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( J WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 6 - MALUKU ,. PATTIMURA UNIVERSITY and THE SUMMER INSTITUTE OP LINGUISTICS in cooperation with THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 6 - MALUKU Nyn D. Laidig, Edi tor PAT'I'IMORA tJlflVERSITY and THE SUMMER IRSTlTUTK OP LIRGOISTICS in cooperation with 'l'BB DBPAR".l'MElI'1' 01' BDUCATIOII ARD CULTURE Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and cultures Volume 6 Maluku Wyn D. Laidig, Editor Printed 1989 Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia Copies of this publication may be obtained from Summer Institute of Linguistics Kotak Pos 51 Ambon, Maluku 97001 Indonesia Microfiche copies of this and other publications of the Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from Academic Book Center Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road l Dallas, TX 75236 U.S.A. ii PRAKATA Dengan mengucap syukur kepada Tuhan yang Masa Esa, kami menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku Workpapers in Indonesian Languages , and Cultures. Penerbitan ini menunjukkan adanya suatu kerjasama yang baik antara Universitas Pattimura deng~n Summer Institute of Linguistics; Maluku . Buku ini merupakan wujud nyata peran serta para anggota SIL dalam membantu masyarakat umumnya dan masyarakat pedesaan khususnya Diharapkan dengan terbitnya buku ini akan dapat membantu masyarakat khususnya di pedesaan, dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan prestasi mereka sesuai dengan bidang mereka masing-masing. Dengan adanya penerbitan ini, kiranya dapat merangsang munculnya penulis-penulis yang lain yang dapat menyumbangkan pengetahuannya yang berguna bagi kita dan generasi-generasi yang akan datang. Kami ucapkan ' terima kasih kepada para anggota SIL yang telah berupaya sehingga bisa diterbitkannya buku ini Akhir kat a kami ucapkan selamat membaca kepada masyarakat yang mau memiliki buku ini. Harapan kami buku hasil kerjasama UNPATTI-SIL ini dapat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat di daerah seribu pulau yang tercinta ini, yaitu Maluku. iii r PREP ACE Workpapers 1n Indones1an Languages and Cul tures is a joint publication of the Indonesian Branch of the SUJDJaer Insti tute of Linguistics, Cenderawasih University in Irian Jaya, Hasanuddin University in Sulawesi, and Pattimura University in Maluku. It is hoped that through this series some of the linguistic and ethnographic results of o~r cooperative research will become more accessible to colleagues and scholars sharing an interest in these aspects of Indonesia. This issue, Volume 6 in the series, is the tirst to result from our work in Maluku with Pattimura University. The results of four lexicostatistic surveys in Central Maluku are presented, covering the geographical areas of Ambon, Lease, West Seram, and East ·Seram. Al though these studies only begin to examine of the complex linguistic picture on these islands, they do represent a significant contribution to our understanding of the contemporary linguistic situation in Central Maluku. \ ~ We are deeply indebted to our many friends and co­ workers at Pattimura University. Without the ••ooth working relationship that we enjoy together, the resul ts presented in this issue would not have been possible. Wyn D. La1dJ.g · AIlbon April 1989 v Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Volume 6 Maluku Wy~ D. Laidig, Editor Table of Contents ~ A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Lease Islands Edward A. Ko tynski ........................... 1 A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to West Seram Yushin Taguchi .............................. 15 A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to Ambon Island Edgar W. Travis ............................ 64 The Languages Indigenous to Eastern Seram and Adjacent Islands Russel A. Loski and Gail M. Loski ......... 103 vii LEXICOSTATISTIC SURVEY OF THE LANGUAGES INDIGENOUS TO WEST SERAM Yushln Taguchi Pattimura University and The Summer Institute ot Linguistics 1. Introduction 2 . General Information 3. Previous Classification 4 . Survey Description 4. 1 Aims 4. 2 Methodology 4 . 3 Lexicostatistic Res~lts 4. 3.1 The West Seram Stock 4 . 3 . 2 The Nuaulu-Saleman Family 4 . 3 . 3 The East Seram Stock 4 . 4 Comparison with Previous Classification 4 . 5 Need for Further Investigation 5. Summary 6 . Notes 7. Appendices 8 • Bibliography 1. INTRODUCTION This report is a preliminary lexicostatistic classification of the indigenous languages on the western part of Seram Island and adjacent areas. A survey of the area was undertaken by linguists of Pattimura University and The Summer Institute of Ling~st ics (UNPATTI-SIL) as a part of their cooperative agreement. As shown below, four survey trips were conducted during the period of June t o October, 1985 and February, 1988. west Seram Survey 15 Date , Location Participants June July Kec. ~ahai E. Kotynski & 1985 & K'ec. Seram Barat ~. Taguchi September Kec. Taniwel T. Mettler & 1985 & Kec. Seram utara Y. Taguchi S"eptember - Kec. Kairatu E. Leslie & October Y. Taguchi 1985 February , Kec. Kairatu J. Christensen 1988 Y. Taguchi Additional wordlists from the neighboring island of Saparua were compared with those from Seram for the purpose of determining wider relationships. On the basis of this survey data, in conjunction with reports of other linguistic investigations on the islands, 17 distinct languages still spoken int he region of West Seram are identified. 2. GENERAL INFORMATION Sera,m is one of the largest islands of the nearly 1,000 islands in the Maluku province, with an area of 18,625 square kilometers (see Map 1). It is a very woode d and mountainous island with mo~htains rising to 2,750 mi the highest peak is in the interior and reaches 3,000 m. Seram is swampy in the north, and steep and rocky along the southern shoreline. It has no navigable rivers and very few year-round harbors. The island, especially the northern half of it, has an entirely different weather pattern from , Ambon. (It is commonly' said, "if it's clear on Seram,'it's probably rainy on Ambon.") Most of the villages are located on the coast. Although the peoples' livelihood used to be derived directlyfyom agriculture and fishing, currently most commodities are purchased with cash obtained from the sale of cloves, nutmeg, frUits, resin and timber, especially in the coastal villages. Map 2 indicates the political subdivisions of Seram Island as well as wordlist sites for this survey. Seram and the adjacent islands are administered as ten Kecamatan (Kec.) or Distr iets: Seram Barat, Taniwel, Kairatu, Amahai, Seram utara, Tecgn Nila Serua, Tehoru, Bula, Werinama and Seram Timur. These districts are administereq under the Centra~ ' Maluku Kabupaten (Regency), whose capital, Masohi, is located in Kec. Amahai. 16 West Seram Survey • ~ . • " =e: Cb til rt til 128°1'.: 129° E Cb t"C OJ S til C t"C <Cb I.e:: West Seram p in t~e Moluccas Archipelago (j'o,"O 3° S RAM PO Kelanu ~ /.o - Manipa / aQ \ IRIAN ~~saparua ~ ~ JAYA. rky/d ~M A LUKU ti~ V "",a La"' <: C> '0>" ~Seram \ Ambon LEASE ISLANDS ~·f ~ o 50 100 ~ If Kilometres ~77~P~ ~ 12S0 E 12,)°E ..... -..J Map 1 West Seram and the adjacent Islands ..... 00 I<.ey: kecamatan boundaries o wordlist sites • 1.. villages visited 2. 0 villges no t visited KEC. SERAM UTA RA KEC. TANIWEL KEC. SERAM BARAT o 0 :<- ...'" ~~ T'-" ...J. ~ <:5 ~ D D~ sapar ua Har uku' 0 TlMU R Nusa Laut Q o 20 40 60. 80 100 ~ I I (/I Kilome t res rt til CD t1 III 8 til C Map 2 Political Subdivisions of Seram Island t1 <: CD "<: ~ Collins has described the kind of contact people on Seram had wi th outsidel influences: "The arrival of Europeans in the .sixteenth century marked the beginning of a century of exacerbated, armed struggle culminating in the depopulation of vast areas, the forced removal of villagers from the interior to the coast, and both unchecked flights of refugees as well as directed resettlement of whole villages to different islands. The-policy of coastal resettlement has persisted into thi s century. Furthermore, Seram exper i enced the devastating influenza epidemic of 1918 and the deleterious effect of a decade-long (1950-1964) guerilla movement in the post revolutionary period. Recently immigration from other parts of Maluku and Indonesia has also take n place." (Collins 1984:86) As a result, many of the coastal languages of Seram have been geographically divided by the resettlement of interior peoples on the coast (see Map 3). 3. PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATION Map 3 presents the linguistic situation around western Seram and the adjacent area according to the most recent classification (Collins and Voorhoeve 1983)1. The suggested relationships may be displayed as follows: • NOTE: 1. Language names are written entirely in capitals. 2. Languages covered by this report are written in bold italics. Austronesian languages Central Maluku group East Central Ma1uku subgroup Seram subgroup division Nunusaku section . Piru Bay sUbsection west Seram Survey 19 ~estern Piru Bay languages BOANO MANIPA BATUMERAH (extinct) LARIKE-WAKASIHU .. ASILULU LUHU Luhu proper dialect Plru dialect Kelang dialect Eastern Piru Bay languages HITU KAIBOBO HARUKU SAPARUA KAMARIAN (dying) NUSALAUT (dying) AMAHAI PAULOHI (dying) SEPA-TELUTI Three Rivers subsection ALUNE Northern dialect Central dialect Southern dialect NAKA'ELA (dying) WHALE Tala River dialect North-eastern Coastal dialect other Wemale dialects A'I'AMANU LISABATA-NONIALI HULUNG (dying) LOUN (dying) SALEHAN Central Seram subsection NUAULU (PATAKAI) HANUSELA East Seram Section BOBOT (HATUMETEN, WERINAMA) MASIWANG (BONFIA) SETI Hoti dialect Limabata dialect Kobi-Benggoi dialect . (almost extinct) 20 West Seram Survey • .. ~ (1) til ('"t 128°E 129°E 8ALEMAN rn (1) t1 LI8ABATA-NONIALI III 51 rn c t1 <(1) '< ~BOANO 3°8 ~' SETI LtmlJ f~~saparua Key ~ ButonesejMalay speaking area Nu," Laut .\j;j0 • Javanese ~ "V S~la LEASE ISLANDS o TObelo uninhabited , 4°5 4°S '100 129°E ~ ~ 29 ~O . qo §o j Kilometres Map 3 West Seram Languages according to Collins and Voorhoeve N ~ Collins has been responsible for most of the ~ecetit research on these lang1,lage~.
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    STATUS DESA BERDASARKAN INDEKS DESA MEMBANGUN Kode Provinsi : 81 Nama Provinsi : MALUKU KODEKAB KABUPATEN/KOTA KODEKEC KECAMATAN KODEDESA NAMA DESA IDM STATUS 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100140 TANIMBAR SELATAN 81001401 LERMATANG 0,527 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100140 TANIMBAR SELATAN 81001402 LATDALAM 0,565 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100140 TANIMBAR SELATAN 81001410 OLILIT 0,630 Berkembang 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100140 TANIMBAR SELATAN 81001411 SIFNANA 0,668 Berkembang 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100140 TANIMBAR SELATAN 81001412 LAURAN 0,610 Berkembang 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100140 TANIMBAR SELATAN 81001413 KABIARAT RAYA 0,552 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100140 TANIMBAR SELATAN 81001414 ILNGEI 0,505 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100140 TANIMBAR SELATAN 81001415 WOWONDA 0,547 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100140 TANIMBAR SELATAN 81001416 MATAKUS 0,463 Sangat Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100140 TANIMBAR SELATAN 81001417 BOMAKI 0,543 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100141 WER TAMRIAN 81001411 TUMBUR 0,591 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100141 WER TAMRIAN 81001412 LORULUN 0,596 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100141 WER TAMRIAN 81001415 AMDASA 0,582 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100141 WER TAMRIAN 81001416 SANGLIAT DOL 0,539 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100141 WER TAMRIAN 81001417 SANGLIAT KRAWAIN 0,529 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT 8100141 WER TAMRIAN 81001418 ARUI BAB 0,576 Tertinggal 81001 MALUKU TENGGARA
  • INFANT MORTALITY in NUAULU and NON-NUAULU COMMUNITIES in MALUKU TENGAH: Social Exclusion and Ethnicity in Indonesia1

    INFANT MORTALITY in NUAULU and NON-NUAULU COMMUNITIES in MALUKU TENGAH: Social Exclusion and Ethnicity in Indonesia1

    INFANT MORTALITY IN NUAULU AND NON-NUAULU COMMUNITIES IN MALUKU TENGAH: Social Exclusion And Ethnicity In Indonesia1 By: Lusia Peilouw* Abstrak Nuaulu adalah salah satu komunitas adat di Maluku. Secara geografis komunitas ini tidak terisolasi seperti yang diasumsikan secara umum bahwa masyarakat adat biasanya hidup terisolasi di daerah terpencil. Mereka tinggal hanya beberapa kilometer dari ibukota kabupaten Maluku Tengah, di antara desa-desa yangjauh lebih berkembang. Sebuah penelitian demografis menggunakan kematian bayi dirancang untuk menerangkan fenomena sosial pada komunitas Nuaulu dan bukan Nuaulu. Ditemukan bahwa kematian bayi pada Nuaulu di Rouhua lebih tinggi dari pada bukan Nuaulu di Makariki. Faktor-faktor sosial yaitu pendidikan dan kesehatan dan ekonomi keluarga merupakan faktor determinan yang saling mempengaruhi satu dengan lainnya, sebagaimana dianalisa dengan menggunakan Mosley and Chen framework (1984). Secara laitis studi ini menemukan bahwa praktek-praktek budaya yang masih dipelihara oleh komunitas Nuaulu tidak akan menjadi masalah apabila kebutuhan sosiallain dan kebutuhan ekonomi terfasilitasi. Political will dan kepedulian pemerintahlah yang menjadi masalah dalam konteks ini. Mengabaikan komunitas adat dalam kebijakan pembangunan sosial menyebabkan masyarakat dalam komunitas ini rentan. Komunitas Nuaulu eli Rouhua hanyalah satu dari sekian banyak komunitas adat di negeri ini, dan terletak di daerah yang mudah dijangkau namun selama ini mereka hidup dalam keprihatinan dan kerentanan yang luar biasa. Bagaimana lebih buruknya kondisi komunitas-komunitas adat yang memang secara geografis tidak mudah dijangkau. Nuaulu is a tribal community in Maluku. Geographically this community is not isolated as is commonly assumed tribal communities living in remote areas are. Located among non-tribal communities, it is only a few kilometres from the centre of the Maluku Tengah District.