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Cherokee Ethnogenesis in Southwestern North Carolina
The following chapter is from: The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia Charles R. Ewen – Co-Editor Thomas R. Whyte – Co-Editor R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. – Co-Editor North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication Number 30 2011 Available online at: http://www.rla.unc.edu/NCAC/Publications/NCAC30/index.html CHEROKEE ETHNOGENESIS IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH CAROLINA Christopher B. Rodning Dozens of Cherokee towns dotted the river valleys of the Appalachian Summit province in southwestern North Carolina during the eighteenth century (Figure 16-1; Dickens 1967, 1978, 1979; Perdue 1998; Persico 1979; Shumate et al. 2005; Smith 1979). What developments led to the formation of these Cherokee towns? Of course, native people had been living in the Appalachian Summit for thousands of years, through the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi periods (Dickens 1976; Keel 1976; Purrington 1983; Ward and Davis 1999). What are the archaeological correlates of Cherokee culture, when are they visible archaeologically, and what can archaeology contribute to knowledge of the origins and development of Cherokee culture in southwestern North Carolina? Archaeologists, myself included, have often focused on the characteristics of pottery and other artifacts as clues about the development of Cherokee culture, which is a valid approach, but not the only approach (Dickens 1978, 1979, 1986; Hally 1986; Riggs and Rodning 2002; Rodning 2008; Schroedl 1986a; Wilson and Rodning 2002). In this paper (see also Rodning 2009a, 2010a, 2011b), I focus on the development of Cherokee towns and townhouses. Given the significance of towns and town affiliations to Cherokee identity and landscape during the 1700s (Boulware 2011; Chambers 2010; Smith 1979), I suggest that tracing the development of towns and townhouses helps us understand Cherokee ethnogenesis, more generally. -
Final Environmental Assessment
Document Type: EA-Administrative Record Index Field: Environmental Assessment Project Name: TVA System Operations Center and Power System Supply Project Number: 2019-1 TVA SYSTEM OPERATIONS CENTER AND POWER SYSTEM SUPPLY FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Bradley, Hamilton, and Meigs Counties, Tennessee Prepared by: TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY Chattanooga, Tennessee February 2020 Direct Comments to: Anita E. Masters NEPA Program Tennessee Valley Authority 1101 Market Street, BR 2C Chattanooga, Tennessee 37402 This page intentionally left blank Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 – PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION ......................................................................... 1 1.1 Proposed Action – Address the Current Physical and Reliability Risks Present in the Existing System Operations Center .................................................................. 1 1.2 Need for the Proposed Action .................................................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Physical Risks .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Reliability Risks .................................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Decisions to be Made ............................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Related Environmental Reviews or Documentation ................................................................. 8 1.5 Scoping -
Junaluska, the Cherokee Who Saved Andrew Jackson's Life and Made Him a National Hero, Lived to Regret It
Junaluska, the Cherokee who saved Andrew Jackson’s life and made him a national hero, lived to regret it. Born in the North Carolina mountains around 1776, he made his name and his fame among his own people in the War of 1812 when the mighty tribe of Creek Indians allied themselves with the British against the United States. At the start of the Creek War, Junaluska recruited some 800 Cherokee warriors to go to the aid of Andrew Jackson in northern Alabama. Joined by reinforcements from Tennessee, including more Cherokee, the Cherokee spent the early months of 1814 performing duties in the rear, while Jackson and his Tennessee militia moved like a scythe through the Creek towns. However, that March word came that the Creek Indians were massed behind fortifications at Horseshoe Bend. Jackson, with an army of 2,000 men, including 500 Cherokee led by Junaluska, set out for the Bend, 70 miles away. There, the Tallapoosa River made a bend that enclosed 100 acres in a narrow peninsula opening to the north. On the lower side was an island in the river. Across the neck of the peninsula the Creek had built a strong breastwork of logs and hidden dozens of canoes for use if retreat became necessary. Storming The Fort: The fort was defended by 1,000 warriors. There also were 300 women and children. As cannon fire bombarded the fort, the Cherokee crossed the river three miles below and surrounded the bend to block the Creek escape route. They took position where the Creek fort was separated from them by water. -
Cherokees in Arkansas
CHEROKEES IN ARKANSAS A historical synopsis prepared for the Arkansas State Racing Commission. John Jolly - first elected Chief of the Western OPERATED BY: Cherokee in Arkansas in 1824. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum LegendsArkansas.com For additional information on CNB’s cultural tourism program, go to VisitCherokeeNation.com THE CROSSING OF PATHS TIMELINE OF CHEROKEES IN ARKANSAS Late 1780s: Some Cherokees began to spend winters hunting near the St. Francis, White, and Arkansas Rivers, an area then known as “Spanish Louisiana.” According to Spanish colonial records, Cherokees traded furs with the Spanish at the Arkansas Post. Late 1790s: A small group of Cherokees relocated to the New Madrid settlement. Early 1800s: Cherokees continued to immigrate to the Arkansas and White River valleys. 1805: John B. Treat opened a trading post at Spadra Bluff to serve the incoming Cherokees. 1808: The Osage ceded some of their hunting lands between the Arkansas and White Rivers in the Treaty of Fort Clark. This increased tension between the Osage and Cherokee. 1810: Tahlonteeskee and approximately 1,200 Cherokees arrived to this area. 1811-1812: The New Madrid earthquake destroyed villages along the St. Francis River. Cherokees living there were forced to move further west to join those living between AS HISTORICAL AND MODERN NEIGHBORS, CHEROKEE the Arkansas and White Rivers. Tahlonteeskee settled along Illinois Bayou, near NATION AND ARKANSAS SHARE A DEEP HISTORY AND present-day Russellville. The Arkansas Cherokee petitioned the U.S. government CONNECTION WITH ONE ANOTHER. for an Indian agent. 1813: William Lewis Lovely was appointed as agent and he set up his post on CHEROKEE NATION BUSINESSES RESPECTS AND WILL Illinois Bayou. -
The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation
National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation (Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Benjamin Nance, photographer) The caravan was ready to move out. The wagons were lined up. The mood was somber. One who was there reported that "there was a silence and stillness of the voice that betrayed the sadness of the heart." Behind them the makeshift camp where some had spent three months of a Tennessee summer was already ablaze. There was no going back. A white-haired old man, Chief Going Snake, led the way on his pony, followed by a group of young men on horseback. Just as the wagons moved off along the narrow roadway, they heard a sound. Although the day was bright, there was a black thundercloud in the west. The thunder died away and the wagons continued their long journey westward toward the setting sun. Many who heard the thunder thought it was an omen of more trouble to come.¹ This is the story of the removal of the Cherokee Nation from its ancestral homeland in parts of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama to land set aside for American Indians in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Some 100,000 American Indians forcibly removed from what is now the eastern United States to what was called Indian Territory included members of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes. The Cherokee's journey by water and land was over a thousand miles long, during which many Cherokees were to die. -
800.438.1601
Cherokee Welcome Center VisitCherokeeNC.com 800.438.1601 Oconaluftee Indian Village, “ Unto These Hills” Outdoor Drama VisitCherokeeNC.com 866.554.4557 Fisheries & Wildlife Management FishCherokee.com 828.554.6110 Museum of the Cherokee Indian CherokeeMuseum.org 828.497.3481 Sequoyah National Golf Club SequoyahNational.com 828.497.3000 Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual, Inc. QuallaArtsAndCrafts.com 828.497.3103 VisitCherokeeNC.com | 800.438.1601 This is what Chapter II: Strangers I was told In 1540, Spanish explorer and conquistador Hernando de perception of the region. Peace made Soto came through here looking for gold, demanding food, alliances irrelevant and mounting when I was young. fighting, enslaving—despite what you may have heard, he pressure from land speculators made wasn’t a great guy. Worse were the diseases that came with the Cherokees an inconvenience. Cherokees begin a story the way their people have him. Lacking the immunity to combat these afflictions, In 1830 Andrew Jackson signed the for generations. It’s only fitting to start the story of indigenous peoples were nearly eradicated, victim to Indian Removal Act offering the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians the same way. plagues such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. territory out west in exchange for Chapter I: A Long Time Ago Nevertheless, the Cherokees continued their homeland. Five years later came the to work through diplomacy with the Treaty of New Echota, which ceded to the The Cherokees were hunters and gatherers, foraging newcomers for the next 200 years. federal government most of the Cherokee lands the Great Smoky Mountains and the lowlands east of the Mississippi, resulting in what is now By the late eighteenth century, seventy-five percent of the Southern Appalachians for food while referred to as the “Trail of Tears.” of Cherokee land had been lost through treaties with hunting, fishing, and trapping game. -
Trailword.Pdf
NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 (March 1992) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. For additional space, use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. _X___ New Submission ____ Amended Submission ======================================================================================================= A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ======================================================================================================= Historic and Historical Archaeological Resources of the Cherokee Trail of Tears ======================================================================================================= B. Associated Historic Contexts ======================================================================================================= (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) See Continuation Sheet ======================================================================================================= C. Form Prepared by ======================================================================================================= -
Trail of Tears: Music of the American Indian Diaspora a Smithsonian Folkways Lesson Designed By: Jennifer Carnevale the Masters School
Trail of Tears: Music of the American Indian Diaspora A Smithsonian Folkways Lesson Designed by: Jennifer Carnevale The Masters School Summary: The segments of this unit offer an investigation of the impact of circumstance on the music of a people through examination of several musical selections from the Five Nations heritage (Choctaw and Cherokee in particular) during and following the Trail of Tears of 1831 and 1838 respectively. Suggested Grade Levels: 5-8 Country: United States Region: Southeast, Southern Plains Culture Group: Five Nations, especially Choctaw and Cherokee Genre: indigenous, ballad, lament, dance Instruments: Voice, drums, and hand percussion Language: Cherokee, Choctaw, Muskogee language group vocables Co-Curricular Areas: History, Social Studies, Visual Art, Dance, English, Creative Writing National Standards: #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Prerequisites: A basic understanding of musical notation – both reading and writing – as appropriate for grade level. Not required, but helpful – an introduction to American History and the culture of American Indians (also appropriate for grade level.) Objectives • Students will listen to, analyze, and discuss several American Indian folk songs from the Five Nations Tribal Group with focus on Cherokee and Choctaw (National Standard # 6, 7) • Students will sing several American Indian folk songs (National Standard #1) • Students will add original instrumentation – composed but not notated - to a traditional American Indian folk song (National Standard #2,3) • Students will read notation of American Indian folk songs (National Standard #5) • Students will adapt and perform an American Indian folk song (National Standard #4, 5) • Students will become familiar with American Indian folk music of the Five Nations and its relationship to history (National Standard #8, 9) 1 Materials: Audio technology to play recordings in the classroom, reproductions of materials for students, hand percussion instruments, technology to show still images and video. -
2013 Trail News
Trail of Tears National Historic Trail Trail News Enthusiastic Groups Attend Preservation Workshops Large groups and enthusiastic properties, to seek help in identifying valuable preservation expertise from participation characterized two recently- previously unknown historic buildings representatives of three State Historic held Trail of Tears National Historic Trail along the trail routes, and to set priorities Preservation Ofces (SHPOs). Mark (NHT) preservation workshops. The among chapter members for actions Christ and Tony Feaster spoke on behalf frst took place in Cleveland, Tennessee, to be taken related toward historic site of the Arkansas Historic Preservation on July 8 and 9, while the second took identifcation and preservation. Program, and Lynda Ozan—who also place on July 12 and 13 in Fayetteville, attended the Fayetteville meeting— Arkansas. More than 80 Trail of Tears To assist association members in represented the Oklahoma SHPO. At Association (TOTA) members and expanding the number of known historic the Cleveland meeting, Peggy Nickell friends attended the workshops, which sites along the trail, the NPS has been represented the Tennessee SHPO. TOTA took place as a result of the combined working for the past year with the Center President Jack Baker, recently elected to eforts of the Trail of Tears Association, for Historic Preservation at Middle the Cherokee Nation’s Tribal Council, the National Park Service (NPS), and Tennessee State University. Two staf played a key leadership role at both Middle Tennessee State University in members from the center, Amy Kostine workshops. Murphreesboro. and Katie Randall, were on hand at both workshops, and each shared information Representatives of both the Choctaw The workshops had several purposes: to on what had been learned about newly- and Chickasaw nations were also in provide information about historic sites discovered trail properties. -
Cherokee Pottery
Ewf gcQl q<HhJJ Cherokee Pottery a/xW n A~ aGw People of One Fire D u n c a n R i g g s R o d n i n g Y a n t z ISBN: 0-9742818-2-4 Text by:Barbara Duncan, Brett H. Riggs, Christopher B. Rodning and I. Mickel Yantz, Design and Photography, unless noted: I. Mickel Yantz Copyright © 2007 Cherokee National Historical Society, Inc. Cherokee National Historical Society, Inc PO Box 515, Tahlequah, Oklahoma 74465 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage system or retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Cover: Arkansas Applique’ by Jane Osti, 2005. Cherokee Heritage Center Back Cover: Wa da du ga, Dragonfly by Victoria McKinney, 2007; Courtesy of artist. Right: Fire Pot by Nancy Enkey, 2006; Courtesy of artist. Ewf gcQl q<HhJJ Cherokee Pottery a/xW n A~ aGw People of One Fire Dr. Barbara Duncan, Dr. Brett H. Riggs, Christopher B. Rodning, and I. Mickel Yantz Cherokee Heritage Center Tahlequah, Oklahoma Published by Cherokee Heritage Press 2007 3 Stamped Pot, c. 900-1500AD; Cherokee Heritage Center 2, Cherokee people who have been living in the southeastern portion of North America have had a working relationship with the earth for more than 3000 years. They took clay deposits from the Smokey Mountains and surrounding areas and taught themselves how to shape, decorate, mold and fire this material to be used for utilitarian, ceremonial and decorative uses. -
John G. Burnett, “The Cherokee Removal Through the Eyes of a Private Soldier” December 11, 1890
John G. Burnett, “The Cherokee Removal Through the Eyes of a Private Soldier” December 11, 1890 Annotation By President Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828, the only large concentrations of Indian tribes remaining on the east coast were located in the South. The Cherokee had adopted the settled way of life of the surrounding—and encroaching—white society. They were consequently known, along with the Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw, as one of the “Five Civilized Tribes.” “Civilization,” however, was not enough, and the Jackson administration forced most of these tribes west during the first half of the 1830s, clearing southern territory for the use of whites. Chief John Ross was the principal chief of the Cherokee in Georgia; in this 1836 letter addressed to “the Senate and House of Representatives,” Ross protested as fraudulent the Treaty of New Etocha that forced the Cherokee out of Georgia. In 1838, federal troops forcibly displaced the last of the Cherokee from their homes; their trip to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) is known as the “Trail of Tears.” In May 1838, federal militias started to round up Cherokees and move them into stockades (concentration camps) in several southern states. They were then forced to march 1,000 miles westward. 4,000 to 6,000 Cherokees died as a result of the removal. The journey became known as “the Trail of Tears” or “the Trail where They Cried.” Fifty years later, in 1890, Private John Burnett, who served in the mounted infantry, told his children his memories of the Trail of Tears, which he described as the “execution of the most brutal order in the History of American Warfare.” This is my birthday, December 11, 1890. -
Chickamauga Land Management Plan
CHICKAMAUGA RESERVOIR FINAL RESERVOIR LAND MANAGEMENT PLAN Volume II MULTIPLE RESERVOIR LAND MANAGEMENT PLANS FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT August 2017 This page intentionally left blank Document Type: EIS Administrative Record Index Field: Final EIS Project Name: Multiple RLMPs & CVLP EIS Project Number: 2016-2 CHICKAMAUGA RESERVOIR Final Reservoir Land Management Plan VOLUME II MULTIPLE RESERVOIR LAND MANAGEMENT PLANS FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Prepared by Tennessee Valley Authority August 2017 This page intentionally left blank Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... II-V CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. II-1 1.1 Tennessee Valley Authority History ............................................................................. II-2 1.2 Overview of TVA’s Mission and Environmental Policy ................................................ II-2 TVA’s Mission ....................................................................................................... II-2 Environmental Policy ............................................................................................ II-3 Land Policy ........................................................................................................... II-3 Shoreline Management Policy .............................................................................