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Some problems in the phonology of Old Japanese reconsidered in the light of comparative evidence from the Amami dialects by Junnosuke Urakami Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD School of Oriental and African Studies University of London August 1989 1 ProQuest Number: 10731643 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731643 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on the most controversial phonological problem in Old Japanese, the phonetic and phonological status of two types of syllables, found in written texts, known as the ‘A/B-type’ contrast. Previous approaches have centred around the phonetic evaluation of Middle Chinese characters, and examination of Pre-Old Japanese diphthongal sources reconstructed through the morpho-phonemic analysis of Old Japanese. All of these approaches have various limitations, since Old Japanese does not provide sufficient evidence to support the results thus gained. Recently attempts have been made to apply study of the Ryukyu dialects to the problem. In particular linguists have claimed that the Modern Amami dialects reflect the A/B-type distinction. The importance here lies in the fact that study within this field can provide firm empirical evidence. The present thesis, therefore, aims at shedding light on the A/B-type distinction by a study of the Modern Amami dialects, specifically by the reconstruction of the phonemes of Proto-Amami. Chapter One is an introduction, containing the argument in favour of undertaking this line of research, with details of the survey and informant information. 2 Chapter Two contains a review of the Old Japanese A/B distinction, plus a survey of previous works in the field by Hashimoto, Arisaka, Lange, Unger, Ono, Matsumoto, Mori, etc. Problems to be dealt with in the present work are isolated. Chapter Three discusses the Ryukyu dialects, and focuses in on the importance of the Amami dialects. It concludes with a synchronic overview of the Amami dialects. Chapter Four contains the reconstruction of Froto-Amami phonemes, a synchronic discription of Proto- Amami and sound changes. Chapter Five offers a sub-grouping of the Modern Amami dialects, with a tree diagram and isoglosses. Chapter Six contains a comparison of the Old Japanese A/B contrast with PA, Chapter Seven compares the results obtained for PA from Chapter Six with the work of past researchers, specifically Shibata. Chapter Eight is a summary of this work, plus suggestions for further work on Proto-Amami. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like first of all to express my gratitude to those wonderful islanders who speak the beautiful Ryukyu dialects who were kind enough to serve as informants for the linguistic surveys upon which this work is based. I would also like to thank Professor S. Nakasone, Professor M. Wakugami, Professor Y. Uemura, and a young Ryukyuan scholar, S. Karimata of the University of the Ryukyus, all of whom, in the course of my field work surveys, offered me essential advice and help. appreciation goes to Mr. Warren-knot of the Sasakawa Foundation for his warm consideration in offering me financial help in both 1986 and 1988. To Dr. L. Takeuchi of the School of Oriental and African Studies, from whom I have gained new knowledge of Japanese linguistics, go my thanks. I especially wish to express my thanks to my supervisor, Professor T. Bynon, who taught me the rigours of the Neogrammarian approach to historical linguistics, for her enduring guidance and her spiritual support and care. A best friend of mine, Ellen Larson, helped me with my English and typed all but a dozen pages of this work. I would like to express my thanks to her for her professional editing and word-processing skills, and above all for her extreme patience and continuous encouragement. Finally, I would like to thank Yoshimi and Asako Yamamura, my parents-in-law, for their financial and their emotional support; for their care of my children during my study in England, and especially for their love and under­ standing. My mother, Kimie Urakami, has long awaited the completion of my PhD work, and for this I wish to thank her. I wish to particularly thank, for her patience and love, my wife, Yoko, who has brought up our children in Kyoto. 4 To the people I love 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title p a g e ................................................1 A b stract.................................................. 2 Acknowledgements....................... ,................ 4 D edication................ ............................... 5 List of charts, tables and figures....................16 Key to abbreviations and symbols.......................22 Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 The aim of this study............................... 23 1.2 Linguistic surveys in the Amami Islands.......... 25 1.2.1 Date and duration of surveys........... 26 1.2.2 Selecting the dialects......................... 26 1.2. 2.1 Criteria for selection.................... 26 1.2. 2. 2 Selected dialects and locations.......... 26 1.2. 2. 3 Details of the informants................. 27 1.2.3 Selecting lexical items for the surveys..... 28 Chapter Two SOME PROBLEMS IN THE PHONOLOGY OF OLD JAPANESE 2.1 General notes on Old Japanese..................... 30 2.1.1 Definition of the term ‘Old Japanese’ ....... 30 2.1.2 The Old Japanese Writing S ystem...............30 6 2 .1.2.1 Kanbun ....................................... 30 2 . 1. 2 . 2 K a n a ......................................... 31 2.1.3 The phonemes of OJ ..............................31 2.1.4 The syllables of 0J . .......................31 2.2 Problems in the phonology of OJ: previous works.32 2.2.1 The A/B distinction............................ 33 2.2.2 Alternation phenomena of OJ vowels ........... 34 2.2.3 Phonetic and phonemic analysis by previous writers ........................ 33 2. 2. 3.1 Hashimoto and Arisaka......................35 2.2.3.1.1 Phonetic assessments based on reconstructed MC values ............ 35 2.2.3. 1.2 Non-A/B cases ............................35 2.2.3.1.3 Difficulties in the method of Hashimoto and Arisaka................36 2 . 2.3.2 Ono and Miller ............................. 37 2 . 2. 3. 2 Lange and Unger ............................ 38 2. 2. 3.4 M o r i ......................................... 39 2. 2. 3. 5 H a t t o r i ..................................... 40 2 . 2 . 3.6 Mori’s theory of (X - and ft -group graphemes 41 2.2.4 Status of Non-A/B Co, Ci, and Ce ............. 43 2 .2.4.1 Non-A/B Co ...................................43 2.2.4.2 Non-A/B Ci ...................................44 2.2.4.3 Non-A/B Ce ................................... 45 2.2.5 The theory of diphthongal origins .............47 2.2.6 The internal reconstruction of the Pre-OJ vowel system.............. 51 7 2.3 Summary.............................................. 53 2.3.1 Our assessment of the A/B distinction. .....53 2.3.1.1 The 0(-group grapheme and Pulleyblank...53 2 . 3 . 1. 2 Pftosnotactic appmoach * *.................56,a Chapter Three RYUKYU: THE AMAMI DIALECTS 3.1 The Ryukyu dialects................................. 57 3.1.1 Ryukyuan kinship with Japanese................61 3.1.2 Previous works on the Ryukyu dialects....... 62 3.1.3 General survey on historical phonology...... 63 3.2 The Amami dialects.................................. 65 3.2.1 Past research on the Amami dialects.......... 66 3.3 Synchronic discription of the Amami dialects.... 69 3.3.1 Phonemes of the Amami dialects................70 3.3.2 Phonotactic contraints in Amami dialects.... 72 Chapter Four THE PHONOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF PHOTO-AMAMI 4.1 Phonemicization used for reconstruction..........73 4.1.1 Approach and problems.......................... 73 4.1.2 Modificaiton of the traditional phonemic 8 n o t a t i o n....................................... 74 4.1.3 Eliminating the notation of /!/ and /’/ ...... 74 4.1.4 Replacing /N/ with /n/ ......................... 77 4.1.5 Eliminating /Q/ ................................. 77 4.1.6 Notation for non-aspirated consonants.........79 4.1.7 /si/, /si/, and /ti/ vs. /Ji/, /£i/, and / t j i / .......................... 80 4.1.8 Consonant /z/ for [dz]......................... 82 4.1.9 Using /ts/ for Hirayama’s / q / ............... 83 4.1.10 PA accent system............................. 83 4.1.11 Summary - phonemes used for reconstruction..83 4.2 Principles of reconstruction...................... 85 4.2.1 Informant notation............................. 85 4.2.2 Invalid cases ................................... 85 4.2.3 Irrecoverable cases ............................ 86 4.2.4 Position ........................................86 4.2.5 Glosses .......................................... 86 4.2.6 /U/and / ¥ / ...................................... 87 4.2.7 Excluding a form in parenthesis.............. 87 4.3 Consonants........................................... 88 4 .3.1 * p ................................................88 4.3.1.3 Sound changes for
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