L'impact De L'insécurité Urbaine Sur Les Entreprises Manufacturières D'amérique Latine: Une Étude De Cas, Puebla Au Mexique

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L'impact De L'insécurité Urbaine Sur Les Entreprises Manufacturières D'amérique Latine: Une Étude De Cas, Puebla Au Mexique INRS Urbanisation, Culture et Société L'IMPACT DE L'INSÉCURITÉ URBAINE SUR LES ENTREPRISES MANUFACTURIÈRES D'AMÉRIQUE LATINE: UNE ÉTUDE DE CAS, PUEBLA AU MEXIQUE Par Pamela Echeverria L. Thèse présentée pour l'obtention du grade de Philosophiae doctor (Ph. D.) en Études urbaines (programme offert conjointement par l'INRS-Urbanisation, Culture et Société et l'UQAM) Jury d'évaluation Examinateur externe Winnie Frohn Département d'études urbaines et touristiques Université du Québec à Montréal Examinateur externe Lisa M. Bornstein École d'urbanisme Université McGill Examinateur interne Julie-Anne Boudreau Études Urbaines INRS-Urbanisation, Culture et Société Directeur de recherche Mario Polèse Études Urbaines INRS-Urbanisation, Culture et Société Thèse soutenue le 2 novembre 2009 Tous droits réservés de Pamela Echeverria, 2010 11 « The cUies Jike dreams are made of desires and fears » Halo Calvino, Le città invisibili RÉSUMÉ L'insécurité urbaine est une préoccupation quasi universelle et, pour certaines communautés locales, leur cheval de bataille. La criminalité cause des torts irréparables aux victimes. Elle nuit aussi à la capacité des villes de produire de la richesse et d'attirer de nouveaux capitaux. Certaines régions sont aux prises avec une criminalité endémique, mais aussi avec des crimes de plus en plus violents. C'est le cas de l'Amérique latine. En dépit des effets pervers de l'insécurité urbaine, peu de chercheurs se sont.intéressés à son impact sur le fonctionnement et la productivité des entreprises. Pourtant, elles sont les canaux par lesquels les villes peuvent prospérer. Les quelques études sur le sujet montrent que le coût du crime dans le secteur privé est considérable tout en étant difficile à comptabiliser. Cette thèse porte sur le lien qui existe entre l'insécurité urbaine et la performance des entreprises par l'intermédiaire d'une étude de cas de la ville de Puebla au Mexique. Des enquêtes quantitatives et qualitatives ont été menées auprès d'établissements manufacturiers traditionnels qui ont la caractéristique d'être fortement représentés une main-d'œuvre féminine. Il s'agit des seCteurs du vêtement et de l'agroalimentaire. Nos résultats jettent un nouveau regard sur l'ampleur des coûts assumés privément par les entreprises. Les pertes financières de la victimisation et les dépenses de prévention/protection constituent les coûts les plus visibles de l'insécurité urbaine. Néanmoins, il en existe toute une panoplie qui, étant plus diffus ou intangibles, sont le plus souvent évacués par ceux qui les assument. Les coûts du roulement du personnel féminin, de l'incapacité d'étendre les heures d'opération, des retards de livraison constituent quelques exemples de barrières au développement des entreprises. Un sentiment d'inélucatibilité habite les entrepreneurs et les travailleuses de Puebla. Hommes et femmes subissent de nombreuses agressions verbales et physiques dans leur quotidien. Rares sont ceux qui dénoncent les crimes par peur de représailles ou tout simplement par désabusement envers les autorités publiques. Les poblanos sont conscients du climat fragile dans lequel ils habitent. Les incivilités, les problèmes de transport, la dégradation du cadre bâti· et le manque de surveillance policière sont tous des problèmes qui les touchent directement. Néanmoins, la plupart acceptent cette réalité comme un coût normal allant même jusqu'à la considérer comme le prix à payer pour faire des affaires. Mots-clés: insécurité urbaine, établissements manufacturiers, criminalité, femmes Pamela Echeverria Mario Polèse iv REMERCIEMENTS La rédaction d'une thèse est ardue parce qu'elle s'effectue rarement dans un environnement idéal. Des années de travail sont nécessaires pour mûrir un sujet, pour le dompter, mais aussi pour lâcher prise. Fort heureusement, cette démarche s'effectue en présence de collègues et de pairs, d'amis et de proches. Leur soutien, surtout en fin de parcours, est souvent plus que nécessaire. Je ne regrette rien de cette expérience. Mes séjours à Puebla, le travail sur le terrain, les amitiés nouées dans des environnements complexes et fascinants me manqueront beaucoup. Je conserve de mon expérience une panoplie d'images. J'en souhaite autant aux générations futures de doctorants. Dans un premier temps, je souhaite exprimer ma gratitude à l'INRS-UCS et au Centre de recherches pour le développement international (CRDI) pour leur soutien financier. Au fil des années, j'ai pu compter sur le soutien de plusieurs personnes. Un gros merci, pour ne pas dire énorme, à mon directeur de recherche, M. Mario Polèse, pour sa patience et sa grande diligence. Je tiens aussi à remercier mes collègues mexicains qui m'ont été d'un grand secours lors de mes séjours de recherche à Puebla. Mes sincères remerciements à Salvador Pérez Mendoza, à Fabiola Aguilar Cruz et à Judith Chaffee de la faculté d'économie de l'Universidad Autonoma de Puebla. Je tiens aussi à remercier les chercheurs avec qui j'ai eu la chance de travailler au courant de 2001-2002 dans le cadre du projet de la Banque mondiale: Rosendo Pujol, Alvaro Ramalho, Mario Lungo et Mila Freire. Les échanges et les conversations spontanées dans des lieux souvent enchanteurs seront à jamais gravés dans ma mémoire. Mes remerciements vont également à mes amis et mes collègues d'étude; tout spécialement Jean, Katty, Catherine et Caroline pour leurs conseils précieux et leur soutien moral. Un gros merci à ma famille et à mon conjoint, Richard, qui ont été ma bouée de sauvetage à plusieurs reprises. Maman, du haut du ciel, je te sais présente. Merci VI pour ta grande générosité. En demier~ mais non la moindre~ je remercie ma fille Char1otte~ pour sa venue~ son plein d'énergie et sa grande tendresse. Xl LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1.2.1. Préoccupation à l'égard du crime et perception de l'augmentation du crime dans les régions du monde, 1997 ................................................................ 10 Figure 1.2.2. Niveau de satisfaction à l'égard du travail des forces policières dans les diverses régions du monde, 1996 ................................................................ 13 Figure 1.2.3. Taux de criminalité au Mexique, 2000 ......................................................... 17 Figure 1.2.4. Délits dénoncés en 2002 dans les états mexicains, par 100 000 habitants ... 18 Figure 1.2.5. Crimes dénoncés (par 1000 habitants) et montant du budget de sécurité publique par crime dénoncé au Mexique .................................................... 19 Figure 1.2.6. Insécurité urbaine et taux de criminalité officie1sdans les différents États du Mexique, 2002 .............................................................................................21 Figure 1.4.1. Schéma des axes de recherche en sécurité urbaine .......................................29 Figure 2.2.1. Précautions individuelles utilisées pour combattre l'insécurité urbaine ...... 61 Figure 2.3.1. Coûts du crime et de l'insécurité urbaine ..................................................... 67 Figure 3.2.1. Localisation de L'État de Puebla au Mexique et de la ville de Puebla ........ 74 Figure 3.3.1. Taux de participation par secteur d'activité et ville d'étude, 2001 .............. 78 Figure 4.1.1. Apport des grands secteurs économiques de l'État de Puebla à son PIB, 2003 ............................................................................................................. 94 Figure 4.2.1. Coûts de production selon le secteur d'activité, 2001 ...................................99 Figure 4.2.2. Facteurs de localisation dans la région métropolitaine de Puebla**, 2001102 Figure 4.2.3. Type de localisation des établissements selon le secteur d'activité, 2001 .103 Figure 4.2.4. Facteurs de localisation dans un quartier spécifique de la région métropolitaine de Puebla, 2001 ................................................................. 104 Figure 4.2.5. Localisation des établissements manufacturiers de Puebla, 2001 ............. .105 XlI Figure 4.3.1. Profil de la main-d'œuvre dans le vêtement et l'agroalimentaire, 2001 .... 109 Figure 4.3.2. Répartition des femmes par tranche d'âge et secteur d'activité, 2004 ...... 110 Figure 4.3.3. Ancienneté des travailleuses selon la tranche d'âge, 2004 ........................ III Figure 4.3.4. Niveau de scolarité de l'ensemble des travailleuses de Puebla, 2004 ....... 112 Figure 5.1.1. Perception de l'impact de la carence de la voirie et de la congestion routière sur les coûts de production des établissements, 2001.. ............................. 120 Figure 5.1.2. Fréquence des retards de livraison, 2001 ................................................... 121 Figure 5.1.3. Perception du niveau de sécurité du quartier abritant les établissements, 2001 .......................................................................................................... 126 Figure 5.1.5. Perception du niveau de sécurité du quartier selon le secteur d'activité, 2001 .......................................................................................................... 126 Figure 5.1.5. Qualité de la protection policière selon les répondants, 2001 ................... 127 Figure 5.1.6. Facteurs contribuant à l'activité criminelle dans le quartier, 2001.: .......... 128 Figures 5.1.7. Slogans de la marche contre l'insécurité urbaine dans la ville de Mexico 128 Figure 5.2.1. Évaluation de la protection policière par les travailleuses et par secteur d'activité, 2004 ........................................................................................
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