El/La Mataviejitas: Killing Genders in Mexico City

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El/La Mataviejitas: Killing Genders in Mexico City El/La Mataviejitas: Killing genders in Mexico City A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of M.A. in Communication Studies. Susana Vargas Cervantes Art History and Communication Studies McGill University, Montreal August 2008 ©Susana Vargas Cervantes, 2008. 1 Abstract Beginning in 1998, homicides against older women in Mexico City began to register in increasing numbers. However, it was not until 2003 that police began to trace patterns in these homicides and by 2005 suggested the possibility that a serial killer, who came to be nicknamed “El Mataviejitas” (“the little old lady killer,” with the article “el” indicating a male subject) was responsible for the murder of more than 40 elderly women. The modus operandi, according to police, was that El Mataviejitas dressed as a nurse from the official program Si Vale and asphyxiated elderly women with a stethoscope, tights or cable. On January 25, 2006, Mexico City police captured a female wrestler, Juana Barraza Samperio, as she fled the scene where an 89-year-old woman had been strangled with a stethoscope. The next day’s news read: “Mataviejitas falls after committing another crime: it’s a woman.” My thesis analyzes the shift in gendered and sexed constructions in Mexican periodicals when police believed the serial killer was a man, then a transvestite. It will analyze the representations of Juana Barraza, as La Dama del Silencio (her wresting persona) and as La Mataviejitas (“la” indicating a female subject), produced by journalists, police authorities, criminologist and popular culture texts. 2 Abstract French À partir de 1998, Mexico est le théâtre d’un nombre croissant d’homicides commis contre des femmes âgées. Il faut toutefois attendre cinq ans, soit en 2003, pour que des liens soient tissés par la police entre ces crimes. En 2005, la police avance l’hypothèse que plus de 40 de ces meurtres sont l’œuvre d’un tueur en série, qu’ils surnomment « El Mataviejitas » (l’assassin des vieilles dames, l’article « el » dénotant son identité masculine). Le modus operandi de l’assassin, selon la police, consiste à se déguiser et se faire passer pour une infirmière du programme Si Vale. Une fois qu’il a gagné la confiance de ces victimes, il les asphyxie à l’aide d’un stéthoscope ou d’un câble. Le 25 janvier 2006, la police appréhende Juana Barraza Samperio, lutteuse de profession, alors qu’elle s’enfuit du lieu où une femme de 89 ans a été étranglée avec un stéthoscope. L’assassin était en fait une assassine. Le lendemain, les journaux titrent : « Mataviejitas tombe après un autre crime : c’est une femme ». Ma thèse analyse la transformation des constructions sexuelles et genrées du tueur en série à travers les périodiques mexicains, qui le présentent tantôt comme un homme, tantôt comme un travesti. J’analyserai aussi les représentations que font les journalistes, la police, les criminologues et certains textes issus de la culture populaire de Juana Barazza en tant que La Dama del Silencio (la Dame du silence, son nom de lutteuse) et La Mataviejitas (l’article « la » dénotant cette fois-ci l’identité féminine du tueur). 3 Abstract Spanish Desde 1998 los homicidios contra las mujeres de la tercera edad en la ciudad de México empezaron a registrarse de manera alarmante. Sin embargo, no fue sino en el 2003 que la policía reconoció un patrón común en los asesinatos y hasta el 2005 que reconoció la existencia de un asesino en serie mejor conocido como El Mataviejitas, responsable de la muerte por asfixia con un estetoscopio, medias o cables de más de 40 mujeres de la tercera edad al disfrazarse como enfermera del programa Si Vale. El 25 de enero del 2006 la policía capturo a una mujer, Juana Barraza Samperio, conocida en el la lucha libre como La Dama del Silencio, mientras huía de la casa donde una mujer de 89 años había sido asesinada con un estetoscopio. Al siguiente día los noticieros reportaron: "Cae Mataviejitas tras consumar otro de sus crímenes; es mujer." Mi tesis analiza el cambio en las construcciones sexuales y genéricas de las narrativas oficiales, criminológicas y en la prensa, cuando se pensaba El Mataviejitas era un hombre, y después un homosexual, travesti y/o transgénero. Mi tesis después se concentra en las representaciones de Juana Barraza como La Dama del Silencio y como La Mataviejitas en la prensa, por autoridades policíacas y su circulación en textos de cultura popular. 4 Acknowledgements First of all I would like to thank my dear friend and supervisor Will Straw, who has subtly shaped my academic career. I am especially grateful because he believes in me and after every meeting somehow I feel way smarter than I actually am. Will’s constant material, intellectual and emotional support has been invaluable and his encouragement has made my MA and this thesis possible. I also thank the staff at the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada for their support. I am especially grateful to Johanne Bodileau for insisting and making sure I wrote this thesis. The office space provided at MISC was essential to the completion of this work. I would also like to thank Maureen Coote and Susana Machado for their administrative support in the Art History and Communication Studies Department. I would like to thank the Social Sciences and Research Council for their financial support during the course work of my Masters, and the Internal Social Sciences and Research Council travel grants for their financial support during my research. I thank Saydi Nuñez at El Colegio de México for her generosity in sharing her knowledge on female criminals during the porfiriato in México, and gracias a Graciela Martínez – Zalce por su apoyo académico en durante toda mi maestría. Y a mis ayudantes de investigación en la primera etapa de este proyecto, Deyanira, Sergio y Hugo Martínez Nayar por ir a la Hemeroteca Nacional y buscar a La Mataviejitas por mí. Y a Ali por apoyarme con material de investigación. Much of this research has been shaped by the teachings of Carrie Rentschler in the courses Feminist Media Studies and Gender, Crime and Culture. My topic and its feminist approach would have not been possible without the material she taught in these courses. Thanks to all my friends for their love and support: Dan, Lienne, Mory, Mauro, Kiva, Massimo, Joseph, Jenny, Ruby Max, Olive, and my sister Ace. Saskia and I have shared more than we ever thought or wanted: experiences that have greatly shaped my modes of critiquing criminality. I am grateful for and in constant admiration of the courage and bravery we bring out on each other. Muchas gracias a Damián, a quien afortunadamente siempre se le olvida todo excepto cuando lo necesito. A Román y a Marisa, por todas las veces que en el nombre de la investigación me hospedan en su casa en la Ciudad de Mexico. Thanks to my friend Jackie Reid for endlessly listening to my ideas and frustrations and to Alison Jacques for providing me with much of the bibliography I used in this work, as well as for all her encouraging presents. 5 Le doy gracias a mi mamá por su constante apoyo en mis estudios. Mi papá me ha enseñado la lección más grande: su continua despreocupación si hago una tesis, una disertación o un libro, me ha enseñado que lo más importante es disfrutar lo que hago. Esa lección y su constante apoyo siempre me acompañan. Thanks to Gale and Marina, Owen, Dylan, Jeff and the baby on the way for all their love and support in any endeavour I take. And finally, for more than I can imagine, I thank Jasmine Rault. Your encouragement, support and unconditional love have helped me grow and believe I can achieve anything. Sharing ideas with you and letting me steal some of yours have all contributed to this thesis and to who I am. We are the best team and I love you so very much. The best person in the world award is for Jasmine Rault. 6 Table of Contents Abstract...............................................................................................................................2 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................5 Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................7 Chronology .........................................................................................................................9 List of figures....................................................................................................................11 Introduction: The political context.................................................................................13 Research focus and methodology ..................................................................................19 Sources...........................................................................................................................21 Literature Review...........................................................................................................22 Chapter overview...........................................................................................................25 Framing the serial killer: El Mataviejitas in Mexico....................................................27 Narcosatánicos versus Serial Killers..............................................................................30 Serial killers and Mexican anomie.................................................................................36 Searching for El Mataviejitas .......................................................................................39
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