Stone Disks in Iroquoia
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A Many-Storied Place
A Many-storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator Midwest Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 2017 A Many-Storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator 2017 Recommended: {){ Superintendent, Arkansas Post AihV'j Concurred: Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Approved: Date Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set. Proverbs 22:28 Words spoken by Regional Director Elbert Cox Arkansas Post National Memorial dedication June 23, 1964 Table of Contents List of Figures vii Introduction 1 1 – Geography and the River 4 2 – The Site in Antiquity and Quapaw Ethnogenesis 38 3 – A French and Spanish Outpost in Colonial America 72 4 – Osotouy and the Changing Native World 115 5 – Arkansas Post from the Louisiana Purchase to the Trail of Tears 141 6 – The River Port from Arkansas Statehood to the Civil War 179 7 – The Village and Environs from Reconstruction to Recent Times 209 Conclusion 237 Appendices 241 1 – Cultural Resource Base Map: Eight exhibits from the Memorial Unit CLR (a) Pre-1673 / Pre-Contact Period Contributing Features (b) 1673-1803 / Colonial and Revolutionary Period Contributing Features (c) 1804-1855 / Settlement and Early Statehood Period Contributing Features (d) 1856-1865 / Civil War Period Contributing Features (e) 1866-1928 / Late 19th and Early 20th Century Period Contributing Features (f) 1929-1963 / Early 20th Century Period -
View / Open Gregory Oregon 0171N 12796.Pdf
CHUNKEY, CAHOKIA, AND INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION by ANNE GREGORY A THESIS Presented to the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 2020 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Anne Gregory Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflict Resolution This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program by: Kirby Brown Chair Eric Girvan Member and Kate Mondloch Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2020. ii © 2020 Anne Gregory This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (United States) License. iii THESIS ABSTRACT Anne Gregory Master of Science Conflict and Dispute Resolution June 2020 Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflicts Resolution Chunkey, a traditional Native American sport, was a form of conflict resolution. The popular game was one of several played for millennia throughout Native North America. Indigenous communities played ball games not only for the important culture- making of sport and recreation, but also as an act of peace-building. The densely populated urban center of Cahokia, as well as its agricultural suburbs and distant trade partners, were dedicated to chunkey. Chunkey is associated with the milieu surrounding the Pax Cahokiana (1050 AD-1200 AD), an era of reduced armed conflict during the height of Mississippian civilization (1000-1500 AD). The relational framework utilized in archaeology, combined with dynamics of conflict resolution, provides a basis to explain chunkey’s cultural impact. -
Chapter 1: Introduction
SEGMENTED AND ASCENDANT CHIEFDOM POLITY AS VIEWED FROM THE DIVERS SITE BY GLEN ALOIS FREIMUTH DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Emeritus R. Barry Lewis, Chair Professor Timothy R. Pauketat Adjunct Professor Thomas E. Emerson Associate Professor Mark W. Mehrer, Northern Illinois University ABSTRACT This study contributes to our understanding of the nature of political control exerted by the Mississippian Cahokia polity over small rural villages in the southern American Bottom. Currently two models, which I call the Segmented and Ascendant Chiefdoms, respectively, provide contrasting explanations of the nature and amount of Cahokia control over rural villages. I examine the fit of these models against archaeological data from the Divers and other regional sites. The analyses range over several main topics, including populations, labor requirements, nonlocal artifacts, provisioning, and rituals. I find that the archaeological patterns expressed at the Divers site best fit a Segmented Chiefdom model wherein political control is decentralized and rural villages retain a high degree of political autonomy. Cahokia, as the American Bottom’s main Mississippian town, has the largest population, physical size, elite status items, and monumental construction which I describe as material domination and political dominance. Political dominance requires manipulation of local leaders and their followers for political and social control and this manipulation was expressed through ritual materials and rituals performed at Cahokia and other mound towns. The Cahokia elite created new rituals and associated material expressions through collective action and attempted to gain control of existing commoner ritual performances and symbols but these and political autonomy largely remained with the commoners who occupied small villages like Divers. -
2004 Midwest Archaeological Conference Program
Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 47 2004 Program and Abstracts of the Fiftieth Midwest Archaeological Conference and the Sixty-First Southeastern Archaeological Conference October 20 – 23, 2004 St. Louis Marriott Pavilion Downtown St. Louis, Missouri Edited by Timothy E. Baumann, Lucretia S. Kelly, and John E. Kelly Hosted by Department of Anthropology, Washington University Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri-St. Louis Timothy E. Baumann, Program Chair John E. Kelly and Timothy E. Baumann, Co-Organizers ISSN-0584-410X Floor Plan of the Marriott Hotel First Floor Second Floor ii Preface WELCOME TO ST. LOUIS! This joint conference of the Midwest Archaeological Conference and the Southeastern Archaeological Conference marks the second time that these two prestigious organizations have joined together. The first was ten years ago in Lexington, Kentucky and from all accounts a tremendous success. Having the two groups meet in St. Louis is a first for both groups in the 50 years that the Midwest Conference has been in existence and the 61 years that the Southeastern Archaeological Conference has met since its inaugural meeting in 1938. St. Louis hosted the first Midwestern Conference on Archaeology sponsored by the National Research Council’s Committee on State Archaeological Survey 75 years ago. Parts of the conference were broadcast across the airwaves of KMOX radio, thus reaching a larger audience. Since then St. Louis has been host to two Society for American Archaeology conferences in 1976 and 1993 as well as the Society for Historical Archaeology’s conference in 2004. When we proposed this joint conference three years ago we felt it would serve to again bring people together throughout most of the mid-continent. -
Cultural Affiliation Statement for Buffalo National River
CULTURAL AFFILIATION STATEMENT BUFFALO NATIONAL RIVER, ARKANSAS Final Report Prepared by María Nieves Zedeño Nicholas Laluk Prepared for National Park Service Midwest Region Under Contract Agreement CA 1248-00-02 Task Agreement J6068050087 UAZ-176 Bureau of Applied Research In Anthropology The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85711 June 1, 2008 Table of Contents and Figures Summary of Findings...........................................................................................................2 Chapter One: Study Overview.............................................................................................5 Chapter Two: Cultural History of Buffalo National River ................................................15 Chapter Three: Protohistoric Ethnic Groups......................................................................41 Chapter Four: The Aboriginal Group ................................................................................64 Chapter Five: Emigrant Tribes...........................................................................................93 References Cited ..............................................................................................................109 Selected Annotations .......................................................................................................137 Figure 1. Buffalo National River, Arkansas ........................................................................6 Figure 2. Sixteenth Century Polities and Ethnic Groups (after Sabo 2001) ......................47 -
The Common Field Mississippian Site(23SG100), As Uncovered by the 1979 Mississippi River Flood Richard E
The Common Field Mississippian Site(23SG100), as Uncovered by the 1979 Mississippi River Flood Richard E. Martens Two of the pictures I took during an early visit to the he Common Field site occurs near the bluffs in the site are shown in Figure 1. The first shows Mound A, the TMississippi River floodplain 3 km south of St. Gen- largest of the six then-existing mounds. The nose of my evieve and approximately 90 km south of St. Louis. It is brand-new 1980 Volkswagen parked on the farm road is a large Mississippian-period site that once had as many as in the lower right corner of the picture. The second photo eight mounds (Bushnell 1914:666). It was long considered shows the outline of a burned house structure typical of to be an unoccupied civic-ceremonial center because very many evident across the site. Although it has been noted few surface artifacts were found. This all changed due that many people visited the site shortly after the flood, I to a flood in December 1979, when the Mississippi River did not meet anyone during several visits in 1980 and 1981. swept across the Common Field site. The resulting erosion I subsequently learned that Dr. Michael O’Brien led removed up to 40 cm of topsoil, exposing: a group of University of Missouri (MU) personnel in a [a] tremendous quantity of archaeological material limited survey and fieldwork activity in the spring of 1980. including ceramic plates, pots and other vessels, articu- The first phase entailed aerial photography (black-and- lated human burials, well defined structural remains white and false-color infrared) of the site. -
Indian Place-Names in Mississippi. Lea Leslie Seale Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1939 Indian Place-Names in Mississippi. Lea Leslie Seale Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Seale, Lea Leslie, "Indian Place-Names in Mississippi." (1939). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7812. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7812 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MANUSCRIPT THESES Unpublished theses submitted for the master^ and doctorfs degrees and deposited in the Louisiana State University Library are available for inspection* Use of any thesis is limited by the rights of the author* Bibliographical references may be noted3 but passages may not be copied unless the author has given permission# Credit must be given in subsequent written or published work# A library which borrows this thesis for vise by its clientele is expected to make sure that the borrower is aware of the above restrictions, LOUISIANA. STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 119-a INDIAN PLACE-NAMES IN MISSISSIPPI A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisian© State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of English By Lea L # Seale M* A*, Louisiana State University* 1933 1 9 3 9 UMi Number: DP69190 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. -
The Myth of Etienne Brule
THE MYTH OF ETIENNE BRULE BY DONALD H. KENT' THE French interpreter and Indian agent Etienne Brul6 has been given a place in Pennsylvania history on very unsubstantial evi- dence, with a claim that he descended the Susquehanna River from its headwaters to the sea during the winter of 1615-1616. Sometimes he is even described as the first white man to tread the soil of Pennsylvania. Clement F. Heverly in his History and Geography of Bradford County wrote of "this event, 113 years after the discovery of America by Columbus" as "the first in the history of the state and county," and a recent Guide to Central Pennsylvania described Etienne Brule as "the first European to view the site of the future state capital." It expressed regret that he left no "description of central Pennsylvania as it was nine years after the first English set- tlers landed at Jamestown. ." I These local writers were in distinguished company. Similar, if less positive and less glowing, references to Brul6's descent of the Sus- quehanna were made by Francis Parkman, Justin Winsor, and Reuben Gold Thwaites.2 Under the patronage of the Western Reserve Historical Society, Consul Willshire Butterfield published a History of Brult's Discoveries and Explorations, 1610-1626, Being a Narrative of the Discovery by Stephen BruM, of Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Superior; and of His Explorations (the First Made by Civilized Man) of Pennsylvania and Western New York, also of the Province of Ontario, Canada.3 Howard M. Jenkins had the story in The substance of this article was part of a talk at the Friday luncheon of the an- nual meeting of the Pennsylvania Historical Association, October 10-11, 1975, when the author completed his term as its president. -
Feasibility Study on a Potential Susquehanna Connector Trail for the John Smith Historic Trail
Feasibility Study on a Potential Susquehanna Connector Trail for the John Smith Historic Trail Prepared for The Friends of the John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail November 16, 2009 Coordinated by The Bucknell University Environmental Center’sNature and Human Communities Initiative The Susquehanna Colloquium for Nature and Human Communities The Susquehanna River Heartland Coalition for Environmental Studies In partnership with Bucknell University The Eastern Delaware Nations The Haudenosaunee Confederacy The Susquehanna Greenway Partnership Pennsylvania Environmental Council Funded by the Conservation Fund/R.K. Mellon Foundation 2 Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 3 Recommended Susquehanna River Connecting Trail................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6 Staff ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Criteria used for Study................................................................................................................. 6 2. Description of Study Area, Team Areas, and Smith Map Analysis ...................................... 8 a. Master Map of Sites and Trails from Smith Era in Study Area........................................... 8 b. Study -
The Impact of Chronic Violence in the Mississippian Period Central Illinois
CHAPTER 43 ....................................... .......................................................... LIVING WITH WAR: THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC VIOLENCE IN THE MISSISSIPPIAN-PERI 0 D CENTRAL ILLINOIS RIVER VALLEY GREGORY D. WILSON THE Central Illinois River Valley (CIRV) of west-central Illinois has a complex Jistory of migration and culture contact that was strongly affected by violence (Conrad 1991; Esarey and Conrad 1998; Milner et al. 1991; Steadman 2001). Located on the northern periphery of the Mississippian cultural area, the CIRV has the totential to transform our understanding of the impact and outcomes of inter group violence in middle-range societies (Figures 43.1 and 43.2). In this chapter, I argue that changing patterns of violence substantially altered the lives of those who lived in this region. To make my case I discuss archaeological patterns of violence from four different periods of the late Prehistoric era: the terminal late Woodland period (AD 700 to noo), the early Mississippian period (AD noo to 1250), the middle Mississippian Period (AD 1250 to 1300 ), and the late Mississippian period (AD 1300 to 1440). MIDSOUTH AND SOUTHEAST I' Figure 43.1 Locations of regions discussed in text: CIRV, Central Illinois River Valley; LIRV, Lower Illinois River Valley; AB, American Bottom. LATE WOODLAND PERIOD The Late Woodland period was an era of intensifying hostilities across much of eastern North America (Cobb and Garrow 1996; Little 1999; Milner 2007). Inter group conflict ensued from adoption of a more sedentary way of life based on plant cultivation, associated population increases, and use of new military and huntiJ11 technologies such as the bow and arrow (Blitz 1988; Milner 1999:122, 2007). -
The Lamb Site (11SC24): Evidence of Cahokian Contact and Mississippianization in the Central Illinois River Valley
The Lamb Site (11SC24): Evidence of Cahokian Contact and Mississippianization in the Central Illinois River Valley Dana N. Bardolph and Gregory D. Wilson The analysis of materials recovered from salvage excavations at the Lamb site (11SC24) in the central Illinois River valley (CIRV) has generated new insight into the Mississip- pianization of west-central Illinois. The evidence reveals a context of converging but still very much entangled Woodland and Mississippian traditions. The Lamb site residents appear to have been selectively adopting or emulating aspects of Mississippian lifeways, while maintaining certain Bauer Branch traditions during the period of contact with Cahokia Mississippians. The eleventh and twelfth centuries A.D. comprised an era during which many Native American groups throughout the Midwest and Southeast altered their cosmological beliefs and socioeconomic relationships to participate in a Mississippian way of life. The causes of Mississippianization were variable and complex but often involved inten- sified negotiations among social groups with different geographical origins. Cahokia, the earliest and most complex Mississippian polity, played an important role in these far-flung negotiations. Indeed, the Mississippianization of the Midwest is one of the best-documented examples of culture contact in pre-Columbian North America. Beginning around A.D. 1050, stylistically Cahokian material culture appeared in a number of discontiguous portions of the Midwest. Mississippianization resulting from contact between Cahokians and different Woodland groups has been examined within several different methodological and theoretical frameworks. A range of direct and in- direct contact scenarios have emerged from this theorizing, from detached emulations of Cahokia by local people, to limited engagements with or small-scale movements of Cahokians, to whole-group site-unit intrusions of Cahokians into the northern Midwest (e.g., Conrad 1991; Delaney-Rivera 2000, 2007; Emerson and Lewis 1991; Emerson et al. -
Teacher's Guide to Florida's
Teacher’s Guide to Florida’s Native People Inquiry Boxes: Museum on the move FLORIDA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SW 34th Street & Hull Road on the University of Florida campus, Gainesville, FL Monday – Saturday 10 a.m. – 5 p.m. • Sunday & Holidays 1 p.m. – 5 p.m. (352) 846-2000 ext. 214 • www.flmnh.ufl.edu 2 www.flmnh.ufl.edu © 2002 Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida This Teacher’s Guide is made possible by a grant from the Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, Historical Museums Grants-in-Aid Program Acknowledgments This guide was produced by the Florida Museum of Natural History under the direction of Marilyn M. Roberts, Education Programs Coordinator Graphic Designer . .Pat Klaus Writer and Copy Editor . .Jeanne Chamberlin Writer and Copy Editor . .Darcie MacMahon Copy Editor . .Dr. Betty Dunckel Camp Museum Artist . .Merald Clark Museum Photographers . .Jeff Gage, Tammy Johnson Seminole Photographers . .Ernie Tiger, Elrod Bowers Seminole Graphic Designer . .Melissa Sherman Canoe Race Illustration . .Andrew Works Cover Illustration . .Allen Cheuvront Florida Heritage Education Program, Department of State, Division of Historical Resources In addition, I would like to thank the following people at FLMHH for their contributions to the Museum on the Move: Inquiry Boxes program: Dr. Douglas S. Jones, FLMNH Director Division of Exhibits and Public Programs Kurt Auffenberg • Jeannette Carlisle • Brian Chamberlain Ron Chesser • Lorraine Duerden • Susan Jarzen Dale Johnson • Tom Kyne • Robert Leavy Dr. Bruce J. MacFadden • John Patterson • Erika Simons • Charlene Smith FLMNH Volunteers and Docents Division of Collections and Research Sarah Brix • Richard Franz • Dr. David M.