On behalf of the officers and committees of the Southern Anthropological Society, let me welcome you to the 2009 Annual Meetings here in Wilmington, North Carolina. Our theme, Beyond Southern Borders, has produced a vibrant set of panels and ses- sions. What is, where is, “the South”? We are honored that Faye V. Harrison, in her Plenary Address, and James Peacock and Virginia Dominguez, in their Keynote Address, will tackle this question. In between these moments we hope you attend sessions chock full of ethnographic detail, net- work with old friends and new, feed the body and soul, and enjoy this southern coastal city of Wilming- ton on this almost-spring weekend.

Carrie B. Douglass

President

Here are the floorplans to enable you to find your rooms. Posters are at each door to also ensure that you are in the correct place. Daily Schedule

Thursday -- 3/12

5- 6 pm Carolina Room Registration

6-7:30 pm Dudley Plenary Session Faye V. Harrison Navigating Transborders in the Contemporary South: Networking in Human Rights Discourse and Politics

7:30-8:30 pm Carolina Room Reception Hors d’Oeuvres & Cash Bar

Friday -- 3/13

8 am-5 pm Cape Fear LobbyRegistration

8-9:30 am Dudley - #1 -- 1st half Engendering the South: Studies in Femininity and Masculinity Bostaph - Gibson - Goin

Latimer - #2 Working Through the Land: Anthropological Space and Place McKay - Roberts - Aamodt

DeRosset - #3 Social Inclusion in Southern Places: Applied Anthropology in North Carolina and Brazil Ramer - Tilly - Roberts, J - Jones, Kim

9:30-10:45 am Dudley - #4 -- 2nd half Engendering the South: Studies in Femininity and Masculinity Probasco - Story - Tripp Latimer - #5 Effects of Tourism in the Global South Khatri - Ndong

DeRosset - #6 Slavery to Slow Food: Farming Concerns Balasundaram - Epstein - Gregor

10:45 - 12:15 Dudley - #7 Anthropological Pedagogy in the Southern Classroom Dunivent - Jones, Sharyn - McCabe - Studstill

Latimer - #8 American Indian Traditions and Innovations Klassen - Lowry - Sarbaugh - Snipes

DeRosset - #9 Southern Archaeology and Ethnohistory Andrews, E. - Martinez - Rogers - Walker

12 - 1 pm Bellamy SAS Board Meeting Lunch

1 - 2:15 pm Dudley - #11 Tales of Identity: What it Means to be “Southern” Andrews, J. - Douglass - Nolan

Latimer - #12 -- 1st half Health, Wellness, and Traversing Meaning in the Global South Arps - Eden - Eusebio - Fernandez

DeRosset - #13 -- 1st half Theory and Ethnography: Perspectives from LSU Regis - Managan - Hess - Capak - Pattison

2:15 - 3:30 pm Dudley - #14 Curing Anthropology’s ADD (Artifact Deficit Disorder): Papers on the Cultural Significance of Artifacts Crediford - Johnson - Ingersoll Latimer - #15 -- 2nd half Health, Wellness, and Traversing Meaning in the Global South Geyer - Kelley - Vanderknyff

DeRosset - #16 -- 2nd half Theory and Ethnography: Perspectives from LSU Miller - Broussard - Matthews - Pfeiffer - Richardson 3:30 - 5 pm Dudley - #17 Immigrants and Immigration in Southern Landscapes Magnarella - Rowe - Younginer

Latimer - #18 Crossing Invisible Borders Gates - Jones, Krista - Raines

DeRosset - #19 New Perspectives on Southern Appalachia Altman - Cozzo - Fulcher - Lefler

6-7:30 pm Carolina Room - Wine & Cheese University of Alabama Press Special Session A Celebration of the Contemporary American Indian Series Saturday -- 3/14

8-9:30 am Dudley - #20 Treasures are Personal: Southern Material Culture Cooper - Evans - Webb

Latimer - #21 --1st half Spirit and Rite: Religious Interpretation in the Global South Casey - Gude - London

DeRosset - #22 The Power of American Cultural Narratives in Policy and Pop- ular Culture: From Homelessness to College Hill to Human Terrain Teams Biery - Hamilton - Dowdye - Geiger - Stone 9:30 -1 1:00 am Dudley - #23 The Concept of Culture and the Construction of Cognitive Borders Donald - Friend - Hyman - Mintz - Smith

Latimer - #24 - - 2nd half Spirit and Rite: Religious Interpretation in the Global South Meyer - Van Oudenaren - Weaver - Woomer

DeRosset - #25 Plain Talk: Speaking of Linguistic Anthropology Fort - Henderson - Shattuck/ Schiller

11am - 2pm BREAK

Cape Fear Riverboat Lunch & Cruise

2:30 - 4pm Dudley - #26 From Prospectors to Collaborators: Rethinking Ethnography, Undergraduate Research and the South Clementine - Peloquin - Rhodes - Sadler - Slaughter and Burns

Latimer - #27 The Making of the Nuevo South: Interconnections of Labor Processes, Community, and Legislation Contreras - Griffith - Hudgins - Kingsolver

DeRosset - #28 Asia Comes “Down-Home:” East Meets South Bronson - McLeod - Melomo - Pickart 4 - 5pm Dudley SAS General Business Meeting

6 - 7:30 pm Azalea -- Keynote Session Virginia Dominguez & Jim Peacock U. S. South in Global and Anthropological Perspective

7:30 - 10pm Azalea Annual Awards Banquet AAMODT, CAITLIN, UNIVERSITYOF ALABAMA-BIRMINGHAM Cultural Differentiation and Convergence in North and South Louisiana: Social Change from the Early Settlement of Caddo Parish to the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina The purpose of this paper is to examine the cultural changes in Caddo Parish, Louisiana in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Louisi- ana has long been known for its rich cultural heritage and diversi- ty. Many people in Louisiana view themselves as different from others in the Deep South. Differences are also recognized within the state. The most marked difference is between French Cajun South Louisiana and North Louisiana, which was settled at a dif- ferent time and by a different composition of settlers. The differ- ences between these two regions have historically involved many forms of ethnocentrism, including political disputes and incidents of physical violence. The research involved the use of historical documents, newspaper and journal articles and interviews. Some of the issues to be addressed are the complicated histories of the two regions and how they have changed over time, the effects of the population size of Caddo Parish doubling from the influx of evacuees, industries moving north, the cultural effect of musicians and artists taking refuge in Caddo Parish, and other effects of the convergence of cultures.

ALTMAN, HEIDI M., GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITYAND THOMAS N. BELT [CHEROKEE], WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY Cherokee Place Names and the Process of Naming Places Anyone who has traveled through or lived in Southern Appalachia has been exposed to the rich history of Cherokee country through the surviving Cherokee names of places. Often tourists, locals and even native speakers wonder about and construct fanciful etymologies for common place names like Cullowhee, Cataloochee or Chattanooga. This paper examines well-known, and often wondered about, place names, postulates their etymologies and outlines a linguistically-based system for inter- preting the names of Cherokee places based on traditional Cherokee views of their homeland. ANDREWS, ERIN L., GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY Do you see what I see? The Public Gaze and Southeastern Ancients on Display: A Case Study at the Funk Heritage Center, Waleska, Georgia Who were the Southeastern Indians? How did they live? What did they do? Attempting to answer these complex questions, the Hall of Ancients is a dioramic exhibit designed to educate the South- eastern community about its rich cultural past. While the exhibit seeks to shed light upon the diverse inhabitants of the region, its singular narrative and static displays often result in stereotypical portrayals of the South's earliest people. Located in a transforming socio-political climate, museums like the Funk Heritage Center, are increasingly scrutinized for the content of their anthropological dioramas and visual representations of native cultures in the past. The messages conveyed from these representations speak to how the public ultimately views and understands the varied pasts of contemporary Southeastern Native Americans. This ethnographic study reflects upon the take-away messages the public receives from this exhibit and considers the implications of messages for future generations.

ANDREWS, JENNA, UNIVERSITYOF GEORGIA Dominos y Cafecito: Cuban Landscapes in the South This paper explores the creation of a Cuban landscape at two dis- tinct sites within the Cuban Diaspora: Moultrie, Georgia; and Mi- ami, Florida. Landscape encompasses not only an external, tangible environment or a geographical space, but also the memo- ries and personal experiences that give meaning to that environ- ment. In spite of travel restrictions and negative experiences since the Cuban Revolution, many Cubans in the United States (re)create select elements of their homeland. These elements comprise a landscape that often represents an idealized, nostalgic Cubanness that takes shape in a unique context of Southern histories and cultures. ARPS, SHAHNA, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY; RICARDO CONTRE- RAS, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY; LUCI FERNANDEZ, EAST CAR- OLINA UNIVERSITY Understanding diabetes risk among Latinos in eastern North Carolina: perceptions regarding nutrition and physical activity Diabetes currently represents an urgent health problem among La- tinos. The National Alliance for Hispanic Health estimates that one in ten Hispanics in the United States is living with diabetes, al- though only one in three may know he/ she has the disease. Ex- plaining Latinos• vulnerability to diabetes and confronting the factors that increase disease risk depend on understanding complex interactions among biological, cultural, and behavioral factors. Previous research has suggested that high rates of diabetes are re- lated to cultural values, lifestyle, and inadequate access to informa- tion and healthcare. This paper explores how these issues specifically impact diet and physical activity among Latino mi- grants in eastern North Carolina. Nutrition and activity levels de- serve special attention because of their impact on health status and diabetes risk. Data were collected during focus group discussions and individual interviews with men and women in the Latino com- munity of Greenville, North Carolina. Participants provided infor- mation about patterns of physical activity and diet, factors that influence these patterns, and perceptions about their relevance for diabetes risk and general health. They were also asked about changes in their daily lives since migrating to the United States, including differences in access to healthy food and opportunities for regular physical activity. The results of this exploratory study have important applied dimensions for designing diabetes educa- tion and prevention programs. Community health initiatives must use culturally appropriate strategies that address the specific prob- lems that Latinos experience in order to successfully prevent and treat diabetes. BALASUNDARAM, SASIKUMAR, UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH CAROLINA Slavery to Semi-Slavery: Comparison of Contract Farming in the American South and Global South This paper will be based the information collected for a previous study in Sri Lanka and literature review of contract farming in South Carolina. This paper will discuss how the recently (2005) Asian Development Bank funded pilot out-grower scheme operates in two tea estates in the central hills of Sri Lanka. This paper will also explain the two different models: full-time out-growers and part-time out-growers were used for the experiment. Based on the data collected we found that part-time out-grower scheme benefits the workers whereas the full-time out-grower scheme benefits the companies. This paper also will be comparing the contract farming in South Carolina in the post-civil rights movement era. This paper will show impact of neo-liberal policies in the global south. BIERY - HAMILTON, GAY, ROLLINS COLLEGE Choosing America: Culture Clash in the Virgin Islands and When “College Hill” Goes to the Frontier “College Hill,” a reality - based television series, draws a parallel to MTV’s popular “The Real World,” which places a group of strangers into a close living space and captures their relationships with each other on camera. The premise of “College Hill” is to ob- serve the lives of students at historically Black colleges and univer- sities. The series, broadcast on the oldest and leading cable network aimed toward young African Americans, Black Entertain- ment Television (BET), is currently in its fifth season, but the fo- cus of this project centers on the fourth season “College Hill: Virgin Islands” filmed at the University of the Virgin Islands (UVI) on the island of St. Thomas. This fourth season included eight students, four from the Virgin Islands, and four from the U. S. mainland, who developed hostile relationships along cultural lines, although they initially argued that since they were all black, they should be able to get along. The show greatly upset Virgin Islanders. Yet, like all American literature, the characters are de- veloped according to the criteria of the American Frontier Myth, as conceptualized by historian, Richard Slotkin, whereby anyone who is not American, is ultimately depicted as lesser than Americans, and often as savages. I will analyze the character development of the eight students in this 4th season of “College Hill,” according to the American Frontier Myth.

BOSTAPH, SARAH, UNIVERSITYOF MARY WASHINGTON Fireworks, Gender, and the 4th of July in the United States Independence Day in the United States is a time where the nation unites in celebration of our country and the long journey that we have undergone to become the nation we are. However, even in this unity there is still a divide between the male and female ele- ments of the holiday. This investigation examines the symbolism of gender that is present in the celebration of the 4th of July, begin- ning with the holiday•s history and continuing through celebra- tions as we have them today. It examines everything from the war-torn origins of the holiday to the backyard celebrations that happen across the United States every 4th, and reveals the gender symbolism and ideals that are visible in all of these activities. Fire- works, a long-standing icon of this national holiday, also contain elements of both genders in everything from their chemical com- position to their execution and presentation. This investigation aims to prove that fireworks combine elements of two different genders in one impressive display of national pride, and thus have become the ideal symbol for our nation’s Independence Day.

BRONSON, WHITNEY, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY Fears of Failure: The Perceptions of Chinese High School and University Students about the Fairness of the University Ad- mission Process in mainland China The pressure for high school students to be admitted to a good uni- versity is considered unbearable in many nation-states across the globe. In China this pressure is seen as an inevitable rite of passage for the 10% of high school students that will be able to enroll in a university of China. The test that establishes who will attend and at which institution is called the Gaokao. This entrance examina- tion test is given only once a year. Chinese universities base their selection of students exclusively on students• scores in this test. No other qualifications or achievements are taken into consideration. This paper presents findings from an ethnographic study that ex- plored two questions: Do Chinese students consider the odds to get admitted to top universities to be fair and just? And do Chinese students consider it to be fair and just that only test scores are used to determine eligibility for admittance into top schools? Prelimi- nary analysis of data collected during semi-structured interviews with 22 high school seniors and 21 college freshmen during seven weeks of fieldwork in the city of Shijiazhuang reveals that opin- ions about the fairness of the procedures vary by gender and loca- tion of upbringing (i. e. rural or urban). However, opinions differ most between those who have taken the test and those who have yet to take it. Additional findings are expected to provide us with insights about potential sources of future discontent or political support among China’s young urbanites.

Under the Rattlesnake Cherokee Health and Resiliency Edited by Lisa J. Lefler

Those Who Remain A Photographer’s Memoir of South Carolina Indians Gene J. Crediford BROUSSARD, JONATHAN M., LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY (Ad)dressing Masculinity: The Performance of Male CosPlay in the South The costumed science fiction, fantasy gaming, or anime fan, dressed as his favorite character, holds a place within the popular imagination as a •true• representation of the fan community, creat- ing an image of this •exotic other.• That generalized image also contains stereotypes about male fans as being •unmanly• with re- gard to the understood conception of masculinity in the United States in general and the South in particular. Therefore, I suggest that through cosplay, the practice of costumed role-play, male fans perform their masculinity in such a way that both acknowledges and subverts the dominant American conceptions while appropriat- ing their power to provide meaning in the context of the fan com- munity. Through participant observation and interviews at MechaCon 3.0 and Mechacon IV in Lafayette, Louisiana, I demon- strate how both the public and private performances involved in the private creation and the public display of cosplay costumes by male fans embody this appropriation and transformation of South- ern masculinity to become meaningful to male participants in the fan community.

CAPAK, SAMANTHA, LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY Learning From Said: Anthropologists and Orientalism Edward Said's Orientalism (1978) lifted the veil that had been cast over the formation of knowledge during colonial times. Although he was not explicitly critical of Anthropology, he discussed the importance for anthropologists of examining of how ideas are de- veloped. This paper explores the impact of Said’s work on our dis- cipline through an examination of publications. Orientalism was published in United States after a long period of political strife in France caused by the decolonization of Algeria. Algeria, unlike many other colonial states, was considered to be a part of France. Thus, when the Algerian Revolution began in 1954 the revolution spilled over into the academic world in France, with many scholars directly questioning the conception of knowledge and power de- veloped during the colonial era. Said, a literary theorist, looked at 18th century literature and noted that classical works by authors such as Jane Austin or Charles Dickens have colonial attitudes while not directly addressing colonialism. In the case of anthro- pology this bias was acknowledged but very rarely noted in anthro- pological theory. More recently, scholars such as Anne Stoler expanded the anthropology of colonialism by looking at the colo- nizer rather than the indigenous peoples. Her research is interesting because it describes colonial power and influence as restricting not only the indigenous people of a colony, but the colonizers as well. Stoler’s research acknowledges knowledge and power can restrict colonial relationships in the guise of public health, or colonial hy- giene. CASEY, JOANNA, UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH CAROLINA Little Blessings: Sadaka Offerings in Daily Life in Gambaga, Northern Ghana, West Africa This paper explores the role of sadaka, the religious obligation to perform acts of charity, in daily life in Northern Ghana. Sadaka most likely arrived with Islam in the 14th Century but today it is practiced by people of all persuasions, not as a religious obligation, but as a means of effecting successful outcomes in life’s endeav- ors. Sadaka operates along side other systems of sacrifice and gift- ing for the purpose of receiving blessings. These acts require the intervention of a diviner who determines the problem and the ap- propriate offering and recipient. Market stalls cater to sadaka pur- chases, and recipients recognize sadaka offerings, returning the appropriate blessings, but not knowing what the gift is for nor, nec- essarily who it is from. Sadaka has a role in redistribution and social cohesion at the village level and it is also a way for individu- als to gain a sense of control over their lives, and to attend to per- sonal needs and desires in a society where people have very little privacy and are expected to subordinate themselves to the larger concerns of the family. CONTRERAS, RICARDO, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITYAND DAVID GRIFFITH, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY Mexican Tiendas in the Nuevo South: Building Relationships of Trust and Reciprocity with the Local Immigrant Commu- nity Ethnographic research conducted in Pitt County, North Carolina, has shown that Latino businesses rely heavily on community link- ages and relationships of trust as a means of establishing viable enterprises. These associations are represented as reciprocity link- ages with other Latino businesses and also involve a system of strategies aimed at creating a stable clientele among these same Latino community members. As part of a social capital building process, these connections are essential in allowing small Latino businesses to establish themselves despite their limited or non-ex- istent access to credit and marketing techniques commonly em- ployed by mainstream businesses. This paper will describe the nature of these relationships, the type of reciprocity involved and how they facilitate business development.

COOPER, ELLEN, UNIVERSITYOF NORTH CAROLINA-ASHEVILLE Buzz: Coffee and Conversation in an Asheville Coffeehouse Cubans in the South, and in the Diaspora more broadly, often maintain ties with the island, or a version of the island that they remember fondly, by cooking, sharing old photographs and stories, planting gardens, or building homes and businesses that echo re- membered sights and sounds of a Cuba that once was in their pres- ent home place. The (re)creation of such pieces of one•s Cuban identity is part of an attempt to remember the good and forget the bad of a homeland with a tumultuous political history. I argue that these (re)created Cuban landscapes play an important role for Cu- bans in maintaining a connection to the Cuba they remember, and that Cubans continue to shape the Southern landscape. COZZO, DAVID, RT-CAR WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY William Holland Thomas and the Ginseng Trade After the removal of Native Americans from the eastern United States in 1838, about 60 Cherokee families struggled to remain in the mountains of western North Carolina. William Holland Thomas was a merchant who befriended and was later adopted by the Cherokee chief Yonaguska. Holland had commercial experi- ence and limited knowledge of the law, so he helped the Cherokee families purchase their lands and defended them in their negotia- tions in Washington, DC. With very few resources available for commercial trade, one of the products of value in the North Caro- lina mountains was ginseng. This paper will explore the role played by ginseng in the purchase of Cherokee lands and William Holland Thomas' activities as a middleman.

CREDIFORD, GENE J. , INDEPENDENT SCHOLAR “Those Who Remain”: Testing Out Lyric Documentary Pho- tography In 1964 Walker Evans, the great photographer of the 1930s, coined the phrase “lyric documentary.” He defined the term as a celebration of fact subtly modulated by an artist’s innate style. This definition is an acknowledgement that pure objective social documentary photography is an illusion. Yet his definition also makes a claim that factual elements do strongly exist within such photography and, hence, asserts the belief that the practice of lyric photography has an underlying objective character. This paper will define lyric documentary in greater depth by comparing it to other forms of documentary photography and contrasting it with other forms of closely related photography. In conclusion, the paper and slide presentation will present a number of my photographic images as a test of the lyric concept. DOUGLASS, CARRIE B., MARY BALDWIN COLLEGE Thomas Jefferson: Kinship and Horse Trading with the FFV (First Families of Virginia) Thomas Jefferson (1746-1823) lived at a time when certain mem- bers of the Virginia gentry were importing horses that had been successful on the turf in England. These horses, brought over to improve the speed and endurance, and generally enhance the •blood• of American horses, eventually became the foundation stallions and matriarchal mares of the American Thoroughbred breed. Importing and breeding these new racing horses became co-terminus with and symbols of the elite landed-gentry class in Virginia. Thomas Jefferson was known as a superb rider and great admirer of horseflesh. Although he never raced horses, Jefferson bred and bought these “blooded” horses for riding and driving. In the pedigrees of his horses that he carefully noted in his Farm Book, we can see that Jefferson used horses to retrace kinship and marriage lines, as well as cement other important social relation- ships with Virginia’s 18th century elite families. Moreover, in Jefferson’s Account Books, we see that cash, much less full price, rarely directly passed hands in a horse transaction. Rather hands were shaken, agreements were recorded in account books, money was owed, payments postponed, later bonds were given, estates were credited, notes were passed, and debts were accumulated. In- terest was not charged, years might go by, other horses were sold back, trades were made, and debts were voided or eventually paid off. For the planter society of 18th century Virginia credit and debt were a “form of communication” and owing money was a way of establishing and maintaining enduring social relations.

DOWDYE, CHARISSA, ROLLINS COLLEGE Reclaiming Choice: Blackness on American TV and the Asser- tion of Regeneration Through Regression In American literature, films and TV, the depiction of African Americans has been problematic. From servants to sidekicks to vio- lent criminals, there has been, until very recently, a tendency to present African Americans as less than fully capable adults and citi- zens and, thus, not deserving of heroic stature. There has been a change in the stereotypic depiction of African Americans and one factor responsible for this is the creation of Black Entertainment Television (BET) a network devoted to providing programming directed at African Americans. One example of the programming on BET that seeks to counter stereotypes is “College Hill.” “College Hill” presents a unique portrayal of the American Fron- tier Myth, because African Americans occupy roles that are for- merly deemed as being exclusive to white Americans. In the 4th Season of •College Hill,• African-Americans are depicted as heroes with all of the attributes normally reserved for white heroes, and the Virgin Islanders are depicted as the savages, as construed by the American Frontier Myth. For this paper, I will compare and con- trast how African Americans have been depicted in film and televi- sion with how they appear on “College Hill.” In particular, I will focus my analysis on the development of the two most heroic char- acters, JT, the hunter hero, and the women who regenerates him, Fallon. DUNIVENT, MEGGIE, UNIVERSITYOF WEST GEORGIA; HEATHER MCGUIRE, UNIVERSITYOF WEST GEORGIA;AND DR. MARJORIE M. SNIPES, UNIVERSITYOF WEST GEORGIA Darwinian Evolution, Anthropology and the Classroom The 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection in 2009 has brought on celebrations and a resurgence of discussions concerning this controversial theory. Many of these debates occur in education systems and focus on how or if his theories should be taught in schools. Students are entering college ill prepared and confused about the theory and its implications. Taking an introductory Anthropology class requires that students take Darwinian Evolution head on regardless of their faith or beliefs. This paper examines students• knowledge on the theory prior to taking an Introduction to Anthropology course and how they deal with being required to form an opinion on the sub- ject. We focused on several semesters of data from an introduc- tory class taught at the University of West Georgia in Carrollton, Georgia. Methods include participant observation, evaluating written exercises, surveys and formal interviews. The results indi- cate that students have common misconceptions of the theory; nev- ertheless, the majority approached the subject with an open mind. Most faith-based students were able to accept the principles of microevolution, although many were still not comfortable with macroevolution, even after the lectures and discussions on the subject. The patterns found in this research can assist educators and anthropologists on how the subject is best approached in the classroom.

EDEN, AIMEE R., UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH FLORIDA Health Worker Migration from the Global South to the U. S. South: Tampa Bay's International Health Workforce The migration of health professionals from less-developed to de- veloped countries is well-documented in the literature of various disciplines, and is frequently presented in terms of “push-and-pull” factors and incentives to migrate. Its impact is often measured by examining economic and health effects on the sending and receiv- ing countries rather than the personal and professional effects on the migrants. Through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with doctors and nurses who migrated from less-developed countries and who are currently practicing in the Tampa Bay area, we focus on the migration experiences of individual medical professionals and examine how these experiences and decisions impact, and are impacted by, global and national political, economic, and social conditions. In this study of the process and outcomes of the migra- tion of medical professionals, we aim to understand why and how health workers migrate and how they perceive the impact of their migration on both the sending and receiving country. We seek to identify barriers and/ or opportunities encountered by migrating health professionals, as well as the challenges and/ or benefits of being an immigrant working in the health professions in the U. S. Preliminary analysis reveals that as a group, doctors differ from nurses, regardless of country of origin, in their reasons for migrating from their native country, in the types of ties they maintain to their country,and in their migration method and pro- cess. This suggests that the skilled migrant’s profession, and professional culture, contribute to better under- standing and evaluating the complex and interrelated factors in the transnational migration process. EPSTEIN, KATIE, DAVIDSON COLLEGE, SCHOOLFOR INTERNA- TIONAL TRAINING, PANAMA Growing a Better Cup: Adoption of •best practice• coffee culti- vation technology in Renacimiento, Chiriqui Panama Within Panama•s Chiriquí highlands conventionally grown coffee is often among the culprits behind unbridled deforestation, declin- ing soil and water quality, and loss of habitat for local wildlife. In an attempt to remedy the effects of unsustainable agricultural practices, a group of small scale coffee farmers from the commu- nity of Renacimiento, Chiriqui, have adopted cultivation practices intended for conservation and reforestation. Full adoption of these methods and the construction of an ecological coffee processing mill will not only help preserve the local habitat but also allow these small scale farmers to produce higher quality shade grown coffee. The adoption of new agricultural technology and manage- rial methods changes the landscape and livelihoods of farmers and community members in Renacimiento. Based on participant obser- vation and interview data this paper examines the process of tech- nology adoption, identifying factors that foster it and documenting the experiences of the farmers, community members, and organi- zations involved in the efforts. Additionally, two visual schemas, Landscape-Lifescape maps and Seasonal Activities Calendars demonstrate physical changes to the landscape and management

EUSEBIO, JUSTIN, DAVIDSON COLLEGE Conceptualizing Tuberculosis in the Context of HIV /AIDS: Lessons from the Philippines Independently, tuberculosis and HIV/ AIDS are two of the most fatal infectious diseases in the world today. When co-infection occurs, they form a medically fearsome opponent by presenting numerous obstacles to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term care. Complicated and stigmatizing epidemics of this magnitude have also presented public health officials with the international problem of integrating biomedical language with local cultural concepts of illness and disease. Currently the Philippines is considered a high burden tuberculosis country and the presence of HIV/ AIDS has been characterized as “hidden and growing.”Thus, the objective of this research is to characterize, through qualitative research and language, the conceptualization of tuberculosis and HIV/ AIDS in the Philippines and the potential impact this understanding may have on public health strategies, health-seeking behavior and outcomes. In June-August 2008, through open-ended, qualitative interviews and focus group discussions in various neighborhoods in Manila, I investigated the socio-cultural meanings, representations and values associated with tuberculosis and HIV/ AIDS. In addition, key informants representing governmental, academic and international perspectives in order to evaluate former, existing and proposed policies and treatment options for tuberculosis and HIV/ AIDS. Strong policies and programs have been implemented by the government and their partners however the message has yet to trickle down to their citizens. Increased communication and multisectoral cooperation is recommended in preparation for a potential epidemic.

EVANS, HEATHER N., VALDOSTA STATE UNIVERSITY Not Your Grandmother•s Ceramics Anymore Cultural knowledge is learned through the sharing of values, which then determines how individuals behave and perceive their experiences. Much of the knowledge about ceramics determines the practices, and therefore, lives of ceramic artists. In this reflexive ethnography I explore the shared knowledge of ceramic culture in South Georgia and some of the ways in which it has affected the behaviors and experiences of those involved. Regardless of the current practices related to ceramics, the related history is intricate and closely related to both the time and place of the ceramic artist. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Georgian potters created pieces that specifically catered to domestic needs. Currently, ceramics are often appreciated more for their artistic merit than their domestic practicality. Corporate chains have helped to minimize the role of ceramics by securing most of the demand for domestic items. The nature of ceramics today has led to some challenging changes for ceramic shop owners. FERNANDEZ, LUCI, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY; SHAHNA ARPS, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY; RICARDO CONTRERAS, EAST CARO- LINA UNIVERSITY Creative Community Building while implementing Diabetes awareness programs with Latino populations in Greenville, North Carolina Creative Community Building helps individuals and communities look within at their strengths, assets and resources; and provides tools for deliberately collaborating to shape and create the kind of community in which people want to live, work, and play. Health- care is tantamount in creating a vibrant and successful community. Health programs related to diabetes in the Latino population are crucial to promote awareness and management of the disease. A fairly recent population of Latinos in Greenville has prompted community organizers to implement outreach programs to dissemi- nate information on healthy living practices. Through focus groups and preliminary interviews information was gathered which will be used to enhance and further support healthy living programs in the United States. By understanding the ways in which lifestyle prac- tices are altered through migration researchers can have a better understanding of the needs associated with regulating the disease. One goal of the research is to design diet and exercise programs that are simple to follow and that are culturally appropriate. Com- munity projects that are designed with participant are more readily adopted and successful overall. Knowledge of a condition is the first step in treating diabetes, but the second step which proves dif- ficult to maintain with consistency are the changes in lifestyle. Through collaborations with participants diet and exercise pro- grams will be created that fit into a particular lifestyle, making it familiar and enjoyable. FORT, AUDREY, TULANE UNIVERSITY Puttin’ On the Style: a Study in Southern Dialect Exaggeration This study compares the differences between representations of a Southern accent by two groups of Tulane students who either iden- tify with the Northern or Southern United States. Researchers told them to read a passage once in their normal voice, and again using a thick Southern accent. Once transcribed into IPA notation, the differences between each participant’s normal voice and Southern voice were determined, and then these shifts were analyzed. This comparison yielded a specific set of features common to almost all participants, which primarily included vowel lengthening, a larger intonation, a more varied stress pattern, and a shift in the word- final position. Less common features exhibited in both groups in- cluded increased glides, a shift to a shallower target for pre-exiting glides, and vowel shifts. The differences between the groups also gave specific results. In general the self-identifying Southerners presented more systematic shifts, and a larger overall percentage of shifts from normal to performance speech. The Northerners exhib- ited fewer overall shifts.Also, most of the Northerners targeted a nonrhotic dialect in their performance speech, whereas the South- erners tended to target a rhotic speech. This feature is primarily exhibited in the coastal South and is also associated with Southern popular culture stereotypes. Finally, various Northerners exhibited some other stylistic features that are also associated with Southern stereotypes, yet these would require more data to yield solid con- clusions. FRIEND, JENNIFER, FT. BRAGG CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGE- MENT PROGRAM Cemeteries in Military Culture: Honoring Soldiers Past and Present Fort Bragg’s Cultural Resource Management Program [CRMP] manages the protection and maintenance of several military memo- rials and individual gravesites which resulted from combat opera- tions that occurred here between 1781 and 1865. Although these sites would not fall under the realm of what is ideally considered a cemetery in the traditional sense, they contain unique qualities that can redefine most individual views of what a cemetery is and should be. Battlefield memorials and individual burials that are scattered throughout Fort Bragg’s landscape play an essential role when combined with the current training of modern soldiers. The placement of the memorial and grave markers was two-fold: to create an historical awareness of fallen soldiers from the past, and to create an emotional attachment and a sense of connection to the landscape for modern soldiers in training. Also located on Fort Bragg is the large Main Post Cemetery, which began in 1918 as the graveyard for workers that had fallen ill and died during the con- struction of Camp Bragg, but then evolved into a cemetery for sol- diers, veterans, dependants and POWs. The Main Post Cemetery falls generally outside of CRMP’s management, but for the pur- pose of this paper, it will be discussed alongside the military re- lated memorials and gravesites in the hope of creating a better understanding of how cemeteries are viewed within military cul- ture. FULCHER, CHRISTIE, MOUNTAIN HERITAGE CENTER, WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY “Help Your Brother's Boat Across and Your Own Will Reach the Shore:” Social Networks and Economic Diversity in West- ern North Carolina, 1890-1920 By the 1880s and 1890s, with the Civil War and Reconstruction behind it. Still the scars of the Civil persisted. New South boosters promoted industrialism in an effort to attract capitalist dollars and remedy the hobbled economy. In western North Carolina, boosters also promoted tourism. Industrial activities such as logging and mining were often advertised alongside tourism and recreation in the same brochure. Much of the historiography suggests that, with the influx of indus- trialists and tourists from outside the region, locals got short eco- nomic shrift as they lost their land and were forced into wage labor. A closer examination of individuals and communities in western North Carolina at the turn of the twentieth century reveals a much more complex story. This presentation looks at the ways in which tourism and industrialism were symbiotic industries that promoted community development and economic diversity. It also examines how such changes could forge mutuallybeneficial eco- nomic and social ties between locals and newcomers.

GATES, LAINE, UNIVERSITYOF ARKANSAS Multivocality in the Classroom: Conceptions of the Delta in ADOHP Student Oral Histories and Final Projects Using examples from the oral history projects of both University of Arkansas students and high school students, the ways in which conceptions of the South are central to identity in Arkansas and the Delta are examined. In the University of Arkansas ADOHP class, students learn about the history of and current conditions in the Delta, including the diverse groups who have made their homes there. They examine and question the borders of these groups, the borders that divide the Delta from the northwest part of the state, and the borders that divide the South from the rest of the country. These borders are conceived of in different ways by all of the stu- dents, making it apparent that what is “real” about the south is both conceptual and functional. Students begin the course with concrete definitions of these borders (as necessitated by project administra- tion), but move toward an understanding of the Delta and the South as conceptual spaces. Thus, in addition to definitions of these regions as concretely-bounded geographies, students begin to see them as defined by fluid and multivocal categories of meaning. The students are then asked to examine these conceptual borders in negotiating the realities of life in the Delta. Directions for future inquiry in concepts of space and place in online interactions be- tween university and high school students will also be discussed. GEIGER, VANCE, UNIVERSITYOF CENTRAL FLORIDA Don’t Make Me Have to Kill ‘Ya: Human Terrain Teams • The New American Indian Scouts The United States Military’s creation of Human Terrain Teams composed of anthropologists demonstrates the power of cultural myths and the persistence of basic cultural narratives. The myth of the frontier and its supporting narrative and cast of characters, its heroes and villains, still has the power to guide political and policy decisions in America. This paper will excavate the deep cultural origins of the supposedly new approach to •counterinsurgency,• Human Terrain Systems. In addition this paper will explore the essential incompatibility between anthropology as a social science discipline with unique approaches and goals and anthropology as a method to be appropriated by those whose goals are inimical to the discipline of anthropology.

GEYER, JENNIFER, DAVIDSON COLLEGE A Revolution in Health: Examining the Venezuelan Health Ini- tiative As part of the Venezuelan Bolivarian Republic•s goal to provide universal health care Hugo Chavez, Venezuela’s president, instated a partnership with Cuba in 2003 called Barrio Adentro (Inside the Neighborhood). Barrio Adentro is one of the many “misiones” or missions of the Venezuelan government designed to bring social services to the Venezuelan people. The intent of this partnership is to bring Cuban health professionals to work in clinics, where healthcare was previously inaccessible. This investigation aims at discovering the influence of the Cuban healthcare system in Vene- zuela. Through participant observation and interviews over a pe- riod of one month I examined the Venezuelan community’s response to the Cuban presence and the new health initiative.

GIBSON, ERICA, UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH CAROLINA “You Have to go North to Find the South”: Situating Florida in the South for Birth Research While Florida is geographically a part of the South, distinct differ- ences have caused Florida to evolve away from traditional South- ern cultural values in many ways, while some values, such as those associated with the ability to give birth at home or outside of the hospital, have remained. Studying birth in Florida focuses on differences in women’s gen- der roles and expectations, available options in practitioner choice, and the historical position of Florida in the Old South. The trans- formation of Florida and its shift away from traditional “Southern” values and culture such as the use of “granny midwives” to the use of biomedical doctors for birth practitioners has followed a trajec- tory similar to that of other Southern states. This paper explores how the birthing culture in Florida is and is not “Southern” using information gathered from historical sources, as well as interviews with current birth practitioners, both doctors and midwives, and women who have given birth in Florida.

GOIN, KEARA, UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH CAROLINA Megadiva: Sexualized Images of Women in the Dominican Re- public In this paper I address the fundamental tie between ideologies of Dominican femininity and notions of both beauty and traditional gender roles in a self-ascribed machista society. Furthermore, this paper looks at how these ideologies are utilized in the relatively local, and therefore highly culturally reflective, Dominican media. Specifically, I will be tackling the sexualized images within the Dominican media that both reflect and reinforce cultural and social ideologies. I have chosen to illustrate this cyclical process through the representation of the megadiva. Ingrained in this representa- tion are the very specific elements of hair politics, white aesthetic, and a focus on the body as well as the shared Dominican philoso- phies of class and racial “mixedness.” The megadiva acts as a so- cializing agent that influences standards of Dominican beauty, reinforces Dominican gender ideologies, and contributes to Do- minican female identity negotiation through both imitation and re- jection. Additionally, the megadiva operates both as an example of the sexualized objectifying images of women on Dominican television as well as a highly successful formula which has influ- enced Dominican television programming as a whole. These con- clusions are based on the research I conducted in Santiago, Dominican Republic which included participant observation, eth- nographic interviews, structured focus groups, and an investigation of Dominican media forms. GREGOR, ALEX, DAVIDSON COLLEGE Setting the Table: Politics as Pleasure, Con- sumption as Aesthetic, and Social Movement Networking in Slow Food This paper presents an ethnographic study of Slow Food, an inter- national non-profit that promotes the conservation of “traditional” foodways, as well as environmentally-sustainable and socially-just food production. As an organization that integrates a politics of pleasurable eating with concern for cultural preservation, economic development, and environmental advocacy, Slow Food offers an opportunity to analyze a new turn in the history of social move- ments: the fusion of politics and entertainment as enacted through performances of identity, aesthetics, and consumption. Drawing on insights from the anthropology of social movement organizations, as well as globalization and media studies, I will describe how Slow Food members engage in acts of creative resis- tance to the dominant food system, establishing activist communi- ties that seek to realize Slow Food's vision of “Good, Clean, and Fair” food. Within these communities, Slow Food members en- gage in political action as daily practice. They pursue collective action that seeks to establish a better food system through engage- ment with civic institutions, even as they practice behaviors that relocate political action to the realm of personalized performances of identity. As one organization involved in a global movement to reform food production, Slow Food illustrates how contemporary social movements are redefining activism and notions of commu- GRIFFITH, DAVID, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY Latinos in the Cape Fear River Valley: Historical Relations among Labor Processes, Settlement, and Migration The Cape Fear River Valley has long attracted immigrants to work in fisheries, forests, and agricultural harvests. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, the region experienced immigrations of High- land Scots, Welsh, and a variety of enslaved, indentured, and privi- leged groups, each with slightly different ties to the seasonal rhythms of work in the region. From the Civil War to the 1980s, the Cape Fear’s farm workers were predominantly African Americans or poor whites, yet through the 1980s and 1990s, the region•s farmworkers became nearly exclusively Latino, con- tracted to work in North Carolina agriculture by many threads (e. g. hired directly, brought in as legal temporary workers, sub- contracted). Subsequently, many Latino farm workers settled out of migrant streams to work in food processing, construction, land- scaping, and other economic sectors, adding to North Carolina•s reputation as a new destination for Latino immigrants. From the varied ways Latinos have entered the Cape Fear labor force have emerged labor relations ranging from highly exploitative to fair and humane. Drawing on imagery from the Cape Fear River, whose direction changes daily with the tides, this paper will con- sider how that labor relations involving Latinos in tobacco produc- tion, the forest products industry, golf course maintenance, and food processing have built on and departed from those that for- merly engaged African Americans and poor whites.

GUDE, RAFAEL, KENYON COLLEGE Strategies of Legitimization Employed in the Production of Religious Knowledge in a Neo-Pentecostal Church This paper will discuss the strategies employed by the most prominent Neo-Pentecostal Church in Uruguay, The Church of the Universal Reign of God. It takes into consideration the emerging religious market in Latin America and discusses the re- gional niche that Pentecostals in general have carved out in a heav- ily Catholic Society. The idea of a “religious market” is particularly poignant when we consider that the rise in the free market of religion coincides with the rise in the Neo-Liberal free market after the dictatorships of the Southern Cone. This is no co- incidence. This paper argues that the rise in Charismatic Christian- ity is a response to economic alienation and the desire of the poor to actively participate in their communities. In particular, this pa- per analyzes specific strategies that Neo-Pentecostals have developed in order to compete for members by successfully: 1) knowing what religious consumers want by conducting religious surveys of what problems their members face, 2) developing an anti-intellectual theology that is defined by good and evil alone and is based heavily on visual understandings of faith, and lastly 3) a religious experience that is highly emotional and is thus interactive and allows the historically marginalized poor to participate in their communities in close proximity with other families and church leaders. Keywords: Legitimization, Strategy, Emotion, Charisma, Religious Market.

HENDERSON, REBECCA, UNIVERSITYOF MARY WASHINGTON Oral Narratives of the High Atlas: An Anthropological and Linguistic Perspective In this paper, I examine six traditional domestic narratives I col- lected in 2007 during fieldwork in Amellago, a town in the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco. The narratives are told by Amazigh women and have never been examined before. Building on work done by Labov (1967), Johnstone (1999, and Tannen (2007), I demonstrate the ways in which these narratives are constructed and made effective as vivid and enjoyable stories and performances through their various linguistic components and strategies includ- ing narrative structure, repetition, and quotation. I also examine them as part of a female-centered tradition of story telling and lan- guage in which messages of female worth are implicitly conveyed through shared knowledge. Finally, I place the analysis of these narratives within the larger context of research done on oral narra- tives, drawing together work from various theoretical perspectives to create a more encompassing approach of analyzing oral art. HESS, BRIAN, LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY Thinking With and Against Foucault When talking about Michel Foucault, it•s easier to say who he has not affected, than who has. This does not allow to think about how people have responded to him. This presentation looks at the published perspectives of academics, drawing on cultural anthropology, medical anthropology, and archaeology. By looking at both critiques and affirmations of Foucault, one gains a deeper understanding of his influence, as even his critics often use his language to criticize his work.

HUDGINS, KRISTEN, UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH CAROLINA The House that Raeford Built: Immigration, Working Condi- tions, and the place of Latino Labor in the New South This paper examines the poultry industry in the Southern United States and its demand for a steady workforce, examining the con- sequences of labor immigration for women. Using the raids of Feb- ruary 2008 on the House of Raeford poultry processing plant to introduce the myriad challenges and issues facing immigrant women in the industry and drawing on ethnographic material and news articles, I take a critical look at the dynamics between local labor conditions and practices and transnational labor migration in right to work states with a focus on the Carolinas. The demand for labor in this area has seen many Spanish-speaking immigrant women taking jobs in poultry factories where they face bias based on their gender. I examine the conditions in which many Latino/a immigrants in the poultry processing industry work and live and explore issues of race, class, citizenship and health for Latina women within the labor practices in the New South to unearth the ways in which these factors shape workers• experiences. HYMAN, CHRISTY, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES Cognitive Dissonance on Examining the South through the Im- plications of the Great Migration and Lost Cause Ideology The south holds an array of meanings depending on which ethnic demographic is addressed. In exploring the depth of southern bor- ders, an emphasis on the •cognitive borders• sheds light on what represents the south. From a socio-cultural perspective an under- standing of the south may be achieved in discussing the implica- tions of the •Great Migration• made by many southern blacks versus the •Lost Cause• ideology that characterizes the ideas of the south held by many southerners still today. In this paper, the •Lost Cause• ideology will be examined by pinpointing the historical figures behind its theme as well as the events that culminated it into a comforting literary and cultural movement for many south- erners. The •Great Migration• will also be discussed as an effect of the •Lost Cause• ideology. A discussion of primary source ex- periences of southern blacks will also be included to bring to life the travail that blacks underwent in the south before making the fateful decision to leave it behind. By bringing together the •Lost Cause• principles and discussing the •Great Migration• to the north by many southern blacks, the cognitive dissonance that oc- curs in defining the south will be brought to light and the two top- ics will be seen as a cause and effect relationship.

INGERSOLL, JR., DANIEL W., ST. MARY’S COLLEGEOF MARYLAND Auto-Comfort Zone That Americans championed comfort, Alexis de Tocqueville noted as early as the 1830s--if anything has changed since de Toc- queville, it has only been in the way of intensification of the pur- suit of comfort. Here automobiles constitute the vehicle for investigating this thematic characteristic of American culture and material culture, although parallels can be located in virtually ev- ery domain of material culture such as houses, boats, offices, air- planes, and furniture. The history of developing automotive technology is sketched brief- ly, but the main thrust of the paper is to explore why comfort should assert itself so compulsively in American culture and material culture. One structuralist means of “interpreting” comfort here employs “the disembodied mind effect” in which the object is to nullify all but visual sensory inputs-odors, movement, hot /cold detection, sound, pressure to create the illusion of a disembodied, transcendent being. This phenomenon is then related to the Western nature/ culture or matter/ spirit dualism.

JOHNSON, DAVID, NORTH CAROLINA A&T STATE UNIVERSITY “Her Name is Betsy, and I couldn’t go anywhere without her:” An exploration of the cultural significance of automobiles For many anthropologists,. Especially cultural anthropologists, the place and significance of artifacts does not register in their papers or consciousness, even though all humans are embedded in a phys- ical universe. Further, the significance of particular artifacts in the lives of ordinary people is not often addressed or recognized. This paper gives a window on the significance of artifacts by giving re- ports on exploratory interviews with a variety of people about their relationships to their automobiles and the reasons they pick partic- ular autos and the kinds of attachments they have with them. The paper will use the interviews to review ideas from anthropological thinkers on the subject of the importance of artifacts, including Mary Douglas and Daniel Miller.

JONES, KIM, ELON UNIVERSITY Applied Anthropology Abroad: Collaboration between South- ern Places of Higher Education Academic Service-Learning courses may offer unique and mean- ingful study abroad experiences. However, the success of such courses demands the development of ethically astute partnerships involving a wide range of actors. Bi-national university administra- tors, faculty, students, on-site facilitators and community collabo- rators all have their reasons for participating and their own short and long term expectations of the program. In the course of devel- oping and implementing a course where university students in North Carolina collaborate with community partners in Brazil, eth- nographic research was conducted with members of these factions and establish practical and complimentary common goals. Ethical partnerships require ongoing attention to the expectations of all involved. These relationships are complicated by unequal power dynamics, different cultural expectations of reciprocity, and cultur- ally specific understandings of relationship duration. The goal of this study is to identify divergent expectations amongst students providing the service, local service coordinators, and recipients of the service. An open-ended interview instrument was developed for students and collaborators in an international service-learning course. This provided insight into the variety of perceptions of needs and outcomes. We found that students• perceptions of local needs are shaped by the mission of selected partners and academic preparation. Students generally assume that their service benefits local populations, but may have more difficulty articulating their personal and academic development. Partners indicated that their long-term goals and expectations were not only related to the proj- ect, but also to developing their identities as non-profit organiza- tions by hosting international guests. JONES, KRISTA, UNIVERSITYOF ARKANSAS How Do We Begin? Arkansas Delta Oral History in Practice This presentation will detail the logistics of the Arkansas Delta Oral History Project. The project pairs a university honors collo- quium course with high schools in the Arkansas Delta. In this col- laborative service-learning project both university and high school students become acquainted with oral history as a research and pedagogical tool and provide insight into concepts and practices of adolescent literacy. The research and interviewing inherent in oral history creates a co-curriculum that enhances without compromis- ing state mandated curriculum content. The students are to gener- ate an issue they are interested in addressing, identify a person or persons to interview, develop and practice interview questions, conduct and transcribe the interview, and create a creative final project. Through face-to-face and online interaction, university stu- dents serve as mentors to groups of high school students. In these writing groups, students share drafts, revise and present to one an- other their ideas about the essential elements of the oral history process. This presentation will include materials related to the overall plan and administration of the project, details of events, and final project presentations by participating students. Furthermore, this presentation will show that the ADOHP provides an opportunity for students to build relationships between each other and their communities within the state to create an impetus to improve the future of the Delta and themselves.

JONES, SHARYNAND LORETTA CORMIER, UNIVERSITYOF ALA- BAMA-BIRMINGHAM A Scholar-Teacher/ Student-Scientist Program in the Archae- ology and Ethnohistory of Alabama Native Americans at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) We describe the initiation of a senior capstone course in the De- partment of Anthropology at the University of Alabama (UAB) in the Fall of 2009 where students will engage in scientific research, hands-on-learning, and public outreach focusing analysis of Ala- bama Indian archaeological materials. Students will be involved in the analysis of a little known, but valuable resource held at UAB, the Josselyn Archaeological Collection, that consists of over 100,000 artifacts including stone tools, an array of pottery styles, grinding stones, ornaments, and arrowheads from all of the major periods in Southeastern archaeology; it also contains fauna, soil samples, maps, and meticulous field notes from excavations at 100 sites from all of Alabama’s counties. This data will be combined with ethnohistorical records from local Native American groups in Alabama. The archaeological material is valuable because many of the original sites have been either destroyed or covered by roads, strip malls, and housing developments. While a rudimen- tary cataloguing of the artifacts was conducted in the 1970s, the material has never been analyzed in a scientifically meaningful manner. Students will be involved in both analysis of the collec- tion and in outreach to educate the general public about Alabama Native American history from past to present. Plans include the development of a permanent exhibit on the UAB campus with an associated website and the development of teaching kits to be used in local schools. KELLEY, HEIDIAND KEN BETSALEL, UNIVERSITYOF NORTH CAR- OLINA, ASHEVILLE Into an Engaged and Productive Life: Stories People with Dis- abilities Tell about Work and Wellness Upon the fifteenth anniversary of the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Surgeon General issued a Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Dis- abilities. The guiding principle of this Call to Action is that, •with good health, persons with disabilities have the freedom to work, learn and engage actively in their families and their communities• (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services 2005). Based on an ongoing research project in which we are conducting informal interviews with people defined as disabled in Western North Caro- lina, we probe ethnographically the meanings of the terms “good health,” “wellness,” “work,” and “an engaged and productive life” that the Surgeon General•s report uses uncritically. We found that in twelve narratives that we recorded the summer of 2008 that peo- ple with disabilities use more flexible and broad definitions for those terms than is implied in the report.

KHATRI, UPASANA, DAVIDSON COLLEGE Social and Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis of Community- based Ecotourism in the Brazilian Amazon This investigation examines the community-based ecotourism ini- tiative currently in place at the Jamaraquá, a small ribeirinho com- munity located in the Floresta Nacional do Tapajos in Pará State, Brazil. (Riberinhos are traditional rural Amazonians descended from the cultural and reproductive fusion of various groups -- Amerindian, European, African, and northeastern Brazilian -- which occurred throughout Brazil•s colonial period and then dur- ing the rubber boom of 1850-1920.) The enterprise was first launched in 2000 as a part of IBAMA and ProManejo’s efforts to- wards introducing ecologically sustainable modes of development and income generation into communities located within the conser- vation unit. The investigation compares the social and economic environments of Jamaraquá with that of Vila Amazonas, another ribeirinho community also located in the Santarém region in which residents depend exclusively on traditional practices such as fish- ing and the cultivation of manioc for the generation of income. By Amazonas as a baseline for identifying the social and economic changes that have occurred in Jamaraquá since the community first launched its ecotourism enterprise eight years ago, I assess the suc- cess or failure of the venture as an economically and socially sus- tainable means of income generation, as well as the extent to which a similar venture could be introduced in Vila Amazonas. The study concludes that while relatively socially sustainable, the venture needs to undergo numerous modifications before it can be consid- ered an economically sustainable means of income generation for Jamaraquá residents. Additionally, Vila Amazonas may in fact have the resources and potential to host a community-based ecot- ourism project of its own, despite the fact that it lacks many of the qualities that render the community of Jamaraquá such an ideal host for a successful ecotourism enterprise. KINGSOLVER, ANN, UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH CAROLINA Talk of “Broken Borders” and Stone Walls: Anti-immigrant Discourse and Legislation from California to South Carolina The anti-immigrant sentiments that propelled the passage of Cali- fornia Proposition 187 in 1994 • linked to an economic downturn and worries about NAFTA • have been echoed across the U. S. in the fourteen years since 1994, even though Proposition 187 was overturned as unconstitutional in California. This paper will review public discourse about anti-immigrant legislation in a wave of other states from California to South Carolina, discussing the con- vergence of anti-immigrant and white supremacist projects in the U. S. The concepts of market citizenship and citizen surveillance will be used to analyze these projects, especially with reference to the rhetorical sleight of hand in anti-immigrant discourse between citizenship, racialization, and the assumption of threat posed by a selectively stigmatized group of recent immigrants from Latin America to the U. S., with many nationalities collapsed together as “Mexican” in that oddly racializing discourse. The paper will con- clude with some thoughts about how to counter these arbitrary rep- resentations of new immigrants as threatening to personal, economic and national security in public discourse in and beyond the Carolinas. With the current economic crisis, anti-immigrant rhetoric and actions -- symbolically, structurally, and physically violent -- may be expected to increase in the Carolinas, so strate- gies to counter them are vital. KLASSEN, TERI, INDIANA UNIVERSITY-BLOOMINGTON Cherokee Tourist Dolls: Expressions of Multi-Faceted Identity This paper analyzes four Eastern Band Cherokee tourist dolls of the early 1970s to gain insight into the conditions and identities of their makers. Methods used here are those of historical ethnogra- phy and folklore studies. Thus, I synthesize data from the hand- made aesthetic objects themselves with scholarly and mass media sources that provide historical and regional context, biographical data on makers, and documentation of other hand-made dolls. I argue that traits of the dolls examined here testify to multi-faceted maker identities, comprising six dimensions, although the mix dif- fers for each maker. These facets are: U. S. mainstream identity expressed in nostalgia for a pioneer past, Southern Highlands re- gional identity expressed in production of handicrafts deemed au- thentic U. S. mainstream heritage, generic Indian identity shaped by popular culture, Eastern Woodlands Indian identity documented by scholarship and inherited Cherokee traditions, victim identity associated with post-1960 culture critique, and contemporary mainstream identity expressed in use of circa 1970 women’s fash- ions. I view doll-making as an arena in which makers have: (1) the challenge of creating a product that appeals to primarily European American consumers, and (2) an opportunity to present themselves publicly as they want to be seen. I consider the role of these two factors in makers• decisions about which facets of their identity to foreground and which to downplay. I conclude that makers strike a balance between: (1) ethnic pride in a history of participation in national and regional mainstream society, and (2) the iconic pan- Indian otherness needed to appeal to tourists.

LEFLER, LISA J., WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY An Introspective Look at the White Liquor Trade in Southern Appalachia One of the most recognized stereotypes of Appalachia is the practice of making white liquor or moonshine. Films and novels have somewhat romanticized the tradition, yet those families of moonshiners often have different memories of the life that came with the craft home distillery. As a daughter of one of these fami- lies and as an anthropologist, my paper will take an introspective view of one of the most popular traditions of Appalachia.

LONDON, SCOTT,AND NICOLE ANDERSEN, RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE South Africa’s Newest “Jews:” the Moemedi Pentecostal Church and the Construction of Jewish Identity A century of African Independent Churches (AICs) has taken Afri- can Christianity in varied and unexpected directions since they emerged as an alternative to mainline churches established by for- eign missionaries. In this paper we examine one such group, the Moemedi Pentecostal Church, a small, recently established reli- gious congregation outside of Johannesburg, South Africa. We re- view the origins and theology of the church with particular emphasis on members• assertion of a •Jewish• identity. The Moemedi Pentecostal Church (MPC) emphasizes the Old Testa- ment and biblical Jews in a manner common to many Africa Inde- pendent Churches (AICs) in general, and Zionist churches in particular. Yet MPC members take a unique step toward self-iden- tification as Jews, while claiming no historical Jewish identity and remaining well within broad African Zionist conventions. The Moemedi Pentecostal Church broke off from the International Pen- tecostal Church (IPC) after its founder, Frederick Modise, died in 1998. While continuing to embrace Modise’s teachings, members of the new group eschew the messianic qualities many in the IPC attribute to him. We explore theological and organizational conti- nuities with the IPC, and also where MPC identity is constructed as distinct, particularly in reference to Jewish self-identification. We conclude with an analysis of the content and meaning of Jew- ish identity in the MPC. This discussion is based on a pilot study of the MPC that consisted of interviews with church members and participant-observation during worship services. LOWRY, DAVID, UNIVERSITYOF NORTH CAROLINA-CHAPEL HILL Southern Spaces, Voided Spaces: Native American “Nations”, U. S. History, and the Absence of Native American People in the South In the 21st Century, the notion of •nation building• is portrayed as a discourse through which Native American peoples can gain equal footing with the forces, governments, and ideologies that have op- pressed them since the 16th Century. However, when looking at the history of the South, the movement of Native American tribal nations from the South, the subsequent coloration of Southern his- tory as home to the Civil War, Jim Crow, and the Civil Rights movement, and the formation /continuation of most Native Ameri- can nations outside the South, speak to a commonsense absence of Native Americans within Southern spaces. In my paper, I will use deconstructionist analysis (as exemplified in the writings of Derrida) to address the notion of Native Americans as “nations” and, subsequently, what the equivalence of Native American peoples with the concept of “nation” has meant for the writing of other Native Americans into U. S. history and the inclusion of these same peoples in more contemporary U. S. and Southern soci- eties. Given the fact that the history of Native American “removal” has depended on movement of Native American “nations” from the South, I will evaluate the South as a historical text that has aided not only the removal of these Native American “nations” but also the suffocation of Native American identities within post-re- moval/ contemporary Southern society and history. MAGNARELLA, PAUL J., WARREN-WILSON COLLEGE Traditional African Reconciliation Practices and Their Possi- ble Transplants in the US South The intractable conflict in Uganda involves a long-running civil war between government forces and the Lord•s Resistance Army (LRA), a recent peace accord offered by the government to the LRA and indigenous restorative justice ceremonies being em- ployed by the Acholi people to reintegrate children and young adults (who had been forced to serve in the LRA) back into North- ern Ugandan Acholi society. Similarly, after a long raging civil war in Mozambique which sometimes involved neighbors killing neighbors, rather than resorting to war crimes tribunals, many Mozambicans preferred to use their traditional cleansing ceremo- nies to restore relations within their communities. Those who caused harm were willing to express remorse and ask for forgive- ness; in return those who were harmed directly or indirectly were willing to forgive and move on. One wonders to what extent these and other traditional African restorative justice practices have been brought to the U. S. South and influenced the ways African Ameri- cans dealt with their own intra-community conflicts and forced separations. MARTINEZ, DANIEL J., MIDDLE TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY Interaction, Migration, and Organization: Dynamic Social and Spatial Boundaries of Late Prehistoric Middle Tennessee In the southeastern United States, the late prehistoric (ca. 1000- 1500 C. E.) cultures known collectively as Mississippian shared similarities in ritual, social organization, subsistence, and material cultural. Yet within this broader cultural phenomenon, consider- able regional diversity lay in the manifestation of Mississippian traits and ideas. Local populations existed in intricate webs of in- teraction wherein sociocultural trajectories were continually and differentially affected. This paper explores how population move- ments, intergroup relationships, and ethnic identity fundamentally affected Mississippian cultural processes and social organization in Middle Tennessee.

MATTHEWS, JES, LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY Searching for the Appalachian Trail The Appalachian Trail is a foot path which crosses 14 states as it connects Springer Mountain in Georgia to Mount Katahdin in Maine. When I revealed my plans to follow that path I was ques- tioned by skeptical friends and colleagues. Each insisted that this is somewhere I need not go alone. Their responses show how so- cial conceptual categories structure a particular vision of the Appa- lachian Trail, and wilderness spaces in general. This reflected vision of the trail ideologically excludes women by citing danger and evoking fear. Still many women take to the trail, moving over mountains to overcome and problematize the ideologies which ex- cluded them. Following in their footsteps I took to the trail. Dur- ing my two months on the Appalachian Trail I found that it is not the space of gendered exclusion imagined by my friends but a space of participation. I joined a community of hikers, sharing shelters, passing stories and following white blazes to find a space quite unlike the dubious inspirer of doubt and wonder. I wondered where had this other trail gone? Seeping through my research was the notion that the trail is one place in the imagination of those not on it and another to those following its blazes. Something extraor- dinary had happened, the trail was transformed by putting one foot in front of the other. This is the story of the Appalachian Trail, the two paths, both into and out of the woods.

MCCABE, MICHAEL, UNIVERSITYOF NORTH CAROLINA-ASHEVILLE Spatial Mobility and Cultural Capital: Latino Students at Emma Elementary Using participant-observer methodology, I stud- ied Latino students at a Buncombe County, NC, elementary school in the months of February through April 2007, looking for qualities of relationship formation and interaction as mediated by three principles • spatial mobility, cultural capital, and social proximity. These three dynamics were used to analyze the distinct environments of the classroom, lunch, and recess and ex- plain motives as well as tendencies in the students• interactions. The amount of social proximity and the necessity for cultural capi- tal were found to be in an inverse relationship with the amount of spatial mobility available. The varying levels of these dynamics in the different environments dictated with whom fifth grade Latino boys engaged in interactions. The interactions were highly styl- ized and demonstrated power, as well as linguistic, dynamics. However, significant demonstrations of racial prejudice were not expressed.

MCKAY, PEGGY, DAVIDSON COLLEGEAND ANDREW J. SCHNELLER, SCHOOLFOR FIELD STUDIES, MEXICO, PRINCIPLE IN- VESTIGATOR Preliminary Results on Public Participation in Sea Turtle Con- servation in Baja California Sur, Mexico Sea turtle populations are declining world wide due to human con- sumption, accidental capture and pollution. Mexico’s Pacific coast is an important sea turtle feeding and nesting ground. Despite a growing conservation movement in Baja California Sur (B.C.S.), Mexico, there is a widely acknowledged black market of turtle meat and eggs. To better understand the local conservation response, a directed research class with Dr. Andrew J. Schneller at the School for Field Studies, Mexico, investigated the prevalence and influence of the sea turtle conservation movement among the public of B.C.S. More specifically, we documented public partici- pation, behaviors, and attitudes regarding sea turtle protection and the sea turtle conservation movement by conducting a combined total of 203 open-ended surveys and semi-structured interviews using convenience and snowball sampling. This research is part of Dr. Schneller’s broader ongoing research effort to understand the sea turtle conservation movement. Preliminary findings suggest that sea turtle volunteerism is prevalent in B.C.S. and that Mexican citizens may be willing to financially support sea turtle organiza- tions. Public participation with NGOs seems to be accompanied by positive behaviors and attitudes regarding sea turtle protection and related NGOs.

MCLEOD, JESSICA A., EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY Cultural Identity Maintenance in Interethnic Marriage: Japa- nese Military Wives in Eastern North Carolina Both immigration and marriage to someone from another culture have profound impacts on one•s cultural identity. This research is an exploration of the practices and patterns of cultural identity maintenance among Japanese women married to U. S. military per- sonnel in and around Jacksonville, NC. A total of twenty in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in the fall of 2008 with women ranging from 28 to 76 years of age. These women come from a variety of backgrounds, and include wives of both officers and enlisted personnel. Interview data indicate surprising similarity among all informants, despite differences in background and expe- riences. Findings also demonstrate a large discrepancy between their imag- ined and actual patterns of social activity. Their reported social in- teractions display a clear preference for associating with other Japanese, although they claim no conscious effort was made to specifically seek them out. They also show a marked avoidance of military culture and related social contacts. I propose that, because they emigrated as a result of marrying a U. S. citizen rather than to fulfill an independent aspiration, these women do not feel a high level of motivation to integrate into the larger American culture.

MELOMO, VINCENT H., PEACE COLLEGE Mixing Bollywood and BBQ: Global Indian Movies and Changing Southern Borders The recent economic downturn, affecting the lives of people from Cary, North Carolina to Mumbai, India, has made globalization as apparent as ever. A well developed literature on globalization has addressed the hegemonic role that U. S. culture plays on the world stage, particularly through its corporate media represented by “Hollywood.” Anthropologists and others have researched the ways in which these American-made global cultural products have dominated national media environments and have sometimes been translated into local contexts. However, very little has been written on the presence and significance of foreign global media products in the U. S., and particularly in the South. In response, my paper will explore the significance of Indian-made “Bollywood” movies in the U. S. and the South. Specifically, I will discuss the meanings of an Indian-American owned movie theater in Cary, North Carolina, and the Bollywood media products it shows, not just to the Indian American community, but to non-In- dian Americans as well. Through this theater, media products from India are penetrating and beginning to reshape Southern borders of geography, culture, and identity. In the paper I will ex- plore how the theater reflects the increasing diversity of the Ameri- can South, serving the Indian communities that live here; and at the same time, how it shapes the experience of the majority, help- ing to constitute a more complex and cosmopolitan North Carolina culture. MEYER, DREW, UNIVERSITYOF NORTH CAROLINA-ASHEVILLE The Beloved: Community Maintenance among Western North Carolina Baba Lovers This project focuses on how a new religious movement (NRM) community maintains their community status by creating and rec- reating themselves on a regular basis without a central meeting space to identify with or in which to meet. The population of the Western North Carolina followers of spiritual teacher Meher Baba, who call themselves “Baba Lovers,” has grown rapidly over the last fifteen years. With millions of followers in India, this interna- tional community is gaining concentration within the South East- ern portion of the United States. With no central meeting site in Asheville, it is important to understand what binds this group to- gether and how they manage to maintain unity as a community. Through participant observation, interviews and research into the local and worldwide Baba community-conducted at weekly “Baba Meetings,” I began to recognize certain patterns within the group’s weekly meetings. These patterns included, opening and closing ceremonies, arrangement of the physical space, focus on iconogra- phy and imagery of Meher Baba, preparation of certain foods and beverages, physical interactions, as well as the use of linguistics, prayer, and silence.

MILLER, KARA, LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY The Unavoidable Path to Panajachel Lago de Atitlan in the Western Highlands of Guatemala is a natu- ral marvel, a travel destination, and a place of intersection where traditional Mayan lifeways adapt to ever-present outsiders. Long- term expats, unsettled backpackers, and semi-permanent volunteers form a community of English-speaking, money-spending visitors who find escape, solace, and a challenge at the lake and they have come to partially define the area. This paper draws on an ethno- graphic study of travelers and expats in Panajachel. Of the thir- teen communities that surround Lake Atitlan, Panajachel is the most magnetic. It is the boisterous, bustling, and infamous path- way to the lake that finds itself on every traveler•s agenda. Pana, as it is typically said, is the unavoidable Guatemalan experience and its unique atmosphere and dynamic identity are the subject of this paper. The recent history of Panajachel is dominated by out- siders and the interaction between settler and local is truly unlike any other in the area; there is an international community set among tradition, bizarre global trends among routine, and righ- teous family values blended with quirky New Age practices. There is a sense of cohesion between expat communities and local indig- enous people, which is a product of decades of co-existence. Pana is not as neat as the typical dichotomy of ancient culture meets modern change. Rather than challenge its identity, tourists contrib- ute to the customs and practices of the area. Panajachel offers itself to visitors and seemingly lures in travelers, many of whom call it home. MINTZ, JOHN J., NORTH CAROLINA OFFICEOF STATE ARCHAEOL- OGY, THOMAS E. BEAMAN, JR., WAKE TECHNICAL COMMUNITY COLLEGE,AND KENNETH W. ROBINSON, WAKE FOREST UNIVER- SITY ARCHAEOLOGY LABORATORIES, ALISON MINTZ, NORTH CAR- OLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Separating Myth from Reality: Redefining Cognitive Borders at Bentonville Battlefield The last major battle of the Civil War, fought at Bentonville Battle- field in Johnston County, North Carolina resulted in many deaths, burials, and reburials. This paper discusses the archival, archaeo- logical, and anthropological investigations recently undertaken to determine why certain of these individuals were disinterred and reburied near but not within the previously established burial ground. NDONG, ARLAND NGUEMA, UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH FLORIDA Publishing a Multicultural Guide: Marketing Heritage in Tampa Bay This paper explores challenges and issues associated with the mar- keting of heritage for tourism purposes. Analysis builds upon my participation to the Multicultural Guide Project sponsored by the Arts Council of Hillsborough County in Tampa, Florida from Sep- tember 2006 through May 2007. The goal of the project was to produce and publish a multicultural guide that could serve as a ba- sis to market minority conventions and meetings to the Tampa Bay area. In this paper, I argue that cultural heritage management in- volves power dynamics and that heritage tourism is embedded in late capitalism ideology of commercialism. NOLAN, JUSTIN M.AND MARY JO SCHNEIDER, UNIVERSITYOF ARKANSAS Those Ineffable, Indelible Razorbacks: Changes in Southern Identity at the University of Arkansas Depending upon the variables used, Arkansas can be seen as one of the most or least Southern states. Since the Razorbacks moved to the Southeast Conference in 1991, the University, located in the rugged Ozark foothills of Northwest Arkansas, has deliberately begun to establish itself as a recognizably Southern school. This can be noted rather easily in recent revisions to the built landscape of the University’s landmark architecture and through the structure of customary traditions including Razorback football •tailgating• styles. But to what extent do students at the University of Arkan- sas envision UA as Southern school? Where do they place the bor- ders of the South, and indeed, how do they perceive Southerners themselves? Following the foundational works of John Shelton Reed, we asked 71 undergraduates a battery of questions in 2003, including whether or not they consider the U of A as a •Southern• university. We also asked them to select which of Reed•s regional personality traits (e.g., lazy, friendly, traditional) are deemed Southern, Northern, or neither. The same task was replicated in 2008 with 164 students, and the data indicate that students• im- pression of Southerners has improved substantially over the past five years at the U of A. We also discovered that the number of students who view UA-Fayetteville as a Southern School has de- creased significantly since 2003. Long- and short-term implica- tions for these observed changes are discussed in this paper, along with the historic and contemporary social forces believed to be as- sociated with the Southern culture among those who reside within its periphery PATTISON, JESSICA, LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY Anthropology and the Public Sphere: President McKinley’s Philippines In 1898, the Spanish ceded one of their most prized possessions, the Philippine Islands, a land rich with agricultural, economical, industrial, and cultural potential, to the U. S. America turned the possession into a dichotomous colonial project, attempting to proj- ect a legal-rational system upon an unstable Filipino government that would, one day, govern itself independently from America. This paper focuses on a public statement by President William McKinley in 1901 that illustrates his connection between world•s fairs, social thought on progress and (in)equality, and the signifi- cance of colonial acquisitions. Through examining his speech, contemporary writings, and ethnological exhibits, I seek to clarify the relevant relationships between pressing political and social is- sues and the anthropological thought of that period. The relation- ships between the president•s statement, the public sphere and anthropological theory are clearly linked with living ethnographic displays in world•s fairs post-U. S. acquisition of the Philippines. Within the worlds• fairs were living ethnological exhibits that served as persuasive mechanisms to project the complexities of natural and social progress that fostered racial inequality. In 1893, the World•s Columbian Exposition in Chicago promoted an im- ages of prosperous rich and a violent poor peoples, and encouraged evolutionary hierarchies within the living ethnological exhibits that •resonated with many White Americans• seemingly intuitive un- derstanding of racial inferiority• (Baker, 1998:57). Moreover, the 1893 Exposition grounded McKinley’s views on progress and im- perialism, while the discipline of anthropology simultaneously drew upon popular exposure and prestige associated with the fairs (Baker, 1998:59). PFEIFFER, MARTY, LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY Crappy New Year: Drinking Stories as Happy Understandings Narratives are a fundamental way that humans make sense of their experience. Analysis of drinking stories has generally focused on face-to-face encounters and ramifications for healthcare. In this paper I analyze an online story chosen from the archives of erowid.org, which is an online, comprehensive drug information site created by volunteers (and without government connection). Here I look at how the narrator creates causal links between his plan and what actually happened. In creating this story the narra- tor reveals his personal beliefs and understandings of alcohol as a cultural substance. Furthermore he structures his understandings through narrative form. I analyze how, through narrative form and language choice, my narrator constructs an identity apart from his drunken antics. Furthermore I investigate the argot, metaphors, and beliefs that the narrator (Nemo) expresses about alcohol as a substance capable of changing human behavior and personality. Through a Labovian perspective I correlate structural choices and linguistic expressions. I find that Nemo (the narrator) constructs an identity of a competent drinker in opposition to others and fur- thermore that he strategically places the understanding of inebria- tion into the physical realm. Furthermore he describes the consequences of drunkenness in a way that furthers his understanding/ presentation of identity. Through lexical choices, metaphor, analogies, and structure Nemo creates a narrative that selectively presents his experience to others. Fundamentally, drinking stories are a way to access beliefs, understandings, terms, and relations to alcohol as a culturally psychoactive substance. PICKART, JANA, THE UNIVERSITYOF MARY WASHINGTON Korean Co-Ed Body Image Using data collected through ethnographic study, this paper ex- plores body image dissatisfaction as a main concern of female Ko- rean college students on exchange from Sungshin Women’s University in Seoul, Korea who are currently studying at the Uni- versity of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, VA. The develop- ment and prevalence of body image dissatisfaction in cultures around the world, linked with a female beauty ideal of thinness, is often thought of as directly based on the spread and influence of Western media and ideals. However, this paper argues that Korean concern and in this study--specifically Korean female concern, with body image dissatisfaction is not merely due to adoption of a Western model, but is a result of the overlap of two value systems- -the traditional Confucian and the industrialized market economy as Korea has experienced widespread, rapid societal change since the 1980s. In this cultural context of change, Western and Korean worldviews provide differing conceptions of a woman’s role and proper image in society and Korean women are faced with negoti- ating these mixed messages about who to become. It is in this at- mosphere of uncertainty, that we find the women experiencing an unsettling ambivalence expressed through worrying about their body and corresponding social image. It is while studying in the U. S. that the Korean students’ struggle with the choice of which value system•s ideal to embrace is intensified as they experience and negotiate the differences between American and Korean culture.

PROBASCO, SUSAN E., UNIVERSITYOF ARKANSAS Mrs. Campbell Gets Definitive: Yankees, High Heels, and Ar- kansas in the South There are as many answers to “What is the South?” and “Where is the South?” as there are people to ask. The South exists, mythic and modern at once, mercurial and swirling in the ether around us. Southerners like to talk about the “South,” that entity we know but cannot necessarily clearly define -- culturally or geographically. This in no way dampens our enthusiasm. Southern theorists such as John Shelton Reed, Charles Eagles and H. C. Nixon have ar- gued that there are at least three, six, and innumerable South’s, de- pending on one’s method of measuring -- including such aspects as spoken accents, where kudzu and cotton grow, food preferences, and church affiliations. Arkansans have definite views on the South as a whole and on the place of Arkansas in the South. South- east Arkansas resident Mrs. Ollie Mae Campbell, like John Shelton Reed, was an avid “South watcher” and until her death in 2001 she frequently shared her views on Arkansas with me. Arkansas was precious to Mrs. Campbell and her worldview did not center on Arkansas in the South so much as it did Arkansas as the South. Hers echoed the view of many of my informants. Arkansas may sometimes be seen as problematic in southern discourse, but there is no mystery to the native. Asking “What is the South” or “Where is the South” in Arkansas is a worthwhile pursuit, and if the ques- tion is asked of a native Arkansan the likes of Mrs. Campbell, she’ll set the record straight.

RAINES, ANNE, UNIVERSITYOF ARKANSAS Unseen Borders: The Arkansas Delta Oral History Project and the Arkansas Delta This presentation will provide the context in which the Arkansas Delta Oral History Project (ADOHP) operates within the state and the university community. The Arkansas Delta, covering roughly half of the state, is a rural, agrarian region struggling with econom- ic, social, and educational challenges. In contrast, Northwest Ar- kansas, where the University of Arkansas is located, is a growing metropolitan region with a prospering economy and strong educa- tion systems. The differences between these two regions create an invisible border based on geography, culture, and education. Crossing this border is a challenging objective for the project par- ticipants. The ADOHP interdisciplinary team from the university community includes university students and members of the histo- ry, anthropology, creative writing and English departments, as well as, The Enhanced Learning Center, the campus center for aca- demic excellence. This diverse team helps the project to transcend the invisible border separating the two regions of the state. The philosophy of each discipline contributes its unique viewpoint to create a project that engages both the university and the high school students participating in the project. This presentation will examine the regional differences and highlight the makeup of the interdisciplinary nature of the project team.

RAMER, S. ANGELA, ELON UNIVERSITY Learning to Walk in Two Worlds: An Ethnographic Case- Study of Native American Youth Negotiating Bi/Multicultural Identities The small town of Mebane, NC possesses a piece of some of the Southeast's oldest, most culturally rich history. It is here and in the surrounding farm land of North Carolina•s Piedmont that the Na- tive American tribe, the Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation, still remain after enduring generations of identity repression, as- similation and cultural genocide. Like many indigenous popula- tions in the United States, oral history and language are two mediums the Occaneechi have consistently utilized over the years to communicate their cultural identity and preserve their tribal history. My research explores how the establishment and practices of a tribal youth group led by tribal elders influence the youths• internalization of cultural identity and tribal history. Specific medi- ums include oral history, dancing, drumming, singing, and lan- guage lessons in the native Tutelo language. While, evaluative in nature, my research seeks to address the ways in which the youth group provide a means for the children to accept and navigate living bi/multicultural identities in a dominant white, southern culture. The extent and effectiveness of cultural internalization has been documented through extensive participant observation, informal interviews, and participant produced expression projects that include drawing, journaling, practicing Tutelo vocabulary, and writing poetry and songs. The support and practice of the youth group provides a much- needed venue to pass on understanding of culture and identity from elders to youth, helping the tribe to overcome social exclusion and disenfranchisement. This work contributes to feminist studies of subcultures in the South by including indigenous populations and their efforts of cultural preservation.

RHODES, KIRSTEN, ELON UNIVERSITY Shifting Landscapes and Transposing Portraits; Reflections on Social Photography Despite the cultural assumptions that seeing is believing, photo- graphs are social constructions. In capturing a sense of place within portraits and landscapes, there is a tension between the scholarly directive to objectively document versus the subjective experience of those “facts.” In order to accurately represent a place and avoid the reproduction of stereotypes, social researchers criti- cally reflect on the complexity of relationships between the pho- tographer and the photographed. Photography can act as a purposeful instrument; the presence of a camera can be a gateway to conversation and interaction to build a relationship. At the same time, the presence of technology can also act as an obstacle inhibit- ing contact, authenticity and reciprocity. Even after leaving the field, the complex issue of selection and editing becomes difficult. Collaborative research with the subjects, in this case the community of the Cowee Valley of Western North Carolina, in- tends to create products that challenge the superficial and present the complexities of the historical and cultural.

ROBERTS, JULIA, ELON UNIVERSITY Social Inclusion and On-site HIV Testing in a Brazilian Public Hospital This case study examines aspects of the demographic profiles of public health clients receiving HIV exams in the largest city in Northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. At this hospital all services are funded through the SistemaÚnico de Saúde (SUS), a publicly- funded, rights-based health care policy (Corrêa et al 2004). In the past five years the university hospital has undergone a huge expan- sion in both infrastructure and services available, including the ad- dition of an Immunology Division in 2007. The age, sex, and residential neighborhood for patients tested for serio-positivity at Unlike the sexual health center, which has been conducting exams for four years, the population served by the hospital in the past year included more women, people from rural areas, and youth. In addition, these demographic profiles were compared to the demo- graphics of those most affected by HIV in Brazil, in order to reveal correlations between those receiving HIV exams in the hospital and those in most dire need of HIV diagnosis and care. Findings demonstrate that providing services at the hospital in addition to the sexual health center may have served to increase access to pop- ulations under served due to structural violence. This case study demonstrates that on-site testing at public hospitals may be more accessible than other publicly-funded sites to socially excluded populations.

ROBERTS, JASON, NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY •The Rich Go Higher•: The Political Ecology of forestry, fire, and the wildland-urban interface in northwestern Utah Mechanical fuels reduction has become a favored fire prevention practice in interface communities in the years following the Na- tional Fire Plan as public funds have become available to subsidize the protection of private, affluent homes and lands. The drive to protect the interests of the wealthy inhabitants of these areas has resulted in the co-optation of nature. It is therefore argued that the development of the wildland-urban interface concept reflects the maintenance of a social and natural hierarchy through a continued conformance with an upper class landscape ethic. ROGERS, ANNE F., WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY Preserving the Past: The Macon County Cultural Sites Preser- vation Project In an area where many people are either part-time residents or re- cent arrivals, the history of the past is often ignored or misunder- stood. A recent project developed in Macon County, North Carolina, is working to raise awareness of the rich cultural past of that county as well as that of the entire Southern Appalachian area. This project was formed initially to address the Cherokee heritage of the area, but has expanded to include other aspects of the area•s heritage. It involves identifying various cultural sites and inter- viewing local residents to obtain the history of those sites. It also incorporates information from Cherokee elders concerning their knowledge of their people•s occupation of the area in the past. Residents with information about cultural sites that have not been previously identified are encouraged to provide this to members of the project team. With the increasing loss of relatively unoccupied land throughout the state, this project can serve as a model for other areas as well.

ROWE, KERI, GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY Beyond Barriers: Access to Prenatal Care for Hispanic Immi- grant Women in Southeast Georgia Undocumented migrant workers come to Southeast Georgia to work in a number of fields, including but not limited to farming and factory work. As they continue to migrate into this area, fam- ily units begin and continue to develop. The problem arises then, of how to obtain and maintain healthcare, particularly for pregnant women. They are faced with a number of barriers inhibiting ac- cess to the care that they need to help ensure a healthy delivery. American citizens are faced with the potential costs associated with an unhealthy birth as the child would be an American citizen. The purpose of this research is to explore the barriers that Latina women encounter when trying to obtain prenatal care. To acquire the data, the main method used is ongoing interviews with local Latina women who are currently pregnant or have been pregnant in the last two years and given birth within the Southeast Georgia area. Other methods include studying the research of similar re- search projects and state/national immigration laws, as well as spending time working with the Southeast Georgia Communities Project (SEGCP). They are an outreach facility providing a variety of services particularly to the migrant population. So far, findings are showing that above all, transportation provides the biggest hur- dle to proper healthcare, among others. Sometimes it seems that the more that this subject matter is studied, the more complex it becomes. This issue needs to be addressed large-scale in order to begin establishing solutions.

SADLER, MICHAEL, ELON UNIVERSITY I and We: Exploring the Collaborative Research Method Of the two dominant dynamics in the world of collaborative eth- nography: the relationship of the collaborative group and the com- munity they work in they interact with, and, also, the rapport members of a research team develop with each other, one stands out as enigmatic gain within their own group. As well suited for research as the collaborative method is, there are opportunities to reproduce, challenge and transcend the social inequalities that frame research relationships. Groups, including students and pro- fessors, often rely on the familiar institutionalized scripts of behav- ior and attitude that have ordered their teaching and learning process and thus replicate social hierarchies. In order to make the research process as effective as possible, we have to understand the ways that power is negotiated between members of the research team. Examining the ways in which students interact with students, professors interact with students, and even how professors interact with each other guides the anthropologist into a complex world of interwoven power relationships that manifest as productive tension as well as conflict among members of collaborative research teams. The fundamental objectives of the collaborative model can- not be achieved unless we understand, internalize, and recognize, the patterns of authority piloting the collection and analysis of in- formation in the field. SARBAUGH, JAMES, INDEPENDENT SCHOLAR Seneca Wampum Records and Cherokee Identity and Adapta- tion in the early 1800s In the early nineteenth century, Cherokees accepted Christian mis- sions and English schools, adopted republican institutions of gov- ernment, and came to be known as the outstanding example of the federal government•s plan to •civilize• Indians. In 1843, Cherokees hosted some ten thousand delegates from seventeen Indian nations to promote •the improvement of our people•. Wam- pum records were read that told of the Cherokee alliance with the Iroquois Confederacy and their mission to perpetuate the Great Law of Peace that was basis for the •pursuit of civilized life.• This history provides Native models and perspectives on Cherokee identity and adaptation as civilized people, and tells of influences that reached beyond their own, and Southern, borders.

SHATTUCK, DANIELAND ANNE SCHILLER, NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Comportment and Competition in a Multiethnic Marketplace: The Case of Florence’s San Lorenzo Market San Lorenzo Market is located in the heart of Florence, Italy. Of the five hundred vendors who manage businesses there, more than half operate outdoor stands. Owner-operators place high value on self-determination but are mindful of how social relationships bear upon their ability to survive. Regarding how interpersonal transac- tions in markets comport with broader norms and values, Geertz has argued that vendors share an “etiquette of contact” that in- cludes comportment toward clients (1978). Pellow has empha- sized that norms “get reproduced by and for actors ‘through’ practices of ordinary daily living” (1996). In Florence, selling and buying goods in street markets are among those practices. But customers are not the only marketplace actors with whom vendors interact; they deal with other merchants, too. In the past twenty years this market has undergone dramatic change in its ethnic com- position. Fewer than half merchants are Italian. Multiculturalization brings with it differing ideas of appropriate behavior concerning marketplace competition. This paper presents the result of preliminary research concerning how merchants maintain collegial relations, as well as behaviors that jeopardize or destroy them. It draws on the results of structured observation guides that were completed during Summer 2008. The guides foregrounded merchant-client contact, bargain- ing techniques, and use of time. The paper dem- onstrates that as ordinary as the norms of marketplace etiquette in San Lorenzo appear in some respects, they offer an excellent point of access to a social world where cultures and com- merce are converging in increasingly complex and nuanced ways.

SLAUGHTER, SAMAND JENNIFER BURNS, ELON UNIVERSITY Through Different Lenses: Exploring Insider and Outsider Perspectives in Collaborative Research In this research, two undergraduate students evaluate how individ- uals intersubjectivitely create and negotiate distinct interpretations of religion in the small Southern community of Cowee, NC. The two student researchers explore what can be considered a plausible interpretation of religiosity within the context of ethnographic re- search and how accurately their perceptions parallel that of the reli- gious community's perceptions of themselves. One researcher is a White female Christian from a small town in NC and the other re- searcher is a White male Roman Catholic from New Jersey. The students will live with a local family for approximately three weeks and will remain in contact with the community for about one year. Interviews, field notes and active participation will be the basis of this research. This paper will explore how the anthropo- logical lens may provide a similar tactic of evaluation yet also re- veal how individual experience also proves to both a barrier as well as a contribution to a collaborative approach to ethnographic research. SMITH, JONATHON, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY From the Ground Up: Local History and Community in An- thropology Anthropologists in the United States have a unique opportunity to work with local communities in exploring their history. Working with community members, anthropologists can build on commu- nity questions in developing research designs that not only s local questions but also connects the local to the global. The results of this research can be presented in ways that engage and enrich the local community through such methods as developing heritage tourism. Linking the local to the global also allows cooperation with educators to enrich their history curricula by linking and ex- panding their students’ awareness to the greater world through lo- cal events. This “ground up” approach to anthropology would ideally provide for better community relationships and an im- proved awareness of the contributions of anthropology. The sur- vey of the Black Bottom Cemetery in Belhaven, North Carolina provides a chance to apply and examine some of these examples. Ways in which the survey has been successful and ways in which the project could have been improved in terms of working with the local community will be used as the primary source for this paper.

SNIPES, MARJORIE M., UNIVERSITYOF WEST GEORGIA Incarcerated Gods: Visionaries and Wild Animals on the Na- vajo Reservation This paper examines the Navajo Zoo and Botanical Park as a con- troversial act of cultural preservation and conservation, an arena in which the animal residents serve as pawns and brokers. The only Native American Zoo in the United States, the Navajo Zoo has a mission of providing refuge and sanctuary to local animals and of preserving Navajo culture through the exhibition of some of the culture•s most significant protagonists. Yet these same animals, all of whom are rescued or donated from challenging situations, are themselves controversial figures in an intense cultural drama that involves, locals, tribal officials, medicine men, visionaries, zookeeper, and cultural ethics. Using data collected from first-hand interviews and written sources, this paper will examine the history of the Navajo Zoo through the animals as cultural narrators, the Navajo people as cultural interpreters, and the culture itself as ethi- cal arbitrator. Clearly, as indigenous cultures face global threats, innovative forms of cultural preservation, such as zoos and other museums, present both opportunities and challenges that are in- creasingly meaningful both within and without the so-called “reservation boundaries.”

STONE, KRISTEN, ROLLINS COLLEGE •A Restart Button for Life• or •The Entitlement Mentality•?: Self Esteem and the American Dream in a Central Florida Homeless Shelter The discourse of self-esteem is a key component to the individual- izing of poverty solutions in the contemporary homeless shelter. Case managers often discuss the development of dependency and the infamous •entitlement mentality• among their clients, citing as both cause and effect low self-esteem, lack of motivation, and life skill deficiencies. This paper will draw on interviews with case managers and residents in a Central Florida homeless shelter to discuss the differing - and conflicting - ways that residents and case managers understand the relationship between homelessness and self-esteem. At the same time, both social workers and resi- dents simultaneously understand and utilizing structural factors (specifically, high unemployment) in explaining the causes of homelessness. STORY, ANDREA CHARNELLE Wrestling with Issues This paper explores southern masculinity by way of several months of fieldwork among a team of high school wrestlers. My interpretation is informed by Ortner's (1999) version of Practice Theory which she calls "Serious Games." Wrestlers' games in- volve "respect" in the small, southern town in which I worked and I probe the ways that local constructions of masculinity are impli- cated in this endeavor. Pushed by parents and other adults, the wrestlers struggle to maintain their health and self-respect in a vio- lent and taxing sport. My ethnography also explores the lengths to which the wrestlers will go to improve their standing among the team, often to the point of self-starvation and injury. I conclude that the young men are living in a society that admonishes them to be participants in violence and hyper-sexualized activities, which , as wrestles, they simultaneously contest and obey. STUDSTILL, JOHN D.AND WAKOKO-STUDSTILL, FLORENCE, CO- LUMBUS STATE UNIVERSITY Students as a New Proletariat: Study, Social Life, Term-Time Work, and Grades In an on-going investigation of students' juggling of course work, jobs, and social life, a survey done in fall, 2008 enlarges on a small-scale exploratory paper presented at the SAS meeting, 2008. A sample of over 100 students in social science courses allow us to draw more firm conclusions about the hypothesized effects of term-time work on academic performance. There is no simple re- lationship between amount of outside work and high academic achievement; first the relationships between a number of variables that can also affect achievement must be sorted out. Then, the amount and type of work must be considered before it can be de- termined whether work interferes with, or can possibly even en- hance, academic performance. Detailed ethnographic interviews in addition to survey data reveal the complex sociocultural matrix that must be understood if one is to appreciate how term-time work affects academic performance and student lives in general. It is easy to see that student cheap labor makes students comparable in many ways to other low-paid wage-workers (industrial, farm, and white-collar), who have been called, at least since Marx, the proletariat. Ritzer's concept, following Weber, of the McDonaldization of society is also relevant. Whether they are an "exploited" sub-class is a related, but difficult to define concept that will be discussed.

TILLY, LAUREN, ELON UNIVERSITY Developing Culturally Sensitive Assessments for New Immi- grant Students in North Carolina This presentation explores the assessment of progress of new im- migrant children from the global South in the North Carolinian school system. Between 1990 and 2000, North Carolina•s immi- grant population increased by 274 percent and last year there were an estimated 97,000 NC students who were considered Limited English Proficiency. This study took place in a Newcomers School in Central NC. The Newcomers Program was first developed in the 1970s in California, and has spread to areas with increasing levels of immigration. This type of school provides a one-year transition period in an innovative multi-cultural environment where faculty and staff are trained to provide consistent ESL support while teaching content. Teachers in the school had reported that previous assessment instruments lacked the sensitivity to low level changes that are meaningful in this context. Therefore, a new instrument was developed and applied to evaluate its ability to more accu- rately differentiate between levels of learning and better corre- spond with faculty’s perceptions of learning in reading and writing in different categories such as social and instructional, language arts, science, math, and social studies. This research was conducted over the course of a year, beginning with participant observation through a full-time internship in January 2008. Local immigrant advocates and faculty were later interviewed and the instrument was pilot tested with thirteen 3rd grade students in Fall of 2008. Preliminary results demonstrate that the instrument is better able to discriminate between low level differences in students• abilities and corresponds more accurately with teacher assessments of prog- ress. TRIPP, BRAD, WINTHROP UNIVERSITY Paternity, Paternal Residence, and Desistance: Life Course Transitions among Men in Harlem This research examined the relationship between criminal careers and family participation. Using Brunswick’s Harlem Longitudinal Study of Urban Black Youth, this project examined drug use, ar- rests, and incarceration among young black men. Data on partici- pants was collected in five waves that spanned 26 years. Building on the foundation of developmental life-course criminology, this research looked at how changes in these men’s social bonds influ- ence desistance from anti-social behavior. While pervious re- search has focused on employment and marriage, this research also examined the transition to fatherhood as a potential turning point in the life-course. Beyond paternity, residence and evaluations of •self-as-father• were used as variables of influence. While pater- nity is the main variable of interest, variables that have been found significant in previous research (employment, marriage, etc.) were also utilized.

VAN OUDENAREN, LAURA, DAVIDSON COLLEGE FolieÀ Trois: The Three Part Method of Treating Sorcery Re- lated •Folie• Amongst Traditional Healers in Cameroon Despite the rising availability of •modern• medicine facilities in Cameroon, many people still rely on traditional healers as their pri- mary form of healthcare, due in part to their recognition and treat- ment of ailments caused by sorcery. This paper will address the different methods of treating •folie,• or madness, among traditional healers in Cameroon, particularly those located in the town of Dschang in the Western province, Menoua department. Tradi- tional practitioners identified four fundamental types of madness as a result of sorcery; madness that is inherited, madness devel- oped as a result of seeking riches, madness inflicted by a sorcerer in revenge, and madness that results from possession by either an animal or a human. Although treatment methods vary, all healers employ a combination of herbal remedies, rituals, and prayer to restore the patient to sanity. The ritual element is of paramount importance in driving the evil spirits from the victim, while herbal remedies are prescribed to eliminate the physical manifestation of the illness that a sorcerer uses as a vehicle for his spell. Prayer designed to drive out evil spirits is an inherent part of the ritual for most healers. The three-leveled approach to treat- ment coincides with the Cameroonians• holis- tic concept of medicine, providing a culturally appropriate solution where Western doctors have failed. Research for this study was con- ducted through a series of interviews with tra- ditional healers in Dschang over the period of a month.

VANDERKNYFF, JEREMY, UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH CAROLINA Barriers to Health and Healthcare Access in Immigrant Com- munities in the Dominican Republic Communities of Haitian immigrants and first-generation Domini- cans (bateys) have long served as a foundation upon which rests the future of the agriculture-based economy of the Dominican Re- public. Yet the remoteness of these bateys and anti-Haitian senti- ment does not often afford these communities easy access to healthcare. I undertook a two month study in five bateys in the Cibao region of the Dominican Republic. By collecting individual illness narratives of batey residents, I achieve two goals. First, I elicit local illness taxonomies which, when compared to existing epidemiological data, identify specific projects for development and health education. Second, I examine typical batey pathways to treatment for evidence of structural violence within and without the health care system in the Dominican Republic. I find a startling misunderstanding of the biological and sanitary factors that lead to illnesses most commonly cited on the bateys•typhoid, malaria, di- arrhea, gripe (cold or flulike symptoms), and blindness. Illness nar- ratives reveal a public health system that is broken at best and discriminatory at worst. Although advocates of both Dominican and Haitian descent are working towards improving the public health system, the need for palliative care can be decreased by the implementation of sanitation projects and preventative health edu- cation. This is surely not a long term solution to larger issues of anti-Haitianism, but may minimize the effects of such sentiments on batey communities. WALKER, WILLARD, WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY Elements of Southern Culture in the Far Northeast in the Sev- enteenth Century Chamberlain may have been mistaken when he claimed, in 1904, that "in Champlain's time," I e. the very early seventeenth century, Indians in eastern Canada had "fixed villages" with palisades, ex- tensive corn fields, a green corn ceremony, new fire ritual, and supplication of the sun, moon, and thunder; but French colonial documents assembled by Harald Prins in 1992 leave little room for doubt that palisaded villages with extensive corn, bean, and squash fields were in the St. John Valley in the 1680s and may well have been associated with the ceremonial practices described by Cham- berlain, which are consistent with prehistoric and early historic practices of southeastern Indians that endure to this day.

WALL, CLEMENTINE, ELON UNIVERSITY The Stitches Stayed: Creating Collabora- tion Around Women’s Work The rituals of passing traditional knowledge from one generation to the next often em- phasize the familial or community bonds that exist between the teacher and the learn- In a place such as the Cowee Valley community in North Carolina where a division exists between “locals” and “newcomers,” one would expect these bonds to be especially strong, leaving little room for a researcher from outside of the community. However, through collaboration with a group of female quilters, a very dif- ferent dynamic has emerged. Working around the existing frame- work of the old passing down knowledge to the young, a place has been made for a researcher who shares little in common with the quilters other than being a woman. The quilters became invested in sharing their knowledge and redefining their community around women’s work rather than locale. Centering the collaboration around the traditional models of age and gender has allowed the researcher to fulfill a specific need of the community and therefore gain a rapport otherwise unattainable by a “newcomer.” WEAVER, GEOFFRY M., UNIVERSITYOF WEST GEORGIA Salvia divinorum Use in West Georgia Area Salvia divinorum is an hallucinogenic herb endemic to the Mazatec region of Mexico, where it has a history ritual use. Within the last fifty years, its use has spread to the United States where it is cur- rently uncontrolled and easily accessible in most states, including Georgia. Research was conducted to evaluate and document the current status ofSalvia divinorum use in the West Georgia area. Data was gathered through first person interviews over the course of three months in Carrollton and Bowdon, Georgia. Interviewees were selected on a random basis and asked a predetermined set of questions relating toSalvia divinorum. Three key informants who are past or current users of the plant shared their personal experi- ences, opinions, and insights. The experience and context of use are discussed from the users' perspectives. Motivations for use and the effects on the user are discussed from the users' perspectives. Motivations for use and the effects on the user are evaluated based on first-hand accounts. Results indicate thatSalvia divinorum was not commonly used, and was often unheard of, despite its avail- ability. Its use was generally equated with the recreational use of other drugs. Personal reports do not support this comparison and demonstrate that users attribute unique significance toSalvia divi- norum. It is suggested that further research should be conducted to explore the nature and potential impact ofSalvia divinorum use. WEBB, ELIJAH ISHMAEL, UNIVERSITYOF MARY WASHINGTON More Then Just Funny Books Media and literature are reflections of culture. Thus, comic books --being a form of media and literature -- give insight on its reader- ship. This paper and presentation explain how comic books, like any other form of literature, question the status quo within society. The characters used within the pages are symbols of what people hope and dream or they are shadows of the nightmares and fears within the populace. From the Death of the original Captain Amer- ica to the recently elected President Obama making an appearance in Spiderman, the world of comic books is a symbolic reflection of our own world. I show this using comics from different eras of publishing, newspaper articles from relative times, and interviews with people from multiple generations.

WOOMER, AMANDA Tibetan Buddhism as a Cultural Borderland of the South This poster presentation has two aims: First, to examine the ways a local Tibetan Buddhist diasporic community creates a culture and identity for itself and in doing so produces culture at the local lev- el, creating a cultural borderland between itself and the surround- ing community; and second, to advance the field of visual anthropology, especially as it pertains to examining material cul- tural differences and identities and how these are negotiated. This is important in that our progressively more globalized world pres- ents new challenges in cross-cultural interaction. Cultural border- land spaces are no longer unique to the areas between nation-states but can be increasingly found at the local level. In order to carry out this study, I utilize traditional ethnographic methods such as participant observation and interviews combined with non-tradi- tional components such as photographs produced by other partici- pants and me. Photography permits the communication of cultural characteristics in ways that words do not allow for, such as intri- cate ornamentation characteristic of Tibetan Buddhism. In addi- tion, photography grants agency to research participants who can express themselves visually in relation to a highly visual environment. These methods highlight the visual nature of the cul- tural borderland that separates Tibetan Buddhist community within the U. S. South. Visual representation of the Tibetan Buddhist identity serves as a space on which cultural interaction and under- standing take place.

YOUNGINER, NICHOLAS, UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH CAROLINA Comparing Communities: Lebanese Maronite immigrants and their descendants in two cities For members of Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Catholic Church in Brooklyn, New York, theological guidance is the primary func- tion of the church but social gatherings after mass on Sundays (coffee hour) provide a psychologically created sense of belonging. Historically, Brooklyn hosted a well defined Lebanese community, however many of the residents have moved out of the borough and it is Our Lady of Lebanon which re-creates the community during church services. In Columbia, SC, which boasts a large number of Lebanese, there is no Maronite church available to immigrants and their descendants so most immigrants adapt to local options. Many of the formerly Maronite Lebanese in Columbia immigrated during the first wave of immigration (late 1800s - early 1900s) and found no Maronite church in Columbia. Rather, they began to attend Ro- man Catholic churches in the area and in a short period the Roman Catholic congregations were comprised mostly of Lebanese. No social gatherings regularly occurred after masses as is common in Maronite churches. Instead, ethnic social clubs were established in Columbia as a way to promote cohesion and ethnic identity. Draw- ing from my own experience as both a Columbia, SC native and Lebanese Catholic, I offer a unique perspective as to the manner that different communities of the same religio-ethnic origin negoti- ate their religious and social identities. The data gathered for this study was obtained through observation and semi-structured inter- views and was obtained during the summer and winter of 2008.