DOCSLIB.ORG

Butlers of the Mohawk Valley: Family Traditions and the Establishment of British Empire in Colonial New York

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Butlers of the Mohawk Valley: Family Traditions and the Establishment of British Empire in Colonial New York Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE December 2015 Butlers of the Mohawk Valley: Family Traditions and the Establishment of British Empire in Colonial New York Judd David Olshan Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Olshan, Judd David, "Butlers of the Mohawk Valley: Family Traditions and the Establishment of British Empire in Colonial New York" (2015). Dissertations - ALL. 399. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/399 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract: Butlers of the Mohawk Valley: Family Traditions and the Establishment of British Empire in Colonial New York Historians follow those tributaries of early American history and trace their converging currents as best they may in an immeasurable river of human experience. The Butlers were part of those British imperial currents that washed over mid Atlantic America for the better part of the eighteenth century. In particular their experience reinforces those studies that recognize the impact that the Anglo-Irish experience had on the British Imperial ethos in America. Understanding this ethos is as crucial to understanding early America as is the Calvinist ethos of the Massachusetts Puritan or the Republican ethos of English Wiggery. We don't merely suppose the Butlers are part of this tradition because their story begins with Walter Butler, a British soldier of the Imperial Wars in America. We don't assume it because his son, John Butler and grandson, Walter Butler were Tories and Loyalists during the American Revolution. An imperial identity was one that they claimed for themselves in a country where other, alternative identities were possible. For the Butlers, the British imperial ethos informed the nature of their careers, their wealth, and the manner in which they were socially connected to other Americans. It is manifest in their claim of ancestral connection to the Butler-Ormonde family, a fountain of Anglo-Irish leaders for centuries. It is manifest in Walter Butler’s career on the garrisons of the New York frontier, at Fort Hunter and Oswego. It is manifest in the type of wealth the Butlers amassed and the traditions passed down to Walter Butler’s sons. Lastly it is manifest in the part the John Butler played in the transformation of a frontier garrison to an English county within the British Empire. They are not merely representative of the way an imperial ethos impacted early America, they are important as well for the lasting impression that they in particular made on the English frontier of New York. A close look at the Butler family reveals a reality of the frontier largely ignored in previous works. That the imperial frontier embodied colonial ideals not often realized to its full extent. That the advantages that came from being part of the imperial frontier could be significant, but were often contingent on circumstances beyond the reach of those that commanded frontier posts. That competing colonial interests festered for years before the American Revolution. Finally, That the British Indian Department, long thought of as not only the personal creation of folk legend Sir William Johnson but a bulwark of imperial strength on the New York frontier, was much weaker than earlier supposed, in terms of the ability to direct Indian peoples and control frontier settlement by European peoples. The Butlers amassed great wealth and power over three generations on the New York frontier, lost much to imperial and civil war, and helped forge the new British nation of Canada in the wake of the American Revolution. The Butlers were not aberrations, bogeymen bent on evil or herculean forest warriors. They were British frontier soldiers, carving out pieces of Anglo empire from a turbulent frontier land, and struggling to navigate the myriad of obstacles and opportunities that would spell success or doom for the British Empire and the Butlers themselves. Butlers of the Mohawk Valley: Family Traditions and the Establishment of British Empire in Colonial New York by Judd David Olshan B.S., SUNY Cortland, 2005 M.S., Syracuse University, 2010 Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Syracuse University December 2015 Copyright © Judd David Olshan Ph.D. History 2015 All Rights Reserved Acknowledgments: Thank you to Roger Sharp, Andrew Cohen, Judy Van Buskirk, Carol Faulkner, Susan Branson, Robert Wilson, and the History Departments at SUNY Cortland and Syracuse University for the support needed to bring this project to fruition. Both departments were full of kind and supportive mentors for which I am profoundly grateful. Thank you Hannah Spencer Olshan for patience and kindness. v Table of Contents Chapter One: The Shared Origins of Butler Heritage and English Colonial Doctrine ....……1 Chapter Two: Sergeant Walter Butler: Imperial Solider, 1690s-1710…………………....…15 Chapter Three: Lt. Walter Butler: Rank, Marriage, and Social Mobility: 1711-1725.............38 Chapter Four: Walter Butler and Government on the New York Frontier 1726-1746………45 Chapter Five: Imperial Service on the New York Frontier. Walter Butler’s Sons During the French and Indian Wars 1745-1763………………………………………………….…..82 Chapter Six: The Butler’s Ascendant: The Growth of Wealth and Prestige on the Colonial Frontier……………………………………………………………………………..……….100 Chapter Seven: The Seven Years War and the End of the French Frontier 1754-1763……107 Chapter Eight: John Butler and Pontiac’s War 1763-1764…………………………………190 Chapter Nine: John Butler and The Creation of Tryon County 1765-1775………..………205 Chapter Ten: The Butlers and the End of the First British Empire: 1775-1776…….………..224 Epilogue: John Butler, Patron of Niagara. Garrison Government at the Beginning of the Second British Empire 1788-1796………………………………………….………….…...237 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..……..255 Vita…………….………………………………………………………….…………………278 vi List of Illustrative materials Figure 1: Butler Lands in County Kilkenny c. 1640…………………………………………7 Figure 2: Home at Butlersbury (sketch)……..……………………………………….………78 Figure 3: Home at Butlersbury (photo)...…………………………………………….………78 vii 1 Chapter One: The shared origins of Butler heritage and English colonial doctrine England's experience with imperial colonization in Ireland dates back to the twelfth century. Unlike English frontiers in Normandy and Brittany, which shared the same history and ruling class at England’s inception, Ireland and Scotland were foreign lands. The English conquest of Ireland in particular created a perpetual frontier marked by frequent conflicts. By the close of the seventeenth century, nearly five hundred years of English colonial ambitions in Ireland had created a distinct Anglo-Irish society that was highly militarized. Martial rank in particular was extremely significant in a society where war and the threat of war was constant. The English attempt to control their colonial frontier in Ireland and create a civilian populace that could be drawn on for military support were rooted in contemporary understandings of ancient Rome's imperial example. Settlements at Ulster and Munster demonstrate the practical application of such theories. They were planned communities in which military rank, political power, and land ownership were inseparably linked. These “plantations,” as the English called their colonies, set a precedent of military rule and produced a culture of soldier-planters that would evolve for generations. Plantation imperialism, which relied on land redistribution, frontier garrisons, para-military planter militias, Anglican missions, and shire government, were all features of the Irish conquest.1 Distribution of lands in Ireland was loosely based on the theory that loyal English or Anglo-Irish planters would cultivate crown lands granted to them for the benefit of the wider 1 Hugh Edward Egerton, A Short History of British Colonial Policy (London, 1897), 8; Howard Mumford Jones, ‘Origins of the English Colonial Idea in England’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, v. 85 n. 5 (September, 1942), 450; John Christopher Guzzardo,“Sir William Johnson's Official Family: Patron and Clients in an Anglo-American Empire, 1742-1777” (PhD diss., Syracuse University, 1975), 9 2 colonization scheme. The English conception of land ownership shifted the Gaelic conception of collective property rights to one that was strictly based on individual title. This formed the base of the English Aristocracy’s power and influence. Distribution of lands to those who could manage them was a strategic necessity in borderlands regions that were unpredictable and vulnerable. Large land grants allowed lords to generate resources and attract military manpower. Grants given throughout the Irish conquest reaffirmed successful Anglo lords such as the Butlers, adding to their estates. Grants also introduced new lords to Ireland, extending imperial authority into newly conquered territories and replacing those who had fallen from favor and fortune. These grants represented fresh injections of imperial capital into the centuries long conquest. Ennobled families who thrived throughout the conquest did so only by accepting and projecting imperial authority.2 The success of English colonization in Ireland was
Load more

Recommended publications
  • S T a T E O F N E W Y O R K 3695--A 2009-2010
    S T A T E O F N E W Y O R K ________________________________________________________________________ 3695--A 2009-2010 Regular Sessions I N A S S E M B L Y January 28, 2009 ___________ Introduced by M. of A. ENGLEBRIGHT -- Multi-Sponsored by -- M. of A. KOON, McENENY -- read once and referred to the Committee on Tourism, Arts and Sports Development -- recommitted to the Committee on Tour- ism, Arts and Sports Development in accordance with Assembly Rule 3, sec. 2 -- committee discharged, bill amended, ordered reprinted as amended and recommitted to said committee AN ACT to amend the parks, recreation and historic preservation law, in relation to the protection and management of the state park system THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND ASSEM- BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS: 1 Section 1. Legislative findings and purpose. The legislature finds the 2 New York state parks, and natural and cultural lands under state manage- 3 ment which began with the Niagara Reservation in 1885 embrace unique, 4 superlative and significant resources. They constitute a major source of 5 pride, inspiration and enjoyment of the people of the state, and have 6 gained international recognition and acclaim. 7 Establishment of the State Council of Parks by the legislature in 1924 8 was an act that created the first unified state parks system in the 9 country. By this act and other means the legislature and the people of 10 the state have repeatedly expressed their desire that the natural and 11 cultural state park resources of the state be accorded the highest 12 degree of protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Cenotaphs Would Suggest a Friendship, Clay Begich 11 9 O’Neill Historic Congressional Cemetery and Calhoun Disliked Each Other in Life
    with Henry Clay and Daniel Webster he set the terms of every important debate of the day. Calhoun was acknowledged by his contemporaries as a legitimate successor to George Washington, John Adams or Thomas Jefferson, but never gained the Revised 06.05.2020 presidency. R60/S146 Clinton 2 3 Tracy 13. HENRY CLAY (1777–1852) 1 Latrobe 4 Blount Known as the “Great Compromiser” for his ability to bring Thornton 5 others to agreement, he was the founder and leader of the Whig 6 Anderson Party and a leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, especially tariffs to protect industry, and a national 7 Lent bank; and internal improvements to promote canals, ports and railroads. As a war hawk in Congress demanding the War of Butler 14 ESTABLISHED 1807 1812, Clay made an immediate impact in his first congressional term, including becoming Speaker of the House. Although the 10 Boggs Association for the Preservation of closeness of their cenotaphs would suggest a friendship, Clay Begich 11 9 O’Neill Historic Congressional Cemetery and Calhoun disliked each other in life. Clay 12 Brademas 8 R60/S149 Calhoun 13 14. ANDREW PICKENS BUTLER (1796–1857) Walking Tour As the nation drifted toward war between the states, tensions CENOTAPHS rose even in the staid Senate Chamber of the U.S. Congress. When Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts disparaged Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina (who was not istory comes to life in Congressional present) during a floor speech, Representative Preston Brooks Cemetery. The creak and clang of the of South Carolina, Butler’s cousin, took umbrage and returned wrought iron gate signals your arrival into to the Senate two days later and beat Sumner severely with a the early decades of our national heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Addendum: University of Nottingham Letters : Copy of Father Grant’S Letter to A
    Nottingham Letters Addendum: University of 170 Figure 1: Copy of Father Grant’s letter to A. M. —1st September 1751. The recipient of the letter is here identified as ‘A: M: —’. Source: Reproduced with the kind permission of the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottinghan. 171 Figure 2: The recipient of this letter is here identified as ‘Alexander Mc Donell of Glengarry Esqr.’. Source: Reproduced with the kind permission of the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottinghan. 172 Figure 3: ‘Key to Scotch Names etc.’ (NeC ¼ Newcastle of Clumber Mss.). Source: Reproduced with the kind permission of the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottinghan. 173 Figure 4: In position 91 are the initials ‘A: M: —,’ which, according to the information in NeC 2,089, corresponds to the name ‘Alexander Mc Donell of Glengarry Esqr.’, are on the same line as the cant name ‘Pickle’. Source: Reproduced with the kind permission of the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottinghan. Notes 1 The Historians and the Last Phase of Jacobitism: From Culloden to Quiberon Bay, 1746–1759 1. Theodor Fontane, Jenseit des Tweed (Frankfurt am Main, [1860] 1989), 283. ‘The defeat of Culloden was followed by no other risings.’ 2. Sir Geoffrey Elton, The Practice of History (London, [1967] 1987), 20. 3. Any subtle level of differentiation in the conclusions reached by participants of the debate must necessarily fall prey to the approximate nature of this classifica- tion. Daniel Szechi, The Jacobites. Britain and Europe, 1688–1788 (Manchester, 1994), 1–6.
    [Show full text]
  • Nabors Forrest Andrew Phd20
    THE PROBLEM OF RECONSTRUCTION: THE POLITICAL REGIME OF THE ANTEBELLUM SLAVE SOUTH by FORREST ANDREW NABORS A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Political Science and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2011 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Forrest Andrew Nabors Title: The Problem of Reconstruction: The Political Regime of The Antebellum Slave South This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Political Science by: Gerald Berk Chairman Deborah Baumgold Member Joseph Lowndes Member James Mohr Outside Member and Richard Linton Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2011 ii © 2011 Forrest Andrew Nabors iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Forrest Andrew Nabors Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science June 2011 Title: The Problem of Reconstruction: The Political Regime of the Antebellum Slave South Approved: _______________________________________________ Dr. Gerald Berk This project studies the general political character of the antebellum slave South from the perspective of Republicans who served in the Reconstruction Congress from 1863-1869. In most Reconstruction literature, the question of black American freedom and citizenship was the central issue of Reconstruction, but not to the Republicans. The question of black American freedom and citizenship was the most salient issue to them, but they set that issue within a larger problem: the political regime of the antebellum slave South had deviated from the plan of the American Founders long before secession in 1860-1861.
    [Show full text]
  • Taking Sides: Political and Social Divisions in the Niagara Area from 1780 to 1845
    1 Taking sides: political and social divisions in the Niagara area from 1780 to 1845. Sir William Johnson John Johnson It began with Sir William Johnsonʼs favoritism. Johnson came from Ireland to run the large estate of his Uncle, Admiral Warren, in the Mohawk Valley. He was given an army command in the French and Indian War and credited with winning the Battle of Lake George in 1755 and the Battle of Fort Niagara in 1759. He was made Superintendent of Indian Affairs and had many children by Iroquois ladies and some with Europeans. He had his son John and his two daughters by an indentured servant, a German girl; one daughter married his nephew Guy Johnson and the other married Daniel Claus. John Johnson, sent to England to refine him, to wear off the rustic edges of a frontiersman, was made a baronet by King George III who admired his fatherʼs accomplishments. Sir William Johnsonʼs longest attachment was to Molly Brant by whom he had eight children. Mollyʼs brother Joseph, was part of Sir Williamʼs household from time to time and well known to the Johnson clan and to the Butlers. Sir William Johnson, however, depended upon a neighbor in the Mohawk Valley John Butler as an aide in the Indian Department and also in the battles with the French when Butler was his second in command. Butler, the son of the army commander at Fort Hunter where the Mohawk and Schoharie Rivers meet, spoke Indian languages and 2 knew Indian customs well. Of his children, the most famous or notorious to Americans for his escapades in the Revolutionary War was Walter, a charismatic historical figure.
    [Show full text]
  • David Library of the American Revolution Guide to Microform Holdings
    DAVID LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION GUIDE TO MICROFORM HOLDINGS Adams, Samuel (1722-1803). Papers, 1635-1826. 5 reels. Includes papers and correspondence of the Massachusetts patriot, organizer of resistance to British rule, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Revolutionary statesman. Includes calendar on final reel. Originals are in the New York Public Library. [FILM 674] Adams, Dr. Samuel. Diaries, 1758-1819. 2 reels. Diaries, letters, and anatomy commonplace book of the Massachusetts physician who served in the Continental Artillery during the Revolution. Originals are in the New York Public Library. [FILM 380] Alexander, William (1726-1783). Selected papers, 1767-1782. 1 reel. William Alexander, also known as “Lord Sterling,” first served as colonel of the 1st NJ Regiment. In 1776 he was appointed brigadier general and took command of the defense of New York City as well as serving as an advisor to General Washington. He was promoted to major- general in 1777. Papers consist of correspondence, military orders and reports, and bulletins to the Continental Congress. Originals are in the New York Historical Society. [FILM 404] American Army (Continental, militia, volunteer). See: United States. National Archives. Compiled Service Records of Soldiers Who Served in the American Army During the Revolutionary War. United States. National Archives. General Index to the Compiled Military Service Records of Revolutionary War Soldiers. United States. National Archives. Records of the Adjutant General’s Office. United States. National Archives. Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty and Warrant Application Files. United States. National Archives. Revolutionary War Rolls. 1775-1783. American Periodicals Series I. 33 reels. Accompanied by a guide.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Ralph
    University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Ralph H. Records Collection Records, Ralph Hayden. Papers, 1871–1968. 2 feet. Professor. Magazine and journal articles (1946–1968) regarding historiography, along with a typewritten manuscript (1871–1899) by L. S. Records, entitled “The Recollections of a Cowboy of the Seventies and Eighties,” regarding the lives of cowboys and ranchers in frontier-era Kansas and in the Cherokee Strip of Oklahoma Territory, including a detailed account of Records’s participation in the land run of 1893. ___________________ Box 1 Folder 1: Beyond The American Revolutionary War, articles and excerpts from the following: Wilbur C. Abbott, Charles Francis Adams, Randolph Greenfields Adams, Charles M. Andrews, T. Jefferson Coolidge, Jr., Thomas Anburey, Clarence Walroth Alvord, C.E. Ayres, Robert E. Brown, Fred C. Bruhns, Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, Benjamin Franklin, Carl Lotus Belcher, Henry Belcher, Adolph B. Benson, S.L. Blake, Charles Knowles Bolton, Catherine Drinker Bowen, Julian P. Boyd, Carl and Jessica Bridenbaugh, Sanborn C. Brown, William Hand Browne, Jane Bryce, Edmund C. Burnett, Alice M. Baldwin, Viola F. Barnes, Jacques Barzun, Carl Lotus Becker, Ruth Benedict, Charles Borgeaud, Crane Brinton, Roger Butterfield, Edwin L. Bynner, Carl Bridenbaugh Folder 2: Douglas Campbell, A.F. Pollard, G.G. Coulton, Clarence Edwin Carter, Harry J. Armen and Rexford G. Tugwell, Edward S. Corwin, R. Coupland, Earl of Cromer, Harr Alonzo Cushing, Marquis De Shastelluz, Zechariah Chafee, Jr. Mellen Chamberlain, Dora Mae Clark, Felix S. Cohen, Verner W. Crane, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Cromwell, Arthur yon Cross, Nellis M. Crouso, Russell Davenport Wallace Evan Daview, Katherine B.
    [Show full text]
  • Jungle-Book-Playbill-Virtual.Pdf
    Virginia’s Leading Family Theatre Company Hugh R. Copeland—Artistic Director PRODUCTION STAFF Director…………..……..….………..……………...………………… HUGH R. COPELAND Production Stage Manager……….……………………………….………….LAURA LAVAN Sponsored in part by Costume Designer……………………………………………….………...…..ANNE HILTON Costumers Volunteers……..….ROBIN POWELL, STACY CARTWRIGHT AND KATY DOTY, SEPHANIE TREVINO Set Crew…………………………….SCOTT CHASEY, BECKY CHASEY, ANDY THORNHILL KATY DOTY, DEANNA HAMMOND, JOHN LAPETINA, ALAN TAYLOR, JIMMY MCKENZIE AND KAYVON HOSSEINIPOOR Photographer………………………………………………………………….....JERRY DUCK Stage Managers………………………………… ANDY THORNHILL, STEPHANIE TREVINO Backstage Crew……….. SHANNON THORNHILL, LAURIE GLICK, MARIE VACCARELLA, KATY DOTY, ANGELA TAYLOR, THERESA BREMBY, JENNIFER WHITMORE, BETTINA SELBY, JESSICA MCKENZIE, MEGAN HOOSEINIPOOR Music and Lyrics by House Managers………………………………...THERESA HYLER, STACEY CARTWRIGHT Richard M. Sherman, Robert B. Sherman Ushers………………… ANGELA TAYLOR, SHAWTINA CROSS, MEGAN HOSSEINIPOOR THERESA BREMBY, KATY DOTY, DAWN KERMAN, VALERIE WANG, KELLY YOUNG And Terry Gilkyson JESSICA MCKENZIE Book adapted and Additional Lyrics by Marcy Heisler HURRAH STAFF Founder and Artistic Director……………………………………......HUGH. R. COPELAND Music Adapted and Arranged by Managing Director………………………………………....………..…….….KELSEY BACKE Bryan Louiselle Director of Education/ Box Office Manager…………………...…..……....LISA WALLACE Director of Development……………………………………………..…EILEEN CARPENTER Based on the Screenplay by Production Manager…………………………...………………………..…….LAURA
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses The life and the autobiographical poetry of Oswald von Wolkenstein Robertshaw, Alan Thomas How to cite: Robertshaw, Alan Thomas (1973) The life and the autobiographical poetry of Oswald von Wolkenstein, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7935/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk THE LIFE AND THE AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL POETRY OF OSWALD VON WOLKENSTEIN Thesis submitted to the University of Durham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Alan Thomas Robertshaw, B»A. Exeter, March, 1973 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. CONTENTS Chapter Page Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Abbreviations iv I, INTRODUCTION 1 1o Summary of Research 1 20 Beda
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Cultural Characters of a Border Territory
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Volume 7 • Number 5 • May 2017 Socio-Cultural Characters of a Border Territory Marco Della Rocca Polytechnic of Turin Department Architectural Design Turin, Italy Abstract It is the aim of this article to analyze the political system in effect at the end of the XIX century in a border territory, such as Trentino Alto Adige, a region straddling to worlds: the Italian and the German speaking one. In this analysis I will retrace the origins of regional autonomy by recalling the historical and political events that let to a deep imprint of the concept of self-governance in this area; starting from the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the same year of the annexation of the Bishopric of Trento to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and until the outbreak of WWI. The aim of this study is to understand how deeply the forms of self-governance that the Austrian empire granted to the area influenced the culture and society of the time, and even left traces in today's modern society. 1. Introduction Autonomy is an intrinsic value in the Trentino Alto Adige region, inherited from the history of its past. «The political-administrative system of a State and the correlative concept of sovereignty» hail from its «development processes»; in the case of the Trento society it was the XIX century Hapsburg domination to deeply imprint the concept of «self-governance». The Austro-Hungarian Empire had expanded geographically through «territorial conquests thanks to hereditary rights or free loyalties as in the case of the county of Tyrol».
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews
    BOOK REVIEWS EDITED BY MICHAEL P. WEBER The Good Provider: H. J. Heinz and His 57 Varieties. By Robert C. Alberts. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973. Pp. 297. $10.00.) Who has not at some time sampled one of Heinz's 57 Varieties? Everyone who likes to eat will be interested in this biography of H. J. Heinz by Robert Alberts, who gave such an entertaining talk on William Bingham at the an- nual meeting of the Pennsylvania Historical Association a few years ago. This particular volume is the outgrowth of an article in American Heritage magazine and still shows signs of being intended for a popular rather than a scholarly audience. It is a sympathetic account of a simple, honest, hardworking, deeply religious son of German immigrants who embodied the Horatio Alger tradition without being an especially complex or interesting person. Nevertheless, it reminds us how many of today's famous firms were originally such personal enterprises. It is a little surprising, however, that Mr. Alberts places Heinz on the same level as other Pittsburgh magnates like Carnegie, Frick, Mellon, and Westinghouse, with whom he seems to have had relatively little communication. Yet certainly the story of the Heinz company is a significant aspect of nineteenth-century social history, reflecting as it does changes in the American diet made possible by new developments in transportation, re- frigeration, and the preservation of food in cans. The book shows that the company's success was based on a combination of large-scale production and skillful techniques in public relations and advertising.
    [Show full text]
  • Oriskany:Aplace of Great Sadness Amohawk Valley Battelfield Ethnography
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Ethnography Program Northeast Region ORISKANY:APLACE OF GREAT SADNESS AMOHAWK VALLEY BATTELFIELD ETHNOGRAPHY FORT STANWIX NATIONAL MONUMENT SPECIAL ETHNOGRAPHIC REPORT ORISKANY: A PLACE OF GREAT SADNESS A Mohawk Valley Battlefield Ethnography by Joy Bilharz, Ph.D. With assistance from Trish Rae Fort Stanwix National Monument Special Ethnographic Report Northeast Region Ethnography Program National Park Service Boston, MA February 2009 The title of this report was provided by a Mohawk elder during an interview conducted for this project. It is used because it so eloquently summarizes the feelings of all the Indians consulted. Cover Photo: View of Oriskany Battlefield with the 1884 monument to the rebels and their allies. 1996. Photograph by Joy Bilharz. ExEcuTivE SuMMARy The Mohawk Valley Battlefield Ethnography Project was designed to document the relationships between contemporary Indian peoples and the events that occurred in central New York during the mid to late eighteenth century. The particular focus was Fort Stanwix, located near the Oneida Carry, which linked the Mohawk and St. Lawrence Rivers via Wood Creek, and the Oriskany Battlefield. Because of its strategic location, Fort Stanwix was the site of several critical treaties between the British and the Iroquois and, following the American Revolution, between the latter and the United States. This region was the homeland of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy whose neutrality or military support was desired by both the British and the rebels during the Revolution. The Battle of Oriskany, 6 August 1777, occurred as the Tryon County militia, aided by Oneida warriors, was marching to relieve the British siege of Ft.
    [Show full text]