The matr ix in Chart 4 has ' been reduced by grouping the villages into languages and averaging all the figures for the villages surveyed in the two languages. This gives us an average percentage of lexical simi lar i ty between the two > . languages.

48 West Seram Survey 4. Although. - Honitetu used to be a central village for the southern WEHALE Villages, Abio is reportedly the central village now. The population of Honitetu decreased drastically (about 100) and many Chlnese and Bugine$e merchants are living there now to buy cloves and res in from the people of the c interior villages (the vehicle is accesiblefrom Kairatu town to get there).

5. Only the oldest generation can speak the Alune language, whereas middle-aged people speak the LISABATA-NUNIALI language in this village.

6. -Collins reports that in Kawa the middle-aged generation speaks the Nuniali dialect of Iha or SAPARUA (Collins 1984:97-98). Lexicostatistically, however, SAPARUA and LI SABATA-NUNIALI are separate languages in different language families.

7. Collins mentions three main dialects: that spoken on the north coast, that spoken in the interior and the Kairatu dialect (Collins 1984: 106-107).

8. Collins includes those three villages in the north dialect (the north coastal, the central east and the central west in this report).

9. Collins mentions that AHAHAI is spoken in Rutah (Collins 1984: 110). However, we took the wordlists from old men in Hakariki (61 years old) and Rutah (83 years old), and we found the language to be almost extinct in both Rutah and Hakariki. ,, ' . ' 10. Collins classifies KELANG as one dialect of LUHU (Collins 1984: 94, 96). See also footnote 20.

11. Although Collins classified PIRU as a dialect of LUHU, lexical similarity indicates that the contemporary speech forms are probably not mutually intelligible. His classification here is partially based on the assertion by the people, which is based on the oral traditions of the people of Central Maluku even though he also mentions that those two _ languages are historically one (HOAHOAL, based on the name of the peninsula in that name) but now they may be different because they have been separated from each other for centuries (Collins 1983:79).

12. Collins reported that the language was spoken in Tanawa, Naka 'ela and Hatu, located between the coastal village of Taniwel and the mountain strongholds of the ALUNE group / (Collins 1984: 103). When we visited, information about these villages was unavailable.

13. Collins reports that SAPARUA is closely related to AHAHAI (Collins 1984: 92). See also Kotynski 1989.

West Seram Survey 49 14. ColI ins also reports that his easternmost boundary of the language is qui te ambiguous. Therefore we would say that Nuweletetu and at least one unknown village on the westernmost coast of Elaputi Bay in Kec. Amahai fo~m part. of the language boundary. . Q

15. Ellen (1978: 9-10) did not ment i on Rtirnaholat and Oping as Nuaulu villages, although he listed these villages on his map as using unidentified languages. R. Bolton, currently doing field work i n Nuaulu with UNPATTI-SIL agrees with Ellen in this regard (personal communicati on) . See also footnote 16.

16. Recent data from Bolton indicate that between Rouhua, Bunara, and Simalou (in South Nuaulu), there is nearly a 99% shared cognate count . This is in contrast with the 78% shared cognate count between these vi llages and Rumaholat in the North . (R. Bolton, personal communicat ion) .

17. The l anguage is reported' under two different names in the literature: SAWAI (Collins 1983) and SALEMAN (Collins and Voorhoeve 1983). I used SALEMAN because the language is widely spread a long Salernan Bay . In one instance, Collins also restates the language as "Salernan Bay" followed by the parenthesize name "Salernan" (Collins 1983:35).

1 8. Collins noted, "The MANUSELA group includes . not only the village of Manusela but all the groups living in the Manuse l a mountain range, as well as those which have moved to either

side of the range, that is , the north and south coasts of ' 0 central ' Seram" (Collin~ 1984:111). .

19. Chlenov and S irk (1973) have published data from a number of Manusela dialects. '20. Alakarnat is registered as . a hamlet (subordinate village) of Huaulu. People travel daily between these villages. The population of these villages is 145 (1985).

21-. Collins r eports that "Ke l ang" could be a dialect of LUHU (Collins 1984: 94), as he mentions that "Kelang" looked to be influenced very much byMANIPA because of the resettlement among the MANIPA villages in Manipa island. Because we have no data of KELANG and no good data of MANIPA, we have no way to comment Collins' classification on Kelang or KELANG from the lexicostatistics' point of view here . However, we prefer to leave KELANG as a separate language from both LUHU 'and MANIPA at this point.

50 West Seram Survey 7.1 Appendix A "

Maluku Survey Wordlist

e Indonesian English Indonesian English

l. akar root 4l. malam night 2 • pohon tree 42. ikan fish 3 • daun leaf 43. burung bird 4. kulit kayu tree bark 44. telur egg 5 ~ duri thorn 45. anjing dog 6. tempurung coconut shell 46. ,marsegu bat 7 . kelapa coconut 47. kutu louse 8. pisang banana 48. nyamuk mosquito 9. betel nut sirih 49. tikus rat, mouse 10. rotan rattan 50. u l ar snake 1l. bambu bamboo 5l. ekor tail 12. bunga flower 52. hitam black 13. buah fruit 53. putih white 14. kusu-kusu grass 54. merah red 15. sagu sago 55. kuning yellow 16. beras uncooked rice 56. hijau green 17. saya I 57 . satu one 18. engkau you (sing) 58. dua two 19. kami we (excl) 59. tiga three 20. kita we (incl) 60. " empat four 2l. matahari sun 6l. lima five ,22. bulan moon 62. enam six - , ~.. 23. bintang star 63. tujuh seven 24- air water 64. delapan eight 25. hujan rain 65. sembi Ian nine 26. batu stone 66. sepuluh ten 27. pasir sand 67. duapuluh twenty 28. pulau island 68. seratus one hundred 29. tanah ground 69. seribu one thousand 30. awan cloud 70. semua all 31. angin wind 71. banyak many 32. laut sea 72. besar big 33. hutan forest 73. kecil small 34. gunung mountain 74. panjang long 35. api fire 75. pendek short 36. asap smoke 76. dekat near 37. abu ashes 77. jauh far 38. panas hot 78. penuh full 39. bakar bake 79. baru new 40. dingin cold 80. baik good

West Seram Survey 51 -Indonesian English Indonesian English

8l. bulat round 126. pere"mpuan female 82. kering dry 127 . suami husband 83. menjemur to dry 128. ister i wife 84. t1dak no 129. bapak father 85. ini this 130. ibu mother 86. itu that 131. nama name 87. d1 sin1 here 132. tete grandfather 88. dis i tu there 133. nene grandmother 89. di dalam inside 134. kakak elder sibling 90. di atas t op 135 . adik younger sibling 91. di luar outside 136. cucu grandchild 92. di bawah under 1 37 . om, paman uncle 93. d1 depan in front 138. tante aunt 94: di belakang behind 139. kawan friend 95. p1nggi r edge 140. tamu guest 96. kulit skin 141. tali rope 97. da-ging meat, flesh 142. jalan road 98. darah b l ood 143. perahu canoe 99. tulang bone 144. layar sail 100. lemak fat 145. parang machete 10l. rambut hair (head) 146. pisau knife 102. bulu hair (body) 147. lesung mortar 103. kepala head 148. alu pestle 104. tel inga ear 149. garam salt 105. mata eye 150. gula sugar 106. hidung nose 151. apa what 107. mulut mouth 152. siapa who 10-8. bibir lip 153. dimana where 109. gigi tooth 154. kenapa why 110. lidah tongue 155. bagaimana how 111. kuku fingernail 156. berapa how many 112. kaki foot 157. haus thirsty 113. lutut knee 158. menggigit bite 114. tangan hand 159. minum drink 115. perut stomach. 160. lapar hungry 116. leher neck 161. makan eat 117. susu breast 162. melihat see 118. hati liver 163. mendengar hear _119. muka face 164. tidur sleep 120. tah1 excrement 165. tahu know 121.- air kencing urine 166. bangu{l get up 122. tuli deaf 167. membangun waken 1 2 3 . buta blind 168. mati die 124. orang person 169. berenang swim 1 25. laki-lak1 - male 170~ berjalan - walk

52 West Seram Survey Indonesian English Indonesian English

17l. berbaring lie down 191. mandi bathe (vi. ) 172. bernyanyi sing 192. mandikan bathe (vt. ) c 173. muntah vomit 193. jatuh fall 174. tettawa laugh 194. jatuhkan drop 175. gatal itch · 195. memberi give 176. mengantuk sleepy 196. bicara speak 177. anak child 197. lintah leech 178. langit sky 198. tebal thick 179. terbang fly 199. tipis thin 180. datang come 200 . tajam sharp 18l. berdiri stand 20l. busuk rotfon 182. batuk cough 202. pikul carry 183. meludah spit 203. lari run 184- l1)enangis cry 204. pukul hit 185. bermimpi dream 205 . luka wound 186. mengandung pregnant 206. rumah house 187. tua old 207. kampung village 188. sungai river 208. otak brain 189. membunuh kill 209 . berkeringat perspire 190. duduk sit 210. karang coral

West Seram Survey 53 7.2 Appendix B

Complete List of the Wordlist Sources

* R --- Reliability of wordlist data ~ v -very gO'od: indicates mostly immed iate and conf ident respons~s 9 -good: indicates mostly confident responses f -£air:indicates many hesitant responses p -poor: indicates mostly hesitant or uncerta i n responses

Village Informant(s) Age R* Date Linguist

Ahiolo S. Haikuti 31 v 23/2/88 Christensen

Buano utara A. Tamalene 19 v 5/7/85 Taguchi R. Tuluteru 20

Buria M. Latue 51 f 4/9/85 Mettler

Hatuolo L. Ipakiat 32 v . 14/9/85 Mettler

Hatusua L. Latumalina 85 f . 2/10/85 Leslie

Honitetu M. Matinahoiu 50 f 29/5/85 Grimes ,. Horale T. Latuhapina 34 9 9/9/85 Taguchi

Huaulu K. Huaulu 35 9 9/9/85 Mettler

Hulung H. Wemale 71 f 7/9/85 Taguchl

. Iha J. Kuisupy 52 v 11/7/85 Kotynski

I ha I. Amahoru- 51 v 17/4/85 Kotynski (Saparua)

Kaibobo H. Kakisina 51 v 8/7/85 Kotynski

Kairatu W. Ruspanah 73 9 4/10/85 Taguchi

Kamarian A. Pesirenah 71 f 2/10/85 Taguchi

Kanikeh J. Lilimau 58 9 10/9/85 Taguchi

Kasieh J. Moni 48 g 7/9/85 Mettler

Kawa Y. Kowe 70 v 6/7/85 Kotynski A. Ele

Kobi S. Tidoke 60 f 12/9/85 Taguchi

54 West Seram Survey Village Informant(s) Age R* Date Linquist Kulur H. Tuhulele 40 v 17/4/85 Travis (Saparua)

.,. Latu A.L. Patty 20 9 4/10/85 Leslie Lisabata M.K. Sitania 43 f 5/9/85 Taguchi (Timur l

Luhu S. Wabeu1as 56 v 10/7/85 Kotynskl

Makariki z. Watimuri 61 f 18/6/85 Taguchi

Maneo F. Tamala 41 v 11/9/85 Mettler (Rendah)

Naka'ela J. Hilewe 71 9 5/9/85 Taguchi Nikulkan w. Rotaso 61 v 6/9/85 Mettler

Niniari N. Lumatala 54 v 8/7/85 Taguchi (Seram Barat)

Nuniali M. Sekerone 59 v 6/9/85 Taguchi

Nuweletetu M. Tunuhuri ? v 3/12/86 McCollum

Pasanea J. Makatita 27 9 8/9/85 Mettler ' \ Piru K. Itawanno 45 9 5/7/85 Taguchi K. Itawanno 45

Rambatu D. Wemay 45 f 4/10/85 Leslie

Riring W. Tanikwele 50 v 8/7/85 Taguchi Y. Soplatu 52

Rumaholat T. Lumatehunisa 34 9 9/9/85 Taguchi

Rutah A. Latarisa 8,3 f 18/6/85 Kotynski

Seti D. Aitonam 58 9 11/9/85 Mettler Sokowaty T. Iyay 46 v 23/2/88 Tanguchi

Sukaraja A. Pattiloun 65 9 7/9/85 Mettler Tuniwara A.K. Warang 50 p 5/7/85 Kotynski

Uwenpantai O.N. Katayane 34 8/9/85 Taguchi <'> 9 Wahakaim E. Welieinan 28 f 12/9/85 Mettler

West' Seram Survey 55 7.3 Append~x C -'.. Populations of Villages Using West Seram Languages Key: * "Speakers" ind icates either the · populat i on reported by the informants or the population for the village based on the census report (1982)· of the Statistics Office in Ambon.

** :"1" indicates some of the populationmay not speak the language.

LANGUAGE Number of Reli9ion Speakers*

ALUNE

1. Buriah 777 ( 185) Christian 2. Hukuanakota 417 Christian 3. Hukukecil 220 ·Christian 4. Kairatu 101*·* Christian 5. Kamal 796i Christian 6. Kawa unknown Islam 7. Laturake 217 . Christian 8. Layuen 150 Christian 9. Lohia Sapalewa 165 Christian 10. Lohia Tala 535 . Christian 11. Lumori 566 Christian 12. . Hanussa 421 Christian 13. Morekau 326 Christian 14-. Murnaten 999 Christian 15. Nikulkan 3251 Christian 16. Niniari (Taniwel) 217 Christian 17. Niniari (Seram 3401 Christian Barat) 18. Nuruwe 691 Christian 19. Patahue 104 Christian 20. Rambatu 562 Christian 21. Riring 407 Christian 22. Rumahsoal 158 Christian 23. Rumberu 416 Christian 24. Uweth 1811 Christian 25. Wakolo 233 Christian 26. Watui 100+ Christian Total 9344+

56 West Seram Survey LANGUAGE Number of Religion Speakers*

AMAH AI

1. Amahai extinct? Islam & Christian 2. Makariki 10? Christian 3. Rutah 10? Islam 4. Soahuku extinct? Islam & Christian Total 20?

BUANO

1. Buano Utara 3240 Islam 2. Buano Selatan 700? Christian Total 3940?

HULUNG

Hulung 10? Christian - KAIBOBO

1. Ariate 824? Christian 2. Eti 10? Christian 3. Hatusua 5? Christian 4. kaibobo 500? Christian 5. Kamarian 3? Christian 6 . Rumahkay extinct? Christian 7. Seruawan extinct? Christian 8 . Tihulale extinct? Christian 9. Waisamu extinct? Chr.ist ian Total 1300?

LISABATA-NUNIALI

1. Kawa unknown Islam 2. Lisabata Barat 786 ( , 85) Islam 3. Lisabata Timur 276 ( , 85) Islam 4. Nuniali 389 ( , 85) Christian 5. Sukaraja 376 ( , 85) Islam .. Total 1827+

West Seram Survey 57 LANGUAGE Number of Religion Speakers*

LUHU

1. Luhu 3466 ('85 ) Islam 2. Waesala unknown Isram Total 3466+

MANUSELA

1. Air Besar 200 ('85 ) Christian 2. Hatuolo 50 ('85) Christian 3. Huaulu 158 ('85) Traditional 4. Ilelamanaina unknown unknown 5. Kabailu 51 ('85 ) Christian 6. Kabarihari 655 ('85) Christian 7. Kal'oa 65 ('85 ) Christian 8. Kanikeh 300 ('85) Christian 9. Makualaina 55 ('85) Christian 10. Maneo Rendah 156 ('85) Christian 11 . Maneo Tinggi 148 ('85) Christian 12. Manusela 298 ('85) Christian 13. Maraina 225('85) Christian 14 . Melinani 135 ('85) Christian 15. Roho 66 ('85) Christian 16. Sadar 125 ('85 ) Christian 17. Selumena 85 ('85) Christian 18. S i a hiu i 60 ('85) Christian 19. Siate1a 119 ('85) Christian 20. Siliha unknown unknown 21. Solea 91 (',85 ) Christian 22. Wanasa unknown unknown 23. Waelomatan unknown unknown Total 3100+

Note : The names of the MANUSELA speaking-villages and their population in other areas on Seram are unknown.

NAKA'ELA

Taniwe1 5 (' 85 ) Christian

58 west Seram Survey LANGUAGE Number of Religion Speakers*

NORTH WHALE

1. Hatunuru 161 Christian 2. Herlau 87 Christian 3. Horale 275 ( , 85) Christian 4. Karlutukara 1 80 Christian 5. Kasieh 495 ( , 85) Islam 6. Latea 430 Christian 7. Lumah Latal 151 Chr.istian 8. Lumah Pelu 238 Christian 9. Makububui 270 Christian 10. Maloang 39 Christian 1I. Masihuwei 278 Christian 12. Mata·pa 152 Christian 13. Nlikuhai 177 Christian 14. Nut-leletetu 4251 Christian 15. Pasinal0 131 Christian 16. Rumahmole 87 Christian 17. Rumahwey 112 Christian 18. Seakasale 183 Christian 19. Sohuwe 262 Christian 20. Solea 223 Christian 21. Tounusa 171 Christian 22. Uwenpantai 138 ( , 85) Christian 23. Walakone 199 Christian 24. Waraloin 251 Christian 25. Warasiwa 290 Christian Total 54051

NUAULU

1. Aihisuru 44 ( '71) unknown 2. Bunara 300 animist 3. Hahuwalan 61 ( t 71) unknown 4. Openg 106 Christian 5. Rouhuwa 325 animist 6. Rumaholat 258 Christian 7. Simalou 325 animist 8. Watane 61 ( t 71) unknown Total 14801

West Seram Survey 59 LANGUAGE Number of Religion Speakers* -".-

PIRU i' Piru 10? Christian

SALEKAN

1. Besi 341 Islam 2 . Pasanea 416 Islam 3 . Saleman 1044 Islam 4 . Sawai 1576 Islam 5. Wahai 300+ Islam Total 3700+

SAPARUA-

1. Hualoi 1231 Islam 2. Iha (Saparua) 672 Islam 3. Iha 824 Islam 4 . Ku1ur 488 Islam 5. Kulur (Saparua) 1208 Islam 6. Latu 2134 Islam 7 . Siri-Sori Islam 3305 Islam 8 • Tuma1ehu 354 Islam Total 10216

SETI

1. Aketernate 383 ( , 85) Christian 2. Kobi 370 ( , 85) Christian 3 . .Nusa Botan 106 ( , 85) Christian 4 . Seti 628 ( '85) Christian 5. Seti Bhakti 237 ( , 85) Christian 6 . Siahari 60 ( , 85) Christian 7. Wahakaim 356 ( '85) Christian Total 2140+

60 West Seram Survey . LANGUAGE Number of Religion Speakers*

SOUTH WHALE

1. Abio 280 Christian 2. Ahiolo 225 Christian 3. Imabatai 117 Christian 4 . Honitetu 50? Christian 5. Rumahtita 115 Christian 6 . Sanahu 644 Christian 7 . Seriholo 264 Christian 8 . Sokowati 198? Christian 9. Sumeit-Pas i naru 92 Christian 10. Tala 701 Christian II. Urasana 174? *** Christian 12. U~aur 5531*** Christian 13. Wasia 212 Christian Total 37261

*** Uraur and Urasana are reportedly the result of recent migrations from Allang (Ambon Island), and most likely speak a dialect of Larike-Wakaslhu. .

... ;

.. ,

west Seram Survey 61 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY .. .' Blust, R. A. 1981 The Soboyo reflexes of Proto-Austronesian *S. NUSA, Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages of Indonesia ' 10:21-30.

Chlenov, M.A., and U. Sirko 1973 Merger of labial phonemes in Ambonese languages. Acta e t Commentat iones Universtatis Tartuensis. Oriental Studies 11/2:58-97.

Collins, James T. 1983 The Historical Relat i onships of the La nguages of Central Maluku, I ndones i a . Paci f i c Linguistics , 0-47.

1984 Linguistic Research i n Ma l uku : a Report of Recent Field Work. Oceanic Linguistics, Vol . XXIi NOS . 1 & 2.

Collins, James and Voorhoeve, C.L . , comps. 1983 Moluccas In Language Atlas of the Pacific Area (map No . 4 5, Part I I), ed. by Hattor i, Shiro and Wurm, Stephen A. Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities in collaboration with the Japan Academy.

Ellen, Roy 1978 An Ap proach to the Environmental Relations of an Eastern Indone sian Community. Verhandelingen Van Hetkoniklijk Institut Voor Taal-, Land - En Volkenkunde 83. The Hague-Martinus Nijhof f.

Grimes , Bar ba r a F., ed. 1984 Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Tenth Edition. Wycliffe Bible Translators.

Grimes, Charles E. and Barbara D. 1987 Languages of South Sulawesi. Pacific Linguistics.

(MS. ) Languages of the North Moluccas: a Preliminary Lexicostatistic Classification. To be published in the proceed ings of the Seminar Penelitan Maluku dan Irian Jaya, sponsored by LEKNAS-LIPI in 1984, edited by E.K.M. Masinambow.

62 West Seram Survey Kotynski, Edward A. 1989 A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Lease Islands, Work papers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Vol 6, Wyn Laidig editor , pp. 1-14 . UNPATTI-SIL, Ambon.

Sanders, Arden G. 1977 Guidelines for conducting a lexicostatistic survey in Papua New Guinea . In: Language Variation and Survey Techniques, Loving and Simons, eds. p.21-43. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea : Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Simons, Gary 1977 Recognizing patterns of divergence and convergence in a matrix of lexicostatistic relations. In: Language var iation and Survey Techniques, Loving and Simons, eds. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Smith, Kenneth D. 1984 The Languages of Sabah: a tentative lexicostatistical classification. eds. by J.K. King and J.W. King. Languages of Sabah: A survey Report. pp.1-49. Pacific Linguistics C-78.

Stresemann, E. 1927 Die Lauterscheinungun in den Amboinischen Sprachen. Zeitschrlft fur Elngeborenen-Sprachen, Supplement 10. Berlin .

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West Ser:am Sur:vey 63