Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg (ed.) osC e 17 Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (ed.) OSCE Yearbook 2011 Yearbook on the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) • OSCE Yearbook osCe 2011 Nomos BUC_OSCE_2011_7311-7.indd 1 12.12.11 09:03 Articles of the OSCE Yearbook are indexed in World Affairs Online (WAO), accessible via the IREON portal. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de . ISBN 978-3-8329-7311-7 1. Auflage 2012 © Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2012. Printed in Germany. Alle Rechte, auch die des Nachdrucks von Auszügen, der photomechanischen Wiedergabe und der Übersetzung, vorbehalten. Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illus trations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to »Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort«, Munich. BUT_OSCE_2011_7311-7.indd 4 13.02.12 08:52 Contents Audronius Ažubalis Foreword by the Chairperson-in-Office 9 Ursel Schlichting Preface 13 Wolfgang Zellner Obituary of Max van der Stoel 19 I. States of Affairs – Affairs of State The OSCE and European Security Marc Perrin de Brichambaut Six Years as OSCE Secretary General: An Analytical and Personal Retrospective 25 Pál Dunay Kazakhstan’s Unique OSCE Chairmanship in 2010 49 Ian Cliff The Corfu Process – What Was It All About? 65 The OSCE Participating States: Domestic Developments and Multilateral Commitment Ian Kelly The Abiding US Regional Engagement through the OSCE 79 Elena Kropatcheva Presidential Election in Belarus in 2010: The Winner Takes It All? 87 Payam Foroughi Politics and Human Rights in Tajikistan: Squandered Opportunities, Uncertain Future 107 5 II. Responsibilities, Instruments, Mechanisms, and Procedures Conflict Prevention and Dispute Settlement Claudio Formisano/Georgia Tasiopoulou The OSCE Mission in Kosovo: A Performance Appraisal 127 Claus Neukirch From Confidence Building to Conflict Settlement in Moldova? 137 Carel Hofstra Police Development Activities of the OSCE in Armenia 151 Hans-Joachim Schmidt Could War Return to Nagorno-Karabakh? 167 Arne C. Seifert The Political Process in Central Asia and the System Question 181 Comprehensive Security: The Three Dimensions and Cross-Dimensional Challenges Pierre von Arx Recent Developments in the Field of Arms Control and Confidence- and Security-Building Measures 201 Focus on ODIHR: 20 Years of Democracy and Human Rights Support Douglas Wake ODIHR at 20: Promoting Human Rights and Democracy in a Complex International Environment 227 Christian Strohal More Must Be Done. The OSCE and the Protection of Human Rights after the Astana Summit 241 Jens-Hagen Eschenbächer/Bernhard Knoll The OSCE Astana Summit from a Human Dimension Perspective: A New Momentum for Advancing Human Rights and Democracy in the Region? 257 6 Geert-Hinrich Ahrens Election Observation and Its Parliamentary Dimension: 15 Years of Co-operation 265 Grigorii V. Golosov Democracy as a System of Institutions and Practices: The Dynamic Legacies and Living Commitments of Key OSCE Documents 277 Adam Bodnar/Eva Katinka Schmidt Rule of Law and Judicial Independence in Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus, and Central Asia 289 Andrzej Mirga Roma and Sinti: Status and Outlook 303 Nadezda Shvedova The OSCE Copenhagen and Moscow Documents: A Short Commentary on the OSCE’s Contributions to Gender Equality in Political and Public Life 319 Andreea Vesa/Kristin van der Leest Towards a Strategic Approach in Applying Gender-Sensitive Indicators: Guidance for OSCE Programming 331 Pavel Chacuk ODIHR’s Contribution to Human Rights Education in the OSCE Area 347 Snježana Bokulić/Assia Ivantcheva ODIHR and Civil Society: 20 Years of Promoting Human Rights in the OSCE Area 359 Liane Adler National Human Rights Institutions in the OSCE Area: Taking Stock of an Innovative Concept 379 Karin Esposito/Ruben-Erik Diaz-Plaja Parliaments in the Principles and Practice of the OSCE 393 Jos Boonstra/Natalia Shapovalova/Richard Youngs Reviving OSCE Democracy Support 409 7 III. Organizational Aspects External Relations and Influence Rita Marascalchi/Oleksandr Pavlyuk The OSCE and Change in the South Mediterranean: A New Opportunity for the OSCE Mediterranean Partnership? 427 Timur Dadabaev The Evolution of Japanese Diplomacy towards Central Asia since the Collapse of the Soviet Union 441 Annexes Forms and Forums of Co-operation in the OSCE Area 461 The 56 OSCE Participating States – Facts and Figures 463 OSCE Conferences, Meetings, and Events 2010/2011 481 OSCE Selected Bibliography 2010/2011 485 Abbreviations 505 Contributors 511 8 Audronius Ažubalis Foreword by the Chairperson-in-Office The main challenge for Lithuania’s OSCE Chairmanship was to take forward the vision elaborated by the 56 OSCE Heads of State or Government in the Astana Commemorative Declaration, which set forth a vision of a free, demo- cratic, common, and indivisible Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian security commu- nity stretching from Vancouver to Vladivostok, rooted in agreed principles, shared commitments, and common goals. Under Lithuania’s Chairmanship, the OSCE has taken meaningful steps towards the realization of this vision. This is a major and ambitious task, which cannot, of course, be achieved in a single year. In my first address to the OSCE Permanent Council in Janu- ary, I set out five main priorities: - To register tangible progress in addressing protracted conflicts; - To significantly improve our record of implementation of media free- dom commitments; - To enhance the OSCE’s profile with regard to transnational threats, in- cluding those emanating from the territory of Afghanistan; - To define the OSCE’s role in the energy security dialogue; and - To promote tolerance education throughout the OSCE area in order to combat hate crimes and discrimination. I believe that we have made progress in all of these areas. I am especially proud of the work that the Chairmanship team, the OSCE executive struc- tures, and the 2011 Chairmanships of the OSCE Forum for Security Co- operation (FSC) have done in getting the Transdniestrian settlement process back on track, updating the Vienna Document 1999 on confidence- and security-building measures, creating the Vilnius Guidelines on the protection of journalists, enhancing the OSCE’s capacity to combat transnational threats, strengthening co-operation with our Partners for Co-operation, and successfully concluding the mandate of the OSCE Office in Zagreb. The culmination of our Chairmanship was the Vilnius Ministerial Coun- cil, at which the OSCE foreign ministers took decisions on enhancing OSCE capabilities in early warning, early action, dialogue facilitation and mediation support, and post-conflict rehabilitation. Decisions were also taken on ad- dressing transnational threats, promoting equal opportunity for women in the economic sphere, strengthening the transport dialogue, the role of the OSCE in facilitating UN Security Council Resolution 1540, dealing with small arms and light weapons and conventional ammunition, and on issues relevant to the FSC. A declaration on combating all forms of human trafficking was agreed. Ministers also decided to enhance engagement with OSCE Partners for Co-operation, and Afghanistan, in particular. This is especially critical as we near the drawdown of international forces from the country. 9 As the holders of the Chairmanship of a regional security organization, in addition to our planned priorities and work, we also had to quickly and ef- fectively respond to political and security events in our region. The year started with the news that the Belarusian authorities had not agreed to extend the mandate of the OSCE Office in Minsk. The OSCE nevertheless continued its work in Belarus, for example through the activities of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and the monitoring by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) of the trials of those arrested following the 19 December 2010 presidential elec- tions (report published on 10 November 2011). On 6 April, fourteen OSCE participating States invoked the 1991 Moscow Mechanism, which led to a report and recommendations on the human rights situation in Belarus. Throughout the year, I tried to maintain a dialogue with our Belarusian coun- terparts, presenting a package of possible OSCE activities, while often speak- ing out against violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Chairmanship was concerned about repeated flare-ups of violence in northern Kosovo, particularly in the latter part of the year. I frequently ap- pealed for calm and co-operation, reinforcing the message during my visit to South-eastern Europe on 4-8 July. I also emphasized the urgency of regional co-operation in finding a humane solution for the refugees and internally dis- placed persons who were driven from their homes during the upheavals in the Balkans during the 1990s. In January,