General Index

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26021-3 — Medieval European Coinage William R. Day, Jr , Michael Matzke , Andrea Saccocci , General editor Elina Screen Index More Information

GENERAL INDEX

Ordinary type indicates pages, bold type catalogue entries. The index covers mainly personal names and place names together with exceptional denominations (e.g. pegione, bagattino, etc.) and references to speciic issues of individual mints. It does not cover more generic references to denominations such as denaro and grosso except where such terms are explained. Personal and place names are given in the forms and spellings used in the text, with cross-references where Latin or other forms diverge appreciably from these. Persons of the same name are placed in the customary sequence of saints, popes, emperors, sovereigns in alphabetical order of the states they ruled, and others in whatever order seems best adapted for easy reference. Names of modern scholars, and names in the section ‘Collectors, dealers and donors’ that precedes the main catalogue,have not been indexed.Coin hoards and inds are indexed in alphabetical order by ind type under the heading coin inds.

Aachen (Germany), Peace (812), 627; renewal (840), 628 Adige, river and/or valley,65, 554, 606, 607, 618, 631, 653 Abati, lords, 101 administrative reforms, early tenth century,35; early Abbiategrasso (Lombardy), 484, 501 fourteenth century,80 Abundus or Abundius, saint, patron of Como, 84, 87, 365, Adolph of Nassau, king of Germany,3, 208 368, 369, 370, 710 Adorno, family,of Genoa, 298, 301, 308; coat of arms, 705; Acciaiuoli, Simone di Giovanni, Florentine merchant, 238 Agostino, 298, 300; Antoniotto (I), doge of Achaia (Akhaïa, Αχαϊα, Greece), principality,206, 208 Genoa, 288, 290–1, 292; Antoniotto (II), doge Acqui (Piedmont), 18, 94, 97, 101–6, 162, 163, 220, 222, 433 of Genoa, 287, 300; Barnaba, doge of Genoa, bishops, 101, 108, 243 295; Gabriele, doge of Genoa, 291; Giorgio, church of San Francesco, 104 doge of Genoa, 292, 293; Prospero, doge of coinage and/or mint, 99, 102–6 Genoa, 296, 297; Rafaele, doge of Genoa, communal, 102, 103–4; imperial status, 103 294–5, 300, 319 denaro imperiale,103;denaro mezzano,103,104,142; Adria, bishops, 606 grosso,103,76 Adriatic Sea, 286, 413, 562, 613, 627, 628, 632 episcopal, 102, 104–6, 331 Aegean Sea, 250, 286, 629, 631 denaro imperiale, 105; obolo (half-denaro), 105–6, 143 Aemilia, see Emilia grosso, bolognino, 104, 105; grosso matapan,104,144, Africa, North, 2, 16, 17, 249, 250, 261, 301, 716, 740, 741; 222; grosso tirolino, 105, 243, 77 West, 7, 743 minting rights, 102, 103 Agincourt (France), battle (1415), 121 territory,94 agio, 729 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 agleier, 565, 569–71, 584, 585, 614, 615, 730, 737 Acre (Akka or Akko, Israel), 2, 630; battle (1261), 630 Agnadello (Lombardy), battle (1509), 8 Adalbert, king of Italy,30, 94, 302 Agnese del Maino, consort of Filippo Maria Visconti of Adda, river (Lombardy), 5, 370, 387 Milan, 473 Adelaide (St), emp., 30, 31, 32, 41 Agostino di Lignana, abbot, 146 Adelaide of Susa, countess of Turin, 112, 205 Aimone, count of Savoy,206, 218 1090

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26021-3 — Medieval European Coinage William R. Day, Jr , Michael Matzke , Andrea Saccocci , General editor Elina Screen Index More Information

General index 1091

Aimone of Savoy-Achaia, 212 Alfons I the Magnanimous, king of Naples, also Alfons V of Aix (France), 93 Aragon, 250, 287, 439, 477, 533 Alasia of Montferrat, mother of Marquis Manfred III of Alfonso I d’Este, duke of Ferrara, 8 Saluzzo, 224 Alfonso I del Carretto, marquis of Finale, 306 Alba (Piedmont), 94, 97, 106–8, 138, 139, 163, 164, 198, 199, Algeria, 641 305, 448; ancient origins, 106 alloy,730, 736, 739 coinage and/or mint, 99, 107–8; denaro,107,306 al marco,730 commune, consuls, 106; institutions, 106 Almeria (Andalusia, Spain), 252, 255 merchants, 140, 198 Almohads, 17, 260, 301, 740, 741; coinage and/or mints, minting rights, 106, 107 half-dirham, 741 territory,106 Almoravids, 740 Albenga (Liguria), 94 al pezzo,730 Albert I of Habsburg, king of Germany,3 Alphonse, count of Poitiers, 201 Albert I, count of Gorizia, 563, 583, 585, 586–7; see also Alpignano (Piedmont), 210 Albert II, count of Tyrol Alpine passes, 9, 94, 243, 335, 627; Brenner, 580, 618; Great St Albert II, count of Gorizia, 587 Bernard, 93, 158, 190; Little St Bernard, 158, Albert III, count of Gorizia, 583, 588–9, 613 190; Mont Cenis, 93; Mont Genèvre, 93, 224; Albert, count of Norital (or Ortenburg), 618 San Bernardino, 537; Simplon, 190, 191, 247 Albert I, count of Tyrol, 618 Alps, 65, 67, 68, 79, 86, 93, 199, 224, 291, 306, 358, 551, 567, Albert II, count of Tyrol, 563, 585, 587, 621, 622; see also 580, 582, 653; Cottian, 94; Eastern, 15, 583, 618, Albert I, count of Gorizia 639, 650, 653; Italian, 581; Maritime, 249; Albert III of Habsburg, count of Tyrol, 618, 619, 620, Western, 93, 243 625 Altinum (Quarto d’Altino, Veneto),581, 714 Alberti, Leon Battista, artist and scholar, 390 Amadeo, Giovanni Antonio, architect and sculptor, 6 Alberto I, marquis of Incisa, 155 Amali (Campania), coinage and/or mint, 747 Alberto II (Albertinus), marquis of Incisa, 155 Amasea (Amasya, Turkey), Sibylline temple, 716 Alberto III (di Enrico), marquis of Incisa, 156 Ambrogio da Clivate, engraver, 29, 497 Alberto I, marquis of Ponzone, 222 Ambrogio da Como, mint-master, 356 Alberto Malaspina, marquis, 252 Ambrose, saint, archbishop and patron of Milan, 82, 83, 84, Alberto de’ Fieschi, count of Lavagna, 152 87, 133, 184, 330, 332, 352, 357, 358, 370, 413, Alberto of Savoy,390 424, 427, 442, 444, 445, 449, 450, 452, 453, 455, Alençon, coat of arms, 705 460, 461, 462, 476, 477, 486, 488, 497, 498, 508, Aleramici, house, 95, 96, 98, 106, 146, 163, 170, 197, 220, 225, 516, 527, 710, 712, 730, 736 227, 302 ambrosino, coin type, 730; see also Milan, coinage and/or mint, Aleramo (I), count and marquis, 94–5, 96, 162, 220, 225 passim Aleramo (II), marquis of Ponzone, 95, 96, 220 Amedeo I, count of Savoy,205 Alessandria (Piedmont), 97, 101, 107, 108–11, 112, 138, 162, Amedeo II, count of Savoy,205 163, 192, 198, 220, 234, 239, 247, 284, 518, 712, Amedeo III, count of Savoy,205, 303 715; renamed Cesarea, 109 Amedeo IV,count of Savoy,206 bishops, 108 Amedeo V,count of Savoy,120, 159, 206, 209, 242 coinage and/or mint, 99, 109, 139 Amedeo VI, count of Savoy,97, 173, 175, 199, 206, 207, denaro imperiale,110;denaro mezzano,110,111,142; 212–13, 216 denaro piccolo, 110, 111, 78; grosso minore,110 Amedeo VII, count of Savoy,213, 214, 215 diocese, 101, 108 Amedeo VIII, count and duke of Savoy,161, 164, 175, 206, foundation, 108 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 228, 242, 245 minting rights, 109 Amedeo, prince of Savoy-Achaia, 206, 212–17, 220 statutes, 110 Amelia (Umbria), 713 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 Ampollario, Nicola, of Pavia, mint-master in Vercelli, 246 Alexander III, pope, 37, 54, 101, 108, 417, 629 Analectus II, anti-pope, 33 Alexandria (Egypt), 628, 631, 714, 715, 716 Ancona (Marches), 714 Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor, 63, 628, 741, 744; Andechs-Meran, counts, 580, 581 chrysobull to Venice (1184), 63 Andrea of Anjou, duke of Calabria, 199 Alexius III Angelus, Byzantine emperor, 629 Andrew,saint, 389 Alexius, pretender to the Byzantine Empire, 629 Andriolo de’ Toscani,mint contractor in Verona, 665

1092 General index

Andronicus II Paleologus (Andronikos II Palaiologos), coinage and/or mint, 13, 20, 26, 54, 557, 559, 564–80, 584, Byzantine emp., 163, 225 588, 614, 615, 616, 617, 648, 726, 727, 730, 737, Angelo da Chivasso or Blessed Angelo (Carletti), humanist 740, 746 scholar, 715 denaro,556,557,558,559,566,577,614,615,648,828–42, Angera, count and/or county,alluding to the supposed royal 845–9, 852–4, 856–65, 868, 870–87;asgrosso origins of the Visconti, 477, 488 denomination, 568; Friesacher type, 567–8, 569, Angevins, see Anjou and/or Angevin, house 571; Eriacensis type of Friesacher denaro, 569–70, Angiolieri, Cecco, Sienese poet, 731 571; denaro aquilegense (agleier), 571; double- Anjou and/or Angevin, house, 95–7, 107, 108, 138, 192, 198, denaro,577;(denaro) piccolo, 568, 573–4, 575, 576, 199, 204, 235 577, 578, 579, 586, 594, 843–4, 850–1, 855, 866, Annales Brixiensis,348 888;half-denaro, 576, 577, 869; grosso da 2 Annales Parmenses maiores,352 denari, 867 Annales Placentini,78 mark, monetary weight, 567 Annali genovesi, 266 minting rights, 33, 391, 554, 563, 566 Anne d’Alençon, French noblewoman, 183, 185 monetary area, 24 Annunciation (25 March), 714 monetary system, 565, 566, 568 Ansa, queen of the Lombards, 345 renovatio monetae, 571, 572, 574, 575, 614; (1277), 587; Anselm the Younger of Lucca, patron of Mantua, 710 (1281), 574; (1363), 577; (1399), 590 Anselmo, bishop of Asti, 112 aquilino,cointype,14,596,730 Anselmo(I),marquis,95,96,106 Arabs, 1, 30, 94, 97, 98, 106, 205, 226, 234, 244, 249, 252, 302, Anselmo, marquis of Albenga, Ceva and Clavesana, 95, 96, 449 146 Aragon and/or Aragonese, kingdom, 198, 250, 287, 308 Anselmo, marquis of Bosco, 220 Archelaus, martyr, 713 Antioch (near Antakya, Turkey), 2, 715 Archimedes, ancient Greek mathematician and physicist, 723 anti-popes, 150 Arduin, marquis of Ivrea and claimant to kingdom of Italy, Antonello Grifo di Pietro, called Antonello della Moneta, 651 32, 34, 37, 40, 42–3, 52, 53, 69, 158, 191, 241, Antonino della Porta, mint-master and/or moneyer in 244, 711; coinage, 42, 52–3, 25; coronation, Cuneo, 199 royal (1002), 32, 52 Antonio I Gaetani, patriarch of Aquileia, 579 Arduinici, house, 302 Antonio II Panciera, patriarch of Aquileia, 579 Arduino, bishop of Turin and count of Valperga, 205, 241, 242 Antonio (di Giacomo) del Carretto, 303 Arduino il Glabro, marquis of Turin, 205 Antonio da Noli, traveller, 7 Arezzo (Tuscany), 711; bishop, 711; coinage, 20 Antonio de’ Fieschi di Torriglia, 150 argent-le-roi (silver standard of ineness), 730 Antonio, Giovanni, of Borgo d’Asti, mint-master in Casale Argyropoulos, Janos, Greek scholar, 7 Monferrato, 184 Arialdo, Milanese cleric and church reformer, 48 Antony,saint, patron of Padua, 241, 593, 605, 710 Ariberto da Intimiano, archbishop of Milan, 32, 43 anvil die, ixed bottom or lower die, 730, 735, 742, 744, 747 Aribonen of Bavaria, 582 Anzio (Lazio), 286, 632 Arles (Provence, France), 93, 205; kingdom, 11, 98; coinage Aosta (Valle d’Aosta or Val d’Aosta), 93, 100, 206; valley,158 and/or mints, 656 Apennines, mountains, 101; Ligurian, 5, 139, 149, 249, 275, Arlongo de’ Visgoni, bishop of Trieste, 616–17 301, 302, 325; passes, 224; Passo di Giovi, 284, Armenia (Cilicia, Asia Minor), 260, 711, 741, 748; coinage 301 and/or mints, double tram, 268; tram, 260 Apollonius, saint, bishop and patron of Brescia, 352, 355, 710 Arnaldo da Brescia, 346 L’Aquila (Abruzzo), 650 Arno (Tuscany), river and/or valley,249 Aquileia (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 5, 30, 36, 59, 345, 549, 552, Arnolfo, archbishop of Milan, 37 554, 562–80, 584, 615, 616, 627, 648, 710, 712; Arnolfo II, archbishop of Milan, 53, 54 patriarch and/or patriarchate, 36, 59, 553, 554, Ascoli (Marches), coinage, 20 571, 582, 583, 585, 586, 590, 613, 614, 615, 621, Asia Minor, 250; see also Antioch, Armenia, Constantinople, 628, 632, 633 Edessa, Ephesus aquila patriarchina (‘eagle of the patriarch’), symbol of assay,730; see also cupellation, speciic gravity, touchstone Aquileia and Friuli, 571 Assumption of the Virgin Mary (15 August), 714, 715 bishop, 712 Asti (Piedmont), 94, 97, 100, 106, 107, 108, 111, 138, 140, 141, Church, advocacy and/or advocate, 582, 584, 586, 587, 154, 155, 156, 162, 163, 164, 174, 180, 183, 190, 588–9, 590 197, 198, 199, 206, 222, 246, 275, 305, 307, 326, civic coat-of-arms, 705 435, 438, 448, 485, 712, 715, 716, 743

General index 1093

ancient origins, 112 trillina,134,135,137,190,511,108;half-trillina,134, bishop, 112, 197, 712 137, 105 coinage and/or mint, 12, 19, 26, 47, 74, 98, 99, 103, 110, units of account, denaro, 124; iorino or lorin, 124; 172, 200, 379, 537 grosso (also called ambrosino), 124; lira,230; communal, 113–19, 306, 330, 331, 425; classiication and quarto di grosso,124 chronology,118–19; exchange rates against commune, 112, 113; consuls, 112 Genoese coinage (1259-68), 116 counts, 112 casting counter or computing jetton, 120 factionalism, 113, 120 denaro, 99, 106, 108, 114–16, 117, 118–19, 120, 257, merchants and/or merchant-banking, 112, 120, 140, 198 303, 79–80, 82–3, 85–6; earliest references minting rights, 33, 99, 112, 113, 114, 121, 255, 328 (1143), 114; overstrikes, 115, 743; standard, 114, monetary area (with Savoy), 24 115,116,117;obolo (half-denaro), 105, 115, 116, monetary system (with Savoy), 167, 184, 230 117, 118–19, 142, 143, 210, 223, 84 territory,113 debasement and/or devaluation, 116 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 grosso, 522; grosso (maggiore), half-grosso tornese or Atlantic Ocean, 634 double-grosso minore, 119, 120, 88; grosso Attendolo, Muzio, called Sforza, father of Francesco I Sforza, (minore), 116, 117, 118–19, 120, 81;standard,116, 482 117; grosso tornese, 99, 100, 117–19, 120, 143, 144, Attila the Hun, 562, 627, 714 168, 202, 748, 87;standard,119 Augsburg (Bavaria, Germany), 30 seigniorial, fourteenth century,121, 122–3, 174, 175, augustale or augustalis, gold coin and coin type, 18, 26, 82–3, 332; classiication and chronology,123 339, 363, 364, 424, 622, 730, 738, 743; lorin, 100, 123 half-augustale, 731; portrait type, 79, 338 forte bianco (denaro forte), 122, 123, 174, 175, 89 Aupaldo, bishop of Novara, 191 grosso with crested helmet, 122 Aurelian, Roman emperor, 517 viennese,122 Austria, 565, 582, 583, 652; coat of arms, 705; duke and/or units of account, denaro, 124; quarto di grosso,120 duchy,564,599,611,613,632;coinageand/or seigniorial ifteenth century,124–37, 508, 509, 542, 545; mints, 555, 559; heller, 652; pfennig,652 classiication and chronology,127, 131, 136–7, Avars, 563 335 Averlino, Antonio, called Filarete, Florentine sculptor, 483 cavallotto, 133–4, 135, 136, 542, 99, 104 Avigliana (Piedmont), 175, 212; coinage and/or mint, forte denaro imperiale, 126–8, 129, 131, 133, 137, 195, 94 nero,215;grosso,214;grosso tornese,214; ducat (gold), 128, 129, 131, 132, 135, 136; double half-grosso,216;scudo (gold), 214 ducat, 130, 131, 134, 136 Avignon (Provence, France), 3, 150, 170, 204, 209, 441, 631 forte and/or forte bianco, 124, 125, 127, 130, 131, 134, coinage and/or mint, 204; see also Pont-de-Sorgues 135, 137, 196 popes and/or papacy,147, 170 grosso, 124, 125, 127, 133, 135, 136, 93, 106–7; grosso Azzo VIII d’Este, lord of Modena, 144, 433 dozzeno,133,136;grosso minore, 127; grosso tornese, 124, 127, 90 bagattino (denaro piccolo), 647, 731 grosso bianco (parpagliola), 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, Bahamas, 7 133, 136, 743, 95, 100–1; mezzo bianco Bailardino di Nogarole, podestà of Vicenza, 666 (half-parpagliola), 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 133, Balduin, king of Jerusalem, 163 137 Balkans, 11, 613, 633, 645 grossone (lightweight testone), 130, 131, 134, 136 Baltic, region, 68 mint ordinances, July 1498; August 1499, 133–4; band of cloth, knotted, 476, 477, 717; see also impresa June 1508, 134, 136, 137 banking and inance, 4–5 monetary system, 124, 542; mixed character, 124, Baradello (Lombardy), castello, 75, 77, 84, 359, 360, 361 125, 130 Barbarigo, Agostino, doge of Venice, 356, 613, 724 piedfort,130,131,135,136 Barbavara, Francesco, 437 quarto do grosso, 124, 125, 126, 127, 131, 91–2, 96–7 Barcelona (Spain), 249; treaty (1529), 7, 8 scudo d’oro, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128–9, 131, 132, 136; Bardi, Florentine merchant-banking company,5 double scudo, 132; multiple, 132, 136 Barge (Piedmont), 224, 247 sesino, 126, 127, 131, 133, 137, 196; soldino,130,131, Bari (Apulia), 628 132, 134, 137, 196, 102–3; soldo, 135 Baronino, Evandro, notary of Montferrat, 222 testone, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136, 98;half-testone,130, Bartolomeo di Pietra Caprina, mint-master in Savona, 310, 131, 195 312

1094 General index

Basel (Switzerland), coinage and/or mint, goldgulden,541; Bergamo (Lombardy), 2, 5, 79, 88, 94, 193, 236, 246, 326, 330, plappart, 153; Historisches Museum, collection, 345, 346, 370, 415, 423, 434, 438, 473, 552, 633, 202, 223, 497 649 Basilla, saint, 715 bishop, 59, 328, 336, 338, 553 Bassianus or Bassian, saint, patron of Lodi, 710 coinage and/or mint, 20, 79, 81, 89, 329, 330, 331, 336–45, Bassano del Grappa (Veneto),550, 633 348, 364, 379, 421, 425, 521; classiication and Bastardino of Montferrat, podestà of Tortona, 235 chronology,343; imperial character, 338; mint Batroun (Syria), 639 closure, 342, 345 Bavaria (Germany) and/or Bavarians, 68, 596, 618, 622, 652; denaro, 330, 339, 364; denaro imperiale, 352, 423, 425; dukesand/orduchy,3,35,51,549,550,555, piano, 330, 339, 340, 405–24; scodellato, 339, 340, 607, 618; coinage and/or mints, heller, 652; 421, 746, 404; denaro mezzano or half-denaro, pfennig,652 339, 340, 342, 741, 425–6 Beatrice d’Este, wife of Ludovico Maria Sforza, 504 grosso, 339, 341, 342, 364; da 4 denari imperiali, 339, 340, Beatrice di Tenda, wife and widow of Facino Cane, then 341, 397–403; da 6 denari imperiali, 339, 340, 363, wife of Filippo Maria Visconti, 438, 472 394–6; da 9 denari imperiali (ambrosino), 340, 364 Beccaria, family of Pavia, 435, 472, 518 commune, 338; communal consuls, 336 Belbo (Piedmont), torrente,155 minting rights, 74, 328, 337, 338 Belcastro (Calabria), 537 mint output, 339, 341–2 Belengario, Giacomo, mint-master and/or moneyer in monetary system, 342 Cuneo, 199 statutes, 338, 342 Bellingeri, Oddone, bishop of Acqui, 102, 104, 106, 433, submission to Venice, 345 441 weights and measures, 720; monetary weights, 722 Bellini, Gentile, painter, 5 Bern (Switzerland), 182; coinage and/or mint, rollabasso,182 Bellini, Giovanni, painter, 5 Bernardo, bishop of Padua, 594 Bellini, Jacopo, painter, 5 Bernardo, bishop of Vado, 302 Bellinus, saint, bishop of Padua and patron of Rovigo-Adria, Berthold von Meranien, patriarch of Aquileia, 563, 572, 711 616 Bellinzona (Ticino, Switzerland), 154, 335–6, 365, 369, 435, Bertrando di San Genesio, patriarch of Aquileia, 576–7, 578 438, 538; coinage and/or mint, 335–6, 508, 510, besante saracentao,746 511; bissolo,336;cavallotto,335;denaro,335,336; Besson, Claude, of Lyon, mint-master, 184, 189 testone,336;trillina,335,336,511;mintingrights, Bessus and Besse, saints, patrons of Ivrea, 160, 711 335 bez or bezzo,652 Belliotto de’ Rabufati (or Drobossatis) of Florence, bezant, 731, 740, 741; bezant (of miliaresi), unit of account, 16, mint-master in Trento and Meran, 610, 622 260,261,731,741;Byzantinegoldcoin, Belluno (Veneto),551, 552, 599, 633, 654 hyperpyron or perpero, 261, 731, 740, 742; solidus Bembo, Bonifacio, painter, 29, 490 or nomisma,731,742 Bembo, Pietro, poet and cardinal, 6, 195 Bianca Lancia di Agliana, 107, 138 Benedetti, Alessandro, physician, 195 Bianchi, Otto, bishop of Acqui, 104 Benedict VIII, pope, 32, 158, 244, 249 Biandrate, counts, 158, 159, 191, 192 Benedict XII, pope, 86, 443 Bible, New Testament,Book of Revelation, 713; Epistles of Benedict XIV,pope, 564 John, 713; Gospel of John, 713; Gospel of Benentende di Pozollo, 199 Mark, 714 Benevento (Campania), battle (1266), 373 Biella (Piedmont), 93, 149, 150, 248 Benvenuti, Giovanni, of Florence, mint-master in Ivrea, billon, 731, 742; black billon, 731 161 bissolo, coin type, 731; see also Milan, coinage and/or mint Benvenuto di San Giorgio, chronicler, 166, 169 bite or clamp, of a harness, 717; see also impresa Benzoni, family,371, 438; coat of arms, 705; Bartolomeo, 371; Black Death (1348), 4–5, 15, 245, 285, 552, 632, 645; see also Giorgio, lord of Crema, 333, 371, 372; Paolo, plague 371 Black Sea, 250, 253, 631; region, 291, 733 Berengar I, emperor, 372, 391, 611 Blaise, saint, patron of Musso, 544, 711 Berengar II, king of Italy,30, 35, 39, 94, 158, 205, 252, 302; blanching, 731, 748 coinage, 51, 53, 66 blank, 731, 736, 742; see also lan Berengario of Busca, 138 Blois (Centre-Val de Loire, France), treaty (1504), 485 Berengario, Raimondo, see Raimondo Berengario of Andria Bobbio (Emilia-Romagna), 247, 435

General index 1095

Boccanegra, family,of Genoa, Giovanni, 307; Guglielmo, Brambilla, Camilla, numismatist, 38–9 capitano del popolo, 253, 282, 433; Iacopo, 282; Brenta, river and/or valley,607 Losidio, 307; Simone, doge of Genoa, 150, 253, Brentelle (Veneto),battle (1386), 654 273, 275, 277, 282–3, 284, 287, 288, 289–90, Brescello (Emilia-Romagna), battle (1427), 438 291, 747 Brescia (Lombardy), 5, 6, 23, 88, 193, 236, 246, 326, 333, 336, Bohemia, 88, 298; two-tailed lion, emblem, 396; coinage 337,345,370,371,415,434,437,438,465,473, and/or mints, 555; kings, 624 550, 551, 552, 553, 633, 649, 653, 654, 710, 712 Bohemond VII, count of Tripoli, 271 bishop, 345, 346, 710 Bohemond (d’Hauteville), brother of Robert Guiscard, 628 cathedral, 347 Bologna (Emilia-Romagna), 436, 437, 445, 448; coinage Cenomani, pre-Roman inhabitants of Brescia, 345 and/or mint, 77, 89, 105, 312, 329, 330, 435, 445, coinage and/or mint, communal, 18, 27, 259, 329, 330, 331, 731; bianco, 154; denaro,445;denaro bolognino, 333, 346, 347, 348, 376, 521; chronology and 731; grosso,445;grosso bolognino,330,731;lira of classiication, 350, 353; mint location, 347 account, 606; monetary system, 445 denaro, 348, 376; denaro imperiale, 349, 351, 375; denaro bolognino, coin type, 372, 396, 731; imitations, 731 imperiale piano, 352, 354, 435; denaro mezzano, bolzonaglia,731,732 329, 349, 351, 352, 354, 375, 377; denaro mezzano Bona di Borbone, countess of Savoy,161 scodellato, 348, 351, 741, 427–30, 432;half-denaro Bona of Savoy,wife and widow of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, or obolo, 352, 436–9; scodellato, 348, 351, 352, mother and regent of Gian Galeazzo Maria 746, 433 Sforza, 309, 484, 501–2 grosso, 348, 522; grosso (Venetian-style),351, 352, 354, Bonacolsi, family,of Mantua, 392–3, 433, 441–2; coat of arms, 425, 434; grosso da 6 denari imperiali (grosso 393, 394, 705; Bardellone, 390; Guido, 389; maggiore), 348, 349, 351, 431; grosso da 4 denari Pinamonte, 390; Rinaldo, called ‘Passerino’, imperiale (grosso minore), 349 390 coinage and/or mint, seigniorial, under Pandolfo Boniface IX, pope, 150 Malatesta, 346; mint location, 347; transfer to Boniface I, king of Thessalonica, 163 Fano, 356 Bonifacio of Valperga,bishop of Aosta, 242 denaro,355,443; grosso da 26 denari, 354, 355, 440–1; Bonifacio, marquis of Canossa, 517 half-grosso, 347, 354, 355; quattrino, 355, 370, 385, Bonifacio, marquis of Ceva, 147 442; sesino,355,385 Bonifacio, marquis of Clavesana, 146 image of male head as pictorial representation of the Bonifacio, marquis of Cortemilia, 96, 139 lord’s name, Pandolfo Malatesta (Eng. ‘bad Bonifacio, marquis of Incisa, 95, 96, 155 head’), 355, 380 Bonifacio II, marquis of Montferrat, 167 petty coinage, 355 Bonifacio III Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 182, 183 commune, 345, 346, 347; consuls, 345 Bonifacio IV Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 183, 190 county,345 Bonifacio, marquis of Vasto and Savona, 95, 96, 106, 138, 139, Milanese rule, 356 146, 155, 224, 302 minting rights, 193, 347 Bonifacio of Ponzone, 222 monetary reform (1257), 351 Borgo San Donnino (modern Fidenza, Emilia-Romagna), monetary system, 354 434 moneychangers, 347 Bormida (Piedmont), river and/or valley,94, 101, 108; di Museo Civico (Santa Giulia), collection, 232, 372 Millesimo (eastern branch), 139, 140; di Spigno population, 4 (western branch), 139, 140, 222 San Salvatore and Santa Giulia, convent, 345, 348 Bormio (Lombardy), 362 Societas militum Brixie, 346; Societas sancti Faustini,346 Borromeo, family,192 statutes, 346, 349 Bosco (Piedmont), marquisate and/or marquises, 220 Venetian conquest (1426), 356 Bougie (Béjaïa, Algeria), 250, 641 weights and measures, 720; monetary weights, 722 Bozen (Bolzano, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 607; Peace, brescotano, 732, 745 608; territory,41 Breve Chronicon Mantuanum,392 Bracelli, Giacomo, Genoese government oicial and Brianza (Lombardy), 356 historian, 307 Brindisi (Apulia), 628; coinage and/or mint, 78, 82, 200 bracteate, 732 Briosco, Benedetto, artist, 6 Bramante, Donato, architect, 484 Bristol (England), 7 Bramanzoni, Rumfredo, Sienese banker, 301 British Museum, London, 62, 724

1096 General index

Brixen (Bressanone, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 563, 580; Cambrai (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France), bishops, 145; League bishops and/or bishoprics, 328, 580, 618, 619, (1508), 8, 634, 655; treaty (1529), 7, 8; war 620; coinage and/or mint, 580–1; pfennig,580, (1508–16), 581, 634, 655 581; minting rights, 328, 580 Camelio, see Gambello, Vittore Brskovo (medieval Serbia, modern Montenegro), 732; Camino, counts, 581 coinage and/or mint, 732; Venetian-style grossi, Camisano-Crema, counts, 370 732, 745 Camonica (Lombardy), valley,438 Bruno of Eguisheim-Dagsburg, see Leo IV,pope Campania, 596 Brusati, family,of Novara, 192 Campofregoso (or Fregoso), family,of Genoa, 294, 296, 297, bruscolo,732 301, 308, 313, 316, 317, 322; coat of arms, 315, brush, 489, 717; see also impresa 316, 317, 319, 706; Bartolomea di, mother of Buco di Viso, Renaissance tunnel, Cottian Alps, 226 Battista (II) di, ‘lord’ of Savona, 309; Battista (I) Bugatto, Zanetto, painter, 29, 496 di, doge of Genoa, podestà of Savona, 294, 308; Bugia, Rafaelo, mint-master in Savona, 317 Battista(II)di,dogeofGenoa,296,297,309; Bulgaria, counts and/or county,190 Bernardina, wife of Battista (II), ‘lord’ of bullion (Ital. buglione), 622, 731, 732 Savona, 309; Domenico di, doge of Genoa, bullion famine, 19, 126, 181, 182, 183, 439, 487, 496, 646, 290; Fregosino di, lord of Savona, 309; Gian 650 Galeazzo di, governor of Savona, 308, 319, 320; Buonarroti, Michelangelo, painter and sculptor, Pietà,715 Giano (I) di, 295, 317; Giano (II) di, doge of Buonconvento (Tuscany), 3, 159 Genoa, 300; Giano di, lord of Savona, 324; Burchard of Ursberg, chronicler, 66 Giovanni di, capitano del popolo of Savona, 308; Burgundy,kingdom, 2, 11 Guido Fregoso, 324; Ludovico di, 295, 296; burning torches with buckets, 454, 455, 526, 717; see also Ottaviano di, doge of Genoa, 300; Paolo di, impresa cardinal, archbishop and doge of Genoa, Busca, Bertino, of Milan, mint-master in Ivrea, 161 296–8, 309; Pietro di, 295–6, 308, 318; Spinetta Busca (Piedmont), 97, 111, 137–9; marquises, 95, 111, 138, di, doge of Genoa, governor of Savona, 296, 225 308, 313, 315; Tommaso di, doge of Genoa, 292, business methods, 4 293, 294, 308, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320 bussola or bussolotto,cointype,14,732 Canary Islands, 7 Bussone, Francesco, ‘count of Carmagnola’, condottiero Canavese (Piedmont), 158, 159, 241, 244; counts, 241; plain, (mercenary),226,293,438,472 241; statutes, 242 Buzzaccarini, Busio or Bugio, podestà of Treviso, 613; Duccio, Candia (Venetian Crete), 630, 632, 645 podestà of Treviso, 22 Candiano, Pietro II, doge of Venice, 628 Byzantine Empire and/or Byzantines, 7, 20, 163, 253, 284, Cane, Bonifacio, called Facino Cane, 192, 240, 356, 438, 440, 565, 627, 628, 631; emperor, 629; coinage 472, 712 and/or mints, 12, 26, 638, 639; debasement, Canossa (Emilia-Romagna), 1, 33; counts and/or family,23, 639; gold coinage, 740; hyperpyron, 640; solidus 345, 370, 389; see also Matilde, countess of or nomisma, 731, 735, 742, 744, 747; electrum Canossa aspron trachy,638;stavraton,744;tetarteron, 640, Cantù (Lombardy), 333, 356–7; Galliano (Basilica di San 642, 745; duke, 627; Latin Empire of the East, Vincenzo, Battistero di San Giovanni Battista), 630, 641; monetary system, 16, 554 356; Milanese exiles, 356; coinage and/or mint, Byzantium, see Byzantine Empire and Constantinople 356–7, 468, 472; denaro bissolo,357 Capo Colonna (Calabria), 31 Caboto, Giovanni (John Cabot), explorer, 7 Capodivacca, family,of Padua, Cadamosto, Alvise, traveller and author, 7 Capua (Campania), 227 caesar, signiicance of title, 40, 42 carat, 732, 746 Caetani, coat of arms, Caravaggio (Lombardy), 434 Cafa (Feodosia, Crimea), 250, 286, 632 Caresana (Piedmont), 244 Cafaro (da) Caschifellone, 256 Caribbean, 7 Cafaro, Guglielmo, Genoese chronicler, 46, 255 Carinthia (Austria), 565, 567, 570, 571, 583, 584, 585, 587, 656; cagnolo, coin type, 732 dukes and/or duchy,35, 36, 52, 549, 551, 555, Caire, Pietro, numismatist, 194 556, 563, 565, 607, 619, 726 Cairo (Liguria), 140 carlino,732;carlino d’argento,732,737;carlino d’oro,732 Calixtus III, pope, 7 Carlo I, bishop of Turin, 205 Caltabellotta (Sicily), Peace (1302), 198 CarloI,dukeofSavoy,226

General index 1097

Carlo Dominico, brother of Marquis Ludovico II of Saluzzo, parpagliola, 186, 190, 743, 162;half-parpagliola, 185, 187, 226 188, 190, 163–4 Carmagnola (Piedmont), 146, 224, 226 quarto di grosso, 185, 188; half-quarto,189 coinage and/or mint (of the marquises of Saluzzo), 133, quattrino or trillina, 181, 183 154, 227, 229, 230–4, 336, 545; cavallotto,231, rollabasso, 183, 185, 189 234, 194; cornuto or cornabò, 154, 231, 234; scudo d’oro, 154, 186, 188, 189, 147 double ducat (gold), 230; ducat (gold), 230, sesino, 181, 182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 137–8 193; forte,231,232–3,197–8; grosso da 12 soldi soldo, 187, 188 (silver), 230, 231; grosso (billon), 231–2; testone, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 148–9;medalor presentation coins, gold, 233; silver (tallero), proof for testone, 150;half-testone, 188 234; trial pieces, 234; rolabasso, 231; scudo (gold), trillina, 182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189, 145–6, 155, 158 234; soldino,231,232,234,195–6; testone,230–1, weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 234 Casalgrasso (Piedmont), 224 Carniola (Krain, Slovenia), 563, 564 Casanova (Piedmont), 146, 224; Cistercian monastery,146; Carolingians, 21, 246, 327, 358, 514, 565, 610, 739; coinage minting rights, 146 and/or mints, 389; empire, 30, 611; monetary Castagnaro (Veneto),battle (1387), 654 system, 260, 327; weights and measures, 260, Castel d’Ario (Lombardy), 390 327 Castelleone (Lombardy), 333, 357, 373, 384; battle (1213), 373; Carpi (Emilia-Romagna), 390 coinage and/or mint, 333, 357, 386; denaro Carpophorus, saint, patron of Mesocco, 538, 545, 711 imperiale, 358; minting rights, 358 Carrara or Carrarese, dynasty,of Padua, see Da Carrara Castellino (Piedmont), 148 carrarese, coin type, 733 Castiglione, Baldassare, diplomat and author, 6 carrarino, coin type, 733 Castile (Spain), 206 carrettino, 99, 142, 161, 167, 248, 306, 733 Castraccani, Castruccio, lord of Lucca, 241 (Del) Carretto, 139; marquises, 99, 139–46, 167, 170, 305, 306, Catalonia and/or Catalans, shipping, 284 331, 733, 740; genealogy,140; see also Francesco Cateau-Cambrésis (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France), treaty I del Carretto, bishop of Alba; Giacomo del (1559), 7, 8 Carretto, marquis of Savona; Manfredo I, Caterina de’ Fieschi, saint, 150 marquis of Carretto; Manfredo II Caterina of Savoy-Achaia, 206 (Manfredino), marquis of Carretto; Otto I of Cavalcabò, family,of Cremona, 373; Carlo, 373, 384; Ugolino, Carretto, marquis of Savona; Otto III, marquis 373 of Carretto; coinage and/or mint, see cavallotto, coin type, 733 Cortemilia, coinage and/or mint Cavarzere (Veneto),627 Carrière, Durand, of Avignon, mint-master in Turin, Cavriana (Lombardy), Peace (1441), 438; see also coin inds, 209 hoards Carthage and/or Carthaginians, 301, 302 Celestine I, pope and saint, patron of Mantua, 711 Casale Monferrato or Casale San Evasio (Piedmont), 138, Ceneda (Veneto),599 163, 164, 166, 169, 176, 177, 181–7, 712 Ceno (Piedmont), torrente,247 coinage and/or mint (of the marquises of Montferrat, Cephalonia (Greece), 633 from 1435), 98, 100, 133, 164, 166, 180, 181–7, Cervo (Piedmont), torrente, 243 336, 545; classiication and chronology,183, cesaglia,733 186–7 Cesarea, see Alessandria bianchetto,185,189 Ceuta (Spanish North Africa), 250 cavallotto, 184, 185, 186, 189, 144, 157 Ceva (Piedmont), 146–9; ancient origins, 146; coat of arms, cornuto or cornabò, 186, 189, 160 706 denaro,185,187,188,190,156; denaro imperiale, 181, 182, coinage and/or mint, 147–9 183, 139–43 Guglielmo and Bonifacio, 147, 148; grosso, 147, 148; ducat (gold), 182, 183; doppia or double ducat (gold), half-grosso,147 184, 186, 187, 188, 189; quadrupla or Guglielmo alone, 147–9; denaro, 147, 148, 111; denaro quadruple-ducat, 186, 189; medal or proof for forte (quarto di grosso), 147, 148; lorin (gold), quadrupla, 159 100, 123, 147–8; grosso, 147, 148; half-grosso,147, lorin (gold), 181, 182 148, 110 forte bianco,185 marquises, 95, 146–9 grosso, 182, 183, 186, 188, 189, 151–4, 161; grosso bianco, Cevetta (Piedmont), torrente,146 181, 183; half-grosso or soldino, 181, 183, 136 Chalouphes, Byzantine ambassador to Venice, 636

1098 General index

Chambéry (Rhône-Alpes, France), 93; coinage and/or mint, grosso, 168, 170, 172; grosso bianco, 172, 173, 175, 177, 179, quarter-grosso,218 123; grosso matapan, 144, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, Champagne (Champagne-Ardennes, France), 263, 435, 448 222, 121; grosso tornese, 117, 168–9, 170, 172, counts, 629, 744; fairs, 4, 93 202, 748; grosso with St Peter, 172, 173, 175; Charlemagne, emp., 12, 23, 30, 36, 112, 205, 234, 249, 302, 336, half-grosso, 174–5, 177–8, 179, 131–2; quarto di 338, 347, 389, 517, 563, 611, 627, 644, 747 grosso, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 124–5, 129, 133 Charles III the Fat, emp., 112 Christ, coin type, enthroned, 26, 638; in elliptical aureole Charles IV of Luxembourg, emp., 4, 101, 106, 152, 155, 156, (loating), 27; resurrection, 645 208, 211, 307, 308, 309, 312, 313, 435, 523, 597; Chronicon Parmense,88 coronation, imperial (1355), 4 Chronicon Placentinum,306 CharlesVofHabsburg,emp.,8,153,335,485,514 Chur/Coira (Switzerland), 94, 421; coinage and/or mint, 416 Charles IV,king of France, 204, 214 Church of Rome, 608; church reform, 710 Charles V,king of France, 737 Cigoi, Luigi, collector and forger, 85, 372, 387 Charles VI, king of France, 278, 282, 288, 290, 291, 292, 307, Cittanova, 627; see also Heraclea 308, 314, 315, 320, 736 Cividale (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 553, 563, 578, 586, 636; Charles VII, king of France, 250, 282, 287, 295–6, 320–1, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, 636 483 clasped hands, 717; see also impresa Charles VIII, king of France, 7, 125, 192, 226, 228, 242, 308, class, 733, 749 309, 390, 407, 408, 484, 537 Clement II, pope, 32 Charles II the Bad, king of Navarre, as count of Évreux, 145 Clement III, anti-pope, 1, 33 Charles I of Anjou, count of Provence and king of Naples, Clement V,pope, 3, 79, 643 79, 83, 93, 97, 102, 107, 109, 113, 138, 159, 197, Clement VI, pope, 4, 435 198, 199, 200, 201–2, 203, 206, 229, 235, 346, Clermont (Auvergne, France), council (1095), 1 731, 732; coinage, south Italian, denaro,200; Clot, Johann, engraver, 233 reale d’oro, 83, 731; tarì d’oro, 202 Clovis, Merovingian king of the Franks, 714 Charles II of Anjou, count of Provence and king of Naples, Cnut the Great, king of England and Denmark, 43 93, 97, 117, 198, 200, 229, 732, 737 Codogno (Lombardy), 539 Charles of Valois,duke of Orléans, see Orléans, dynasty, coin circulation, 22–4 Charles of Valois,duke coin denominations, 14 Chartres (France), 537 coin inds, 22, 100, 306; Italy,747; northern Italy,553; Friuli, chemical analysis, method of assay,723, 725 392, 555; Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, 392, Chevalier errant, Le (The knight-errant), 226 555; Veneto, 392; greater Veneto, 548; northern Chiarenza (Glarentza, Γλαρέντζα, Greece), 145; coinage Europe, 553 and/or mint, 208, 210; denier tournois,210 hoards, 34, 159–60, 202, 291, 331; North Italy,237; Liguria, Chiavenna (Lombardy), 358, 360, 370, 386 251;Lombardy,100,329 Chieri (Piedmont), 155 Airolo (Switzerland), church of Santi Nazario e Celso, China, 253 181, 477, 691 Chioggia (Veneto),7, 286, 632; War (1379–81), 207, 286, 598, Ancona (Marches), cathedral of San Ciriaco, tomb of 601, 632, 646, 647 SS Cyriacus and Marcellinus, 62, 688 Chios (Χίος, Greece), 250, 286 Bassano (Veneto),668 Chisone (Piedmont), valley,224 Benevento (Campania), 596, 688 Chivasso (Piedmont), 163, 164, 166, 714 Biella (Piedmont), 246, 668 church of Santa Maria Assunta, 715 Bolca (Veneto),668 coinage and/or mint (of the marquises of Monteferrat, to Bovolone (Veneto),669 1418), 18, 19, 99, 100, 110, 164, 166, 180–1, 225, Brae¸˘ sti (Romania), 691 227, 331, 740; classiication and chronology, Bregenz (Austria), 691 172, 175, 176, 179 Brez (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 669 denaro imperiale, 166, 167–8, 171, 172, 174, 426, 120, 122; Cameri (Piedmont), 360, 369, 669 denaro mezzano, 142, 167, 173; iliete or sigleta, Carige parcel see north Italy 123, 176, 178, 179, 130, 134–5; forte or forte Carribollo di Marostica (Veneto), 669 bianco, 122, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, Casaleone (Veneto),338, 339, 377, 657, 672 128; obolo bianco, 172, 173, 175, 126–7 Casargo (Lombardy), 240, 241, 672 lorin (gold), 100, 168, 169–70, 172, 178; scudo (gold), Castiglione Olona (Lombardy), 360, 365, 369, 374, 440, 178, 179 442, 445, 450, 672

General index 1099

Cavriana (Lombardy), 103, 142, 338, 360, 362, 364, 374, Milan (Lombardy), 194, 360, 677 375, 388, 416, 425, 672 Modena (Emilia-Romagna), tomb of St Geminianus, Cherasco hoard see north Italy 374, 375, 418, 419, 688 Chignolo Po (Lombardy), 672 Monfalcone (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 575, 659, 678 Chur (Switzerland), church of St Nikolai, 40, 691 Monselice (Veneto),678 Cisano Bergamasco (Lombardy), 263, 338, 341, 352, 354, Monza (Lombardy), duomo, 522, 678; Porta de’ Gradi, 360, 362, 416, 420, 421, 425, 519, 673 360, 363, 678 Collegno (Piedmont), 673 Mumbai/Bombay (India), 694 Como (Lombardy), via Perti, 368, 440, 673 Naturns (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 374, 375, 418, Como (Lombardy), via Garibaldi, 360, 674 419,580,679 Concorezzo (Lombardy), 81, 374, 426, 674 Negrar (Veneto),679 Constance (Germany), 691 Nibbiano (Emilia-Romagna), 338, 341, 374, 689 Costoza (Veneto),605, 674 Nice (France), 694 Cuneo (Piedmont), 306, 674 Nieder-Iuvalta (Switzerland), 375, 694 Daone (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 674 Niederried/Interlaken (Switzerland), 419, 695 Digoman (Veneto),675 Noceto-Gragnana (Tuscany), 475, 689 Duno Valcuvia (Lombardy), 58, 675 north Italy (I), 679; north Italy (II), 679; (III), ‘Cherasco Elsen parcel, 692 hoard’, 341, 416, 421, 672, 679; (IV), ‘Carige Esslingen (Germany), 246 parcel’, 263, 669, 679 Fécamp (France), 40, 692 Oberhofen-Rabenschwand (Austria), 695 Feltre (Veneto),60, 66–7, 68, 675; church of Ognissanti, Obrzycko (Poland), 40, 695 675 Ofanengo (Lombardy), 348, 419, 679 Finges/Phynwald (Switzerland), 692 Oos (Germany), 261, 695 France, Basses-Alpes, 692 Oschiri (Sardinia), 263, 271, 272, 274, 689 Gaimersheim/Ingolstadt (Germany), 692 Ostrovo (Croatia), 585, 695 Garlasco Lomellina (Lombardy), 117, 274, 360, 416, 426, Padria (Sardinia), 253, 263, 271, 274, 689 519, 522, 659, 675 Padua (Veneto) Polverara hoard, 144, 393, 560, 643, 680; Genoa (Liguria), Vallechiara,278, 676 (?) 70, 680; abbey of Santa Giustina, tomb of Gnoppitz Graben (Austria), 586, 693 St Luke, 680 Holsegård (Denmark), 69, 693 Paladru (France), 695 Inowrocław (Poland), 566, 693 Palermo (Sicily), 261, 689 Ivrea (Piedmont), 103, 104, 676 Paretz (Germany), 40, 696 Klosterneuberg (Austria), 144, 693 Parma (Emilia-Romagna), 375, 418, 419, 689 Kowale (Poland), 68, 693 Pattada (Sardinia), 117, 253, 263, 272, 274, 690 La Joux (France), 117, 693, 698 Pavia (Lombardy), church of San Giovanni Lana (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 105, 676 Domnarum, 47, 519, 520, 680; tomb of Lenno (Lombardy), 278, 676 St Syrus, 47, 680; viale Monte Grappa, 680 Lenz/Lantsch (Switzerland), 416, 418, 693 Perteole (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 572, 616, 680 Levantine hoard, 263, 271, 693, 698 Pfatten/Vadena (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 680 Ljubljana (Slovenia), 693 Pieve a Nievole (Tuscany), 44, 690 Lombardy (or Switzerland), 58 Piovene Rocchette (Veneto),354, 595, 681 Lonca di Codroipo (Friuli), 605, 676 Ponte di Brenta (Veneto),63, 65, 70, 71, 681, 726 ‘London parcel’, 693 Porrentruy/Pruntrut (Switzerland), 523, 530, 696 Lübeck (Germany), 44, 694 Prem (Slovenia), 144, 696 Lucca (Tuscany), ‘Galli Tassi’, 39, 688 Prizbórow (Poland), 696 Lurate Abbate (Lombardy), 223, 677 Puy-en-Velay,(Le) (France), 696 Maloja (Graubünden, Switzerland), 441, 450, 523, 526, Ragow (Germany), 68, 696 694 Reichenhall (Germany), 696 Marbach (Germany), 452, 523, 694 Rhäzüns/Razén (Switzerland), 467, 515, 696 Martignano (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 677 Rimini (Emilia-Romagna), 690 Martigues (France), 694 Romanengo (Lombardy), 426, 519, 681 Martis nell’Anglona (Sardinia), 115, 253, 259, 688 Rome, church of San Paolo fuori le Mura, 62, 690 Menaggio (Lombardy), 241, 677 Röthelstein (Austria), 589, 696 Metsaküla/Kelia (Estonia), 66, 694 Sachsenburg (Austria), 697

1100 General index

coin inds (cont.) Airolo (Ticino, Switzerland), 522, 699 Salerano sul Lambro (Lombardy), 348, 681 Cividale (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 686 Salter (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 388, 391, 681 Fiera di Primiero (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 597, Salurn/Salorno (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 681 686 Salvarosa (Veneto),681 Imola (Emilia-Romagna), 690 San Martino Siccomario (Lombardy), 115, 348, 375, 419, Mezzovico-Vira (Ticino, Switzerland), church of 421, 519, 522, 682 Sant’Abbondio, 82, 699 San Mauro (Romagna), 61 Pernumia (Veneto),686 Sarcedo (Veneto),71, 682 Prato di Pordenone (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 686 Savona (Liguria), 278, 682 Quinto (Ticino, Switzerland), church of San Martino Savorgnano del Torre (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 572, 682 in Deggio, 104, 699 Schongau (Germany), 144, 242, 243, 596, 697 Santo Stefano Belbo (Piedmont), 687 Serravalle (Veneto),682 Sonvico (Ticino, Switzerland), 368, 700 South-eastern Europe, ‘Ajello hoard’, 657, 668, 697 Truden/Trodena (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 687 South Italy,727 Vatican City,Confessione di San Pietro, 73, 555, 656, South Germany,40, 697 690 Stein bei Laibach (Austria), 697 Venzone (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 687 Stockholm (Sweden), 697 Verona (Veneto),Teatro romano, 659; Cortile del Syria, 697 Tribunale, 688; Capitolium, 688 Telve (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 658, 683 Vittoria (Sicily), 662, 690 Terzo d’Aquileia (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 571, 616, coin lists, 341, 724; Columbia (c. 1280), 237, 659; Pegolotti 683 (c. 1290, with later additions), 237, 238, 617, Thoisy-la-Berchère Chateau (France), 698 657; Datiniana (c.1300),236;Marciana (c.1305), Tremona (Ticino, Switzerland), 326, 374, 375, 416, 419, 236, 237, 238, 427, 732; Acciaiuoli (c. 1306), 238; 698 Lippo del Sega (c.1314),236,238;Pseudo- Trento (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 352, 374, 375, Chiarini (c.1380),311,314;Lombard, 657, 683 Trivulziana (1412/16), 177, 178, 333, 357, 369, Treubach (Austria), 589, 698 371–2,385,465,467,515,516,531;French Tübingen (Germany), 527, 698 (ifteenth cent.), 214, 217; Montferrat (1511), Turkey,south Anatolia, 580, 698 184, 185, 188, 189 Vaduz (Liechtenstein), 360, 369, 440, 450, 527, 698 coin shortage, 496 Vaulruz (Fribourg, Switzerland), 441, 523, 527, 698 coin weights, 733, 734 Velezzo Lomellina (Lombardy), nineteenth century, Colle della Traversette, Cottian Alps, 226 519, 683; 1981, 521, 683 Colleone, Bartolomeo, condottiero (mercenary), 235 Veneto, eastern, 683; unknown, 683; unknown, prob. Colli Euganei (Veneto), 550 1914–18, 683 Cologne (Westphalia, Germany), coinage and/or mint, 35, Venice (Veneto),church of San Giovanni in Bragora, 54; denar or pfennig, 161, 565, 566; mark, 520, tomb of San Giovanni Elemosinario, 684; 571, 720 church of Santa Maria del Rosario ai Gesuati, Colombo, Cristoforo (Christopher Columbus), explorer, 7, tomb of San Secondo, 684; Basilica di San 580 Marco, tomb of St Mark, 55, 62, 684 Colonna, Sciarra, senator of Rome, 4 Vercelli (Piedmont), 440, 684; territory,450, 684 Comacchio (Emilia-Romagna), 628 Verona (Veneto),cathedral of Santa Maria Matricolare, Comnenos, Manuel, Byzantine emperor, 629 tomb of Pope Lucius III, 559, 685; delle Como (Lombardy), 52, 75, 77, 79, 80, 84, 236, 246, 326, 333, Orsoline, 658, 685; Orto Botanico, 685 336, 356, 358, 360, 361, 373, 386, 387, 413, 434, Verrua Po (Lombardy), 115, 259, 374, 375, 675, 685 437, 438, 514, 518, 710, 711 Vicenza (Veneto),656, 685 Basilica dei Santi Apostoli, 710 Vigo di Cavedine (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 338, bishops, 335, 358, 360, 386 352, 364, 374, 378, 388, 657, 685 coat of arms, 368, 706 Villa Saviola (Lombardy), 360, 519, 522, 685 coinage and/or mint, 21, 22, 49, 79, 80, 81, 84, 237, 329, Zernez (Switzerland), 348, 360, 362, 364, 374, 375, 416, 331, 333, 338, 339, 340, 345, 348, 359, 360, 375, 419, 519, 521, 522, 698 379, 384, 522, 730 single-inds, 61, 554, 555, 558; northern Italy,553; early imperial and communal coinage, 89, 360–4; Switzerland, 428; Friuli, 558; South Tyrol, 558; classiication and chronology,366–7 Veneto, 553; g reater Veneto, 555 denaro (mezzano) scodellato, 361, 362, 363, 741, 448–50

General index 1101

grosso, 361, 362, 363, 364; grosso (maggiore) da 6 denari imperial (1027), 32, 43, 61, 69; royal (1026), 32, imperiali, 363, 364; grosso (minore) da 4 denari 43 imperiali, 363, 364, 445–7; grosso aquilino,85;as Conrad III (Conrad II in Italy), emp., 33, 71, 74, 99, 112, 113, modern forgery,85 114, 254, 255, 256, 328; as anti-king, 49, 55, 70, later imperial coinage, 365; classiication and 71, 305, 328, 414, 418, 514, 554, 581 chronology,366–7 Conrad, king of Italy,33; coronation (1093), 33 under Henry VII, 82, 84, 90, 365 ConradIV,kingofItaly,2–3,79,111,304,305,622 grosso, 84; grosso maggiore, 87, 365 Conrad, king of Jerusalem, 163 parvus imperialis, 85, 365, 451–2 Conrad von Aufenstein, capitano of Padua, 595 under Louis IV,87, 91, 365 Constance (Germany), Peace of (1183), 2, 20, 21, 54, 73, 75, grosso minore, 87, 365, 453 79, 95, 101, 106, 109, 113, 192, 235, 244, 338, parvus imperialis, 87, 365 345, 346, 347, 386, 387, 414, 417, 629, 653, 656, under Franchino (I) Rusca, grosso,365,454; parvus 657, 725 imperialis,365 Constantine the Great, Roman emp., 205, 517, 732, 747 seigniorial, 87–8, 91, 516 Constantinople (Byzantium), 168, 250, 517, 627, 628, 629, 630, under Azzone Visconti, 332, 365–9, 380, 442, 443; 631, 636; Venetian quarter, 628, 629; fall, 7, 250, classiication and chronology,366–7; denaro 286, 633 imperiale, 365, 368, 369, 384, 443, 457–61; Constantius, saint, patron of the marquises of Saluzzo, 711 half-denaro,368;grosso da 2 soldi,365,368,369, Constitutio de feudis (1037), 32 455;half-grosso or soldo, 966.15, 369, 456 Contarini, Andrea, doge of Venice, 646–7 under Franchino II Rusca, 369, 441; denaro, 369; Contarini, Domenico, doge of Venice, 63 grosso or pegione, 369, 370; quattrino, 370, 462 Conte di Carmagnola, Il, nineteenth-century dramatic play, under Lotterio IV Rusca, 370; quattrino or sesino, 226 370 Conti Niccolò de’, traveller and author, 6 commune, 360; consuls, 358 copper coins, 19–20, 189, 195, 224, 257, 273, 274, 288–9, 324, county,360 403, 404, 407, 408, 613, 638, 640, 650, 651, 652, minting rights, 360 653; see also bagattino monetary reform (1330s), 384 Corfu (Greece), 633 monetary system, 342 Corio, Bernardino, historian of Milan, 439 moneyers, 84, 361, 365 Cormons (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 563 regalia, 361 Cornacchini, Dino, mint-master in Aquileia, 576 Repubblica Abbondiana, 360, 368 cornuto, coin type, 733 San Fedele, basilica, 359 coronato, coin type, 733 statutes, 359, 365 Corone (Koroni, in the Peloponnese, Greece), 630, 645 territory,84, 361, 424 Corpus Nummorum Italicorum (CNI),10,11,12,38,39,41,44, Vetera monumenta civitatis Novocomi, 361 50, 60, 76, 83, 101, 113 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 Corrado (di Giacomo) del Carretto (of Millesimo), 223, 303 compositional analysis, 474, 597, 598, 605, 626, 723; modern Corrado of Ponzone, 222 methods, 723–4, 725; Energy-Dispersive X-ray Corsica, 5, 252 Flourescence (EDXRF), 725; Energy- Cortemilia (Piedmont),139, 302, 306, 715; ancient origins, 139 Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis in a Scanning coinage and/or mint (of the marquises of Carretto), 18, Electron Microscope (SEM/EDX), 597, 725, 19, 99, 110, 139, 141–6, 331, 740 727; Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass carrettini,99,142 Spectrometry with Laser Sampling early coinage in the name of an emperor Henry, denaro (LS-ICP-MS), 725; Neutron Activation imperiale, 141, 426; denaro mezzano, 141, 142, Analysis (NAA), 725; Particle-Induced X-ray 167; grosso, 141–2 Emission (PIXE), 725, 727; X-ray lorin (gold), 100, 145–6, 170, 109 Flourescence (XRF), 726, 727; X-ray later coinage in the names of Otto III and Manfredo II, Spectroscopy (XRS), 727 marquises of Carretto, denaro imperiale,145; concave or convex coins, see scodellati grosso, forgery,modern, 145; grosso matapan, 143, Conegliano (Veneto),599 144, 222; grosso modenese, 143, 144–5; grosso Conforto da Costoza, chronicler of Verona, 661, 662 tirolino, 143, 144, 243; grosso tornese, 117, 143–4, Conrad II (Conrad I in Italy), emp., 23, 32, 37, 43–4, 69, 191, 202, 748; obolo (half-denaro), 142, 223 193, 205, 304, 391, 554, 563, 566, 607; coinage, minting rights, 141 40, 43–4, 54, 55, 61, 68, 304, 33–5; coronation, marquises, 95, 139

1102 General index

Cortenuova (Lombardy), battle (1237), 2, 95, 192, 198, 373, Crest (Rhône-Alpes, France), 304 414 Crete, see Candia Côte d’Azur (France), 205 Crevacuore (Piedmont), 149–53, 245 counterfeit and/or counterfeiting, 728, 733, 738, 739; see also coinage and/or mint, 101, 153–4, 230 deceptive imitation cornabò (cornuto), 153; parpagliola (grosso), 153; quarto di countermark, 733 grosso,153,113; sezzino,153;tirolino (kreuzer), counting board, 739 153, 112; forgery,contemporary,153 Crema (Lombardy), 333, 346, 357, 370, 373, 434, 438, 518; coat Crimea (Black Sea), 632 of arms, 706 Croatia, 585, 656 coinage and/or mint, 333, 371–2, 516; denaro imperiale,372; crociato, coin type, 734 grosso bolognino,372;quattrino,372;soldo,372; cross, 734; varieties, 734 soldo, modern forgery,372 crossed O (O croxato, ࣷ), 236, 237–8, 329, 338, 339, 340, 349, weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 362, 363, 364, 378, 379, 389, 422, 425, 521 Cremona (Lombardy), 24, 79, 88, 94, 193, 236, 246, 326, 333, Crotone (Calabria), 31 345,347,357,358,365,370,371,372,386,387, crucible, 408–9, 718; see also impresa 388, 389, 390, 414, 417, 426, 437, 438, 465, 466, Crusaders and/or Crusader States, 1–2, 712, 746 482, 491, 518, 519, 533, 713 Crusade(s), 1–2, 155, 631; First Crusade, 1, 37, 46, 57, 249, 252, bishops, 370, 372 328; Second, 629; Third, 583; Fourth, 629, 637, coinage and/or mint, 88, 328, 330, 331, 333, 345, 357, 365, 638, 645; Seventh, 271 389, 425 Cuneo (Piedmont), 93, 95, 97, 106, 107, 137, 138, 139, 146, communal, 26, 75, 81, 259, 329, 331, 339, 340, 374–83, 197–204, 224, 247, 711, 737; Pizzo di Cuneo, 521 197 in the name of Frederick I, 89, 375–7 coinage and/or mint, 19, 199–204, 229; denaro,203,204; denaro, 347, 375, 376, 746; denaro cremonese or denaro or ventesimo di grosso, 200, 203, 229; medaglia, 374–83, 388; denaro imperiale,341,377, grosso tornese, 100, 117, 200, 201–2; half-grosso or 378, 379, 380, 388, 469–70; denaro inforziato or octhène de Piémont,203,204,173; quinto di grosso, denaro mezzano, 103, 328, 329, 375, 376, 377, 200, 202–3, 168, 169–71; terzo di gigliato,203–4, 378, 379, 380, 388, 741, 463–4, 468; piano, 375, 737, 172 376, 377, 378, 379; scodellato, 375, 376, 378, 379 factionalism, 199 grosso, 116, 376, 377, 522; grosso da 4 denari imperiali, merchants, 198 378, 379; with curved f, 377, 378, 467; grosso da mint contract (1307), 200, 202, 203 6 denari imperiali, 341, 378, 379, 465–6; grosso da minting rights, 199 10 denari imperiali with St Hymerius, 89, 379, territory,198 380, 425, 426, 471–2 Cunipert, Lombard king, 709 royal and/or imperial, 22, 88, 259, 380 cupellation, method of assay,723, 730 under John of Bohemia, 88, 91, 380; with king’s Cyprus, 631, 748 portrait, 27, 88, 380; denaro imperiale,380,473 seigniorial Da Camino, family,of Treviso, 563, 611; Gerardo, 611 under Azzone Visconti, 332, 380, 443; denaro Da Canal, Martin, Venetian chronicler, 638 imperiale, 380, 443, 474 Da Carrara, dynasty,of Padua, 27, 436, 455, 552, 561, 564, 581, under Cabrino Fondulo, 384–5, 516; classiication 593, 594, 597, 611, 632, 646, 654; coat of arms, and chronology,385; denaro imperiale,385;grosso 706; Francesco I, 552, 590, 594, 596, 597, 599, bolognino, 384, 475–6;half-grosso, 384–5; 604, 605, 733; Francesco (II) Novello, 436, 552, quattrino or sesino,385,477; trillina or quattrino, 561, 590, 594, 597, 598, 599, 600, 604–6, 633, 385, 478 654; Jacopo, 593; Jacopo II, 596–7, 600, 733; commune, 373; consuls, 373 Jacopino II, 597; Marsilio, 597; Ubertino, 596, county,372 597 mint contract, 380 Dalmatia, 11, 627, 628, 630, 632, 633, 644, 645, 648 minting rights, 74, 328, 358, 373, 374–5 Da Murta, Giovanni, doge of Genoa, 290 monetary proclamation (1409), 385, 386 Dandolo, Andrea, doge of Venice, 644–5, 648, 748; as population, 4 chronicler of Venice, 638, 640, 643 trade, 372 Dandolo, Enrico, doge of Venice, 144, 557, 629, 630, 637–40, Venetian rule, 374 643, 727, 745 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 Dandolo, Francesco, doge of Venice, 560, 576, 643–4, 645, 746

General index 1103

Dandolo, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 642–3, 658 (de) Predis, Giovanni Ambrogio, painter, 6, 29 Daniel, saint, patron of Padua, 599, 600, 711 Desana (Piedmont), 98, 154; coinage and/or mint, 539 Dante Alighieri, Florentine poet, 3, 654, 745 Descriptio orae ligusticae (1418), 307 Danube, river, 581 Desiderius, king of the Lombards, 160, 191, 246, 345, 347, 665; Dauphiné (France), 306, 743; coinage and/or mints, 130 Desiderius cross, 348 Dardanelles, 632 Desio (Lombardy), battle (1277), 415, 433 Da Romano, family,of the area around Bassano del Grappa, diamond ring, 718; see also impresa 550; Alberico, 550, 611; Ezzelino III da die (i.e. coin-die), 735, 742, 743, 744; see also anvil die, pile, Romano, lord of Verona, 21, 346, 352, 433, 550, trussel 551, 581, 593, 594, 600, 607, 611, 618, 622, 653, die-axis, 735 654, 657, 658, 660, 665 die-engraver or die-engravers, 27 Da Sesto, Venetian family of die-engravers, 647 die-link, 735 Da Valente, Giovanni, doge of Genoa, 285, 290 die-sinker, 746; see also die-engraver debasement and/or devaluation, of coinage, 12, 15–16, 36, Dijon (France), 93 46–7, 57, 99, 116, 316, 321, 329, 330, 333, dinar, 16, 735, 740, 746; imitations, 746 349–51, 378, 384, 421, 422, 555; see also under Diocletian, Roman emperor, 711, 713, 714 individual coinages and/or mints dirham, 260, 268, 735, 741, 748; half-dirham, 260, 301, 741 De Castello, Ghibelline family of Asti, 120 doe, 409, 718; see also impresa Decembrio, Pier Candido, Renaissance author, 439 dog, 718, 732; see also impresa deceptive imitation, see imitation or imitative coinage doge, Venice, representations of, 27 Dego (Liguria), 140, 222, 223 Dogliani (Piedmont), 94, 225; coinage and/or mint, 203, 225, Della Scala or Scaligeri, Veronese family,86, 98, 346, 390, 392, 227, 229; denaro imperiale, 227, 229, 303 433, 441, 455, 550, 551, 552, 560, 561, 581, 593, Dolin, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 646 596, 611, 644, 654, 655, 666; coat of arms, 659, Domaso (Lombardy), 386 707; Alberto I, 551, 654; Alberto II, 551, 654, Domicella, marques of Incisa, 155 661; Alboino, 654, 659; Antonio, 436, 654, 661; Dominican Republic, see Hispaniola Bartolomeo II, 654, 661; Brunoro, 654; Domitian, Roman emp., 498 Cangrande I, 551, 593, 595, 654, 659, 666; Domodossola (Piedmont), 193, 196–7, 247; coinage and/or Cangrande II, 654; Cansignorio, 654; mint, 194, 196; weights and measures, Guglielmo, 654; Mastino (I), 654, 658; monetary weights, 722 Mastino II, 434, 551, 654, 661 Donatus of Arezzo, saint, patron of Pinerolo, 211 Della Torre or Torriani, Milanese family,80, 192, 329, 346, doppia,735 359, 373, 388, 414, 415, 423, 433; Filippo, 337; Dora Baltea (Valle d’Aosta and Piedmont), river and/or Martino, 415, 433; Napo, 433; Pagano, 414 valley,158 Demetrius, king of Thessalonica, 163 Dora Riparia (Piedmont), river and/or valley,205 Demonte (Piedmont), river, 197 Doria, family,of Genoa, 253, 324; Andrea, mercenary and denerale or denéral,734 naval commander, 282, 287, 301; Pagano, naval denaro, 8, 12, 329, 330, 734, 736, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745; commander, 285 debasement, 734; unit of account, 740; unit of double blanc,743 weight, 740 double-striking, 735 denaro enriciano, 37, 736, 739; see also Lucca, Milan, Pavia Dovara, Buoso da, lord of Cremona, 373 denaro imperiale, petty coinage and unit of account, 13, 16, 20, Dragutin, Stephen, king of Serbia, 745 23, 24, 37, 57, 74, 75–6, 82, 99, 100, 107, 110, Drau, river, 563 161, 176, 247, 304, 306, 328, 329, 338, 342, 348, ducat, 735; gold, 8, 322, 396; generic name for any gold coin 349, 360, 361, 365, 375, 377, 379, 738, 739, 741, of roughly the same weight, 735 747;imitationsof,81,99,100,145,157,160, Durance river valley (France), 93 167–8, 194, 426, 739; system of account, 739 Durazzo (Durrës, Albania), 628 denaro mezzano (i.e. half-denaro imperiale),13,24,80,111,167, Dürer, Albrecht, painter, 5 247, 362, 376, 741, 747 denaro ottolino,37;see also Pavia, coinage and/or mint, denaro East Indies, route to, 7 ottolino écu, 20, 735, 746; écu à la chaise,735;écu à la couronne,736;écu denaro piccolo, 731, 734, 742, 744, 745 au soleil,736 denaro scodellato, 26, 41, 746 Edessa (¸Sanlıurfa, Turkey), 1 (de) Predis, Cristoforo, painter, 29 Egno d’Appiano, bishop of Trento, 607, 608, 618

1104 General index

Egypt, 244, 249, 253, 724 Fantaguzzi, Giuseppe, collection, 105 Eisack (Isarco, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), river, 580 Farnese, family,152 electrum, gold–silver alloy,736 Fasciolo collection, 254, 257 Elisabeth of Bavaria, princess, 622 Faustinus, saint, patron of Brescia, 351, 352, 354, 710, 712, 713 Elmina (West Africa), 7 Federico (I), marquis of Saluzzo, 226 Emanuele de’ Fieschi di Savignone, bishop of Vercelli, 150, Federico II, marquis of Saluzzo, 226 245 Federico della Scala, imperial vicarius in Savona, 310 Emanuele I, marquis of Ponzone, 222 Felix, saint, bishop of Como, 711 Emilia, 13, 36, 75, 249, 326, 413, 551, 654; monetary area, 396; Feltre (Veneto),5, 67, 551, 552, 581, 654; bishops, 554, 581, 582, see also Emilia-Romagna 599; commune, 581; minting rights, 554, 581 Emilia-Romagna, 11, 731 Ferdinand II of Aragon, king of Aragon and Castile, 7, 8, 131 emission, 736, 739 Ferdinand I (Ferrante), king of Naples, 650 Engelbert (I), count of Gorizia, 582 Ferdinand II (Ferrandino), king of Naples, 7 Engelbert III, count of Gorizia, 582, 584–5 Ferrara (Emilia-Romagna), 98, 428, 434, 438, 606, 631 Engelmar von Villanders, vice-capitano of Padua, 595; coat of coinage and/or mint, 27, 329, 731; bagattino,731;denaro arms, 595 piccolo, 740; ducat (gold), 650; grosso bolognino or England and/or the English, 7, 286, 485, 582, 648, 737, 747; marchesano, 740; lira of account or lira coinage and/or mints, penny, 161, 271, 738, marchesana, 606, 740; monetary system, 606 747; long cross, 596; galley ha’penny (Venetian war (1310–12), 3; (1484), 606 soldino), 648, 747 Ferrero, family, 150 Enguerrand VII de Coucy,count of Soissons, governor of Ferrero (Fieschi), Filiberto, 150, 152, 154 Savona, 308, 314 Fiamma, Galvano, chronicler of Milan, 439, 441 enriciano, see denaro enriciano Fibonacci, Leonardo, mathematician, also called Leonardo Enrico of Metz, bishop of Trento, 608 Pisano, 639, 641 Enrico, marquis of Ponzone, 222 ield, central space of a coin, 736 Enrico (di Bonifacio, called Enrichetto), marquis of Ponzone, Fieschi, family,11, 98, 101, 149, 245, 298, 324; di Savignone, 222, 223 149; coat of arms, 706; di Torriglia, 150; Enrico II, marquis of Ponzone, 221 genealogy,151; see also Hadrian V,pope; Enrico III, marquis of Ponzone, 221 Innocent IV,pope; Alberto de’ Fieschi, count Enrico I Guercio, marquis of Savona, 96, 139, 302, 303, 304, of Lavagna; Antonio de’ Fieschi di Torriglia, 305, 306 lord of Masserano and Crevacuore; Emanuele Enrico II, marquis of Savona, 139, 141, 302, 303, 305 de’ Fieschi di Savignone, bishop of Vercelli; Enrico (di Corrado), 223 Giacomo de’ Fieschi, count of Lavagna; Gian Enrico (di Giacomo) del Carretto (of Novello), 223, 303 Giorgio de’ Fieschi, lord of Crevacuore; Gian Enrico of Incisa, 155, 156 Ludovico de’ Fieschi, called Gottardo; Enrico of Montferrat, 205 Giovanni de’ Fieschi di Torriglia, bishop of Enrico of Verduno, vicario of Marquis Manfredo IV of Vercelli; Innocenzo de’ Fieschi, lord of Saluzzo, 227 Masserano; Ludovico de’ Fieschi, bishop of Ephesus (near Selçuk, Turkey), 713 Vercelli; Ludovico de’ Fieschi, lord of Este (Veneto),550 Masserano; Nicoletto de’ Fieschi, count of Este, dynasty,of Ferrara, 98, 428, 437, 550, 606, 654; Alberto Lavagna; Nicolò de’ Fieschi di Torriglia, lord Azzo II, 550; Azzo VIII, 433, 441; Borso, 650; of Masserano and Crevacuore; Opizzone de’ Isabella d’Este, 390 Fieschi, count of Lavagna; Pier Luca de’ Etruscans, ancient, 389 Fieschi, lord of Crevacuore; Tedisio de’ Fieschi, Euboea (Εύβοια, Greece), 630 count of Lavagna; Ugo de’ Fieschi Eulogius, bishop of Ivrea, 158 coinage and/or mints, 101; see also Crevacuore, coinage Europe, northern, 2, 34, 67, 68, 627; southern, 641 and/or mints; Masserano, coinage and/or Eusebius, saint, bishop of Vercelli, 158, 234, 244, 716; vita, 716 mints Evasius, saint, patron of Casale Monferrato and Asti, 184, 712 minting rights, 152, 153 exergue, 736 Filelfo, Francesco, of Tolentino, humanist, 483 Ezzelino da Romano, see Da Romano Filiberto I, duke of Savoy,128 Filippo di Alençon, patriarch of Aquileia, 578 Faesch collection, 497; see also Basel, Historisches Museum Filippo (I), prince of Savoy-Achaia, 120, 121, 159, 206, Falier, Marin, doge of Venice, 632 208–10, 211, 212, 242, 245 Fano (Marches), 346, 347, 354; coinage and/or mint, 355–6 Filippo II of Savoy-Achaia, 212

General index 1105

Filippone di Langosco, count, 163 franc à cheval 454, 737 Finale (Liguria), 139, 145, 302, 303, 306; Finalborgo, 303; franc à pied,737 Finale Ligure, 303; coinage and/or mint, gros blanc, 125, 126 possible existence, 306; minting rights, 306 gros tournois, 19, 83, 99, 117, 119, 120, 143, 161, 200, 202, ineness, 722–3, 736, 747 210, 271, 272, 730, 737, 738, 740, 748; with lan, 731, 736, 742, 744 long-O, 117, 202 leur-de-lis, symbol of the royal house of France, 228, 287, monetary system, 331 291, 299, 314, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324; symbol of Piedmontese imitations, 81, 99, 100, 117, 143–4, 210, the city of Florence, 332, 736, 738 737, 740, 748 Florence (Tuscany) and/or Florentines, 5, 80, 82, 170, 252, value, in denari of Asti, 117; in denari of Genoa, 117 266, 334, 357, 436, 437, 438, 473, 483, 551, 577, maille tierce,272 623, 654, 713, 736 parpagliola, 183; half-parpagliola, 183 centre of printing, 6 petit blanc,126 coinage and/or mint, 13, 266, 275, 330, 341, 736; tournois, 645 mint-masters, 256 kings, 5, 228, 285, 287, 460, 483; see also Charles VI, denaro, 266, 736 Charles VII, Charles VIII, Francis I, Louis IX, lorin or iorino, gold, 17–18, 117, 145, 147, 148, 213, 251, Louis XII, Philip IV 266, 267, 269, 276, 277, 310, 331, 424, 465, 559, monetary policy,under Philip IV,119 588, 589, 641, 642, 658, 724, 730, 738, 745, 747; monetary system, 542 forgery,contemporary,170; imitation, 100, Francesco I del Carretto, bishop of Alba, 107 145–6, 170, 212, 312, 725, 735, 736, 738; Francesco, marquis of Saluzzo, 234 standard, 170, 269; value, in gros tournois,117 Francesco (di Corrado), lord of Dego, 223 grosso,330,736 Francesco da Clivate, of Milan, mint-master in Carmagnola, Galleria degli Uizi, Museum, 748 233 Florent of Hainaut, prince of Achaia, 145 Franchini, Luigi, collector, 194; collection, 194, 324 lorin, 736; gold, 313, 333, 373, 424, 433, 435, 438, 735; generic Francis I, king of France, 8, 282, 287, 300, 324, 335, 485, 508, term for any gold coin of roughly the same 511 weight, 735, 736; half-lorin, 444; unit of Franciscan order, 710 account (iorino di conto), 13, 228 Franconia (Germany), 31 follaro, copper coinage, 741 Franks, 205, 618 Fondulo, Cabrino, lord of Cremona, 333, 357, 373–4, 384, 438 Fraissinet, see La Garde-Freinet (Côte d’Azur, France) Foppa, Vincenzo, painter, 6 Frederick I Barbarossa, emp. 2, 24, 37, 49, 54, 55, 58, 65, 71, 73, forgery,contemporary,241, 384, 487, 496, 498, 511, 559 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 84, 95, 101, 102, 106, 108, forgery,modern, 55, 85, 139, 202, 387, 393, 449, 585 109, 112–13, 114, 149, 158, 160, 163, 191, 192, Forlì (Emilia-Romagna), 438 205, 235, 241, 244, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 328, Fornovo di Taro (Emilia-Romagna), 247; battle (1495), 390, 336, 345, 347, 358, 360, 361, 371, 373, 374, 377, 407, 408, 537 386, 387, 388, 389, 391, 414, 417, 419, 433, 514, Fortunatus, deacon of Aquileia, 712 518, 519, 520, 549, 554, 580, 581, 593, 608, 609, Foscari, Francesco, doge of Venice, 356, 649–50, 727, 731 611, 629, 636, 665, 725 Fossano (Piedmont), 198 coinage, 520; denaro imperiale, 57, 75–6, 77, 78, 89, 105, 359, Fracastoro, Girolamo, physician, 6 582, 72–5 France and/or the French, 11, 34, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 205, 226, coronation, imperial (1155), 74; celebrative (1158), 514 234, 240, 242, 249, 251, 287, 291, 292, 309, 436, monetary policy,519 482, 483, 504, 629; South, 656 Frederick II, emp., 2–3, 13, 26, 78–9, 93, 95, 101, 102, 107, 108, border, with Italy,249 109, 110, 111, 138, 139, 152, 158, 159, 164, 168, coat of arms, 542, 706 192, 198, 206, 227–8, 229, 235, 237, 238, 245, coinage and/or mints, 212, 508, 510, 537, 542; ‘white 246, 247, 274, 302, 304, 307, 329, 336, 337, 338, money’, 450 349, 359, 362, 363, 364, 373, 377, 378, 414, 416, blanc à l’épi,450 421, 422, 424, 434, 518, 519, 520, 550, 563, 607, chaise d’or,735;see also écu à la chaise 609, 622, 653, 656, 657, 730, 738, 743 denier tournois, 210, 509, 734 coinage, 79, 82, 89, 105, 111; augustale, 82, 83, 743; denaro double parisis,204 imperiale, 78, 739; grosso,78 écu d’or, 124, 125, 213; écu à la chaise,735,736;écu à la coronation, imperial (1220), 102 couronne, 214, 736; écuausoleil, 541, 736 Frederick III of Habsburg, emp., 146, 164, 228, 537, 591 franc,737 Frederick III, king of Naples, 8

1106 General index

Frederick the Handsome of Habsburg (Friedrich III), duke 297, 298, 299, 300, 267, 294–6, 298–302, 307, of Austria and anti-king, 3, 4, 85, 551, 654 324–6, 337–8, 345–9, 358–9, 365 Fregoso, see Campofregoso gold coinage, 291; mint-masters’ marks, 289, 290; Fregoso, Ottaviano, doge of Genoa, 287 mint output, 291 Frescobaldi, Florentine merchant-banking family,624 genovino or ducat (ducato), 148, 213, 251, 289, 290, Friedrich IV of Habsburg, count of Tyrol, 580, 620, 626 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 747, Friedrich V,count of Tyrol, 620 269–70, 278, 285–6, 289, 310, 316, 327, 334, Friesach (Carinthia, Austria), 556, 565, 570; coinage and/or 339, 352–3, 356; double ducat (doppio), 298; mint, 570; pfennig, 26, 556–7, 565, 566, 567, 568, triple ducat (triplo), 298 569, 726, 737; imitations, 584, 615; monetary half-ducat, 295, 297, 300 system, 567 quartarola, 289, 297, 745, 273 Friesacher mark, 24, 556, 567 scudo,300,301;scudo del sole (écu d’or au soleil),299; Friesacher pfennig, coin type, 556, 557, 565, 580, 585, 614, 636, double scudo,300;half-scudo,300,301; 637, 639, 648, 726, 727; standard, 556 quarter-scudo or fractional ducat, 300 Frinco (Piedmont), 154–5 terzarola, 273, 277, 289, 290, 292, 295, 747, 271–2 frisacense,737 grosso, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, Friuli-Venezia Giulia (or Friuli), 12, 13, 30, 36, 60, 65, 549, 279–84, 287–8, 290–3, 297, 308, 311–12, 552, 556, 561, 562–80, 584, 590, 599, 605, 612, 317–18, 340–3, 350, 354–5, 357 613, 633, 636, 656; dialect, 586; Lombardy grossone, Genoese standard, called lira genovese (or duchy,563; monetary circulation, 565 testone da 20 soldi), 298, 299, 361, 366; doppio or Fugger, German merchant-banking family of Augsburg, 504 grossone da due lire, 298; half-lira, 298, 299, 362; quarter-lira, 298, 299; Milanese standard, called Gabriel Archangel, saint, 714 testone, 298, 299, 300, 301, 360, 363–4, 367; Gabriele, marquis of Saluzzo, 234 doppio testone, 298; half-testone, 298, 299, 300, Gaja, Constantino, mint-master in Savona, 322 301, 368; quadruplo testone, 298; quarter-testone, Gambello, Vittore, called Camelio, medallist, 651 299; triplo testone, 298 Garigliano, river, 227 half-grosso, soldo or soldino, 278, 282, 288, 289, 291, Gatari, Galeazzo and Bartolomeo, chroniclers of Padua, 598 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 300, 301, 746, 264–6, Gaudentius, saint, bishop of Novara, patron of Novara, 190, 309, 313–15, 319–21, 328–9, 335, 351 193, 712 petachina, 288, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 303–6, 322–3, gauntlet, 718; see also impresa 330–3, 336, 344 Genoa (Liguria) and/or the Genoese, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 16, 46, presentation pieces, gold, 298, 300; silver, 298 94, 113, 116, 140, 149, 155, 164, 199, 222, 227, quartaro,288,745,268 234, 235, 249–301, 302, 303, 307, 328, 334, 387, scudo da 3 lire (silver), 299 413, 426, 433, 435, 436, 438, 445, 448, 473, 484, 10-scudi coin (gold), 300 488, 523, 552, 564, 598, 630, 632, 646, 713, 744, pre-ducal period (to 1339), 116, 252, 568; exchange 745 rates against coinage of Asti (1259–68), 116; ardua mutatio or ‘diicult change’ (coup d’état), 282 classiication and chronology,279–81; mint Banca Carige, collection, 254, 263, 299 organisation, 255–6, 270; mint output, 268, bishop, archbishop and/or (arch)episcopal see, 252 270 Black Death (1348), 285 copper token (jetton), 262, 219 Casa San Giorgio, 250–1, 286, 287, 294, 295, 712, 746 denaro, 108, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 254, 257–9, 260, civil war (1314/17–31), 251, 253, 276, 277, 283 262–3, 264–5, 266, 267, 268, 269, 272, 274, 275, coinage and/or mint, 13, 16, 17, 26, 27, 47, 74, 78, 99, 103, 276, 279–81, 288, 376, 202–7, 209–11, 213–15, 233, 250, 251–81, 329, 568, 745, 746 222–4, 227, 230–1, 233, 235, 244–5 city-gate as stylised representation of the city’s name, denaro primitivo, rough or ‘primitive’ style, 257, 202–4; Ianua (Eng. ‘gate’), 257, 717, 737 standard, 257 ducal period (from 1339), 153, 282, 284, 286, 510; mint devaluation, 277 output, 284, 292, 293, 335; petty coinage, money of account, 275, 276 anonymous issues, 288–9 overstrikes on denari of Asti, 116, 743 cavallotto da 4 soldi,300,301;half-cavallotto (two soldi gold coinage (moneta auri), 258, 266, 267, 269, 272, 276, piece), 301, 369 559, 641, 642, 658, 724, 747 denaro, 288, 289, 290, 274–7; denaro minuto,180,275, genovino, 17–18, 27, 148, 251, 266, 269, 276, 277, 725, 278, 282, 288, 290–1, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 737, 743, 745, 746, 747, 247, 253–4; as Genoese

General index 1107

lorin, 267, 269, 270, 271, 280–1, 736, 236–7; oicium monetarum or monete, 250, 322 genovino ghibellino,277,281;genovino guelfo,277, Otto capitani di libertà, 294, 296; Otto difensori della patria, 281; lightweight or reduced, 275, 278, 281; 297 mint-masters’ marks, 270 Palazzo Rosso, collection, 316 ottavino, 270–1, 280, 239 Palazzo San Giorgio, 746 quartarola, 18, 117, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 273, 274, plague, 285, 646; mortality,285 275, 276, 277, 279–81, 743, 745, 747, 232, 238, popolo grasso or wealthy merchant class, 283, 284 248–9 population, 4, 253, 285 terzarola, 273, 277 possessions, 5, 733 grosso, 254, 259, 262, 264–5, 267, 268, 269, 274, 277, 281, public debt, 250, 252, 283–4, 286, 287, 294 558, 657, 738, 255; maggiore, 261–2, 265, 271, sacking of (934/5), 94, 249, 252; (1522), 287, 300 275, 281, 218; minore (miliarese), 116, 117, 260–1, San Lorenzo, cathedral, 282 262, 263, 265, 268, 269, 271–2, 274, 279–81, shipping, 284, 285 422, 220–1, 228–9, 234, 240–3; multiplo, 268, slaves and slavery,285 269, 280; tournois-style, 117 taxation and taxes, 283 medaglia or half-denaro, 257, 258, 259, 262, 263, 268, 275, territory,170 276, 279, 281, 208, 212, 216–17, 225–6 trade, 250; maritime trade, 250, 252, 284; in the eastern petachina,277–8,280,288,256–9 Mediterranean, 286; in the western quartaro, 257, 272–4, 275–6, 278, 280–1, 288, 324, 745, Mediterranean, 287; with North Africa, 261; 246, 250–2, 260–3; called chiapuccino, 273, 278; with Spain, 286, 287; with the Levant, 261 called grifone, 273; with TOMaINVS legend, university,6 274; imitations, 224 weights and measures, 720, 721; monetary weights, 722 soldo, money of account, 83, 275 genovino,737 commercial colonies, 250, 286; see also Bougie, Cafa, Gentile da Fabriano, painter, 5 Ceuta, Chios, Mytilene, Pera, Phocea, Sai, George, saint, 241, 399, 542, 545, 712; cross, 712; slaying Tunis dragon, 712 commune, 301; communal compagna, consuls, 252 Gera, Pietro, patriarch of Aquileia, 575 compass, symbol on some late ifteenth century gold and Gerardo, bishop of Bergamo, 336, 337, 338 silver coins, 296–7 Gerberto, bishop of Tortona, 234 counterfeiting, measures against, 262 Germany,15, 19, 36, 67, 79, 291, 438, 550, 554, 641, 656, 748; Dodici capitani del popolo,297 frontier, 581; southern, 555, 656 Dodici riformatori di libertà, 287, 301 coinage and/or mints, 31, 40, 41, 541, 555, 567; pfennige,68; doges or dogi a vita, dogeship and/or ducal government, standard, 327 251, 282, 284–5, 287; biennial doges, 282, 287 kingdom, 1, 2, 8, 31, 80, 85, 335, 537, 549, 653; kings and domestic servants, 285 emperors, 12, 20, 22, 23, 26, 30, 36, 48, 49, 52, factionalism, 251, 253, 283, 285 59, 65, 79, 101, 112, 163, 235, 336, 358, 373, 441, inance, 287 549, 551, 553, 607, 611, 636, 654 foreign rule, 282, 285, 301; French, 282, 287, 290, 299–300; Gervasius, saint, patron of Milan, 83, 87, 331, 365, 427, 712, 715 Milanese, 282, 287, 294, 297–9; Spanish, 282, Gesso (Piedmont), torrente,197 300 Ghana (West Africa), 7 forgery,contemporary,295 Ghiandone (Piedmont), torrente,247 griin, communal seal, 273 Ghibellines, 3, 79, 86 harbour, 249, 252, 630 ghost money,13, 16 Maggiore Consiglio,301;Minore Consiglio,301 Giacomo, prince of Savoy-Achaia, 97, 199, 206, 211 merchants, 244, 249, 250, 284, 285, 287; merchant colonies, Giacomo, marquis of Ponzone, 222 284 Giacomo I, marquis of Ponzone, 221, 222 minting rights, 33, 254–5, 328 Giacomo (di Enrico) del Carretto, 223, 303 monetary area, 24 Giacomo del Carretto, marquis of Savona, 107, 223, 303 monetary reform (c. 1305), 276, 277, 278; (1420s), 293; Giacomo de’ Fieschi, count of Lavagna, 152, 153, 301 (1437), 294 Giacomo of Incisa, 156 monetary system, 256, 269 Giacomo de Maceto, 155 Museo Civico, collection, 310 Giacomo di Oddone, marquis of Incisa, 156 oiciales bancorum et monetarum,295 Giacomo of Valperga, chancellor of Duke Ludovico of Savoy, oicium mercantile, 294 242

1108 General index

Gian Giacomo, marquis of Montferrat, 164, 177, 179, 180–1 kreuzer), 592; kreuzer, 591, 592, 897; quattrino or Gian Giorgio Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 183 vierer, 592; testone,591;six-kreuzer testone or Gian Giorgio de’ Fieschi, lord of Crevacuore, 152, 153 sechser, 591; three-kreuzer testone, 592; see also Gianluca da Clivate,of Milan,mint-master in Carmagnola,233 Latisana, Lienz, Toblach (Dobbiaco) Gian Ludovico de’ Fieschi, called Gottardo, 152 minting rights, 585, 586, 590 gigliato,733,737,746 territory,590, 612 Giorgio I, marquis of Ceva, 146 Gospel of Nicodemus, 714 Giorgio II Nano, marquis of Ceva, 146–7 gothic lettering and/or style, 27, 399 Giorgio III (of Ceva), 146–7 Gottfried, patriarch of Aquileia, 569, 570 Giorgio da Castelfranco (Giorgione), painter, 714 Gozzano (Piedmont), 191; treaty (1275), 248 Giorgio (di Corrado), 223 Gradenigo, Pietro, doge of Venice, 630, 643 Giotto di Bondone, painter, 3, 552, 593 Grado (Friuli-Venezia-Giulia),627; patriarch and/or Giovanni di Moravia, patriarch of Aquileia, 578 patriarchate, 563, 628 Giovanni I, marquis of Montferrat, 102, 156, 159, 163, 171–2, grain (Ital. grano), as unit of weight, 732, 737, 740 225 Grana (Piedmont), torrente, 240 Giovanni II Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 121, 122, 159, Granada, kingdom, 287 164, 167, 171–4, 175, 178, 180, 199, 448 Granada (Spain), treaty (1500), 131 Giovanni III Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 122, 164, 173, Grassi, Gasparo, lord of Cantù, 356 174–5, 180 Gravedona (Lombardy), 358, 386–7; coinage and/or mint, Giovanni IV Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 164, 181, 182 386–7; denaro scodellato, modern forgey,386, Giovanni de Bregna of Milan, mint-master in Savona, 315 387; half-denaro or obolo, modern forgery,387; Giovanni de’ Fieschi di Torriglia, bishop of Vercelli, 150 minting rights, 386, 387 Giovanni di Masio, mint-master in Turin, 217, 218, 219, 220 Great St Bernard Pass, see Alpine passes, Great St Bernard Giovanni de Rezetto of Moncalieri, mint-master in Turin, Greece, 638, 641, 644, 645, 656; coinage and/or mints, denier 213 tournois, 645; monetary circulation, 645; Giovanni of Saluzzo, lord of Dogliani, 203, 227, 229, 303 Turkish conquest, 645 Giovanni of Valperga, podestà of Moncalieri, 242 Greeks, ancient, 249 Giovio, Paolo, bishop of Nocera, 195 Gregorio di Montelongo, patriarch of Aquileia, 433, 564, Gisalbertenghi, family,of Bergamo, 336, 370 572–3, 583, 586 Gisulfus, magister camera, 35 Gregory II, pope, 627 Giuliano della Rovere, see Julius II, pope Gregory V,pope, 32 Giuliano da Cividale, chronicler, 574 Gregory VII, pope, 1, 33 Giuppo, Pietro, of Savona, mint-master in Savona, 315 Gregory IX, pope, 2, 710 Giustiniani, Agostino, Genoese chronicler, 287 Gresham, Thomas, English merchant and inancier, 401 Givardo, bishop of Trieste, 615 Gresham’s Law,23, 401, 553, 554, 555, 558, 567, 612 Gnecchi, Francesco, numismatist, collection, 725 Gricinus, bishop of Verona, 716 gold coinage, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 559, 641, 642 grida, 737, 738, 740, 746, 747; see also monetary proclamation Gonzaga, dynasty,of Mantua, 22, 98, 332, 390, 393, 396; coat Grimaldi, family,of Genoa, 324; Francesco, 630 of arms, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 706; Francesco grossetto,738 I, capitano del popolo, 390, 396; Francesco II, grosso, 8, 14, 16–17, 24, 330, 341, 734, 738, 743, 744; da XX,596; marquis, 29, 188, 390, 404–12; Federico I, da XXII, 14, 596; miliarese, 741 marquis, 29, 390, 403–6; Gian Francesco, grossone,738 capitano del popolo and marquis, 27, 390, 732; gros tournois, see France, coinage and/or mints Guido, capitano del popolo,390;Ludovico(I), Guano, Barnaba di, 292, 293 capitano del popolo, 390; Ludovico II, capitano del Guarco, family,of Genoa, Isnardo, 294; Nicola, 294 popolo, 390, 395–6, 400; Ludovico III, marquis, Guelfo IV,duke of Bavaria, 550 29, 390, 395, 397–403, 732, 740 Guelfo della Gherardesca, count of Villa di Chiesa, 201 Gorizia (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 582; counts and/or county, Guelfs, 3, 79 12, 98, 549, 551, 564, 582, 612, 613, 615, 618, 622, Guglielmo, count, 94, 96 623, 736 Guglielmo, marquis of Busca, 95, 96, 138 coat of arms, 586, 587, 706; as advocate of the patriarch of Guglielmo I, marquis of Ceva, 146 Aquileia, 586, 587, 588, 590 Guglielmo II, marquis of Ceva, 146 coinage and/or mints, 13, 571, 583–92, 614, 730; bracteate, Guglielmo (III), marquis of Ceva, 147 590; semi-bracteate, 590–1; half-batzen (two Guglielmo of Incisa, 156

General index 1109

Guglielmo IV,marquis of Montferrat, 108 Henry III, emp., 32, 37, 44, 61, 66, 112, 391, 554, 566, 594, 597, Guglielmo V,marquis of Montferrat, 163 666; coinage, 44, 55–8, 61, 70, 71, 36–48; Guglielmo VI, marquis of Montferrat, 102, 109, 163, 235, 518 coronation, imperial (1046), 32, 44; royal Guglielmo VII, marquis of Montferrat, 159, 163, 167, 192, (1028), 32, 44 206, 245 Henry IV,emp., 1, 32–3, 37, 44, 49, 61, 62, 109, 112, 191, Guglielmo VIII Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 154, 164, 391; coinage, 44, 55, 57, 65, 70, 71, 726, 182–3 43–8; coronation, imperial (1084), 1, 33 Guglielmo IX Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 135, 164, Henry V, emp., 33, 37, 44, 47, 49, 61, 101, 191, 418, 736; 183–7 coinage, 65, 70, 71, 520, 726, 49–71 Guglielmo, count of Valperga (Masino and Borgomasino), Henry VI, emp., 2, 106, 109, 149, 155, 192, 205, 228, 255, 259, 241, 242 307, 349, 361, 420, 570, 583, 614; coinage, 76, Guglielmo of Rivara, 242 77–8, 89; use of the mint of Genoa to produce Guglielmo of Rivarolo, 242 coinage for his Sicilian campaign (1194), 255 Guidetto of Rivara, 242 Henry VII of Luxembourg, emp., 3, 22, 79–86, 88, 101, 102, Guido da Incisa, bishop of Acqui, 102 103, 104, 106, 121, 141, 144, 145, 147, 152, 156, Guido of Valperga,bishop of Asti, 242, 243 157, 159, 160, 161, 164, 167, 168, 169, 171, 192, Guido I, count of Pombia, 241 208, 222, 229, 243, 245, 251, 253, 277, 324, 346, Guido, count of Valperga (Rivara), 241, 242 354, 359, 361, 365, 373, 380, 390, 392, 415, 417, Guidone of Valperga, 242 425, 426, 427–8, 433, 434, 441, 515, 551, 623, guildiner,20 654, 659, 660, 738, 740, 746, 748 Guiscard, Robert, duke of Apulia, 628 coinage, 80, 81–4, 87, 90; gold, plans for, 82–3 Guttuari, Ghibelline family of Asti, 121 coronation, royal, 81; imperial, 3, 79, 80, 84, 365 Guy of Luxembourg, count of Saint-Pol, 145 monetary policy in Italy,80, 81 Henry I, king of Germany,31 Habsburg, house, 335, 485, 511, 564, 583, 591, 608, 613, 619, Henry Raspe, anti-king in Germany,2, 607 620, 623, 625–7; dominions, 564, 608; empire, Heraclea (Eraclea, Veneto), 627 287 heraldry and/or heraldic iconography,454, 701–8, 734, 739; Hadrian IV,pope, 74 French, 454; terminology,701–5 Hadrian V,pope, 150 Hercules, Greek deity,27, 355, 718; see also impresa Hadrian, Roman emp., 712 Hermagoras, saint, bishop of Aquileia, patron of Aquileia, Hainaut (Belgium), lordship, 145 576, 712, 716 Haiti, see Hispaniola Hermann IV,duke of Swabia, 205 half-dirham, 16, 17; imitation, 17 Hilary,saint, bishop of Aquileia, 712 Hall (Tyrol, Austria), 19, 592; coinage and/or mint, 620, 626, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), 7, 580 627, 727; lorin (gold), 993–4; grosso tirolino or hoard, 738; hoarding, 47, 612; see also coin inds Tiroler Kreuzer, 727; half-batzen (two kreuzer) Hohenstaufen, empire, 273; house, 3, 37, 74, 95, 97, 163, 254, for the county of Gorizia, 592; quattrino or 329, 373, 735, 742; eagle, 363 vierer, 995 Holy Land, 526; see also Levant Hannibal, Punic Carthaginian commander, 205 Holy League (League of Venice),390, 485 Heinrich III, bishop of Brixen, 580, 581 Holy Roman Empire, 2, 8 Heinrich IV,bishop of Chur, 421 Honorantie Civitatis Papie, 15, 31, 34, 35, 48, 50, 54, Heinrich I, duke of Bavaria, 30, 549 327 Heinrich II, duke of Bavaria, 41 houseleek, insignia of Montferrat, 184, 188, 719; see also Heinrich I, duke of Saxony,255 impresa Heinrich II, count of Gorizia, 22, 551, 583, 587, 596, 611, 612 Hugh, king of Italy,35, 59, 94; coinage, 39, 66 Heinrich III, count of Gorizia, 583, 588, 589, 590 Hugo von Trimberg, German author, 656 Heinrich IV,count of Gorizia, 583, 590, 591 Hungary and/or Hungarians, 551, 552, 632, 646; coinage Heinrich, count of Tyrol, 619, 624–5 and/or mints, denaro, 601; ducat (gold), 154; Heinrich of Tyrol-Carinthia, 551, 595 countermarked in Milan, 475, 476; Hungarian Heliodorus, saint, bishop of Altinum, 714 invaders or raiders (Magyars), 1, 30, 31, 94, 98, Henry II, emp., 32, 34, 37, 40, 42, 43, 52, 55, 69, 70, 158, 191, 205, 336, 345, 563; kings, 598, 632, 646 244, 517; coinage, 43, 53–5, 57, 68, 28–32; Huns, 345, 562, 563 coronation,imperial (1014), 40, 42,43, 54, 69, Hyacinth, saint, 365, 712, 715 70; royal (1004), 53, 69 hybrid, 736, 738, 742

1110 General index

Hymerius or Himerius, saint, patron of Cremona, 379, 713 Italian League, military coalition of Italian states against the hyperpyron, see iperpero, perpero, yperpero French,195,483 Italian Wars (1494–1559), 287 Iberia, 2, 7, 735; see also Portugal, Spain Italy,554, 583, 613, 735, 740; central, 333, 482; north, 737, 739, iconography, see heraldry,saints, symbols 741; north-west, 48, 69, 744; north-east, 59, Iglesias (Sardinia), see Villa di Chiesa (Sardinia) 548, 550; southern, 253, 254, 267, 328, 482, 622, Illyria (western Balkans), 558 745; under the Normans, 742 Imbshausen (Northeim, Germany), 566 bishops, 31, 32, 33, 37, 74, 328, 518 imitation or imitative coinage, 17, 18–19, 171, 195, 426, 620, coinage, development, 15, 322; innovative character, 8, 621, 733, 735, 738; deceptive imitation, 333, 19–20; juridical role, 11; regional vs local 733; signed imitation, 738; see also counterfeit approach to study of, 10–11 Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary (8 December),715 communes, factionalism, 3, 79, 113, 120, 192, 199, 251, 253, immobilised coinage, coin legends and/or types, 12, 26, 34, 307, 389, 465, 632 37, 44, 50, 52, 65, 114, 255, 256, 555, 738, 739 demographic and economic growth, 254 Imola (Emilia-Romagna), 60, 312 kingdom, 1, 2, 15, 20, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 43, 48, 51, Imperia (Liguria), 249 58, 59, 65, 68, 79, 82, 85, 88, 327, 333, 335, 514, ‘imperial church system’, see Reichskirchensystem 518, 549, 553, 653, 744; king(s), 59, 94, 326, 518, imperial vicarii,80 611 imperiale, see denaro imperiale administration, 35, 80 impresa, 27, 397, 400, 404, 408, 409, 739 coinage and monetary system, 20, 24, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, Incisa (Piedmont), 95, 155–7; ancient origins, 155; marquises, 88, 89–91, 254, 638 95, 155–7; see also Alberto I, marquis of monetary policy,33, 80, 322 Incisa; Alberto II (Albertinus), marquis of political coniguration, 79 Incisa Riviera, 302; see also Riviera di Levante, Riviera di baptismal church, 155 Ponente coinage and/or mint, 18, 99, 156–7, 331; denaro imperiale, Ivrea (Piedmont), 18, 93, 158–62, 241, 247, 711, 712; ancient 156, 157, 426; grosso matapan, 144, 156, 157, 222, origins, 158; Latin place name (Eporedia or 116; grosso tirolino, 156, 157, 243 Yporegia), 158; population, 159 minting rights, 156 bishops, 158, 711; see also Eulogius, bishop of Ivrea, Oberto money of account, 157 di Cocconato weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 coinage and/or mint, 99, 110, 162, 331; chronology and India, 253, 291 classiication, 160–1, 162; denaro imperiale, 159, initial mark, 739 160, 161, 162, 426, 119; denaro mezzano, 142, Inn (Austria), river and/or valley,620 159, 160, 161, 162, 167, 117; grosso tirolino, Innocent II, pope, 305 159–60, 161, 162, 243, 118; minting rights, 160; Innocent III, pope, 101, 629 money of account, 161 Innocent IV,pope, 2, 150, 152, 362, 364, 378, 550 communal consuls, 158; commune, 158 Innocenzo de’ Fieschi, lord of Masserano, 150 marquisate and/or marquises, 158, 206 Innsbruck (Austria), 581, 620, 627 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 inscription, 739 Instituta regalia, 31, 34, 50, 54 Jacopo da Maniago Valvasone, chronicler, 576 international currency,83 Jacopo di Zeri of Florence, mint-master and/or engraver in Interregnum (1254–73), 3; ‘virtual’, 1, 2 Padua, 605 Investiture Contest or Controversy,1, 33, 46, 49, 57, 74, 101, Jean II d’Anjou, duke of Lorraine, governor of Genoa, 295 112, 191, 244, 328, 336, 345, 358, 413, 514, 518, Jerusalem, kingdom, 2, 163 549, 710 Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ, 713, 714, 715 iperpero,739 jetton, 739 Isaac II, Byzantine emperor, 629 Joanna I of Anjou, queen of Naples, 97, 164, 198, 199, 203, Isabella I, queen of Castile, 7 204, 482 Isabelle de Villehardouin, 206, 208 Johann, patriarch of Aquileia, 582 Islamic monetary system, see Muslim monetary system Johann, count of Gorizia, 583, 584, 591 Isonzo, river, 582 Johann Heinrich of Bohemia, 619 issue (Ital. emissione), 733, 736, 739, 747 Johann Heinrich, count of Gorizia, 587, 612 Istria, 30, 563, 564, 582, 583, 584, 613, 628, 629, 632 Johann Meinhard, count of Gorizia, 590

General index 1111

Johann Peter, count of Sax-Misox, 537 Lavagna (Liguria), 149; counts, 149, 152; county,149 John the Baptist, saint, patron of Florence, Genoa, Monza League of Venice, see Holy League and Turin, 145, 169, 210, 213, 216, 312, 332, 514, League of Verona, precursor of the Lombard League, 337 713, 736, 738 Leccacorvo, Guglielmo, banker, 153, 199, 301 John the Evangelist, saint, 173, 571, 713 Lecco (Lombardy), 240, 346, 434; contea (county), 360 John XII, pope, 30 Lechfeld (Bavaria, Germany), battle (955), 30 John XIII, pope, 39 lega,739 John XIX, pope, 32 legend, 739 John XXII, pope, 4, 85, 86, 87, 88, 170, 235, 332, 433, 434, 442 Legnano (Lombardy), battle (1176), 5, 75, 359, 414, 654 John I Tzimisces, Byzantine emp., 31 Le Maingre, Jean II, called Boucicaut, governor of Genoa, John VI Kantakouzenos, Byzantine emp., 285 292 John, king of Bohemia, 27, 80, 88, 91, 331, 346, 380, 434; Leno (Lombardy), 345; San Benedetto, monastery,345 portrait, on coinage, 88, 380 Leo III, pope, 389, 627 John II, king of France, 450, 454, 737 Leo IX, pope, 1 John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem, 228 Leo X, pope, 152, 154 John the Elder of Patmos, 713 Leo III, Byzantine emp., 627 Jolanda of Jerusalem, wife of Frederick II, 228 Leo of Ponzone, 222 Jovita, saint, patron of Brescia, 351, 352, 354, 710, 712, 713 Leonardo, bishop of Trieste, 616 Julius II, pope, 8, 634 Leonardo da Vinci, artist, 5, 6 Justina, saint, patron of Padua, 598, 713, 715 Leonhard, count of Gorizia, 583, 591–2 Justus, saint, patron of Trieste, 616, 714 Leoni, Leone, die-engraver in Milan, 514 Leopold III, duke of Austria, 163, 613 Klausen/Chiusa (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 618 Leopold V,duke of Austria, 583 Korçula (Dalmatia, Croatia), 253 Leopold III of Habsburg, count of Tyrol, 620, 625 Kublai Kahn, emp. of the Mongols, 6 Leopold IV of Habsburg, count of Tyrol, 620, 625 Levant, see Middle East Ladislaus, saint, king and patron of Hungary,154 Levon I, king of Armenia, 268 La Garde-Freinet (Côte d’Azur, France), 106, 205, 249 Liberalis, saint, patron of Treviso, 714 Lago di Como (Lombardy), 241, 358, 359, 386, 537 libra or lira, coinage, 14, 748, 749 Lago di Garda (Lombardy/Veneto),548 unit of account, 12, 16, 18, 734, 739, 740, 744, 747, 748; lira Lago d’Orta (Piedmont), 191 di grossi,13;lira di denari piccoli,13,14,744 Laibach (Slovenia); coinage and/or mint, 614, 616; see also unit of weight, 740, 743 Ljubljana Licinius, Roman emp., 711 Lake Geneva (Switzerland), 93 Lienz (Austria), 582, 583, 591; coinage and/or mint of the Lamberto, Lenzo, mint-master for Aquileia, 577 counts of Gorizia, 12, 26, 582, 584, 585, 586–7, Lambro, river (Lombardy), 387 588, 589, 590, 592, 737; denaro, 585, 586–7, Lanceloto, dyer of Treviso, 612 588, 589, 590, 591, 614, 737, 889–95; denaro Landolfo, Milanese cleric and church reformer, 48 scodellato, 584; (denaro) piccolo, 586, 587; lorin, Landolfo da Carcano, anti-bishop of Como, 358 gold, 588, 589, 590, 736; half-batzen, 907–9; Lanfranco di Cafo, 199 kreuzer,591,898–9, 903; quattrino or vierer, Langhe (Piedmont), 94, 106, 139, 140, 146, 303 900–2, 904–6 Langosco, family of Pavia, 518 Ligny (Ligny-en-Barrois, Lorraine, France), lordship, 291 Lanza, Baldassare, of Savona, mint-master in Savona, 322, 323, Liguri or Ligues, pre-Roman inhabitants of the Liguria coast, 324 249 Lascaris, Constantine, Greek scholar, 7 Liguria, 11, 13, 249–325, 326, 413, 517; coast, 302; coinage La Spezia (Liguria), 249; Gulf, 284 and/or mints, 251; merchants, 249 Latin Empire of the East, see Byzantine Empire, Latin Empire Ligurian Sea, 249; piracy,283 of the East Lippo di Bonafede del Sega, Florentine speculator in the Latisana (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 582; coinage and/or mint of money market, 236 the counts of Gorizia, 584–5; denaro scodellato, Lisbon (Portugal), 7, 710 584 Liudoling, family,31 Lausanne (Switzerland), 154 Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, 713 Lautier, Philippe de, mint-master general of France under Livorno (Tuscany), 250 King Francis I, 508, 509, 511 Livius Patavinus, Titus (Livy), ancient Roman author, 301

1112 General index

Ljubljana (Slovenia), 730; coinage and/or mint, 614, 616; see Lothar II, king of Italy,23, 35, 36, 37, 51, 53, 94, 417, 553, 613 also Laibach Lotto della Gherardesca, count of Villa di Chiesa, 201 Locana (Piedmont), valley (also called Orco), 241 Louis the Pious, emp., 36, 611 Locarno (Ticino, Switzerland), 435 Louis III of Arles, emp., 305 Lodi (Lombardy), 49, 326, 336, 358, 373, 376, 387–9, 413, 414, Louis IV of Bavaria, emp., 3–4, 22, 82, 88, 303, 307, 309, 310, 434, 438, 465, 514, 518, 539; Peace of (1454), 5, 311, 312, 331, 359, 361, 365, 368, 380, 427, 428, 6, 334, 482, 487 433, 434, 515, 551, 552, 654 bishop, 387, 710 coinage, 85–8, 91 coinage and/or mint, communal, 388–9; denaro imperiale, coronation, royal (1327), 4, 86; imperial (1328), 4, 86, 87, 388; denaro piccolo or denaro mezzano, 388; grosso 365 da 4 imperiali, 388, 479 Louis IX, St, king of France, 99, 200, 202, 210, 271, 272, 730, commune, 387; consuls, 387 735, 737, 748 minting rights, 387, 388 Louis XI, king of France, 128, 143, 226, 309, 321, 483, 736 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 Louis XII, king of France, 8, 121, 126, 128–37, 183, 227, 282, Lodi Vecchio (Lombardy), 387; destruction (1111), 387; 298, 299, 309, 322, 335, 484, 485, 504–11, 537, (1158), 387 539, 542 Lombard League, 95, 98; later eleventh century,373, 387; later Louis I, king of Hungary,97, 199, 601 twelfth century,2, 75, 95, 101, 108, 113, 158, Louis of Valois,duke of Orléans, see Orléans, dynasty,Louis 244, 328, 329, 337, 359, 360, 373, 386, 387, 389, of Valois 414, 549, 629, 665; early thirteenth century,78, Louis I, baron of Vaud, 208 101, 102, 107, 109, 159, 191, 192, 198, 206, 245, Louis II, baron of Vaud,212, 218, 219, 220 337, 345, 347, 364, 414, 421; later, 245; see also Lovato de’ Lovati, Italian humanist scholar, 552 League of Verona Low Countries, 93 Lombards, 190, 205, 234, 246, 252, 302, 327, 345, 347, 389, 514, Lu (Piedmont), 169 565, 592, 610, 627, 665, 747; conquest, 413, 563, Lucca (Tuscany), 20, 23, 74, 252, 266, 438, 551, 654; bishop, 618; invasion, 627; iron cross, 32; kingdom, 413, 710; coinage and/or mint, 23, 24, 30, 31, 35, 36, 618, 627, 747; monetary system, 327 37, 38, 39, 44, 46, 51, 54, 55, 57, 59, 255, 267, 327, Lombardy,5, 8, 11, 12, 13, 18, 22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 36, 48, 50, 74, 328, 330, 361; denaro,330,391;denaro enriciano, 75, 80, 81, 98, 170, 252, 326–547, 551, 623, 649, 44; grosso, 262, 657; minting rights, 74, 328 654, 739, 743; central, 423; eastern, 328, 423, Lucius III, pope, 108, 656 477, 633; greater, 326, 330; southern, 328; Ludovico de’ Fieschi, bishop of Vercelli, 150 western, 328, 422, 426 Ludovico I della Torre, patriarch of Aquileia, 564, 577–8 coinage and/or mints, 116, 237, 327, 328, 364, 416, 419, 425, Ludovico von Teck,patriarch of Aquileia, 564, 579 520, 623, 730; denaro, 329; denaro imperiale, 181, Ludovico, prince of Savoy-Achaia, 206, 212, 217–20 254; denaro mezzano,193,329,741;denaro Ludovico, duke of Savoy,242 terzolo,330;grosso, 329, 330, 377, 427, 520, 739; Ludovico I, marquis of Saluzzo, 226, 228 grosso da 10 denari imperiali,426;grosso maggiore Ludovico II, marquis of Saluzzo, 226–7, 228, 229–34 da 6 denari imperiali, 329, 377; grosso minore da 4 Ludovico de’ Fieschi, lord of Masserano, 150, 152, 154 denari imperiali, 329, 330 Ludovico II Tizzone, lord of Desana, 154 monetary area(s), 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 361, 396, 425; Ludwig of Bavaria, 619 central (and eastern), 330; western, 330 Ludwig, count of Tyrol, 619, 624 money of account, 333; lira imperiale, 59, 396, 397, 407, 408, Lugano (Ticino, Switzerland), 365, 369, 370, 438 409, 601, 623, 649, 650; lira di mezzani or lira Luke the Evangelist, saint, 605 mezzana,393,560,623,661,662;lira di terzoli Luxembourg, county,291; dynasty,of Bohemia 81, 619; coat or lira terzola,393,443 of arms, 706 vicarius generalis,80 Lydda (Lod, Palestine), 712 weights and measures, 721 Lyon (Rhône-Alpes, France), 93, 94, 214, 230; coinage Lomello, counts and/or county,38, 190, 518 and/or mint, denier fort, 263; gros, 275; Council Longinus, saint, patron of Mantua, 389, 407, 714 (1245), 349, 362, 364, 378; treaty (1600), 234 Lorraine (France), kingdom, 98 Lothar I, emp., 611, 628 Maclodio (Lombardy), battle (1427), 438 Lothar III, emp., 33, 37, 71, 305, 418 Madonna della Vittoria, painting by Andrea Mantegna, 408 coronation, imperial (1133), 33 maestri d’abbaco,724

General index 1113

Maggi, Berardo, bishop of Brescia, 346, 352 Mantegna, Andrea, painter, 5, 29, 390, 403, 408; portrait Maggiora-Vergano, Ernesto, collection, 145 painting of Federico I Gonzaga of Mantua, Maggiora-Vergano, Tomaso [sic], collection, 107, 126; see also 403; portrait painting of Francesco II Gonzaga Maggiora-Vergano, Ernesto, collection of Mantua, 408 Maghreb (North Africa), 253, 261 Manto, daughter of Tiresias in Greek mythology,389 magister camera,35;see also Gisulfus, magister camere Mantua (Lombardy), 23, 24, 26, 98, 332, 345, 389, 433, 519, maglia, see medaglia 553, 654, 710, 711, 712, 715, 732, 735; view of, Magliavacca, Lamberto, merchant, 199 on coinage, 27 Magnaguti, Alessandro, collection, 390 Banca Agricola Mantovana, collection, 390 Magyars, see Hungarians bishops, 26, 37, 328, 389, 553 al-Mahdiyya (Mahdia, Tunisia),249 cathedral, 711 maille, see medaglia coinage and/or mint, 12, 18, 19, 20, 26, 27, 29, 188, 330, Mailliet, Prosper, numismatist, collection, 195 332, 351, 553, 610, 742 Mainz (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), coinage and/or communal, under the Bonacolsi, 331, 392–4; mint, 35, 54 classiication and chronology,394; denaro Maira, torrente and/or valley,137, 224, 711 crociato, 392; denaro scodellato, 746, 486; grosso Majorca (Balearic Islands, Spain), 740 aquilino, 392, 393, 488–9; grosso tirolino, 392, 393, malachino,740 623, 487 Málaga (Andalusia, Spain), 740 episcopal and communal, 377, 391–2; classiication and Malaspina, house, 252 chronology,394; denaro, 376, 391; denaro piccolo, Malatesta, family,coat of arms, 354, 355, 438; Carlo I, lord of 392; grosso,391;half-denaro or obolo,391,392 Rimini, 438, 466; Pandolfo, as lord of Brescia, according to Milanese system, denaro mezzano, 375, 27, 333, 337, 346, 347, 354–6, 380, 384; coat of 741; denaro piano (denarius mantuanus), 391, 480; arms, 354, 355; right of coinage, 354, 356 denaro scodellato (denarius mediolanensis), 375, Malipiero, Orio, doge of Venice, 637, 727 391, 746, 481–2 Malipiero, Pasquale, doge of Venice, 356 according to Venetian system, denaro scodellato, 559, Mamluks, 2 573, 594, 610, 657, 746, 484–5; grosso, 483 Manasse, archbishop of Milan, 36 under the Gonzaga, 333, 334, 393; classiication and mancus (Ital. mancuso), 554, 735, 740 chronology,398–9, 405–6, 410–12; denaro piccolo Manetto of Beauchâtel, mint-master in Ivrea, 162 or bagattino, 333; grosso,334;quattrino,334; Manfred, king of Sicily and Naples, 79, 83, 111, 138, 373, 518 soldino,334 Manfredi, Olderico, lord of Turin and marquis of Susa, 158 anonymous issues attributable to Federico II, Manfredo I, marquis of Carretto, 141, 145 bagattino or denaro piccolo (Venetian standard), Manfredo II (Manfredino), marquis of Carretto, 141, 143, 144, 731, 534–7;half-sesino, 538 145 Francesco I, 396; bagattino or denaro piccolo,396;grosso Manfredo of Incisa, 156 aquilino,396;grosso bolognino,396,499; quattrino, Manfredo (di Enrico) of Incisa, 156 396, 500; soldo or soldino,396 Manfredo I, marquis of Saluzzo, 95, 96, 138, 224–5 Francesco II, 335, 404–12 Manfredo II, marquis of Saluzzo, 168, 225, 227 billon and copper: bagattino or denaro piccolo Manfredo III, marquis of Saluzzo, 164, 168, 225, 227 (Venetian standard), 407, 518–25, 530–3; denaro Manfredo IV,marquis of Saluzzo, 163, 166, 167–8, 171, 180, piccolo (Mantua), 407, 517; quattrino (Mantua) 225–6, 227; coinage and/or mint(s), 180, 227; or trillina (Milanese standard), 407, 409, 529; denaro imperiale, 227 doppio quattrino (Mantua) or sesino (Milanese Manfredo V of Saluzzo (Manfredo of Cardé), claimant to the standard), 409, 527–8 marquisate of Saluzzo, 199, 226 gold: ive-ducat piece, 408; double ducat, 413; Manfredo (II) I Lancia, marquis of Busca and count of ducat, 407, 408; half-ducat, 408 Loreto, 138 silver: bussolotto da 9 soldi (sometimes wrongly Manfredo (III) II Lancia, marquis of Busca, 107, 109, 110, 111, called half-testone), 407, 408, 516; double 138, 139 bussolotto da 18 soldi, 409; grossetto da 16 bagattini, Manfredo (IV) III Lancia, marquis of Busca, 138 408; grosso da 5 soldi, 408; grosso da 4 soldi,407, Manfredo (di Corrado, called Manfredino), marquis of 408; grosso da 3 soldi, 409; grosso da 2 soldi, 409; Ponzone, 222, 223 testone or lira, 407, 408, 409, 526; double testone, Manfredo (di Enrico) del Carretto, 223 408; triple testone, 408

1114 General index

Mantua (Lombardy) (cont.) Marches, 483 Federico I, 403–6; bagattino or denaro piccolo,403,404, marchesano, 99, 100, 740 407, 515; bussolotto,403,404;da 2 soldi,403; Marcian, saint, bishop of Tortona, 715 ducat (gold), 403; medal, 404; quattrino Marco Polo, traveller and author, 6 (so-called), 404 Margherita of Saluzzo, mother and regent of Marquis Gian Francesco, 396–9 Ludovico I of Saluzzo, 226 as Capitano del Popolo,396–7;bagattino or denaro Margherita of Savoy,wife of Marquis Giovanni I of piccolo,396,397,503; quattrino,396,397,400, Montferrat, 225 501–2 Marguerite of Beaujeu, second wife of Prince Giacomo of as marquis,397–9; cagnolo,397;grosso,397,399,504 Savoy-Achaia, 212 Ludovico (or Luigi) I, 393; aquilino piccolo,393;grosso, Marguerite de Foix, wife of Marquis Ludovico II of Saluzzo, soldo di mezzani or mediatini (also called 227, 233, 234 grossetto), 393, 490–1; mezzano or mediatino da 2 Maria of Cleves, 128 denari piccoli,393,492; modern forgey,393 Marignoli, Filippo, collection, 107 Ludovico I and Guido, 393–5; denaro, 394; grosso Mark, saint, patron of Venice, 26, 27, 37, 62, 63, 83, 351, 628, aquilino minore or nuovo,393,395,493–5; 638, 642, 645, 648, 712, 714; cult, 62; relics, 628; quattrino, 394, 496 tomb, rediscovery,62, 63 Ludovico II, 395–6; bagattino or denaro (old denaro mark, unit of account, 740; unit of weight, 740, 743 piccolo, so-called half-denaro or obolo), 395; Marquardo di Randek, patriarch of Aquileia, 564, 578, 579, quattrino 395, 497–8 613 Ludovico III, 397–403, 404, 740 Marsanne (Rhône-Alpes, France), 304, 305 billon: bagattino or denaro piccolo,399,400,401, Marseille (France), 17, 93, 266; coinage and/or mint, denier 403, 505; quattrino,397,400;quattrino del sole, coronat,261;gros,261,262 395, 400 Marsilio of Padua, Italian humanist scholar, 85, 552 gold: ducat or marchesano, 399, 402, 506; half-ducat Martesana (Lombardy), contea (county), 356, 360 or half-marchesano,399,400,401;tercetto, 402 Martin, saint, 169, 714; probably referring to Martin of Tours, silver: bussolotto da 9 soldi (sometimes wrongly bishop, 714 called half-testone), 402, 403, 404, 510–11; grosso, Martin IV,pope, 154 399, 400, 401; grosso da 3 soldi, 400, 401, 402, Martinengo (Lombardy), 438 403, 507; grossetto or half-bussolotto,401; Martins de Bulhões, Fernando, Saint Antony of Padua, 710 half-grosso or half-bussolotto,400;marchesano da Mary,the Virgin, 444, 445, 540, 713, 714, 715 10 soldi (silver), 334, 401, 402, 508; soldo or Masino and Borgomasino, counts, see Valperga, counts, soldino,400,401,403;testone da 15 soldi,334, Masino and Borgomasino branch 402, 403, 509; with Federico I, da due soldi,403, massamutino, 740, 741 512–14 Masserano (Piedmont), 149, 150, 245, 712, 716 Ducal Palace, Camera degli Sposi,403 coinage and/or mint, 98, 101, 153, 154, 539, 716 minting rights, 328, 389, 553 ducat (gold), 154; ongaro, 716; scudo d’oro,154 mint treasurers, 402 bianco, 154; cavallotto, 154; cornuto,154trillina, 114–15 monetary policy,399 Massimo, bishop of Turin, see Maximus, saint, bishop of Turin monetary proclamation, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404; matapan, 14, 557, 639, 641, 741 (1400-5), 396; (1446) 399, 400; (1447), 400; Matteo di Bonaccorso Borgo, of Florence, mint-master in (1462), 400, 401; (1463), 401; (1472), 402; Ivrea, 161 (1480), 404; (1492), 402, 404, 407 Matilde of Canossa, countess of Tuscany,32–3, 191, 345, 373, monetary reform (1349), 395; (1472), 334, 401–3, 404 389, 391 monetary system, 402, 404, 409 Maultasch, Margarete, countess of Tyrol, 619, 620, 624 money of account, lira, 395, 396, 397, 400, 402, 407 Maurice of Agaunum, saint, 214, 711 weights and measures, 721; monetary weights, 722 Maxentius, Roman emp., 205 Manuel I, Byzantine emperor, 163 Maximian, Roman emp., 711, 713 Manzoni, Alessandro, nineteenth-century Italian author, 226 Maximilian I of Austria, emp., 8, 152, 300, 306, 484, 485, 537, marabotino,740 581, 592, 634, 655 Marcaria, Federico da, 390 Maximus, saint, bishop of Turin, 205 Marca Tuscie,23 Mazzetti, lords of Frinco, 154, 155; minting rights, 155; see also Marca Veronensis,23 Giacomo de Maceto Marcello, Nicolò, doge of Venice, 651–2, 740 Mecca, 7

General index 1115

medaglia (also maglia, maille or obolo), half-denaro, 13, 741, Messina (Sicily), 227 742 metallurgical analysis, 71; see also compositional anaysis mediatino, 741 mezzano, see denaro mezzano Medici, Gian Giacomo de’, Milanese mercenary,537 Mezzetti, lords, 98 Medici, Lorenzo de’, Florentine ruler, 483 Michael Archangel, saint, patron of Cortemilia, 144, 709, Mediterranean, 250, 252, 285, 555, 562, 565, 637, 645, 732, 741; 715 Central, 250, 252, 387, 641; Eastern, 2, 11, 17, Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor, 630 250, 263, 285, 286, 555, 558, 627, 630, 632, 633, Michele Antonio of Saluzzo, 153, 154, 234 737; Western, 250, 251, 252, 261, 286, 287 Middle East and/or Near East, 7, 17, 44, 253, 261, 262, 267, Mehmed II, Ottoman sultan, 7 633, 732, 733, 745 Meinhard (I), count of Gorizia, 582 Milan (Lombardy) and/or the Milanese, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, Meinhard II, count of Gorizia, 582, 583 13, 22, 23, 29, 34, 36, 37, 38, 43, 48–57, 58, 73, Meinhard III, count of Gorizia, 583, 584–5 75, 80, 84, 85, 86, 88, 94, 97, 100, 102, 158, 163, Meinhard IV,count of Gorizia, 583, 585, 586, 621; see also 164, 183, 190, 192, 198, 226, 235, 236, 240, 245, Meinhard II, count of Tyrol 251, 285, 287, 292, 308, 309, 312, 326, 327, 328, Meinhard VI, count of Gorizia, 583, 585, 588, 589–90 329, 330, 331, 334, 336, 337, 345–6, 351, 356, 357, Meinhard (I), count of Tyrol, 607, 618–19, 620–4 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 370, 371, 373, 374, 386, Meinhard II, count of Tyrol, 100, 105, 144, 159, 242, 559, 585, 387, 389, 412–514, 517, 518, 523, 527, 533, 537, 586, 619, 620; see also Meinhard IV,count of 550, 551, 552, 633, 650, 710, 712, 736, 738, 739, Gorizia 743 Meinhard III of Tyrol, 619 Ambrosian Republic, so-called, 240, 334, 369, 416, 439, Meli (Basilicata), constitution (1231), 339 476, 477, 482, 485, 486, 533 Melgueil (France), coinage and/or mint, 115 archbishop and/or archiepiscopal see, 36, 37, 38, 48, 326, Meloria, battle (1284), 250, 252, 253, 273, 284 356, 387, 413, 445, 449, 514, 712 Mendrisio (Ticino, Switzerland), 369 Biblioteca Trivulziana, 357, 490, 515 Mensura, Lanfranco, 199 Brera, collection, 105, 110, 168; see also Castello Sforzesco, Mentore Pozzi, Ettore, collection, 210 collections Meran (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 559, 585, 610, 618, 620 Castello Sforzesco, collections, 317 coinage and/or mint, 18, 100, 395, 557, 559, 560, 586, 610, cathedral, 436 620–7, 641, 643, 658, 727, 730, 748 centre of art patronage, 5 denaro, 559, 594, 620, 621, 622, 624–6 centre of printing, 6 grosso, 392, 560, 595, 658, 730; grosso aquilino or church of Santo Stefano, 484, 496 zwanziger, 395, 559, 560, 612, 620, 621–2, 623, Civiche raccolte archeologiche e numismatiche, 625, 643, 658, 659, 666, 730, 738, 748, 958–61; collection, 261, 426, 538; see also Castello grosso tirolino or zwanziger and later called Sforzesco, collections kreuzer, 100, 144, 159, 242, 395, 559, 560, 620, coat of arms, 706 625–6, 643, 659–60, 727, 730, 738, 748, 962–81, coinage and/or mint, 12, 19, 23, 99, 375, 413, 517, 519, 726, 983, 986–90;half-grosso, 624, 982; quattrino or 730, 746 vierer, 394, 624, 625–6, 984–5, 991–2 communal, 49, 58, 77, 81, 259, 268, 329, 339, 340, 352, grosso, imitations, 560; aquilino, imitations, 392, 560, 612, 376, 389, 417; gold, 18; mint output, 417; silver, 625; tirolino, imitations, 560, 660; Piedmontese, 17 81, 99, 100, 105, 144, 623, 748 ambrosino d’oro,331,426–7,730 monetary reform (c. 1275), 622; (c. 1446), 626 denaro, 330, 347, 348, 521, 623; denaro imperiale, 75–6, merchants, 94, 724; Lombard, 142; Tuscan,142 82, 99, 100, 105, 110, 160, 161, 167, 168, 223, merchants’ manuals, 721; see also coin lists 258, 260, 304, 306, 329, 330, 331, 342, 349, 351, Mercieri, Martinetto, of Chieri, mint-master in Turin, 217, 352, 354, 379, 386, 387, 419, 420, 421–2, 423, 218, 219, 220 424, 426, 522, 738, 557–8; contemporary Merlo, Ardizzone, of Cuneo, mint-master and/or moneyer in forgery,420; denaro imperiale piano, 341, 425, Cuneo, 200 569–70, 578a, 581; Piedmontese imitations, 81, Mesolcina (Graubünden, Switzerland), valley,537, 538, 539 105, 145, 171, 223, 331, 426, 739 Mesocco (Switzerland), castello, county and lordship, 335, 504, denaro terzolo, 77, 329, 340, 342, 347, 348, 362, 375, 508, 537, 538, 539, 544, 545, 711; coinage 376, 377, 387, 418–19, 420, 422, 423, 425, and/or mints, 133, 335, 510, 538, 539, 545; 426, 747, 539–52, 560, 571–2;half-denari, denaro,335;trillina,335,511;mintingrights,537 419

1116 General index

Milan (Lombardy) and/or the Milanese (cont.) regale da 9 soldi, 509, 510; grosso regale da 6 soldi, grosso,657;grosso ambrosino, 82, 268, 277, 330, 340, also called ambrosino, 509, 510, 511, 774, 776; 341, 342, 351, 352, 354, 379, 416, 420–1, 422, grosso regale da 3 soldi, sometimes called bissona, 423–5, 427, 428, 522, 561–8, 573–8, 579–80; 508, 509, 511, 777–8, 784–5; grosso regale da 2 grosso da 10 denari imperiali,425,426;grosso soldi, sometimes called parpagliola, 509, 510; maggiore da 6 denari imperiali, 341, 420, 421, 422, double scudo, 508, 509, 510; scudo, 508; sesino, 426; grosso minore da 4 denari imperiali, 82, 120, 508, 511, 787; soldo or soldino, 508, 509, 510, 511, 193, 380, 420–1, 422, 426, 559 770, 779, 786; testone, 508, 509, 510, 769; trillina, metallurgical analysis, 415, 424 508, 509, 510, 511, 542, 771–2, 775, 780–2 early royal and imperial, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 30, 31, 35, medallion-like multiples, 511 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 48, 50–7, 59, 60, 70, 74, under the Sforza, 19, 27, 128, 154, 240, 334, 336, 406; 77, 255, 327, 328, 414, 416, 553, 554, 10, 21–2, classiication and chronology,492–5, 505–7; 29–31, 35, 43, 50–3 denaro imperiale, 124, 126, 240, 241, 335; ducat chronology and classiication, 56–7 (gold), 334; grosso, 125, 133; grossone, 182, 298, circulation, 50 334; sesino, 409; soldo, 184; testone (lira), 483; debasement, 52 trillina, 232, 749; presentation coins, 234 denaro,725,747;denaro enriciano,55;denaro imperiale, Francesco Sforza, 334, 374, 477, 487–91; classiication 74, 75, 76, 145, 725; denaro scodellato, 50; denaro and chronology,492–5; portrait coinage, 487, terzolo, 58, 75, 77, 80, 361, 747; denarius brunus, 488; denaro, 488, 489, 490, 491; denaro imperiale, 57; denarius mediolanensis veteris, 57, 58, 328, 725 487, 699–700; ducat (gold), 489, 490, 650, 708; expansion, 52 grosso, 487, 488, 490; grosso da 2 soldi, 488, 489, forgery,modern, 55 693–4; grosso or grossetto da 2½ soldi,490, immobilised coinage, 52, 53 710–11; grossone da 5 soldi,334,490,709; grossone metallurgical analysis, 49 da 4 soldi, 334, 489, 701; quindicino, 487, 489, mint output, 50 490, 712; sesino, 488, 489, 490, 696–8, 713; soldo moneyers, 50, 53 or soldino, 487, 488, 489, 490, 695, 702, 707; prohibition, 74 trillina, 489, 490, 491, 703–6;coinweight,714 standard of weight and/or ineness, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, Bianca Maria Visconti and Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 56–7, 58, 75–6 491–6; classiication and chronology,492–5; seigniorial, 87 denaro imperiale, 491; ducat (gold), 491–6, 721; under the Ambrosian Republic, 126, 240, 476, 477, grosso or grossetto da 2½ soldi,491,715; 486–7; classiication and chronology,492–5; quindicino,491,716–17; sesino,491,718; trillina, ambrosino d’oro, 486; denaro imperiale, 195, 240, 491, 719–20 241, 486–7, 691–2; grosso da 2 soldi, 486, 488, Galeazzo Maria Sforza alone, 334, 496–501, 503; 685–7; sesino, 486, 688–90 classiication and chronology,499, 505–7; under Charles V,silver medal or third-scudo,514,788 portrait coinage, 496, 498, 500; denaro imperiale, from Henry VII to Louis IV,81–4, 86, 87, 90–1, 342, 334, 498, 500, 501, 730–1; double ducat (gold), 417, 427–8, 441; classiication and chronology, 334, 496, 497, 498; ducat (gold), 497, 500, 428–32; denaro imperiale or parvus imperialis,80, 722–3, 732;half-ducat,497;grossetto da 30 denari 81–2, 83, 85, 87, 157, 331, 427, 428, 587–8, 594; or trentino, 498; grosso,334;grossone da 20 soldi denaro terzolo (half-denaro imperiale), 82, 87, 427, (lira)ortestone, 334, 496, 500, 733–6; grossone da 428; grosso, 87, 593; grosso ambrosino, 428; grosso 10 soldi,500,737; grossone da 8 soldi,497–8,724; ambrosino da 2 soldi, 331, 427, 583–5; grosso grossone da 5 soldi,500,738–9; grossone da 4 soldi, ambrosino da 1 soldo, 427, 428, 586; grosso 497, 725–6; grossone da 3 soldi,500,740; sesino aquilino da 1 soldo nuovo,331,589; grosso or soldo, 334, 498, 741–4; soldo or soldino,500; imperiale, 81, 82, 427, 428; grosso maggiore, trillina, 334, 498, 500, 501, 502, 727–9 Venetian type, 83, 84, 85, 331, 427, 445, 590; medallion-like multiples, 502; of the ducat (gold), grosso minore, Venetian type, 83, 87, 365, 427, 500, 502; of the grossone (silver), 500, 502 428; quattrino, called sesino, 426, 428 Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 334; classiication and under Louis XII, 130, 504–11, 542; classiication and chronology,505–7 chronology,512–13; denaro, 508, 511, 783; under the regency of Bona of Savoy,501; double double ducat (gold), 508, 509, 510; grosso, 593; ducat or doppia,501–2,503,745; grossone da 20 grosso regale da 18 soldi, 509, 510, 773; grosso soldi (lira)ortestone, 502, 733–6; trillina, 502

General index 1117

medallion-like multiples, 502; of the ducat (gold), Gian Galeazzo Visconti, 460, 476, 519, 528, 601, 605, 502; of the grossone (silver), 502 662, 664, 665; classiication and chronology, under the regency of Ludovico Maria Sforza, 456–9, 463; denaro imperiale, 332, 369, 455, 460, 502–3; denaro,503,752; double ducat, 503; 461, 465, 601, 640–1, 643–5, 656; lorin or ducat, 502, 503; grossone da 20 soldi or testone, ducat (gold), 332, 453, 454, 462, 467, 528; grosso 503; grossone da 21½ soldi or testone,503,761; da 2 soldi,332;grosso da 1½ soldi or pegione,332, grossone da 20½ soldi or testone,503,747–9; 369, 455, 460, 461, 462–5, 528, 530, 633–8, grosso da 5 soldi,503,750–1, 753–4; grosso da 3 647–51; sesino,332,455,460,461,465,516,531, soldi,503,755–7; trillina, 503, 540, 758–60 639, 642, 646, 654–5; soldo or duodesino,461, medallion-like multiples in gold, silver and 465, 652–3 bronze, 503 monetary manipulation, 461; irst (1391), 455, 460, Ludovico Maria il Moro Sforza, 334, 504; 461–2, 528; second (1398/1400), 460, 462–5, classiication and chronology,505–7; denaro, 530 504, 768; double ducat or doppia,504,762; Giovanni and Luchino Visconti, 443; denaro imperiale testone,504,763–5; testone proof or medal, 504, (in the name of Luchino alone), 444, 445, 607; 766; trillina, 504, 540, 767 grosso, 462; grosso da 2 soldi, 444, 445, 450, 460, medallions, 504 601–3, 609; ambrosino d’oro, 444–5; half- under the Visconti, 19, 27, 125, 176, 332, 333, 354, 440, ambrosino d’oro, 444, 608; sesino (in the name of 443, 448, 516, 601; denaro imperiale, 124, 177; Giovanni alone), 444, 445, 604–6 lorin or ducat (gold), 476; grosso da 2 soldi,172; Giovanni Visconti alone, denaro imperiale,445, grosso pegione, 122, 124, 125, 177, 743; sesino, 124, 612–13; grosso da 2 soldi,445,610–11; sesino,445 177, 178, 370; trillina, 749; classiication and Giovanni Carlo or Giancarlo and Estore Visconti, chronology,446–7 515; classiication and chronology,469–71; Azzo or Azzone Visconti, 332, 365, 442–3, 444, 472, denaro bissolo,357,468,472,664; pegione,357, 516; denaro imperiale, 332, 368, 384, 443, 468, 472, 663; ottino,472;quattrino, 357, 370, 599–600; denaro terzolo, 332, 443; lorin (gold), 468, 472 332, 442; grosso, 462; grosso da 2 soldi, 87, 332, Giovanni Maria Visconti, classiication and 442, 460, 595; quattrino (called ottavo di soldo), chronology,469–71; standard of ineness, 468; 332, 370, 442–3, 472, 726, 598; soldo or soldino, denaro bissolo, 333, 384, 466, 467, 473, 516, 731, 170, 171, 332, 442, 596–7 658; denaro imperiale, 333, 466; lorin or ducat Bernabò and Galeazzo II Visconti, 526; classiication (gold), 467, 530; grosso,530;grosso da 1½ soldi or and chronology,456–9; denaro imperiale, 449; pegione, 354, 384, 466, 467, 516–17, 659; ottino, lorin (gold), 451, 527; grosso, 450; grosso da 1½ 466, 467, 743, 661; sesino,385,467,516,657; soldi or pegione, 449, 450, 451, 452, 618–20, soldo or duodesino,467,660; trillina, 370, 385, 624–6; sesino, 449, 450, 451, 614–17 467, 474, 662 in the name of Bernabò alone, 451; denaro Matteo and Galeazzo I, grosso ambrosino, 591; denaro imperiale,453,630; lorin (gold), 449, 623; grosso, imperiale, 592 49, 453, 454; grosso da 1½ soldi or pegione,332, commune, 49, 413, 415, 417, 514, 533; consuls, 49, 332, 413 445, 452, 453, 455, 621, 627, 631–2; sesino, 370, Credenza di Sant’Ambrogio, popular association in Milan, 453, 454, 622; sesino or quattrino, 451, 452, 453, 414,423,433 628–9 destruction of (1162), 37, 54, 74, 417 in the name of Galeazzo II alone, 519 duchy and/or dukes, 5, 121, 226, 240, 282, 336, 354, 357, Filippo Maria Visconti, 386, 473–7, 487, 488, 498, 439, 533, 537, 539 536; classiication and chronology,478–81; economic expansion or growth, 50, 413, 414 denaro, 473, 475, 477; denaro imperiale, 397, 476, First Republic (1250–1311), 444 487, 671, 683–4; lorin or ducat (gold), 386, French conquest and/or rule, 121, 287, 542 474, 475, 476, 477, 672–4; grosso,477;grosso da 3 imperial alliance (1185/6), 54, 75 soldi, 333, 474–5, 669; grosso da 2 soldi,397, merchants, 67 474–5, 476, 477, 670, 675, 678–80; grosso da 21 minting rights, 36, 37, 54, 74, 375, 414, 416–17, 441–2; denari or pegione,474,665; ottino, 474, 743, 666; transferred to Cremona, 373, 374, 414, 417, 519 sesino,474,477,667, 681–2; soldo, 476, 536, 676; mint output, 445 trillina,474,476,668, 677 monetary area, 24, 331, 423, 739 monetary manipulation (1415/16), 473 monetary policy,417, 422, 440, 486, 502

1118 General index

Milan (Lombardy) and/or the Milanese (cont.) Monte Calisio (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 557, 609 monetary reform (1254/6), 423, 424; (1298/9), 24, 304, Tyrol (eastern Alps), 19, 254, 298, 483, 487, 556; Schwaz, 330, 342, 427, 428; (1311/12), 331; (1330s), 24, 19, 626, 627, 650 332, 384, 434, 442, 443; (1398), 665; (1436), 333, Vercellese (Piedmont), 248; costa l’Argentera, 248; Alpe 439, 473, 475, 476; (1456), 533, 536; (1462), 334; Isolà, 248; Monduccia, 248; Quara, 248 (1474), 322, 334, 483, 489, 496–501, 502, 503, mint or mints, 25, 28, 741; mint-mark, 742, 744 504; (1508), 132, 135 minting rights, 20–2, 26, 33, 37, 73, 74, 95, 327, 328, 549, 554; monetary system, 167, 176, 181, 182, 184, 260, 328, 329, see also individual coinages and/or mints 330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 354, 379, 423, 439, 440, mint-master, 35, 36, 50, 218, 742, 744; see also individual 443, 444, 466, 477, 516 mint-masters moneyers, 49, 54, 84, 331, 417 minuto, 742; see also denaro piccolo Museo Verri, 365 mistura,731,742 Ospedale Maggiore, 483 Mocenigo, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 652 Peace of St Ambrose (1258), 423, 433 Mocenigo, Pietro, doge of Venice, 652, 742, 749 population, 4 Mocenigo, Tomaso, doge of Venice, 647, 648–9, 724 resettlement (1167), 54 mocenigo, 742; see also Venice, coinage and/or mint, lira Sant’Ambrogio, abbey church, 48, 326, 422; basilica, 81; Modena (Emilia-Romagna), 1, 98, 326, 390, 433, 745; coinage monastery,413 and/or mint, 742; bagattino,731;grosso,144; seat of royal administration, 80 Medagliere Estense, 744 Sforza dukes and their rule, 109, 285, 335, 485, 518, Modon (Μεθώνη, Methoni, Greece), 286, 630, 645 537 module, 742 statutes, 332, 422, 434, 442 Moesa (Graubünden and Ticino, Switzerland), river, 538 territory/territories, 5, 24, 97, 538; territorial expansion, Monaco (French Riviera), 116, 149, 284, 630; used by 433; territorial state, 332–5, 337, 374 Genoese Guelf exiles as base for pirate activity, trade, 336 284 Universitas mercatorum,440 Moncalieri (Piedmont), 206, 213, 217; coinage and/or mint, Visconti lords, lordship or signoria, 87, 97, 98, 109, 111, 113, 208–9, 213, 214, 216–17; denaro or denaro largo, 176, 199, 235, 282, 285, 293, 307, 332, 333, 335, 208–9; denaro piccolo or viennese, 208, 209; lorin 337, 415, 428, 433, 434, 439, 440, 441, 444, 448, (gold), 216; half-grosso,216–17,179;quarter- 454, 485, 518, 552, 581, 593, 601, 604, 611, 632, grosso, 214, 216, 217; mint ordinance (1387), 633, 654, 666, 736; Visconti state or territory, 216 80, 326, 333, 346, 354, 356, 369, 371, 373, 374, Moncalvo (Piedmont), 163, 164, 168, 169, 176, 180; coinage 384, 434, 435, 436, 438, 439, 440, 448, 461, 464, and/or mint, 164, 168, 172, 173, 178, 180, 182, 473, 477, 487, 533 225; denaro or obolo viennese (maglia di weights and measures, 720; monetary weights, 722 bianchetto), 180 Milani, Este, collection, 365 Mondondone (Lombardy), 488 Milano di Giacomello, mint-master in Padua, 600 Mondovì (Piedmont), 198, 214 miliarese, coinage, 16, 153, 260–1, 271, 301, 641, 741; imitations, moneta grossa, 13, 15, 16, 657 261, 301; standard, 301; unit of account, 16, 640 moneta piccola,13 miliaresion, 741 monetary areas, 22–4, 25, 36, 47, 59, 80, 328, 329, 330, 331, 351, Millesimo (Liguria), 146, 223, 303 396 Mincio, river (Lombardy), 389 monetary crisis, early twelfth century,328; mid-thirteenth mining and/or mining areas, gold, Vercellese (Piedmont), 248 century,18–19, 95, 99, 142, 167, 171, 236, 248, mining and/or mining areas, silver, 9, 556, 609, 650; Alps, 483, 263, 329, 389, 391, 616, 641; early fourteenth 501; Austria, 555; Bohemia, 648; Central century,171, 331; early ifteenth century,354, Europe,501,504;Germany,555;Saxony,556; 370, 439, 440, 465; mid-ifteenth century,334 Slovakia, 648 monetary league and/or convention, Brescia–Cremona Bergamasco (Lombardy), 337, 341 (1184), 376, 377; Lombard (1250/1), 99, 236, Carinthia (eastern Alps), 17, 254, 556, 567, 570 237, 329, 338, 339, 340, 349, 362, 364, 389, 422, Colline Metallifere (Tuscany), 17, 254, 556 423; see also crossed O; Lombard (1254), 18, 99, Erzgebirge (Saxony), 19, 298, 487, 650; Schneeberg, 19, 103, 104, 111, 193, 236, 237, 238, 246, 267, 329, 650 330, 340, 351, 362, 363, 364, 375, 378, 389, 422, Harz mountains (Lower Saxony), 17 423, 521 Iglesias (Sardinia), 17, 254, 556 monetary manipulation, 496

General index 1119

monetary proclamations (gride), 14, 81, 82, 97, 99, 538 Monviso, Cottian Alps, 226 French viscount in Italy,irst (Aug. 1519), 232; second Monza (Lombardy), 33, 333, 356, 357, 438, 514–17 (Oct. 1519), 229 Basilica di San Giovanni Battista, duomo, 514 HenryVII(Nov.1311),99–100,101,103,117,141,144,145, coinage and/or mint, 357, 468–72, 515–17; bissolo,516–17; 156, 157, 159, 160, 168, 169, 171, 208, 222, 223, denaro bissolo,517;grosso or pegione da 1½ soldi, 229, 243, 354, 426, 623, 746 472, 517, 789; sesino,516;quattrino,516;trillina, Milanese, 184; Milanese, for Reggio-Emilia (1384), 313; 516 Milanese (1415/16), 176; of 1420, 124, 125; minting rights, 515 (1455/61), 295; (1462), 334; (1465/6), 182; weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 Milanese, for Asti and Milan (1508), 134; Moravia, coat of arms, 706 Milanese (1511), 189; (1519), 189, 542 Morbio, Carlo, numismatist, collection, 195 Montferrat (1418), 177, 178 Morea (Μωρέας, Peloponnese, Greece), 630 monetary reform(s), 322; see also under individual mints Moretta (Piedmont), 228 c. 1300 (1298/1302), 425 Moro, Cristoforo, doge of Venice, 650, 724 Carolingian (794), 26, 30, 347 Morocco, 250 early fourteenth century,276 Morono, Filippo, merchant, 199 early tenth century (926/31), 35 Morrison, Alfred, collection, 233 Henry VII (1311/12), 24, 80, 81, 157, 331, 361, 427 Motta, family,of Milan, 414 Ottonian,15,23,30,35,41,51 Mühldorf (Bavaria, Germany), battle (1322), 3, 85 Venice (1472), 322 Mulazzini, Giovanni, numismatist, collection, 725 monetary system, north Italy,12, 13; regional, 341; Lombardy mule, 738, 742 (Bergamo and Milan), 341, 342; Tuscany Muslim coinage, gold, 12; silver, dirham, 253; half-dirham (Florence, Lucca, Pisa), 341; Veneto (Venice, (miliarese or millarès), 253 Verona), 341, 351 Muslim monetary system, 16, 253, 269 monetary tarifs, 125 Muslims, see Arabs moneychangers and moneychanging, 246 Mussato, Albertino, Italian statesman and historian, 552 moneyer or moneyers, 21, 34, 35, 36, 50, 246, 742, 744 Musso (Lombardy), 537, 539, 711; church, 544; coinage moneylenders and moneylending, 94 and/or mint, 538, 539, 542–7, 711; cavallotto, money of account, 14, 176, 228 545; cornuto,545;denaro, 545, 547; grosso,545; Monselice (Veneto),592 grossone or grosso da 10 soldi or cornuto, 539, 545, Montaldo (Piedmont), 155, 156 824; grosso da 6 soldi or cavallotto, 542, 545, Montaldo, Leonardo, doge of Genoa, 290 825–7; grosso da 3 soldi or half-cavallotto,539, Montanaro (Piedmont), coinage and/or mint, 101, 539 544, 820; parpagliola,545;scudo del sole (gold), Mont Cenis Pass, see Alpine passes, Mont Cenis 539, 544, 545; soldo trivulzino,544,821–2; Monte Gargano (Apulia), 715 testone, 545, 547; trillina, 823; minting rights, Montélimar (Rhône-Alpes, France), 304 537, 539 Montenegro, 732 Mytilene (Μυτιλήνη, Greece), 250 Montenuovo collection, 233 Montferrat (Piedmont), 94, 124, 141, 155, 162, 163, 240; Naples, 227, 732; kingdom, 3, 7, 8, 199, 227, 334, 482, 484, 485; marquisate and/or marquises, 5, 11, 12, 95, 97, coinage and/or mint, 20, 27, 201, 203; cavallo, 98, 99, 100, 102, 106, 107, 113, 120, 122, 155, 156, 20, 403, 650; ducat (gold), 650; gigliato,746 157, 159, 160, 161, 162–87, 197, 206, 208, 214, Napoleon Bonaparte, 287 225, 227, 240, 435, 629, 716 Nazario, bishop of Asti, 112 coat of arms, 706 Near East, see Middle East and/or Near East coinage and/or mints, 100, 164, 166, 230; see also Casale Negropont (Euboea, Greece), 630, 645 Monferrato or Casale San Evasio, Chivasso, Nero, Roman emp., 715 Moncalvo Newfoundland (North America), 7 minting rights, 163, 166, 167 New World,580 monetary system, 167, 176, 184 Nice (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France), statutes (1287), money of account, 176 273 possessions and rights, 222 Nicaea (Bithynia, Iznik,˙ Turkey), First Council (325), 713 territory,97 Niccolò II d’Este, lord of Ferrara, 740 Mont Genèvre Pass, see Alpine passes, Mont Genèvre Nicholas V,pope, 7 Montluel (Rhône-Alpes, France), coinage and/or mint, 230 Nicholas V,anti-pope, 4

1120 General index

Nicoletto de’ Fieschi, count of Lavagna, 152 Oderzo (Veneto),627 Nicolò di Bohemia, patriarch of Aquileia, 577, 726 Oglio (Lombardy), river, 370 Nicolò da Bruna, bishop of Trento, 608, 610 Olderico Manfredi I, marquis of Turin, 205 Nicolò de’ Fieschi di Torriglia, 150 Olderico Manfredi II, marquis of Turin, 205 Nicomedia (Izmit,˙ Turkey), 712 Olonio (Lombardy), castello, 75, 359, 360, 361 Nogarola or Da Nogarole, coat of arms, 706 Oltrepo Pavese (Lombardy), 247 Noli (Liguria), 302 Olympus, Mount, 719; see also impresa nomisma, see Byzantine Empire, coinage and/or mints, gold oncia, unit of weight, 740, 743, 749 coinage Opizzone de’ Fieschi, count of Lavagna, 152 Norital (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), valley,580, 618 Orange (Provence), principality,coinage and/or mint, Normans, 628, 735, 742, 747 half-carlin,203,204 Nosedo (Lombardy), suburb of Milan, 417; coinage and/or Orba (Piedmont), river, 94, 220 mint, 54, 74, 75, 77, 84, 89, 328, 360, 361, 374, Orcagna, Andrea (Andrea di Cione di Arcangelo), Florentine 375, 417, 419, 72–5 painter, 748 Nova Gorica (Slovenia), 582 Orco (Piedmont) torrente,241 Novara (Piedmont), 104, 149, 164, 190–6, 241, 248, 326, 448, Orléans, house, 121, 477; coat of arms, 706; Charles of Valois, 712 duke of Orléans, 121, 123–4, 125, 126, 128; ancient origins, 190 Isabella, countess of Vertus, 435, 454; Louis of battle (1513), 137 Valois, duke of Orléans, 121, 123, 195, 307, 308, bishop, 190, 191, 192, 193, 712 314, 436, 483, 537; see also Louis XII, king of coinage and/or mint, 21, 99, 116, 193–6; denaro, 194; denaro France imperiale, 194–5; denaro mezzano, 142, 167, 193, Orseolo, Pietro II, doge of Venice, 628 165–7; grosso,193;obolo, 193, 194, 195; siege Orso II Participazio, doge of Venice, 21, 627 coinage, 195–6 Ossola (Piedmont), counts and/or county,190, 191, 196; commune, 191; communal consuls, 191 valley (Val d’Ossola), 191, 192, 197 county,190 Ostrogoths, coinage and/or mints 413, 517 diocese, 712 otoniense, 743; see also ottolino factionalism, 192 Otranto (Apulia), 628 minting rights, 192–3 ottavino, see Genoa, coinage/or mint podestà and/or podesteria, 192; Milanese dominance, 192 ottino,743 population, 191 ottolino,743 statutes (1277), 193; (1328/46), 194 Ottonian dynasty,335, 517, 553 territory, 191, 193 Otto I, emp., 15, 23, 30–1, 34, 35, 39, 41, 51, 53, 59, 94, 106, textile industry,191 112, 163, 191, 220, 327, 358, 548, 549, 553, 743; weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 coinage, 39, 40, 41, 51–2, 66, 67, 68, 726, 1–7; Novello (Piedmont), 223, 303 coronation, imperial (962), 23, 30, 39, 327 Noyon (Picardy,France), 539 Otto II, emp., 31, 32, 39, 40, 41, 51, 101, 234, 387; coinage, 39, Nuremberg (Germany), 256; Reconciliation (1184), 109 40, 41, 52, 2–10; immobilised under Otto III, Nyon (Vaud,Switzerland), coinage and/or mint, 218; forte 52, 67; coronation, imperial (967), 31, 39, 41, 51 nero,215;grosso,214;half-grosso,216;scudo Otto III, emp., 1, 39, 42, 48, 52, 60, 68, 74, 112, 191, 244, 248, (gold), 214; quarter-grosso,218 358, 391, 517; coinage, 39, 40, 42, 43, 52, 53, 61, Nymphaeum (Νύμφαιον, Nymphaion, Turkey), treaty (1261), 68, 11–24; coronation, imperial (996), 40, 41, 68 253, 268 Otto IV of Brunswick, emp., 2, 107, 149, 359 Otto Guillaume, duke of Burgundy,11 Obertenghi, house, 149, 252, 302, 373 Otto I of the Aleramici, 95, 96, 163 Obervellach (Austria), 587; coinage and/or mint of the Otto, duke of Brunswick, 164, 175, 180 counts of Gorizia, 587; bracteate, 587; denaro, Otto I of Carretto, marquis of Savona, 138, 139, 302, 305 587 Otto III, marquis of Carretto, 141, 143–4, 145 Obizzino de’ Fieschi, count of Lavagna, 301 Otto, marquis of Ceva, 147 obol or obolo, 742; see also medaglia Otto the Guerriero, marquis of Incisa, 156 obverse, 742 Otto, count of Tyrol, 624 O croxato, see crossed O Otto of Freising, chronicler, 76 Oddone I, count of Savoy,205 Otto von Rottenbuch, German ecclesiastic, 568 Oddone Bellingeri, bishop of Acqui, see Bellingeri, Oddone Ottobono de’ Fieschi, see Hadrian V,pope

General index 1121

Ottobono de’ Razzi, 575 Parabiago (Lombardy), battle (1339), 434, 449 Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–79), 633 parcel, 743 ounce, 743; see also oncia Paris (France), 93; Bibliothèque Nationale, collection, 110, Ovada (Piedmont), 94 128, 135, 323 overstrike, 743 Parma (Emilia-Romagna), 75, 78, 88, 94, 193, 236, 246, 247, 326, 378, 380, 414, 421, 435, 438, 551, 654; Pactum Lothari (840), 554, 628 coinage and/or mint, 329, 330; denaro mezzano, Padua (Veneto), 5, 8, 332, 352, 436, 455, 460, 461, 465, 550, 551, 393; grosso, 522; grosso da 10 denari imperiali,380, 552, 554, 557, 561, 564, 581, 583, 590, 592, 606, 425; under John of Bohemia, 88 611, 625, 627, 632, 633, 646, 647, 648, 654, 655, parpagliola,743 665–6,710,711,713,715,733,747 Paschal I, pope, 711 Basilica di Santa Giustina, 605, 715 Passerano (Piedmont), 98 bishop, 554, 566, 592, 594, 597, 666, 711, 715 Passeiertal (Val Passiria, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 618 coinage and/or mint, 20, 27, 551, 557, 559, 561, 593–604, Pasturello da Cisterna, mint-master in Savona, 310 612, 646, 647, 727; classiication and Pataria, religious movement, 1, 49, 413 chronology,602–4; carrarese (grosso da 4 soldi), patron saints, represented on coinage, 26 598, 599, 600, 601, 604, 606, 733, 927; carrarino Paul III, pope, 152 (grosso da 2 soldi), 561, 596–7, 598, 600, 604–5, Paul the Deacon, Benedictine monk of Monte Cassino and 733, 916–20, 922–5; denaro, 594, 596, 598, 601, chronicler of the Lombards, 514 604, 611, 659; denaro piccolo or bagattino,561, pavese, 743; see also Pavia, coinage and/or mint 605–6, 647, 910, 921, 931; ducat (gold), 598, Pavia (Lombardy), 6, 23, 31, 32, 34, 40, 41, 42, 48, 50, 53, 58, 599, 600; grosso aquilino, 392, 595–6, 911–15; 73, 80, 93, 103, 113, 193, 198, 235, 236, 246, 247, quattrino, 591, 598, 600, 601, 605, 928–30; 266, 326, 327, 332, 333, 334, 358, 370, 373, 413, quattrino da 2 denari, 600, 601, 605; sestino negro, 414, 417, 426, 435, 436, 438, 448, 450, 451, 455, 600, 604, 605; soldo or soldino, 598, 599, 604, 460, 462, 472, 482, 488, 517–36, 710, 716 605, 926; tessera carrarese (jetton), 600 battle (1525), 8, 121 commune, 592; consuls, 549, 592 Beccaria, lordship or signoria,435 debasement of coinage, 599, 600, 601, 606 bishops, 38, 518 economic development, 593 camera regis,327 minting rights, 391, 554, 597, 666 castrum magnum,448 mint output, 604 cathedral, Santa Maria Assunta, 716 monetary policy,596, 601, 604 certosa, 436 monetary system, 600 civic unrest and destruction of the royal palace, 37–8, 40, Museo Bottacin, collection, 254, 593 48 Scrovegni Chapel, 3, 593 coinageand/ormint,12,81,99,110,255,256,328,361, seal, 593 379, 518, 519, 726 territory,550 communal, 81, 194, 239, 240, 255, 329, 330, 348, 352, university,6, 593 519–23; classiication and chronology,524–5; weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 crossed O coinage, 521; mint output, 417; Pagano della Torre, patriarch of Aquileia, 575–6 denaro, 520, 521, 743; denaro imperiale, 82, 110, Pagano (Opizo or Oppizzone) of Incisa, 156 521–2, 794–7; denaro mezzano, 520, 521–2, 741, Pagani, Giovanni, of Lucca, mint-master in Turin, 211, 213 791;half-denaro mezzano (quarter-denaro pagliola,gold,743 imperiale), 521; grosso, 116, 354, 427, 520–1; painting, Venetian School, 5 grosso da 10 denari imperiali, 120, 380, 425, 426, Paleologo, house, 707, 716 427, 522, 793; grosso da 6 imperiali,521,792; Palermo (Sicily), 198, 227, 228, 312 grosso da 4 imperiali (half-ambrosini), 521, 522, Palestine, 454, 656, 746 790; grosso with St Syrus, 522–3 Palladio, Andrea, architect, 666 early royal and imperial, 15, 20, 23, 24, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, Panciera, house, coat of arms, 707 37, 38–46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 70, Paolo di Novi, doge of Genoa, 299, 309 113, 114, 255, 304, 327, 328, 553, 554, 726, 743, Papadopoli, Niccolò, collection (Museo Correr, Venice), 59, 1–2, 8–9, 11–20, 25, 28, 33–4, 36–42 85,196,200,210,215,316,395,635 chronology and classiication, 45–6 Papal States, 334 circulation, 50 papal tithe, receipts, 110, 117 debasement, of 1102, 46–7; of 1115, 47

1122 General index

Pavia (Lombardy) (cont.) university,6, 435, 518, 523 denaro (pavese),251,725,726,743;circulationin weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 South Italy,328; standard of weight and/or pawn-brokers and pawn-broking, 94 ineness, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45–7, 50; traditional Pedrazzani, Rudolf, bishop of Trieste, 617 unit of account, 23, 46 Pegasus, 719; see also impresa denaro ottolino, 38, 42, 46, 743 pegione, 14, 449, 743 as denarius vetus (‘old money’), 46, 47, 255 Pegolotti, Francesco di Balduccio, Florentine merchant, 237, denaro enriciano, 44, 47, 520, 36–42 721, 732 as moneta brunita or denarii bruni (‘brown money’), Pelavicino, family,Uberto, marquis, 235; Oberto II, 329, 346, 46, 47, 732, 49; standard of, 46–7, 255 373, 423, 433 as moneta brunitorum minorum (‘little brown penny, see denaro money’), 47, 255, 257 Pepoli, family of Bologna, 435 ministerium monete,50 Pera (Constantinople), 250, 286, 632 mint-master, 544 Pernumia (Rovigo, Veneto),553; see also Rovigo moneyers, 40, 50 perpero, 261, 738, 744, 749 in the name of Henry VII, 80 Pertinax, Roman emperor, 106 under the Pavese Republic, 486, 533; denaro imperiale, Perugia (Umbria), 5, 436 195, 475, 533 petachina, 14, 311, 744 under the Sforza, classiication and chronology,334; Peter the Apostle, saint, irst bishop of Rome, patron of denaro imperiale,126;grosso, 125, 182 Chivasso, 169, 712, 715 Francesco Sforza, 374, 475, 486; denaro imperiale,475, Peter, saint, patron of Alessandria, 110, 111, 715 534, 536, 814; lorin or ducat (gold), 534; sesino, Peter IV,king of Aragon, 285 813, 815; grosso,534;grosso da 2 soldi,534;sesino, Peter’s pence, 556 534, 536; soldo, 536; trillina, 534, 536, 816 Petrarca, Francesco, Italian scholar and poet, 552 under the Visconti, 27, 181, 332, 333, 448, 453, 523, 526; petty coinage, 341, 510, 559; shortage, 184, 487, 559, 610, classiication and chronology,529, 532; grosso 657 and/or pegione, 125, 743; sesino,370 Pfannberg, house, coat of arms, 707 Filippo Maria Visconti, 386; classiication and pfennig,732 chronology,532; denaro bissolo,531,812; lorin Philip II, king of France, 155, 583 or ducat (gold), 530; grosso,530;grosso da 1½ Philip III, king of France, 210 soldi or pegione,531,809; sesino or ottino,531, Philip IV,king of France, 117, 202, 210, 272 810–11 Philip VI, king of France, 212, 450, 735 Galeazzo II Visconti, 332, 449, 450, 451, 452, 460; Philip of Swabia, king of Germany,2, 359 lorin (gold), 451, 527; grosso da 2 soldi, 449, Philippe de Cleves, lord of Ravenstein (Brabant), governor of 526, 527, 801; grosso da 1½ soldi or pegione, 449, Genoa, 299 450, 451, 526–7, 528, 798–800, 806, 809; Phocea (Φώκαια, Foça, Turkey), 250 quattrino, 528; sesino or quattrino,451,796–7, phoenix, 719; see also impresa 802–5, 808, 810–11; soldo, 807 Piacenza (Emilia-Romagna), 2, 193, 199, 234, 236, 246, 249, mint output, 450 326, 328, 387, 388, 434, 438, 441, 465, 482, 514, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, 454, 455, 461, 462; lorin or 539, 713; coinage and/or mint, 26, 47, 74, 75, ducat (gold), 451, 528, 530; grosso da 1½ soldi or 113, 257, 329, 330, 441, 521; denaro,304,305; pegione, 528, 806; quattrino, 528; sesino, 370, 528, denaro imperiale,441;grosso, 116, 354, 441, 522; 808; soldo, 528, 807 grosso da 10 denari imperiali, 120, 380, 425; commune, 37, 38, 46, 518; consuls, 518 minting rights, 33, 255, 328 inances, 519 Pian del Re (Piedmont), source of the Po, 224 Magna Charta, 518, 520 Piccinino, Niccolò, condottiero,mercenary,438 merchants, 244 piccolo, see denaro piccolo minting rights, 519, 523 piedfort,130,131,135,744 monetary area, 24, 46, 255, 328 Piedmont, 11, 18, 19, 36, 93–248, 249, 306, 326, 327, 413, 423, monetary reform (1452), 536 436, 473, 656, 733, 737; southern, 623 Museo Civico, collection, 110 coinage and/or mints, 95, 97, 116, 142, 171, 331, 364, 545, San Felice, monastery,191 660,730,733,736 statutes, 522, 595 external inluences, 100 synod (1022), 43 lorin (gold), weight standard, 170

General index 1123

imitation coinages, 81, 98, 99, 100, 117; denari imperiali, Poitiers (Poitou-Charentes, France), battle (1356), 737; 426 coinage and/or mint, 273 minting rights, 95 Pola (Istria, Croatia), 632 monetary system (of Asti and Savoy), 167, 184 Poland, 566 proliferation of minor mints, 98, 99 Policarpo Lamberti, Giovanni, 145 county,197, 199 Pombia (Piedmont), 191, 193; counts and/or county,149, 190, persistence of feudal structures, feudalism, 94, 98 191, 241; coinage and/or mint, 191, 193 Pier delle Vigne, scribe, 227 Pont d’Ain (Rhône-Alpes, France), 230; coinage and/or Pier Luca de’ Fieschi, lord of Crevacuore, 150, 153, 154 mint, lorin (gold), 213 Pierre-Châtel (Rhône-Alpes), coinage and/or mint, 212, 218 Pont de Sorgues (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France), Pietragavina (Lombardy), 488 coinage and/or mint, 170; lorin (gold), 170 Pietri da Frotta, Giovanni, of Milan, mint-master in Pontremoli (Tuscany), 435, 482, 533 Crevacuore, 230 Ponza (Lazio), treaty (1435), 439 Pietro, bishop of Mantua, 23 Ponzio, marquis of Ponzone, 221 Pietro III, bishop of Como, 358 Ponzone (Piedmont), 220–4, 715; marquisate and/or Pietro III, bishop of Novara, 191 marquises, 95, 220–4, 274; genealogy,221 Pietro, bishop of Vercelli, 244 coinage and/or mint, 18, 99, 222–4, 324, 331; denaro Pietro (Petrino), marquis of Ponzone, 222 imperiale, 222, 223, 426, 189; grosso matapan,144, Pietro I, count of Savoy,205 222–3, 188; obolo (half-denaro), 143, 222, 223, Pietro di Campofregoso, doge of Genoa, 250 190; quartaro, 224, 274, 324, 191–2 Pietro dall’Olio of Padua, mint-master and/or engraver in popes and papacy,36, 49, 101, 112, 147, 150, 163, 170, 235, 244, Padua, 604 437, 473, 485, 550, 551, 631 pile, ixed bottom or lower coin-die, 730, 735, 742, 744 Poppo, patriarch of Aquileia, 26, 36, 54, 563, 566 Pilgrim I, patriarch of Aquileia, 567–8 porcupine, as insignia of King Louis XII of France, 130, 132, Pilgrim II, patriarch of Aquileia, 26, 569, 570–1, 582, 584, 135, 299, 508, 510, 719; see also impresa 615 Porto Pisano (Tuscany), 250 Pinerolo (Piedmont), 206, 217, 225, 711, 712; coinage and/or Portovenere (Liguria), 116, 149 mint, 211, 213, 214–16; lorin (gold), 212, 213, portraiture, on coinage, 27, 29, 184, 327, 334, 347, 354, 355, 216; forte,214,215;forte del principe,215;forte or 380, 402, 407, 409, 486, 487, 650, 748 patacco,215;grosso,214–15,178; grosso viennese, Portugal, 7; see also Iberia 211; obolo,215–16;scudo (gold), 214 Postumius Albinus Magnus, Spurius, Roman consul, 249 Pippin, king of Italy,627 pound, 744, 747; see also libra piracy,284 Predis, Cristoforo de, see (de) Predis, Cristoforo Pisa (Tuscany) and/or the Pisans, 5, 84, 97, 208, 249, 250, 252, Predis, Giovanni Ambrogio de, see (de) Predis, Giovanni 273, 284, 285, 361, 436, 638, 639, 730 Ambrogio coinage and/or mint, 20, 74, 267, 268, 577 privy-mark, 742, 744 coins in the name of Henry VII, 80, 82 Promessi sposi, I (The betrothed),226 denaro, 260 Prosdocimus, saint, patron of Padua, 596, 598, 599, 601, 604, aquilino, 424; aquilino maggiore, 268; grosso, 262, 577 715 leet, 253 Protasius, saint, patron of Milan, 83, 87, 331, 365, 427, 712, 715 minting rights, 74, 193, 255, 328 Protus, saint, patron of Como, 365, 712, 715 seat of royal administration, 80 Provence(France),94,97,199,204,214,251,253 Pisanello (Antonio di Puccio Pisano), painter and medallist, coinage and/or mints, 99, 103, 201, 204; denier coronat 397 reforciat,204;denier provençal coronat or liard,200, Pisani, Nicolò, Venetian naval commander, 632 203, 204; gillat, 203, 204; gros tournois,201–2; Pisani, Vettor, Venetian naval commander, 632 gros tournois au lis,117;tiers gillat, 203, 204 Pisano, Leonardo, mathematician, see Fibonacci counts, 306, 311, 558, 743; merchants, 198 Pitentino, Alberto, hydraulic engineer, of Bergamo, 389 Provins (Île-de-France, France), coinage and/or mint, 744; Pius II, pope, 7 denier, 263, 744 plague, 307 provisino,744 planchet,736,744 punch, 744 Po, plain, 108, 146, 205, 241; river and/or valley,93, 162, 205, punch die, 745, 749 224, 225, 228, 240, 243, 247, 370, 372, 517, 548, Punic War, Second (218–201 bc), 301 559, 560, 592, 625, 628, 631, 641, 666 punto segreto,745;see also privy-mark

1124 General index

Pustertal (Val Pusteria, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), valley, Rheinwald (Graubünden, Switzerland), valley,537 580, 582, 587, 591, 618; counts, 582 Rhine (Germany), river and/or valley,lower and middle, 31; pyx, 719; see also impresa upper, 261 Rhône (France), river and/or valley,93, 204, 249, 251, 304; quarter-dinar,735,747;see also rubaʿi, tarì coinage and/or mints, 99, 204 quattrino, 14, 734, 745 Riccardino of Sommariva, mint-master and/or moneyer in Cuneo, 200 radiant sun, 719; see also impresa Richard I, king of England, 155, 582, 583 Radicati, lords, 98 Richer, bishop of Brixen, 580, 581 Raetia, 618 Rienz (Rienza, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), river, 580 ragguaglio,745 right of coinage, see minting rights Rahewin, chronicler, 76 Rimini (Emilia-Romagna), 61, 438 Raimondo Berengario of Andria, count of the Piedmont, 93 rings, 719; see also impresa Raimondo della Torre, patriarch of Aquileia, 574, 586 Riva, Tommaso, of Cuneo, mint-master and/or moneyer in Raimondo di Oddone, marquis of Incisa, 156 Cuneo, 200 Raimondo of Incisa, 156 Rivalta Scrivia (Piedmont), monastery,239 Rainalducci, Pietro, see Nicholas V,pope Rivara (Piedmont), 243; counts, see Valperga, counts, Rivara Rainaldus de Lecto, seneschal, 200 branch Randeck, house, coat of arms, 707 Riviera di Levante (Liguria), 149, 284 Ranieri of Montferrat, marquis, 95, 96, 163 Riviera di Ponente (Liguria), 94, 139, 141, 222, 251, 284, 301, Rascia (or Serbia), 100, 732, 745, 746; see also Serbia 303, 308 Rasero, Mario, collection, 105, 126 Rivoli (Piedmont), 212 Raška (Serbia), 745 Robert of Trotto, vicario of Robert the Wise, 235 Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna), 389, 413, 517, 550, 607, 633; Robert the Wise of Anjou, king of Naples, 3, 4, 86, 97, 102, battle (1512), 135; bishops, 37; coinage and/or 106, 109, 111, 113, 120, 121, 198, 199, 203–4, mint, 20, 77, 89; exarch, 627; minting rights, 235, 239, 245, 251, 253, 277, 307, 346, 737, 391 746 Raymond IV,prince of Orange, 203, 204 robertino, 737, 746; see also gigliato Raymond of Cardona, vicario of Robert the Wise, 235, 239 Roccavione (Piedmont), battle (1275), 97, 113, 198, 235 Razzi or Robari, house, 707 Rocchetta (Piedmont), 155, 156, 222; marquises, 156 reale,745 Rocchetta Cairo (Liguria), 139 reform of coinage, see monetary reform Rocio, Leonardo, banker, 199 regalian rights (or regalia), 2, 20, 78–9, 106, 114, 327, 347, 414, Roger II, king of Sicily,33 441 Rolando del Cortivo of Padua, mint-master and/or engraver Reggio Emilia (Emilia-Romagna), 98, 313, 326, 433, 438; in Padua, 605 coinage and/or mint, bagattino,731 Romagna, 8, 60, 633; see also Emilia-Romagna Reginfredo, bishop of Vercelli, 244 Roman Empire, coinage and/or mints, solidus, 747; collapse, Regnum Italiae, see Italy,kingdom 112 Regnum Langobardorum,326 Roman law,74 Reichskirchensystem,31,413 Roman lettering and/or style, 399 remedy, 745 Roman people (popolo), 86 Renaissance, coin production, 402, 404; engraving, 397; Roman Republic, coinage and/or mints, denarius, 270 lettering and style, 27; portraiture, 27, 29, 189, Roman roads, via Aurelia, 249; via Fulvia, 112; via Postumia, 229, 327, 334, 347, 354, 355, 380, 390, 397, 402, 234, 249, 345, 372, 665; via Salaria, 715 403–4, 407, 408, 409, 487, 488, 490, 496, 502, Roman system of weights and measures, 720, 732, 739 647, 650 Romano di Lombardia (Lombardy), 434 René d’Alençon, duke, 183 Romans, ancient, 249, 301, 389 Die Renner, religious poem by Hugo von Trimberg Rome, 3, 4, 20, 30, 32, 62, 74, 75, 80, 86, 112, 150, 208, 249, renovatio monetae,8,15,26,745 300, 311, 415, 441, 627, 628, 715; ancient, 301 Retegno (Lombardy), coinage and/or mint, 539 Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, 713 retrograde, 746 Basilica di San Pietro, 556 ‘returntogold’,17–18,745 Basilica di Santa Prassede, 711 Revello (Piedmont), 224 bishop, 715 reverse, 746 centre of printing, 6

General index 1125

coinage and/or mint, 30, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 441 Saint-Pol (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France), county,145 denaro provisino,38 Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (Provence, France), coinage Museo Nazionale Romano, 62, 107, 177, 259; see also and/or mint, 204 Victor Emanuel III, king of Italy,collection Saint-Tropez (Côte d’Azur, France), 205, 249 Santa Priscilla, catacombs, 711 saints, depicted on coins, 708–16 Senate, 744 Salamone, bishop of Trento, 608 Roncaglia (Emilia-Romagna), irst Diet of (1154), 113; Salerno (Campania), 33, 727; coinage and/or mint, tarì (gold), second Diet of (1158), 2, 74, 101, 414, 514 747 Rosazzo, abbey (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 586 Salians, dynasty,32, 37, 43, 44 Rossi, Gian Carlo, collection, 145, 233, 300 Salimbene de Adam, chronicler, 78 Rothari, king of the Lombards, 249, 302, 517 salt trade, 198 Roveredo (Graubünden, Switzerland), 537, 538 Salurn (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 618 coinage and/or mint, 538, 539–42, 544, 545; classiication Saluzzo, 137, 224, 225, 226, 247, 711; marquisate and/or and chronology,137; denaro, 542; lorin (gold), marquises, 5, 95, 97, 100, 146, 164, 170, 197, 198, 541; grosso da 6 soldi, 542; grosso da 2 soldi 199, 206, 224–34, 274; coat of arms, 707 (sometimes called parpagliola), 542; sesino,544; coinage and/or mints, 227–34; see also Carmagnola, soldo or soldino, 542; double testone, 542; testone, Dogliani 539, 540, 542; half-testone, 540; quarter-testone, diocese, 711 540; trillina, 539, 540, 542, 544–5, 817–19 minting rights, 227–9, 274 silver mining, 539 territory,94, 97, 224–34 Trivulzio palace, 538, 541 Salzburg (Austria), archbishopric and/or archbishop, 563, Rovigo (Veneto),5, 11, 593, 606–7 570, 584, 615; coinage and/or mint, 570 coinage (struck in Venice), doppio bagattino (in the San Dalmazzo di Pedona, monastery,197 Ferrarese system), 606, 607 sangiorgino, 746; see also Genoa, coinage and/or mint territory,606 Sankt Gallen (Switzerland), 94 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 San Matteo triptych, 748 Rovigo-Adria (Veneto),diocese, 711 San Rome, collection, 229 rubaʿi, 735, 746, 747; see also quarter-dinar, tarì Santhià (Piedmont), 244 Rubeo, Palmerio, mint-master and/or moneyer in Cuneo, saracenato,746 199 Saracens, see Arabs Rudolph I of Habsburg, king of Germany,3, 208, 585, 619, Sardinia, 5, 201, 249, 252, 285; see also Sicily and Sardinia 621, 622 Sarzana (Liguria), lordship, 293 Rudolph, king of Italy,21 Sassanians, coinage, drachma or dirhem,735 Rudolph II, king of Burgundy,30, 35, 59 Savigliano (Piedmont), 198, 224 Rudolph III, king of Burgundy,43 Savignone (Liguria), coinage and/or mint, 153, 301 Rudolph IV of Habsburg, duke of Austria, 564, 613, 620, 625 Savona (Liguria), 94, 138, 139, 141, 163, 222, 249, 250, 251, Rumfredo of Siena, 153 302–24, 744 Rusca, dynasty,of Como, 86, 88, 359, 365, 369, 370, 438; cathedral (cattedrale vecchia), 310 Franchino (I), 87–8, 331, 359, 365, 368; Chiappinata (via Riario), 310 Franchino II, 333, 359, 369; Lotterio (III), 359; coat of arms (civic shield), 312, 313, 316, 319, 323, 324, 707 Lotterio IV,333, 359, 370, 438 coinage and/or mint, 251, 282 russini (or rassini ),99,100,746;see also Venice, coinage and/or communal and/or municipal, 86, 309–24; imperial mint, grosso, imitations coinage, 310; output, 312 aquilino imperiale or grosso minore, 282, 307, 309–10, Sabinus, saint, patron of Ivrea, 711 311 Sacuidic (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 728 denaro,313,314,317,385–7; denaro imperiale,310–12, Sai (Morocco), 250 313, 314, 377–8; denaro piccolo,313,314,316–18, Saien (Graubünden, Switzerland), 537 319, 320, 321, 322, 324, 381-4, 389-92 Saint-Genix (Rhône Alpes, France), coinage and/or mint, gold coinage, double ducat, 322, 323; ducat, 322, 323; lorin (gold), 213 as money of account, 322; lorin, 251, 312, 736, Saint-Martin de Tours, abbey (l’abbaye de Marmoutier), 748; 379 coinage and/or mint, denier,748 grosso,311,312,321–2;doublegrosso, 322, 323; Saint-Maurice (Valais, Switzerland), coinage and/or mint, fractional grossi,312 denier,196 obolo,313,314

1126 General index

Savona (Liguria) (cont.) coinage and/or mints, 98, 120, 208; double tornese,212; ottenne, 321; see also half-petachina grosso viennese,211;see also Moncalieri, sesino (of six denari)orpetachina,311,313,314,315, Pinerolo, Turin 316, 317, 322, 323; half-sesino (of three denari) lordship and/or principality,98, 206, 212, 213, 217 or half-petachina,311,313,314,315,316,317, minting rights, 208 318–20, 321, 322, 324, 351, 380, 388, 393 Saxons, dynasty,37, 59 testone, 322, 323–4; testone coll’aquila,323–4;testone Saxony (Germany), 31, 41, 298 coll’arme, 323, 324; half-testone, 322, 323 Scaligeri or Della Scala, Veronese dynasty, see Della Scala marquisal, 99, 108, 203, 303–6; attribution, 304–6 Schwyz (Switzerland), canton, 335 denaro,303–6,370–4; denaro imperiale, 306; half-denaro scodellato,746 or obolo, 303, 304, 306, 375–6 Scrivia (Piedmont), torrente, 234, 247 diocese, 302 Scrovegni, Rinaldo, money-lender, of Padua, 593 Exitus Massarie (communal accounts), 310 scudo,746 foreign rule, French, 308, 309, 312, 314, 318, 322; Milanese, Sebastea (Sivas, Turkey), 711 308, 309, 318, 321, 322 Secondotto Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 121, 122, 164, Fortezza del Priamàr, 310 175, 180 Ghibelline exiles of Genoa, 307, 309, 311 Secundus, saint, patron of Asti, 119, 122, 124, 125, 129, 133, Liber Grossus (communal accounts), 310 134, 135, 174, 715, 716 magistrati Adorno,319 secusino, 746; see also Savoy,coinage and/or mints; Susa, marquises and/or marquisate, 95, 99, 106, 108, 302 coinage and/or mint merchants, 249 segno, 746; see also privy-mark minting rights, 86, 303, 307, 309, 315 Selvaggia, illegitimate daughter of Frederick II, 550 oicium monete,322 Selvo, Domenico, doge of Venice, 63 Palazzo del Consiglio, 310 Seprio (Lombardy), 75; contea (county), 360 Palazzo del Podestà, 310 Serbia, 100, 732, 745; kingdom, 745; for Serbian imitations of Piazza Mazzini, 310 Venetian grossi, see under Venice, coinage Piazza San Pietro, 310 Serena, Giovanni Battista, mint-master in Montluel, 230 population, 307 Serio, river (Lombardy), 370 Priamàr promontory,301, 302, 323 Serravalle Scrivia (Piedmont), 247 Savo oppidum alpinum (Savona in Antiquity), 301; port, 302 Sesia (Piedmont), river and/or valley,190, 191, 192, 241, 243, weights and measures, 721; monetary weights, 722 248 Savoy,county and duchy,and/or the Savoyards, 94, 97, 100, sesino, 14, 734, 744, 746 128, 138, 164, 202, 217, 234, 242, 473, 743; Sessera (Piemonte), torrente and/or valley,149, 248 counts and dukes, 5, 11, 93, 97, 98, 100, 113, 120, Sestri Levante (Liguria), 149 159, 161, 162, 164, 179, 192, 199, 206, 208, 212, Sforza, family,5, 29, 374, 518; Bianca Maria, 484, 491–6; 217, 218, 228, 230, 240, 242, 251, 435, 477, 746 Francesco I, duke of Milan, 5, 7, 27, 195, 240, coat of arms, 707 282, 295, 297, 309, 321–2, 334, 374, 439, 473, coinage and/or mints, 98, 103, 128, 130, 161, 210, 230; 482–3, 485, 487–91, 518, 519, 523, 533–6; denaro, 746; denaro piccolo, 209; denaro secusino Francesco II, duke of Milan, 153, 154, 335, 485, debole, 208; forte,215,331;forte escucellato,215; 511; Galeazzo Maria, duke of Milan, 128, 133, forte nero, 215; lorin (gold), 213, 216; grosso 150, 297, 309, 334, 335, 483, 485, 491–501, 502, bianco dozzeno,218;grosso di Piemonte or grosso 537; Gian Galeazzo Maria, duke of Milan, 282, piemontese, 172, 209; grosso tornese, 202, 214; 297, 298, 309, 334, 484, 501–4, 537, 748; half-grosso, 175, 184; obolo bianco or half-grosso Ludovico Maria, il Moro, duke of Milan, 226, bianco, 173; quarter-grosso, 217, 218, 219, 331; 235, 282, 298–9, 309, 483, 484–5, 501, 502–4, scudo (gold), 214 511, 537; Massimiliano, duke of Milan, 8, 135, monetary area (with that of Asti), 24 190, 335, 483, 485; Sforza Maria, 483 monetary system, 167, 172, 174, 175, 176, 184, 230, 331 Shelley,Mary,nineteenth-century English author, 241 territory,24, 97, 98 shilling, see solidus units of account, iorino or lorin, 124; grosso, 124; quarto di Sicilian Vespers (1282), 79, 198 grosso, 124 Sicily,249,252,253,267,558,656,735,740;andNaples,132; Savoy-Achaia, branch of the house of Savoy,113, 159, 161, and Sardinia, 8 208–20, 736; genealogy,207 emirate, under the Fatimids, 249, 746 coat of arms, 296 coinage and/or mints, tarì (gold), 267, 269, 747

General index 1127

under Henry VI, 260; denari, 259; half-denari,259 Stringis, Giovanni de, intelligence agent of Mantua operating kingdom, 2, 3, 97, 198; monetary circulation, 261 in Venice, 401 monetary system, 269 Stura (Piedmont), river and/or valley,198; di Demonte, 225 and south Italy,monetary area, 267 Superantius, bishop of Tortona, 234 under the Aragonese, 284 Susa (Piedmont), 93, 158; coinage and/or mint, 47, 74, 99, under the Normans, 78, 742 161, 209, 306, 746; denaro secusino, 161, 303, 746 Siena (Tuscany), 5, 159, 208, 436 Swabia (Germany), 68 Sigehard, count of Friuli, Istria and Carniola, 563 Switzerland and/or the Swiss, 11, 19, 34, 98, 291, 477, 485, Sigismund of Luxembourg, emperor, 152, 206, 308, 309, 315, 519, 522, 523, 537, 541, 656, 748; Federation, 333, 357, 371, 373, 384, 438, 439, 476, 590 537; Grey League, 537; Three Leagues, 537, 541 Sigismund, count of Tyrol, 620, 626–7 Sybelle of Beaux, 212 signed imitation, see imitation or imitative coinage Sylvester II, pope, 244 silberstange, 559, 622 symbols, 716; civic symbols, 717; imprese, 717; religious siliqua, 746; see also carat symbols, 717; representations of power, 717 silver famine, see bullion famine Syria, 639, 641 Simone da Gambolò, of Pavia, mint-master in Vercelli, 246 Syrus, saint, patron of Pavia, 128, 522, 528, 531, 534, 716 Simonetta, Cicco, chancellor and secretary in Milan under Francesco I Sforza, 483, 484, 491, 501 Tacitus, ancient Roman author, 243 Simonino de Capitaneis of Pavia, mint-master in Moncalieri, taglio,747 216 talent,747;see also libra or pound Simplician, bishop of Milan, 712 taler,20 single-ind, 738, 746; see also coin inds Tanaro (Piedmont), river and/or valley,94, 101, 106, 108, 138, single-point perspective, on coinage, 27, 397 146, 148, 162, 220 Sinibaldo de’ Fieschi, see Innocent IV,pope Taranto (Apulia), 227 Sipontum (Manfredonia, Apulia), 715 Tarascon (Provence, France), coinage and/or mint, 203, 204 Sixtus IV,pope, 297 Tardani, modern forger, 202, 223 Slavs, 31 tarì or tarenus, 18, 267, 269, 735, 745, 747; see also quarter-dinar, Slovenia, 582, 583, 584, 656 rubaʿi; unit of account, 747; unit of weight, 747; Solari, lords, 228 see also trappeso Solaro, Guelf family of Asti, 120 tarifa,747;see also grida, monetary proclamation soldo or soldino, 14, 734, 746, 747; half-soldo,746 Tarsot, Corrado, bishop of Trieste, 616 solidus, 12, 18, 747; unit of account, 740, 747 Teck, house, 707 Solothurn (Switzerland), coinage and/or mint, 154, 182 Tedaldo da Castiglione, archbishop of Milan, 33, 49 Sommariva del Bosco (Piedmont), 224 Tedisio de’ Fieschi, count of Lavagna, 152 Soncino (Lombardy), 357, 373, 384, 550 Tenedos (Bozcaada, Turkey), 286, 632 Sonvico (Ticino, Switzerland), 360 Teobaldo of Valperga, advisor to Duke Amedeo VIII of Soranzo, Giovanni, doge of Venice 643 Savoy,242 Spain and/or the Spanish, 7, 8, 251, 252, 253, 485, 740, 741; Teodoro Paleologo, cardinal and bishop of Casale kingdom, 8; merchants, 250; see also Iberia Monferrato, 182 speciic gravity,method of assay,723, 724–5, 730 Teodoro I Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 102, 141, 159, Speyer (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), 35 163, 164, 166, 167–72, 180, 225, 324, 716 Spinola, house, of Genoa, 224, 253, 287; branches, di Luccoli, Teodoro II Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat, 123, 164, 175–9, 324; di San Luca, 324; Obizzino, 169, 170, 324, 180, 181, 182, 251, 282, 292, 308, 315, 716 325; coinage and/or mints, lorin (gold), 324, Teodoro of Valperga,advisor to King Charles VIII of France, 325; quartaro, Genoese-style, 324, 325 242 Stafarda (Piedmont), 224 territorial states, 3, 15, 24 stag, insignia of Montferrat, 184, 719; see also impresa testone,8,19,748 standard, 747; ixed bottom or lower coin-die, 730 Theban Legion, 711 Stazzona, counts and/or county,190 Theodolinda, queen of the Lombards, 514 Stella, Giorgio, Genoese chronicler, 273, 276, 277, 278, 283, Theodore of Amasea, saint, 177, 182, 184, 716; sometimes 287; Giovanni, Genoese chronicler, 287 called Theodore Tyro, 716 Steno, Michele, doge of Venice, 647–8, 724 Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths in Italy,413, Stephan Dragutin, king of Serbia, 100 517 sterling, 597, 747 Theonas, saint, 716

1128 General index

Theonestus, saint, patron of Masserano, 154, 716 trachy, Byzantine-style coinage, 166 Theophanu, emp., 31, 32 trade and inance, 552; international, 100, 442, 558, 634; Thessalonica, kingdom, 163; kings, 166; coinage and/or mint, Levantine, 558; Mediterranean, 639, 640 166 traders, see merchants Ticino (Switzerland), canton, 104, 335–6, 358, 369 Trajan, Roman emp., 498 Ticino,river,190,241,517 tram,748 Ticinum, name of Pavia in antiquity,517; see also Pavia tree stump, ivy-clad (insignia of Gian Giacomo Paleologo), Tiepolo, Jacopo, doge of Venice, 144, 640 181, 719; see also impresa Tiepolo, Lorenzo, doge of Venice, 559, 621, 641–2 Trentino,561,607,656;see also Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Tiresias, prophet of Thebes in Greek mythology,389 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, 11, 65, 548, 556, 559 tirolino, 748; see also Meran, coinage and/or mint, grosso tirolino Trento (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), 88, 352, 391, 549, 557, Titian, painter, see Vecellio, Tiziano, painter 561, 607–10, 639, 654, 656; Council (1545-63), Tizzoni, family,245; as lords of Desana, 98, 101 608 Toblach (Dobbiaco, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), coinage bishops and/or bishopric, 328, 607, 608, 609, 618, 619, 620, and/or mint, 591; quattrino or vierer,591,896 621, 622 Tolentino (Marches), 483 coinage and/or mint, 557, 558, 608–10, 621, 658 tolls and/or customs tarifs, 97, 139, 141, 149, 161, 198 Egno d’Appiano, 609–10; denaro, 610; grosso, 609–10, Tomacelli,Pietro, see Boniface IX, pope 621, 658, 939–40 Tommaso II (di Enrico), marquis of Ponzone, 222, 223, 274 Nicolò da Bruna, denaro, 610; grosso, 610; quadrante or Tommaso I, marquis of Saluzzo, 198, 199, 225, 274 quarter-grosso, 610, 941 Tommaso II, marquis of Saluzzo, 226 minting rights, 328, 608 Tommaso III, marquis of Saluzzo, 226, 228 mint output, 609 Tommaso I, count of Savoy,206 podesteria imperiale, 89, 607, 608, 609; denaro piccolo, 609, Tommaso (II) of Savoy,206 657, 936–8; grosso or soldo, 609, 658, 932–5 Tommaso (III) of Savoy,called Tommasino, 206 Salamone, denaro, 608, 609; county,549 Toppo (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 728 territory,550, 610, 658 Torcello (Veneto),568 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 tornese, 734, 748, 749 tressure, 27, 749 Tornielli, family,of Novara, 192; Giovanni, bishop of Treviglio (Lombardy), 434 Bergamo, 337; Guglielmo, bishop of Novara, Trevisan, Ludovico, of Florence, patriarch of Aquileia, 564 191, 194 Treviso (Veneto), 5, 395, 549, 550, 551, 552, 554, 560, 564, 583, Torre, house, 708 610–13, 631, 644, 654, 714 Tortona (Piedmont), 78, 89, 102, 104, 112, 163, 192, 193, bishops, 611 234–40, 246, 249, 284, 326, 328, 330, 518, 521 cathedral, 714 bishops, 234 coinage and/or mint, 11, 20, 21, 35, 354, 551, 596, 610, coinage and/or mint, 99, 110, 116, 194, 235–40, 329, 379; 611–13; denaro, 611, 612 mint location, Borgonuovo (from c. 1286), 237, under the counts of Gorizia: bagattino,731;denaro piccolo, 239; Ronchetto (until c. 1286), 239 612, 942; grosso aquilino, 392, 596, 612–13 denaro mezzano (half-denaro imperiale, called tortonese or under Venetian rule, denaro or bagattino (struck in tortonino), 142, 167, 236, 237–9; classiication Venice),613, 943–5 and chronology,239 commune, 611; consuls, 549, 611 grosso, 116, 237; classiication and chronology,238 county,439 grosso minore (of four denari imperiali), 236, 237, 238, 201; Great Council, 612 grosso maggiore (of six denari imperiali), 236, 237, march (marcha Trevignana), 433, 549, 550 238, 199–200 minting rights, 391, 611 medaglia (quarter-denaro imperiale), 236, 238 territory,550, 613 petty coinage, 237 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 commune, consuls, 234; institutions, 234 Tribolati, Pietro, numismatist, 247 minting rights, 78, 102, 235, 237, 245 Trieste (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 561, 582, 584, 613–17, 710, statutes, 239 714, 737; bishops, 613, 614, 615; cathedral, 714; weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 church, 614, 616 Tortosa (Catalonia, Spain), 252, 255 coinage and/or mint, 13, 26, 569, 571, 614–17; denaro,615, touchstone, 748; method of assay,723, 730, 731, 748 946–57 Tours (France), coinage and/or mint, 99 commune, 613

General index 1129

minting rights, 614 type or types, 733, 749 renovatio monetae, 614, 616 tyrallino or tyrallinum, 99, 100, 740; see also Meran, coinage Tr ipoli (T. ar¯abulus, Lebanon) 2; coinage and/or mint, and/or mint, grosso tirolino, imitations gros,271 Tyre (Lebanon), 629, 630 Trivulzio, counts and/or family,11, 504, 536–47; coat of arms, Tyrol, 332, 484, 555, 559, 561, 585, 586, 608, 610, 618–27, 650, 540, 542, 708; iefs, 712; coinage and/or mints, 656; East Tyrol, 584; South Tyrol, 561, 592, 607; 485, 538; see also Mesocco, Musso, Roveredo; see also Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol classiication and chronology Gian Francesco, counts and/or county,98, 551, 580, 583, 584, 585, 586, 607, 485, 537, 538, 539, 545, 547; Gian Giacomo, 608, 738, 748; coat of arms, 708 299, 335, 336, 484, 504, 508, 536–47; Teodoro, coinage and/or mints, 584, 591; standard, 591, 595; see 287, 300; minting rights, 335, 537, 538, 542 also Meran, coinage and/or mint; Hall, coinage Tron, Nicolò, doge of Venice, 29, 496, 650–1, 740, 748, 749; and/or mint portrait on coinage, 650 economic development, 619 trophy, 719; see also impresa minting rights, 585, 619, 621, 622, 623 Trovamala, Pietro, podestà of Tortona, 234 monetary area, 610 Troyes (Champagne-Ardenne, France), 244; mark, 720 monetary circulation, 625, 626 trussel, hand-held upper die, 735, 742, 745, 749 monetary system, 584 Tunis (Tunisia),250 Tyrrhenian Sea, 250, 286, 308, 413, 632 Tunisia,249, 284 Turin (Piedmont), 93, 94, 112, 146, 154, 158, 162, 163, 172, 205, Ubaldo, bishop of Como, 358 211, 212, 225, 226, 241, 713, 736 Udine (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 563, 712; weights and bishops, 205, 206 measures, monetary weights, 722 coinage and/or mint, 18, 19, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213–14, Ugo, count of Tuscany,36 217–20; denaro piccolo or viennese, 209, 210, 212, Ugo de’ Fieschi, 152 217, 219–20, 187; lorin (gold), 217; forte (or Ugo (II) il Grande, marquis, 220 patacco), 211–14, 217, 219, 180, 185–6; grosso,213; Ulrich II, patriarch of Aquileia, 567–9, 570, 584 grosso di Piemonte, 209; grosso matapan,144,210, Ulrich von Pfannberg, capitano of Padua, 595; coat of arms, 222, 174; grosso tornese, 100, 117, 202, 210, 748, 595 175; grosso viennese,211;half-grosso,213,217–18, Ulrich von Walsee, vicarius imperialis of Padua, 595; coat of 181; obolo, 210, 217, 220; quarter-grosso,213–14, arms, 595 217, 218–19, 182–4; tornese piccolo,210,176–7 Ulvino de Portis, bishop of Trieste, 617 mint contract (1297), 208, 209 Umberto I Pirovano, archbishop of Milan, 54, 417 mint location, 209 Umberto I, count of Savoy,11, 205 mint ordinance (1402), 213, 214 Umberto II, count of Savoy,205 commune and/or communal institutions, 205, 206 Umberto de Patrico of Brescia, mining administrator, marquisate, 205, 206 248 Museo Civico d’Arte Antica, collection, 103, 105, 110, 113, Umbria, 5, 437 124, 126, 168, 210, 311; Royal Collection, 105, uncia,749;see also oncia 111, 120, 177, 233 Unterwalden (Switzerland), canton, 154, 335 Peace (1381), 207, 286, 632 Urban II, pope, 1, 49 Società di San Giovanni Battista, 206 Urban III, pope, 149 university,6, 207 Urban V,pope, 4, 204 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 Urban VI, pope, 150 Turks, 286, 591, 633 Urbano de Interminelli of Lucca, mint-master in Savona, 315, turonenselli or tertium turonensium grossorum (fractional gros 317 tournois), 272 Uri (Switzerland), canton, 154, 335 turonensis,749;see also tornese Tuscany,3, 5, 16, 30, 51, 249, 252, 327, 437, 445, 551, 623, 654, Vado Ligure (Liguria), 249, 302; Vada Sabitia (Vado in 741 Antiquity), 302 coinage and/or mints, 16, 17, 253, 267, 329; denari, 260; Valais (Switzerland), 93 grossi, 259, 262, 558 Valchiavenna (Lombardy), 358 monetary area, 267 Val Divedro (Piedmont), 247 monetary system, 269 Valence and/or the Valentinois (Rhône-Alpes, France), 93, moneyers, 577 304; coinage and/or mint, gros, 209

1130 General index

Valenza or Valenza Po (Piedmont), 240–1, 488; coinage, obolo, ducal, 330, 356, 399, 401, 404, 406, 567, 568, 596, 606–7, 240–1; San Bartolomeo, church, 241; statutes, 612, 613, 621, 629, 634–53, 655, 656, 660, 661, 240; viscounts, 240 665, 731, 748, 749 Valerian, Roman emp., 715 da 16 soldi, 1393; da quattro soldi, 1394–5 Valerie, saint, 712 denaro, 559, 560, 567, 568, 594, 595, 596, 621, 635–7, Valle d’Aosta or Val d’Aosta, see Aosta (Valle d’Aosta or Val 639, 640, 641, 642, 646, 649, 658, 659, 746, d’Aosta), valley 996–1001; forgery,contemporary, 1002; denaro Valois, French noble house, 183; see also Orléans, dynasty piccolo, 642, 647, 650; forgery,contemporary, Valperga (Piedmont), 241; coinage, grosso tirolino, 242–3; 649, 650, 1004–5, 1055–6, 1071, 1088, 1304, minting rights, 243; counts, 241–3; Masino and 1327; bianco or half-denaro, 612, 637, 639, 640, Borgomasino branch, 242; Rivara branch, 242, 642, 648, 1037, 1057; denaro piccolo for Verona 243; Valperga branch, 242, 243 and Vicenza, 648, 651, 653, 665, 1323; denaro Va l p e r g a , novel by Mary Shelley,241 piccolo or bagattino for Bergamo and Brescia, Valtellina (Lombardy), 358, 484 345, 356, 649, 651, 653, 1328–9; denaro piccolo or Varese Ligure (Liguria), 149 bagattino for Treviso, 613; piccolo copoluto, 650, Vargo (Piedmont), 247 1340; bagattino,403,651,1348; doppio bagattino, Varsi (Emilia-Romagna), 247 648, 652, 1370–3; bagattino for Padua, 653, Varzi (Lombardy), 247 1387–8; doppio bagattino (in the Ferrarese Varzo (Piedmont), 247 system) for Rovigo, 606 Vatican collection, 43 ducat (gold), 18, 251, 476, 490, 560, 642–3, 644, 647, Vaud (Switzerland), barons and/or barony,208; coinage 652, 724–5, 730, 735, 745, 749, 1061–2, 1074–5, and/or mint, 220; double grosso, 218; double 1091, 1102, 1113, 1122–3, 1149, 1156–7, 1167, tornese,212;grosso tornese, 202 1176, 1183–4, 1206, 1209–10, 1276–7, 1297–8, Vecellio, Tiziano, painter, 5 1306–7, 1332, 1337, 1349, 1356, 1361, 1376–7; Venaissin (France), county,201 forgery,contemporary, 1176a, 1185; imitation, Veneta et Histria, 618, 627 724, 725; Levantine, 725; standard, 724 Veneto, 11, 12, 13, 22, 23, 30, 36, 51, 251, 436, 548, 564, 623, ducat (silver) or grosso, 13, 15, 17, 26, 83, 87, 100, 144, 653, 656, 731; coinage and/or mints, 578, 621, 157, 169, 210, 222, 223, 259, 260, 262, 330, 331, 746; greater Veneto, 11, 12, 332, 548, 555, 557, 351, 352, 354, 423, 426, 427, 557–9, 560, 571, 576, 656; monetary area, 332, 351, 396, 548–9, 573, 576, 599, 637–41, 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 552, 636; monetary circulation, 549, 554, 557, 647, 653, 656, 657, 658, 659, 662, 713, 727, 730, 558, 559; monetary system, 333, 334, 351, 551, 735, 737, 738, 741, 746, 1003, 1006–22, 1025–36, 553, 554, 557, 558, 560; system of account, 557, 1040–54, 1058–60, 1063–70, 1076–87, 1089–90, 584; Terraferma veneta (mainland), 561, 562, 653, 1092–1101, 1103–6, 1114–18, 1124–7, 1192–6, 660 1211–65, 1278–84, 1299–1302; output, 638, Veneto–Scaligera War (Guerra Veneto–Scaligera, 1336-9), 631, 642, 643; forgery,contemporary, 1016–18 654, 661 imitations, 100, 426; Piedmontese, 81, 99, 100, 104, Venice (Veneto) and/or Venetians,2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 144, 169, 170, 171, 210, 222, 713; Serbian, 19, 20, 21, 23, 36, 37, 51, 55, 58–64, 250, 251, 253, 100, 642, 643, 658, 727, 745, 746 266, 285–6, 326, 327, 334, 337, 346, 357, 371, cast bronze copy,contemporary, 1024 408, 426, 437, 438, 439, 473, 475, 476, 477, 482, grosso for Dalmatia, 648 483, 485, 533, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 561, grosso or grossetto, 400, 648, 651, 1308–21, 1333–5, 562, 564, 568, 580, 581, 583, 586, 590, 591, 592, 1338–9 593, 598, 599, 600, 606, 610, 611, 613, 627–53, grosso da 2 soldi, 345, 649 654, 655, 656, 666, 713, 714, 724, 731, 733 grossone da 8 soldi, 345, 475, 649, 1324 army,407, 408 grosso per navigar,652 Arsenale, 629 lira da 20 soldi, tron or mocenigo, 29, 334, 401, 402, 496, autonomy from German kings and emperors, 63 650–1, 652, 742, 749, 1341–4, 1352, 1362, Basilica di San Marco, 62, 63; mosaics, 63 1378–80; mezzo lira or marcello, 651–2, 740, centre of printing, 6 1350–1, 1353–5, 1357–60, 1364–9, 1374–5, coat of arms, 708 1381–6 coinage and/or mint, 11, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 144, 727, mezzanino or mezzo grosso, 560, 643, 644–5, 648, 660, 745 727, 741, 1107–8, 1130–7, 1285–6; mezzo grosso Byzantine inluence, 27 (2 soldi), 1325–6; mezzanino or half-soldo, 1392

General index 1131

quartarolo, 272, 639, 640, 643, 745, 1023, 1038–9, monetary area, 65, 330, 639, 643, 644; with that of Verona, 1072–3; double quartarolo, 642, 643 24 quattrino for the mainland, 345, 356, 649, 1330–1; monetary circulation, 635, 647 quattrino bianco for Verona and Vicenza, 653; monetary policy,635, 643, 648 quattrino or duino imperiale, 1336; quattrino for monetary reform (1172/8), 556, 569, 570; (c. 1200), 557; Ravenna, 649; half-quattrino for Ravenna, 649 (1331/2), 560, 576, 643–4; (1346), 644–5; (1353), soldino, 19, 560, 576, 643–4, 645, 646, 647, 648, 652, 645–6; (c. 1472), 401, 650 660, 727, 746, 1109–12, 1119–21, 1128–9, monetary system, 13, 14, 18, 351, 354, 392, 395, 573, 606, 1138–45, 1147–8, 1150–5, 1158–65, 1168–74, 638, 640; systems of account, 635, 641 1177–80, 1186–91, 1197–1200, 1207, 1266–8, Museo Correr, collection, see Papadopoli, Niccolò, 1271–5, 1287–94, 1322, 1345–7, 1355; output, collection 644; see also England, coinage and/or mint, Peace (1177), 345, 414 galley ha’penny; soldino or marchetto, 652, 653, Piazza San Marco (St Mark’s Square), 630 1389–91, 1396–7;half-soldo,653 population, 4 tornesello, 635, 645, 646, 648, 651, 653, 727, 748, 1146, possessions or territories, 5, 8, 19, 24, 65, 346, 395, 733, 741, 1166, 1175, 1181–2, 1201–5, 1208, 1269–70, 748; terraferma,326,606 1295–6, 1303, 1305 Quarantia,630,631,642,645 early coinage, to 1164, 15, 20, 24, 26, 30, 31, 34, 35, quinto,643 36, 37, 42, 55, 59–64, 67, 327, 328, 553, 566, Senate, 630, 646, 647, 649; origins as the Pregadi,630 726 shipping, 284 denaro, Christiana Religio or temple type with weights and measures, 720, 721; monetary weights, 722 blundered legend, 50, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66–7, Venier, Antonio, doge of Venice, 27, 380, 647, 724; portrait, 726, 6–7 on Venetian grosso, 647 CONRAD’ IMPER’type,61 Ventimiglia (Liguria), 284 CRISTVS IMPER’type,44,61,26–7 Venzone (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), 60 denaro enriciano,726 Verbano-Cusio-Ossola (Piedmont), 247 ENRICVS IMPER’ type, 61, 63, 44–6;SanMarco Vercelli (Piedmont), 94, 104, 163, 191, 192, 243–8, 326, 716 type, 37, 61, 62, 63–5, 635, 47–8, 66–71 Arabs in, 94 chronology and classiication, 64 bishop, 32, 149, 244, 248; see also Eusebius, saint, bishop of circulation, 61, 65, 71 Vercelli; Emanuele de’ Fieschi di Savignone, debasement, 65, 553, 555 bishop of Vercelli; Giovanni de’ Fieschi di earliest reference (983), 60 Torriglia, bishop of Vercelli; Ludovico de’ immobilised coinage, 65 Fieschi, bishop of Vercelli metallurgical analysis, 63, 65 church, 244 output, 61, 65, 70 coinage and/or mint, 99, 110, 116, 142, 246–8, 330, 379; standard of weight and/or ineness, 61, 63–5 denaro mezzano, 142, 246–7, 248; grosso,116,142, Capitolar delle Brocche, register of the rules and regulations 237, 246, 248; petty coinage (monete piccole), of the Venetian mint, 232 246; termissis (gold), unit of account, 247 Congress (1177), 629 commercial fair, 244 control of the Adriatic, 628 commune, 248; communal consuls, 244, 246 Council of Ten, 613 dialect, 247 debasement of coinage, 639, 644, 645, 646, 647 economy,244, 245 doge, 629; as Totius Istriae Dominator, 629 minting rights, 246 economic development, 628 population 245 international trade, 19 territory (contado or diocese), 149, 150, 152, 158, 244, 477 leone in moleca, coin type, 645, 646 university,6 lira of account, 19, 24, 59, 400, 554, 556, 557, 558, 559, 572, Visconti rule, 245 636, 640, 644, 646, 649, 650, 657, 665, 731, 742; weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 lira ai grossi, 642; lira a moneta, 645; lira piccola, Verona (Veneto),5, 8, 21, 23, 30, 51, 60, 65–73, 74, 98, 332, 741; lira Tron,401 345, 352, 389, 433, 434, 455, 460, 549, 550, 551, Maggior Consiglio, 629, 630, 631, 642 552, 553, 559, 561, 581, 596, 607, 609, 611, 631, mark, monetary weight, 571 647, 648, 651, 653–64, 666, 716, 741 merchants, 67, 244, 285, 549, 714 Basilica San Zeno, 716 minting rights, 35, 59 bishops, 328

1132 General index

Verona (Veneto) (cont.) monetary policy,660 cathedral church, Santa Maria Matricolare, 656 monetary reform (before 1185), 557; (1276), 657; (1312), coinage and/or mint, 13, 22, 23, 24, 26, 34, 330, 393, 551, 660; (1349), 395, 561, 661 596, 625, 639, 655–64 monetary system, 395, 560, 660; system of account, 566, communal, 73, 612, 622, 655, 666 637, 660 denaro,330,567,608,612,623,636,637,658–9;denaro population, 4 piccolo or denaro crociato, 557, 558–9, 594, 608, statutes, 658, 659 609,610,656–7,734,1398–1403;withSANT territory,65, 68, 550 ZENO,658–9,1408 trade, trans-Alpine, 67 grosso, 596, 621, 622, 623, 643, 659, 660, 667; grosso Visconti conquest and/or rule, 396 aquilino,596,1412; grosso da 20 denari piccoli,558, weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 559, 560, 625, 657–8, 741, 1404–7; grosso or Veronese League (Lega Veronese, 1164/7), 549, 592, 629, 636, pegione d 1½ soldi, 1419–20; grosso tirolino,623 656, 665 quattrino, 1416–18 Ver sa, torrente,154 sesino, 1423 Vertus (Champagne-Ardennes, France), count and/or soldo, 1413–15, 1421–2 county,435, 448, 462, 528 royal and imperial, 15, 20, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42, 59, 60, 65, via Aurelia, via Fulvia, via Postumia, via Salaria, see Roman 327, 328, 553–5, 566, 739, 3–5, 23–4, 32, 54–65 roads chronology and classiication, 72–3 vicarii or vicariati, reales or imperales, royal or imperial circulation, 71 representatives, 80, 85, 192 debasement, 555 Vicenza (Veneto), 5, 8, 551, 552, 554, 561, 593, 605, 648, 651, denaro enriciano, 70, 73, 557, 655, 656, 726; with lat 654, 660, 665–7, 741 lan, 71; with bowl-shaped lan (scodellato), 71, bishops, 554, 665, 666 73, 746 coinage and/or mint, 665; grosso aquilino, 392, 666–7, 1424 denaro, Ottonian, with bowl-shaped lan (scodellato), commune, consuls, 549 66, 67, 68; production process, 67 counts and/or county,549, 665 immobilised coinage, 71, 555 minting rights, 554, 666 metallurgical analysis, 70 territory,550, 666 output, 65, 66, 67, 70, 73 university,6 standard, 554 weights and measures, monetary weights, 722 under Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan, 332, 396, 460, Victor, saint, patron of Vittoria (Emilia-Romagna), 78, 421 461, 462; denaro, 461, 465, 662, 665; denaro Victor III, pope, 1 imperiale,600;grosso or pegione, 462, 665; sesino, Victor Emanuel III, king of Italy,collection (Museo 461, 662, 665; soldino,665 Nazionale Romano, Rome), 11, 107, 110, 148, under the Scaligeri, 392, 395, 666; denaro, 392, 393, 660; 177,321,323,386 denaro crociato with CI ³ CI VI, 660, 661; grosso, Vienne (Rhône-Alpes, France), 93, 205 660, 662, 667; grosso tirolino, 392, 661; mediatino Vigevano (Lombardy), 192 (due denari), 393, 560, 561, 661–2, 741, 1409–11; Vignale Monferrato (Piedmont), 169 quattrino, 662; soldo, 661; monetary reform Vignati, family,of Lodi, 438; Giovanni, lord of Lodi and (1312), 392 Piacenza, 388, 438 commune, 653, 659; consuls, 549 Villa del Foro (Piedmont), 240 county,549 Villa di Chiesa (Sardinia), coinage and/or mint, grosso tornese, denaro (veronese), as traditional unit of account, 23, 24, 566, 201; counts, 201 596, 655; lira veronese, 393, 395, 554, 556, 557, Villanders (Villandro), house, coat of arms, 595, 708 560, 561, 572, 596, 612, 636–7, 640, 657, 661, Villani, Giovanni, Florentine chronicler, 169, 170, 239, 266, 665; lira veronese nova, 623, 660; lira veronese 324 vecchia,561,623,660;libra mediatorum,661 Villar San Costanzo (Piedmont), 711 diet (983), 60, 66 Vinschgau (Val Venosta, Trentino-Alto Adige/Sütirol), 607, March (Marca Veronensis), 35, 59, 60, 66, 67, 433, 548–52, 618 553, 561, 563, 565, 607, 625, 653 Violante of Montferrat, see Yolanda of Montferrat merchants, 67, 658 Violante, Cinzio, historian, 31 minting rights, 73, 328 Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), Roman poet; on coinage of monetary area, 625, 658; with that of Venice, 24 Mantua, 26, 393, 395, 400, 403, 404, 407, 409

General index 1133

Virgilio (Lombardy), 389 Vitale II Michiel, doge of Venice, 556, 629, 635–6, 637 Visconti, family,of Milan, 1, 3, 22, 27, 80, 86, 87, 88, 97, 98, Vitaliano de’ Vitaliani, 192, 197 102, 109, 111, 113, 176, 199, 239, 293, 307, 333, Vitalis, saint, 712 356, 359, 365, 415, 423, 433, 434, 439, 449, 454, Viterbo (Lazio), 4 467, 477, 515, 518, 523; coat of arms or shield, Vittani, family,Como, 359, 369–70 445, 454, 461, 708 Vittoria (Emilia-Romagna), 76, 78, 378, 414; coinage and/or Azzo or Azzone, 19, 22, 87, 88, 245, 331–2, 337, 345, 346, mint, 89, 329; denari imperiali, 78, 416, 421 359, 365, 371, 373, 374, 380, 384, 388, 415, 428, Vittorino da Feltre, humanist and teacher, 390 433, 434, 435, 441–3, 515, 516, 736 Viviano of Lucca, mint-master, 589 Bernabò, 177, 282, 309, 312, 313, 332, 333, 356, 435, 436, Viviers (Rhône-Alpes, France), 656 439, 440, 445, 448, 454, 455, 466, 468, 491–6, Voghera (Lombardy), 247 515, 517, 518, 523–6, 528, 743 Volrico de Portis, bishop of Trieste, 616 Bianca Maria, 374, 439, 473, 482, 483, 533 Carlo, 356 Waldesians or Waldenses,heretical religious movement, 94 Caterina, wife of Gian Galeazzo, 333, 436, 437, 448, 455, Wallerand de Luxembourg, count, lord of Ligny,288, 290, 465, 515 291–2 Estore, 333, 356, 357, 370, 438, 466, 468–72, 515–17 Walsee, house, coat of arms, 708 Filippo Maria, 19, 121, 123, 125, 164, 178, 192, 196–7, 240, Wars, Genoese–Venetian,564, 632; First (1258–70), 630; 282, 293–4, 308, 316, 317, 318, 321, 333, 334, Second (1294–9), 630; Third (1350–5), 632; 346, 356, 357, 359, 369, 370, 371, 373, 374, 384, Fourth (1378–81), 632; see also Chioggia, War 386, 388, 416, 436, 438, 439, 440, 466, 468, Wars of Italy (1494–1559), 7–8 472–7, 482, 515, 519 weights and measures, 18, 720–2 Galeazzo (I), 86, 415, 433, 441 Welf, duke of Carinthia and marquis of Verona, 66 Galeazzo II, 121, 174, 192, 282, 309, 313, 332, 435, 440, 445, Welf,dynasty,74 448, 449, 453, 454, 518, 523–7, 743 Wenceslaus,king of Bohemia and Germany,332, 396, 436, Gian Galeazzo, 5, 8, 19, 121, 124, 125, 150, 164, 174, 177, 455 178, 192, 240, 293, 307, 309, 332, 333, 337, 346, Wendish March (upper Slovenia), 583 356, 359, 369, 371, 373, 384, 388, 435, 436, 437, William II, king of Sicily,747 438, 439, 440, 443, 448, 452, 453, 454–65, 466, William II of Holland, anti-king in Germany,2, 152 468, 473, 477, 483, 500, 515, 518, 519, 523, William of Ockham, Franciscan friar and scholar, 85 527–30, 552, 601, 632, 633, 654 Willigis, archbp of Mainz, 31 Giovanni, archbishop of Milan, bishop of Novara and Wittelsbach, dynasty,85, 619 count of Ossola, 121, 172, 192, 194, 196, 282, Wolcango, bishop of Trieste, 615 285, 332, 434, 435, 440, 443–5, 526, 632 Wolfker of Passau, patriarch of Aquileia, 558, 563, 571–2, 615, Giovanni Carlo or Giancarlo, 333, 356, 357, 437, 438, 466, 616 468–72, 515, 516, 517 Worms (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), coinage and/or Giovanni Maria, 192, 197, 333, 346, 356, 357, 436, 437, mint, 35; Concordat of (1122), 33 465–8, 472, 473, 515 Württemberg (Germany), 558 Luchino, 121, 164, 172, 196, 199, 235, 239, 749; Matteo, 109, Würzburg (Franconia, Germany), coinage and/or mint, 35 225, 245, 332, 434, 435, 440, 526 Lodrisio, 434 Yolanda of Montferrat, wife of Andronicus II Paleologos, MatteoI,415,426,433,434,441 163, 225 Matteo II, 435, 448–9 yperpero,749;see also iperpero, perpero Ottone,415,433,434 Yves d’Alegre, French military commander, 235 Stefano, 435, 448 Valentina, daughter of Bernabò, 436 Zara (Zadar, Croatia), 629 Valentina, daughter of Gian Galeazzo, 8, 121, 123, 125, 307, zecca (Eng. mint), etymology,741–2, 749 309, 436, 483 zecchino,749 Visconti snake or viper (biscia), symbol of the Visconti and Zeno, saint, bishop of Verona, 460, 462, 551, 661, 662, Milan, 287, 293, 297, 298, 317, 318, 320, 321, 716 336, 357, 368, 370, 442, 444, 445, 449, 452, 453, Zeno, Ranieri, doge of Venice, 100 455, 460, 461, 719 Zenobio, of Florence, mint-master for the patriarch of Vissiraga, Antonio, lord of Lodi, 388 Aquileia, 579

1134 General index

Ziani, Sebastiano, doge of Venice, 556, 567, 629, 635, 636–7, Zuanne, Broccardo, mint-master in Padua, 598 655 Zuanne dell’Argento of Bologna, mint-master and/or Zilio of Florence, mint-master, 588 engraver in Padua, 605 Zocha, Melchiorre, mint-master in Savona, 319, 320 Zwanziger, 748; see also Meran, coinage and/or mint, grosso