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Making Peace in an Age of War: Emperor Ferdinand III (1608–1657)

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Making Peace in an Age of War: Emperor Ferdinand III (1608–1657) Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press Book Previews Purdue University Press 11-2019 Making Peace in an Age of War: Emperor Ferdinand III (1608–1657) Mark Hengerer Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews Part of the European History Commons This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, founding editor Paul Hanebrink, editor Maureen Healy, editor Howard Louthan, editor Dominique Reill, editor Daniel L. Unowsky, editor Nancy M. Wingfield, editor The demise of the Communist Bloc a quarter century ago exposed the need for greater understanding of the broad stretch of Europe that lies between Germany and Russia. For four decades the Purdue University Press series in Central European Studies has enriched our knowledge of the region by producing scholarly monographs, advanced surveys, and select collections of the highest quality. Since its founding, the series has been the only English-language series devoted primarily to the lands and peoples of the Habsburg Empire, its successor states, and those areas lying along its immediate periphery. Among its broad range of international scholars are several authors whose engagement in public policy reflects the pressing challenges that confront the successor states. Indeed, salient issues such as democratization, censorship, competing national narratives, and the aspirations and treatment of national minorities bear evidence to the continuity between the region’s past and present. Other titles in this series: Universities in Imperial Austria 1848–1918: A Social History of a Multilingual Space Jan Surman A History of Yugoslavia Marie-Janine Calic The Charmed Circle: Joseph II and the “Five Princesses,” 1765–1790 Rebecca Gates-Coon Lemberg, Lwów, L’viv, 1914–1947: Violence and Ethnicity in a Contested City Christoph Mick Center Stage: Operatic Culture and Nation Building in Nineteenth-Century Central Europe Philipp Ther Purdue University Press | West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2020 by Purdue University. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. Cataloging-in-Publication data is on file at the Library of Congress. Paperback ISBN: 978-1-55753-844-4 ePub: ISBN 978-1-61249-592-7 ePDF ISBN: 978-1-61249-593-4 Originally published in German as Kaiser Ferdinand III. (1608-1657) Eine Biographie by Mark Hengerer. © 2012 Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Wien Köln Weimar. All rights reserved. This book was made possible with support from the University of Konstanz’s Cluster of Excellence, “Cultural Bases of Integration,” established within the framework of excellence initiatives by the German federal and state governments. Cover image: Ferdinand III, oil painting by Jan van den Hoecke. Courtesy of Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum. CONTENTS Introduction 1 PART I THE WAY TO THE THRONE, 1608–1637 1.1 Path to the Imperial Throne, 1608–1636 11 1.2 Heir Apparent Overnight 25 1.3 Collecting Crowns: Failure in the Empire 35 1.4 Waiting 47 1.5 Illusory Achievements: The Peace of Prague, King of the Romans 75 PART II SEARCHING FOR PEACE IN WAR, 1637–1648 2.1 The Constellation of Imperial Government 89 2.2 Aspects of Lordship: Court, Governance, Travels, Rome 109 2.3 Negotiations 137 2.4 Waging War 157 2.5 The Turning Point, 1644–1645 179 2.6 The Breaking Point 197 PART III THE DIFFicULTY OF MAINTAINING PEACE 3.1 First Steps in a New Era 215 3.2 Death and a New Beginning for the Dynasty and the Court 223 3.3 Counter-Reformation and Territorial Rulership 233 3.4 Emperor and Empire after 1648 239 3.5 The Death of Ferdinand IV 253 3.6 New Succession: Old and New Dangers of War 257 Notes 273 Bibliography 305 Index 321 About the Author 327 INTRODUCTION Emperor Ferdinand III ended the Thirty Years’ War, saved the Habsburg Monarchy from peril, and consolidated a confessionally pacified as well as constitutionally stabilized Holy Roman Empire. However, unlike the “heroes and villains giving life to the opening phases” of this terrible war, he belonged quite a while to the “figures ignored by posterity” (Peter Wilson, The Thirty Years War: Europe’s Tragedy, 2009, xxiii), those who did not spectacularly start but who laboriously solved the seemingly indissoluble commixture of inherited civil and international wars. On the occasion of the fourth cen- tury of the later emperor’s year of birth, Lothar Höbelt published a biography of Ferdinand III in 2008 (Ferdinand III. (1608-1657) Friedenskaiser wider Willen). The original version of this book (Kaiser Ferdinand III. (1608-1657) Eine Biographie), completed in the same year, appeared only in 2012 because the recording of music for Ferdinand III attached to the book had to go through a legal odyssey. Meanwhile, important German experts have, on the occasion of the fourth century of the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War, published stud- ies on this conflict, such as Johannes Burkhardt’sDer Krieg der Kriege. Eine neue Geschichte des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (2018), Georg Schmidt’s Die Reiter der Apokalypse. Geschichte des Dreissigjährigen Krieges (2018), Heinz Duchhardt’s Der Weg in die Katastrophe des Dreißigjährigen Krieges. Die Krisendekade 1608-1618 (2017), and Herfried Münkler’s Der Dreissigjährige Krieg. Europäische Katastrophe, Deutsches Trauma 1618-1648 (2017). However, Peter Wilson (ibid.) is still right when he points out that the last thirteen years of the war—a period that largely coincides with the reign of Ferdinand III—is generally “compressed into a quarter of less of the text, much of which is devoted to discussing the peace and aftermath.” If Wilson’s The Thirty Years War and Joachim Whaley’s Germany and the Holy Roman Empire (2012) still stand out as fundamental works, and if Robert Bireley’s Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578-1637 (2014) does indeed “fill the gap for this influential Austrian Habsburg Ruler” (viii), there is place for an English biography of this emperor’s pathbreaking yet overshadowed successor. 2 INTRODUCTION Older publications on Ferdinand III are rare. The first historical account, the Historia Di Ferdinando Terzo Imperatore, a comprehensive volume in folio, was published in 1672 by Galeazzo Gualdo Priorato in Vienna and deals primarily with the reasons for the Thirty Years’ War and with Ferdinand II, with whose death in 1637 it ends. Matthias Koch released a history of the Empire under the reign of Ferdinand III in two volumes (Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches unter der Regierung Ferdinands III, 1865–1866) that draws a rather positive image of the emperor; as it was still common, the focus lay on military and political events and deeds. Only in the last third of the twentieth century, several series of editions of sources—especially the Documenta Bohemica Bellum Triennale Illustrantia, the Acta Pacis Westfalicae, and the Briefe und Akten zur Geschichte des Dreißigjährigen Krieges—as well as a seminal series of (mainly) monographs on the Peace of Westfalia (Schriftenreihe der Vereinigung zur Erforschung der Neueren Geschichte) enabled researchers to reconsider the setting of Ferdinand III’s life. Konrad Repgen’s call for the exploitation of private material, made in a balanced biographical article on Ferdinand III in an influential compendium (Die Kaiser der Neuzeit 1510-1918, 1990), led me to the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna, where I started reading the emperor’s calendars in 1994, and to Rome, where I consulted young Ferdinand’s pieces of homework on Aristotle, the Mirror for Princes dedicated to him, and other sources, mainly on the Court. Inspired by Robert J. W. Evans’ pioneering The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550-1700, by approaches of cultural history as well as systems theory, I focused on the social and organizational transforma- tion of the Imperial court in the sixteenth and mainly seventeenth centuries (Kaiserhof und Adel. Eine Kommunikationsgeschichte der Macht in der Vormoderne, 2004) before coming back to the person of Ferdinand III. As is Robert Bireley’s book on Ferdinand II, this book on Ferdinand III is based mainly on archival sources from Rome, Vienna, Munich, and Stockholm. Höbelt’s biography dwells on a wide range of primary sources, too, and provides a detailed history of events, but it makes use of metaphors and hyperboles to such a degree that a serious discussion seems unexpedient, even if he is comprehensive in the field of military history (see also his book Von Nördlingen bis Jankau. Kaiserliche Strategie und Kriegführung 1634- 1645, 2016). My focus lies on education, mindset, knowledge, and cultural and social patterns while I try to describe what life and being a ruler meant to an emperor in the now very distant seventeenth century; it is primarily from this per- spective that I deal with Ferdinand’s colossal challenge, the Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia. Thus, the private correspondence reveals a maudlin man: an emperor who was aloof toward his presumably best allies INTRODUCTION 3 and lamented that the death of a Spanish Habsburg prince, who had helped him win the important battle of Nördlingen in 1634, would prevent him from hunting because of the obligatory mourning ceremonies; a man who disgust- edly detailed the horrors of war as well as the abject crimes committed by his own troops, and who tried in vain to prohibit them by establishing military discipline; and a fervent Catholic who, nonetheless, chose an exceedingly moderate confessor, fell out with subsequent popes, and dropped the intransi- gent Catholic Imperial Estates in order to make peace in the Empire—a peace that freed his own hands to impose Catholicism to his Austrian and Bohemian subjects. But again, shades of gray nuance the picture, with Ferdinand III honoring a multiconfessional state in Hungary and additional exceptions for Silesia, the Lower Austrian nobility, the army, and his court.
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