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Cherokee Ethnogenesis in Southwestern North Carolina
The following chapter is from: The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia Charles R. Ewen – Co-Editor Thomas R. Whyte – Co-Editor R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. – Co-Editor North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication Number 30 2011 Available online at: http://www.rla.unc.edu/NCAC/Publications/NCAC30/index.html CHEROKEE ETHNOGENESIS IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH CAROLINA Christopher B. Rodning Dozens of Cherokee towns dotted the river valleys of the Appalachian Summit province in southwestern North Carolina during the eighteenth century (Figure 16-1; Dickens 1967, 1978, 1979; Perdue 1998; Persico 1979; Shumate et al. 2005; Smith 1979). What developments led to the formation of these Cherokee towns? Of course, native people had been living in the Appalachian Summit for thousands of years, through the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi periods (Dickens 1976; Keel 1976; Purrington 1983; Ward and Davis 1999). What are the archaeological correlates of Cherokee culture, when are they visible archaeologically, and what can archaeology contribute to knowledge of the origins and development of Cherokee culture in southwestern North Carolina? Archaeologists, myself included, have often focused on the characteristics of pottery and other artifacts as clues about the development of Cherokee culture, which is a valid approach, but not the only approach (Dickens 1978, 1979, 1986; Hally 1986; Riggs and Rodning 2002; Rodning 2008; Schroedl 1986a; Wilson and Rodning 2002). In this paper (see also Rodning 2009a, 2010a, 2011b), I focus on the development of Cherokee towns and townhouses. Given the significance of towns and town affiliations to Cherokee identity and landscape during the 1700s (Boulware 2011; Chambers 2010; Smith 1979), I suggest that tracing the development of towns and townhouses helps us understand Cherokee ethnogenesis, more generally. -
Download Brochure
In Cherokee, history flows through each and every adventure. As you explore, you’ll find that the spot you’re on likely comes with a story, a belief, or a historical event that’s meaningful to the Cherokees. From Judaculla the giant’s stomping grounds to a turn in the Oconaluftee River where Uktena the snake may have lived, history is everywhere. A look back begins in 2000 B.C., when Cherokee’s ancestors were hunters and gatherers, often sharing their beliefs through storytelling, ceremonies, and dance. They would soon develop a sophisticated culture, however. In fact, by the time the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto first encountered Cherokees in 1540 A.D., they already had an agricultural system and peaceful self-government. De Soto and his explorers came looking for gold, carrying with them diseases that devastated the Cherokee population. By the late eighteenth century, the Cherokees’ land was also under attack, leading to the tragedy known as the “Trail of Tears.” In 1830, US President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, moving the Cherokees west in exchange for their homeland. The 1,200-mile journey led to more than 4,000 Cherokee deaths. Those who escaped and remained behind are the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians you know today. The modern Cherokee story is one of triumph— a strong people built on a history full of challenge. Today, you can experience that history in a wide variety of adventures. As you explore this brochure, create your own itinerary, and then head to VisitCherokeeNC.com for tickets, times, and ways to join us. -
Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2013 Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina Gabrielle Casio Purcell [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Purcell, Gabrielle Casio, "Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2447 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Gabrielle Casio Purcell entitled "Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Kandace D. Hollenbach, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Gerald Schroedl, Michael Logan Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) i Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Gabrielle Casio Purcell August 2013 ii Copyright © 2013 by Gabrielle Casio Purcell All rights reserved. -
Muscogee (Creek) Nation Scholarship Foundation Program
MUSCOGEE (CREEK) NATION SCHOLARSHIP FOUNDATION PROGRAM James R. Floyd Health Care Management Scholarship Scholarship Description Chief James R. Floyd is the Principal Chief of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, the fourth largest Tribe in the Nation with more than 80,500 citizens. James grew up in Eufaula, Oklahoma. After completing his Associates Degree at OSU in Oklahoma City he started his professional career with the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Tribe, working first in Environmental Services. He became the manager of Health Services, then Director of Community Services. In these positions he implemented the tribe’s first food distribution, social services, burial assistance, and school clothing allowance programs. Chief Floyd managed the first tribal-owned hospital in the United States at Okemah, and negotiated the transfer of the Okemah, Eufaula, Sapulpa, and Okmulgee Dental clinics from Indian Health Service to Muscogee (Creek) Tribal management. Chief Floyd is a strong advocate of higher education. Chief Floyd embraced and accepted his role as Principal Chief of the Nation’s fourth-largest Native American tribe in January of 2016. Throughout his career with the Indian Health Service and the Department of Veteran’s Affairs, Chief Floyd has continued to serve Native Americans throughout the United States, while always keeping in mind how his efforts could benefit his own Creek Nation. As a pioneer in Indian Health Care, Chief Floyd has been recognized nationally for establishing outreach to Native American communities. He ensured that the first of these reimbursements agreements was established with the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. He also held the first tribal veterans summit at Muskogee. -
The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing Writing Systems Using Orthography Profiles
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles Moran, Steven ; Cysouw, Michael DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.290662 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-135400 Monograph The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Moran, Steven; Cysouw, Michael (2017). The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles. CERN Data Centre: Zenodo. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.290662 The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists Managing writing systems using orthography profiles Steven Moran & Michael Cysouw Change dedication in localmetadata.tex Preface This text is meant as a practical guide for linguists, and programmers, whowork with data in multilingual computational environments. We introduce the basic concepts needed to understand how writing systems and character encodings function, and how they work together. The intersection of the Unicode Standard and the International Phonetic Al- phabet is often not met without frustration by users. Nevertheless, thetwo standards have provided language researchers with a consistent computational architecture needed to process, publish and analyze data from many different languages. We bring to light common, but not always transparent, pitfalls that researchers face when working with Unicode and IPA. Our research uses quantitative methods to compare languages and uncover and clarify their phylogenetic relations. However, the majority of lexical data available from the world’s languages is in author- or document-specific orthogra- phies. -
Cherokees in Arkansas
CHEROKEES IN ARKANSAS A historical synopsis prepared for the Arkansas State Racing Commission. John Jolly - first elected Chief of the Western OPERATED BY: Cherokee in Arkansas in 1824. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum LegendsArkansas.com For additional information on CNB’s cultural tourism program, go to VisitCherokeeNation.com THE CROSSING OF PATHS TIMELINE OF CHEROKEES IN ARKANSAS Late 1780s: Some Cherokees began to spend winters hunting near the St. Francis, White, and Arkansas Rivers, an area then known as “Spanish Louisiana.” According to Spanish colonial records, Cherokees traded furs with the Spanish at the Arkansas Post. Late 1790s: A small group of Cherokees relocated to the New Madrid settlement. Early 1800s: Cherokees continued to immigrate to the Arkansas and White River valleys. 1805: John B. Treat opened a trading post at Spadra Bluff to serve the incoming Cherokees. 1808: The Osage ceded some of their hunting lands between the Arkansas and White Rivers in the Treaty of Fort Clark. This increased tension between the Osage and Cherokee. 1810: Tahlonteeskee and approximately 1,200 Cherokees arrived to this area. 1811-1812: The New Madrid earthquake destroyed villages along the St. Francis River. Cherokees living there were forced to move further west to join those living between AS HISTORICAL AND MODERN NEIGHBORS, CHEROKEE the Arkansas and White Rivers. Tahlonteeskee settled along Illinois Bayou, near NATION AND ARKANSAS SHARE A DEEP HISTORY AND present-day Russellville. The Arkansas Cherokee petitioned the U.S. government CONNECTION WITH ONE ANOTHER. for an Indian agent. 1813: William Lewis Lovely was appointed as agent and he set up his post on CHEROKEE NATION BUSINESSES RESPECTS AND WILL Illinois Bayou. -
The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation
National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation (Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Benjamin Nance, photographer) The caravan was ready to move out. The wagons were lined up. The mood was somber. One who was there reported that "there was a silence and stillness of the voice that betrayed the sadness of the heart." Behind them the makeshift camp where some had spent three months of a Tennessee summer was already ablaze. There was no going back. A white-haired old man, Chief Going Snake, led the way on his pony, followed by a group of young men on horseback. Just as the wagons moved off along the narrow roadway, they heard a sound. Although the day was bright, there was a black thundercloud in the west. The thunder died away and the wagons continued their long journey westward toward the setting sun. Many who heard the thunder thought it was an omen of more trouble to come.¹ This is the story of the removal of the Cherokee Nation from its ancestral homeland in parts of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama to land set aside for American Indians in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Some 100,000 American Indians forcibly removed from what is now the eastern United States to what was called Indian Territory included members of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes. The Cherokee's journey by water and land was over a thousand miles long, during which many Cherokees were to die. -
Tribal and House District Boundaries
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribal Boundaries and Oklahoma House Boundaries ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 22 ! 18 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 20 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cimarron ! ! ! ! 14 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11 ! ! Texas ! ! Harper ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! n ! ! Beaver ! ! ! ! Ottawa ! ! ! ! Kay 9 o ! Woods ! ! ! ! Grant t ! 61 ! ! ! ! ! Nowata ! ! ! ! ! 37 ! ! ! g ! ! ! ! 7 ! 2 ! ! ! ! Alfalfa ! n ! ! ! ! ! 10 ! ! 27 i ! ! ! ! ! Craig ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! h ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 26 s ! ! Osage 25 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! W ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 21 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 58 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 38 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes by House District ! 11 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 Absentee Shawnee* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Woodward ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 ! 36 ! Apache* ! ! ! 40 ! 17 ! ! ! 5 8 ! ! ! Rogers ! ! ! ! ! Garfield ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 40 ! ! ! ! ! 3 Noble ! ! ! Caddo* ! ! Major ! ! Delaware ! ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! Mayes ! ! Pawnee ! ! ! 19 ! ! 2 41 ! ! ! ! ! 9 ! 4 ! 74 ! ! ! Cherokee ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ellis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 41 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 72 ! ! ! ! ! 35 4 8 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 3 42 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 77 -
Trail of Tears: Music of the American Indian Diaspora a Smithsonian Folkways Lesson Designed By: Jennifer Carnevale the Masters School
Trail of Tears: Music of the American Indian Diaspora A Smithsonian Folkways Lesson Designed by: Jennifer Carnevale The Masters School Summary: The segments of this unit offer an investigation of the impact of circumstance on the music of a people through examination of several musical selections from the Five Nations heritage (Choctaw and Cherokee in particular) during and following the Trail of Tears of 1831 and 1838 respectively. Suggested Grade Levels: 5-8 Country: United States Region: Southeast, Southern Plains Culture Group: Five Nations, especially Choctaw and Cherokee Genre: indigenous, ballad, lament, dance Instruments: Voice, drums, and hand percussion Language: Cherokee, Choctaw, Muskogee language group vocables Co-Curricular Areas: History, Social Studies, Visual Art, Dance, English, Creative Writing National Standards: #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Prerequisites: A basic understanding of musical notation – both reading and writing – as appropriate for grade level. Not required, but helpful – an introduction to American History and the culture of American Indians (also appropriate for grade level.) Objectives • Students will listen to, analyze, and discuss several American Indian folk songs from the Five Nations Tribal Group with focus on Cherokee and Choctaw (National Standard # 6, 7) • Students will sing several American Indian folk songs (National Standard #1) • Students will add original instrumentation – composed but not notated - to a traditional American Indian folk song (National Standard #2,3) • Students will read notation of American Indian folk songs (National Standard #5) • Students will adapt and perform an American Indian folk song (National Standard #4, 5) • Students will become familiar with American Indian folk music of the Five Nations and its relationship to history (National Standard #8, 9) 1 Materials: Audio technology to play recordings in the classroom, reproductions of materials for students, hand percussion instruments, technology to show still images and video. -
Walking with Jesus Team Name and Pool Your Miles to Reach Your Goal
A photo taken in 1903 of Walking Log Elizabeth “Betsy” Brown Stephens, age 82, a Cherokee who walked Are you walking with a team? Come up with a the Trail of Tears. Walking with Jesus team name and pool your miles to reach your goal. When you’ve completed your “walk” come to the Learn... table at Coffee Hour and receive your prize. 1838 -1839 Can you do all four walks? Why is this called the Trail of Tears? Trail of Tears Date Distance Where Why were the Cherokee forced to leave their homes? Where did they go? How long did it take for them to get there? Who was the President of the United States at this time? In the summer of 1838, U.S. troops arrested approx. 1,000 Cherokees, marched them to Fort Hembree in North Carolina, then on to deportation camps in Tennessee. ... and Ponder 2200 Miles What would it feel like to suddenly have to leave your home without taking anything with you? Take Flat Jesus with you, take photos of Have you or someone you know moved to a brand He has told you, O mortal, what is good; your adventures, and send them to new place? [email protected]! and what does the Lord require of you but Posting your pics on Facebook or What was hard about that? to do justice, and to love kindness, and to Instagram? Tag First Pres by adding Why was the relocation wrong? walk humbly with your God? @FirstPresA2 #FlatJesus. Micah 6:8 “The Trail of Tears,” was painted in 1942 by Robert Lindneux 1838-1839 Trail of Tears to commemorate the suffering of the Cherokee people. -
2) Economy, Business
2) Economy, Business : The majority of tribes' economies rely on Casinos. There are a huge amount of Casinos in Oklahoma, more than in any other state in the USA. But they also rely on the soil resources, there are tribes who are very rich thanks to their oil resources. Natural resources After 1905 deposits of lead and zinc in the Tri-State Mining District made the Quapaws of Ottawa County some of the richest Indians of the USA. Zinc mines also left hazardous waste that still poisons parts of their lands. The Osages became known as the world's richest Indians because their “head right” system distributed the royalties from their “underground reservation” equally to the original allottees. The Osage's territory was full of oil. Gaming revenues The Chickasaw are today the richest tribe in Oklahoma thanks to their Casinos they make a lot of profit. On their website you can read : “From Bank2, Bedre Chocolates, KADA and KYKC radio stations and the McSwain Theatre to the 13 gaming centers, travel plazas and tobacco stores, the variety and prosperity of the Chickasaw Nation's businesses exemplifies the epitome of economic success!”. The Comanche Tribe derives revenue from four casinos. The Comanche Nation Casino in Lawton features a convention center and hotel and has a surface of 45,000 square feet. The others are the Red River Casino at Devol north of the Red River, and two small casinos : Comanche star casino east of Walters and Comanche Spur Casino near Elgin. Enlargements of the casinos are planned . There are smoke shops and convenience stores in the casinos. -
A Spatial and Elemental Analyses of the Ceramic Assemblage at Mialoquo (40Mr3), an Overhill Cherokee Town in Monroe County, Tennessee
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-2019 COALESCED CHEROKEE COMMUNITIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: A SPATIAL AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSES OF THE CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE AT MIALOQUO (40MR3), AN OVERHILL CHEROKEE TOWN IN MONROE COUNTY, TENNESSEE Christian Allen University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Allen, Christian, "COALESCED CHEROKEE COMMUNITIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: A SPATIAL AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSES OF THE CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE AT MIALOQUO (40MR3), AN OVERHILL CHEROKEE TOWN IN MONROE COUNTY, TENNESSEE. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2019. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/5572 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Christian Allen entitled "COALESCED CHEROKEE COMMUNITIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: A SPATIAL AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSES OF THE CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE AT MIALOQUO (40MR3), AN OVERHILL CHEROKEE TOWN IN MONROE COUNTY, TENNESSEE." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Kandace Hollenbach, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Gerald Schroedl, Julie Reed Accepted for the Council: Dixie L.