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Looking for Lost Lore You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press. You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press. Looking for Lost Lore Studies in Folklore, Ethnology, and Iconography George E. Lankford THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA PRESS Tuscaloosa You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press. Copyright © 2008 The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Typeface: Garamond ∞ The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences- Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Ma- terials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Lankford, George E., 1938– Looking for lost lore : studies in folklore, ethnology, and iconography / George E. Lankford. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8173-1610-5 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8173-5479-4 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-0-8173-8106-6 (electronic) 1. Indians of North America— Folklore. 2. Indian mythology. 3. Social structure— North America 4. Indians of North America— Social life and customs. I. Title. E98.F6L26 2008 398.2089′97—dc22 2007042107 You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press. Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 I. THINKING THROUGH MYTHS 1. Losing the Lore 9 2. A Maze of Maize Myths 24 II. LOOKING FOR LOST RITUALS 3. Red and White 73 4. Saying Hello in La Florida 98 5. Saying Hello in the Mississippi Valley 115 6. “Reysed After There Manner” 127 III. LOOKING AT LOST ART 7. Riders in the Sky 139 8. Heads and Tales 163 You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press. vi contents 9. A Hero’s Life 191 References 215 Index 240 You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press. Illustrations FIGURES 1.1. Map of historic location of the Shawnee, Cherokee, and Creek 11 1.2. An image from an Ojibwa Mide scroll 23 2.1. Distribution map: Hoarding, journey, gift from bird, gift from divinity (woman, bird, or buffalo) 40 2.2. Distribution of male personifi cations of maize 54 2.3. Distribution of Corn- Woman motifs: Corn Mother, body source, death, dragging, and burial 66 5.1. Fenton’s interpretation of the fl ow of the calumet dance 124 6.1. The Timucua “queen” taken to her husband 128 6.2. Distribution of recorded examples of elevation of humans in litters, skins, or on backs 133 7.1. The three shell gorgets from the Lake Jackson site 140 7.2. Examples of the “spaghetti” strapwork, belts, and headdresses on the gorgets 140 7.3. Figures on engraved shell gorgets, groups B and C 141 You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press. viii illustrations 7.4. Figures on engraved shell gorgets, groups D and F 142 7.5. Map showing the distribution of gorgets, indicated by group 146 7.6. Three examples of the “roller skate” motif 147 7.7. Two examples of fi gures with key identifi ers 148 7.8. Comparisons: two forms of court card symmetry, a group D spaghetti fi gure with a Long- Nosed God mask and a C- group image with a Crested Bird 151 7.9. Riders in the sky: Thunder powers on gorgets 158 8.1. An early map of the distribution of head pots 184 8.2. Two of the head pots from northeast Arkansas 185 8.3. Shell gorget from Eddyville, Tennessee, bearing image of chunkey player 189 TABLES 4.1. Preliminary list of traits in the Timucua protocol 107 5.1. Traits of the greeting protocol 120 5.2. Sources for the greeting protocol 125 6.1. Types and sources of elevation occurrences 132 7.1. Known “spaghetti” style gorgets 160 8.1. Iroquois gambling episodes 169 8.2. Contests with the giants 173 You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press. Acknowledgments With appreciation and thanks I recognize two readers of the whole volume for their energy and perceptive comments: Jason Baird Jackson and an anonymous re- viewer for the University of Alabama Press. I am also grateful for the assistance of V. J. Knight Jr., David Dye, and Richard Dieterle, who have read and commented on individual chapters. There are many other colleagues, whom I shall not attempt to name, who through the years have inspired the ideas and writing in this book in ways they never intended, by conversation, disputation, and sharing of their own work. It is due to their friendship and support that this volume exists, although they, of course, cannot be held responsible for any errors that appear herein. Chapter 3: This chapter was originally published in Southern Folklore 50(1) (1993): 54–80. It is republished here, with some revision, by permission. Many people assisted in the research and writing of this chapter. I am grateful to the National Endowment for the Humanities for grant support in a Summer Seminar on Ethnohistory of the Southeastern Indians (1991) during which this work was done; Theda Perdue and Michael Green, seminar directors; and the other participants in the seminar. I am particularly grateful to several people who read the manuscript at various stages, gave me helpful criticisms and ideas, and generally provided support through a summer of pleasant work. They include Scott Morri- son and LeAnne Howe, Choctaws of encyclopedic knowledge; Joel Martin; Donal Lindsey; and Michael Green. Later readers whose comments I appreciate include V. J. Knight Jr. and Jason Baird Jackson. Chapter 4: I remain grateful to Dr. Bernard Sheehan of Indiana University and the National Endowment for the Humanities for making it possible to research and write the original article in the context of a 1983 Summer Seminar in Indian-White Relations. The earlier version was published in Mid- America Folklore 12(1) (1984): 7–23. This revised version is reprinted here by permission. Chapter 5: This article was originally written as a sequel to the previous chap- ter (4), and that role still seems appropriate. Thus it is published here in a revised form, but still separate, from its original publication in Mid- America Folklore 16(1) (1988): 24–39. It is printed here by permission. Chapter 6: This study was fi rst published in the Arkansas Archeologist 31 (1992): 65–71. It is republished here by permission. You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press. x acknowledgments Chapter 7: Thanks to John Scarry, University of North Carolina, and David Dickel and staff at the Florida State Bureau of Archives for the excellent photo- graphs of the Lake Jackson gorgets. Thanks also to V. J. Knight Jr., University of Alabama, for comments on earlier versions of this paper. An early presentation of this study was delivered at the 2003 Southeastern Archaeological Conference in Charlotte, North Carolina. Chapter 8: Figure 8.1, a map from Lawrence Mills’s 1968 study of head pots has been reprinted courtesy of The Missouri Archaeologist. Figure 8.2 is from the photographic collection of the University of Memphis, courtesy of the photogra- pher, Dr. David Dye of the University of Memphis, and the owner, Dr. James F. Cherry of Fayetteville, Arkansas. Figure 8.3 has been reprinted courtesy of the Peabody Museum Press from fi gure 147 in Philip Phillips and James A. Brown, Pre- Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma, vol. 1., Peabody Museum Press.

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