Complete List of Contents

Volume 1

Contents...... v Archaeology...... 47 Bow, Clara...... 106 Publisher’s Note...... ix Architecture...... 49 Boxing...... 107 Contributors...... xi Armstrong, Louis...... 52 Bread slicer...... 109 Art Deco...... 53 Bridge of San Luis Rey, The...... 110 Academy Awards...... 1 Art movements...... 54 Broadway musicals...... 111 A. C. Nielsen Company...... 2 Asia...... 57 Brooks, Louise...... 113 Adams, Franklin P...... 3 Asian Americans...... 59 Brotherhood of Sleeping Adding Machine, The...... 4 Astronomy...... 61 Car Porters...... 114 Adkins v. Children’s Hospital...... 5 Automobiles and auto Bryan, William Jennings...... 115 Advertising in Canada...... 6 manufacturing...... 63 Bubble gum...... 116 Advertising in the United Auto racing...... 67 Buck v. Bell...... 116 States...... 7 Aviation...... 68 Bulldozer...... 117 African Americans...... 11 Bungalows...... 118 Age of Innocence, The...... 14 Babbitt...... 73 Bunion Derby...... 119 Agricultural Marketing Act Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co...... 73 Bureau of Chemistry and of 1929...... 15 Baker, Josephine...... 74 Soils, U.S...... 120 Agriculture in Canada...... 16 Band-Aids...... 76 Burns and Allen...... 120 Agriculture in the United Banking...... 77 Bushman, Francis X...... 121 States...... 18 Bánky, Vilma...... 80 Business and the Aiken, Conrad...... 21 Banting, Frederick Grant...... 81 economy...... 122 Air Commerce Act of 1926...... 21 Bara, Theda...... 82 Byrd, Richard E...... 125 Airmail...... 22 Barrymore, John...... 82 Air Mail Act of 1925...... 23 Baseball...... 83 Cabell, James Branch...... 127 Air pollution...... 24 Bathing suits...... 86 Cable Act of 1922...... 128 Airships...... 26 Bathtub gin...... 87 California Institute of Alberta Sexual Sterilization Baylor Plan...... 87 Technology (Caltech)...... 129 Act...... 28 Beiderbecke, Bix...... 88 Canada and Great Britain...... 130 Alexander, Grover Cleveland...29 Bell, James “Cool Papa”...... 89 Canadian minority Algonquin Round Table...... 30 Bell Labs...... 90 communities...... 132 Ali, Noble Drew...... 31 Ben-Hur...... 91 Canadian nationalism...... 136 Alice Adams ...... 32 Berlin, Irving...... 91 Cancer...... 137 All God’s Chillun Got Wings...... 33 Better Homes in America Capablanca, José Raúl...... 140 American Civil Liberties movement...... 93 Capone, Al...... 140 Union (ACLU)...... 34 Birdseye, Clarence...... 94 Carmichael, Hoagy...... 142 American Federation of Birth control...... 95 Carr, Mary...... 143 Labor (AFL)...... 35 Black-and-tan clubs...... 96 Carter Family...... 143 American Mercury, The...... 37 Black Swan Records...... 97 Cascade Tunnel...... 144 Anderson, Marian...... 38 Bobbed hair...... 98 Castle Gate, Utah, mining Anderson, Sherwood...... 39 Bonus Act of 1924...... 99 disaster...... 145 Andrews, Roy Chapman...... 41 Book clubs...... 100 Cather, Willa...... 146 Anna Christie...... 42 Bookman, The...... 101 Cellophane...... 147 Anti-Semitism...... 43 Book publishing...... 102 Censorship...... 148 Appalachian Trail...... 45 Border Patrol, U.S...... 105 Chain stores...... 150 Arbuckle, Fatty...... 45 Bose, Sudhindra...... 105 Chandler, Harry...... 151

xix The Twenties in America

Chanel, Coco...... 152 Dance and choreography...... 217 Equal Rights Amendment...... 277 Chaney, Lon...... 154 Dances, popular...... 219 Eskimo Pie...... 278 Chaplin, Charlie...... 155 Darrow, Clarence...... 220 Eugenics movement...... 279 Charleston, The...... 157 Daugherty, Harry M...... 222 Europe...... 280 Chemistry...... 158 Davis, John W...... 223 Evangelism...... 283 Chinese Immigration Act Dawes, Charles G...... 224 of 1923...... 161 Dawes Plan...... 225 Fads...... 285 Chrysler, Walter P...... 162 Death Comes for the Fairbanks, Douglas, Sr...... 288 Chrysler Building...... 163 Archbishop...... 227 Farewell to Arms, A...... 289 Circus, The...... 164 Debs, Eugene V...... 228 Farm subsidies...... 290 Cities...... 165 DeMille, Cecil B...... 229 Fashions and clothing...... 292 City, The...... 169 Demographics...... 231 Faulkner, William...... 294 Civil rights and liberties...... 170 Dempsey, Jack...... 234 Faust, Frederick...... 296 Classical music...... 172 Demuth, Charles...... 236 Federal Aid Highway Act Cline, Genevieve R...... 175 Denby, Edwin...... 237 of 1921...... 298 Cloche hats...... 176 Denishawn School of Dancing Federal highway system...... 298 Cobb, Ty...... 177 and Related Arts...... 238 Federal Power Act Cocoanut Grove...... 178 Desire Under the Elms...... 239 of 1920...... 300 Cocoanuts, The...... 179 Detroit-Windsor Tunnel...... 240 Federal Radio Commission Cohan, George M...... 180 Dewey, John...... 241 (FRC)...... 301 Coleman, Bessie...... 181 Dial, The...... 242 Felix the Cat...... 302 Colman, Ronald...... 182 Differential analyzer...... 243 Ferber, Edna...... 303 Comic strips...... 183 Disney, Walt...... 244 Fields, W. C...... 305 Coming of Age in Samoa...... 184 Doolittle, Hilda...... 245 Film...... 305 Communism...... 185 Douglas Aircraft Fitzgerald, F. Scott...... 308 Compton, Arthur Holly...... 187 Company...... 246 Fitzgerald, Zelda...... 310 Coney Island...... 188 Du Bois, W. E. B...... 247 Flagpole sitting...... 312 Congress, U.S...... 189 Duncan, Isadora...... 249 Flappers...... 313 Coogan, Jackie...... 192 Durant, Will...... 250 Flesh and the Devil...... 314 Coolidge, Calvin...... 193 Dyer antilynching bill...... 251 Fokker, Anthony...... 315 Coolidge, Grace...... 196 Food, Drug, and Insecticide Copland, Aaron...... 197 Earhart, Amelia...... 253 Administration, U.S...... 316 Corrigan v. Buckley...... 198 Eastman, George...... 254 Food trends...... 318 Corrupt Practices Act Ederle, Gertrude...... 255 Football...... 321 of 1925...... 198 Education...... 256 Forbes, Charles R...... 323 Cotton Club...... 199 Einstein, Albert...... 259 Foreign policy, U.S...... 324 Cotton swabs...... 200 Elections, Canadian...... 260 Four Horsemen of Notre Cox, Ida...... 201 Elections, midterm, U.S...... 262 Dame...... 327 Cox, James M...... 202 Elections of 1920, U.S...... 264 Fox, William...... 327 Credit and debt...... 203 Elections of 1924, U.S...... 266 Foxx, Jimmie...... 329 Crimes and scandals...... 206 Elections of 1928, U.S...... 269 Freon...... 330 Crooners...... 209 Electrical recording...... 271 Frontier in American History, Crosby, Bing...... 210 Electrification...... 272 The...... 331 Crossword puzzles...... 211 Eliot, T. S...... 273 Frost, Robert...... 332 Cummings, E. E...... 212 Ellington, Duke...... 274 Frozen foods...... 333 Currency and coinage...... 214 Elmer Gantry...... 275 Fugitive, The...... 334 Curtis, Charles...... 215 Emperor Jones, The...... 276 Fugitive Poets...... 335

xx Complete List of Contents

Volume 2

Contents...... v Harlem Renaissance...... 383 International Business Complete List of Contents...... ix Harp Weaver and Other Poems, Machines (IBM)...... 450 The...... 386 International trade...... 451 Gambling...... 337 Hart, Lorenz...... 387 Inventions...... 454 Garbo, Greta...... 338 Haywood, Big Bill...... 388 Iron lung...... 457 Garvey, Marcus...... 340 Health care...... 389 Isolationism...... 458 Gehrig, Lou...... 342 Hearst, William Randolph...... 392 Izaak Walton League General, The...... 343 Hearst Castle...... 393 of America...... 459 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes...... 343 Hemingway, Ernest...... 395 Gershwin, George...... 344 Hester v. United States...... 397 Jannings, Emil...... 461 Gila Wilderness Area...... 345 Historiography...... 397 Japanese American Citizens Gilbert, John...... 346 Hobbies and recreation...... 400 League...... 462 Gipp, George...... 347 Hockey...... 404 Jazz...... 463 Girl Scout cookies...... 348 Holland Tunnel...... 405 Jazz Singer, The...... 466 Gish, Dorothy...... 348 Hollywood Bowl...... 406 Jews in Canada...... 468 Gish, Lillian...... 349 Hollywood sign...... 407 Jews in the United States...... 469 Gitlow v. New York...... 350 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr...... 407 Jim Crow in the U.S. South.....471 Goddard, Robert...... 351 Home furnishings...... 408 John Brown’s Body...... 472 Gold Diggers of Broadway...... 353 Homosexuality and gay John Keats...... 472 Gold Rush, The...... 353 rights...... 411 Johnson, Jack...... 473 Goldwyn, Samuel...... 354 Hood ornaments...... 413 Johnson, James Weldon...... 474 Golf ...... 355 Hoover, Herbert...... 414 Johnson, Judy...... 476 Gompers, Samuel...... 357 Hoover, J. Edgar...... 416 Jolson, Al...... 476 Graham, Martha...... 358 Hopper, Edward...... 417 Jones, Bobby...... 477 Grand Ole Opry, The...... 359 Hornsby, Rogers...... 419 Grange, Red...... 360 Horse racing...... 419 Kahanamoku, Duke...... 479 Grauman’s Chinese Theatre....361 Houdini, Harry...... 421 Kane, Helen...... 479 Great Gatsby, The...... 362 Housing...... 422 Keaton, Buster...... 480 Great Migration...... 363 Hubble, Edwin Powell...... 424 Keller, Helen...... 482 Great Mississippi Flood Hughes, Charles Evans...... 426 Kellogg, Frank B...... 483 of 1927...... 364 Hughes, Howard...... 427 Kellogg-Briand Pact Greed...... 366 Hughes, Langston...... 429 of 1928...... 484 Griffith, D. W...... 367 Hurston, Zora Neale...... 431 Kern, Jerome...... 486 Gross national product King, William Lyon of the United States...... 368 I’ll Take My Stand...... 433 Mackenzie...... 487 Group of Seven...... 370 Immigration Act of 1921...... 433 King of Kings, The...... 490 Grove, Lefty...... 371 Immigration Act of 1924...... 435 Kirby, Rollin...... 490 Immigration to Canada...... 437 Knickerbocker Storm...... 491 Hair dryers...... 373 Immigration to the United Koko the Clown...... 493 Hairstyles...... 373 States...... 439 Kool-Aid...... 494 Halibut Treaty of 1924...... 375 In the American Grain...... 442 Ku Klux Klan...... 494 Hallelujah!...... 376 Ince, Thomas H...... 442 Hall-Mills murder case...... 377 Income and wages...... 443 Labor strikes...... 497 Hammerstein, Oscar, II...... 378 Indian Citizenship Act La Follette, Robert M...... 500 Hammett, Dashiell...... 379 of 1924...... 447 Landis, Kenesaw Mountain....501 Hardin, Lillian...... 379 Installment plans...... 448 Lang, Eddie...... 502 Harding, Warren G...... 380 Insulin...... 449 Langdon, Harry...... 503

xxi The Twenties in America

Langley, John W...... 504 McKinsey, James Oscar...... 560 Natural resources, Lardner, Ring...... 505 McPherson, Aimee Semple.....561 exploitation of...... 614 Lasky, Jesse L...... 506 Mead, Margaret...... 563 Negro History Week...... 616 Latin America and the Medicine...... 564 Negro League Baseball...... 617 Caribbean...... 507 Meighen, Arthur...... 567 Newberry v. United States...... 619 Latinos...... 509 Mellon, Andrew...... 568 New Criticism...... 620 Laurel and Hardy...... 511 Mencken, H. L...... 569 Newspapers, U.S...... 621 League of Nations...... 513 Menuhin, Yehudi...... 571 New Yorker, The...... 624 League of United Latin Merry Widow, The...... 572 New York Yankees...... 626 American Citizens...... 515 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Nightclubs...... 627 League of Women Voters...... 515 (MGM)...... 572 Nineteenth Amendment...... 628 Leopold-Loeb murder case.....518 Mexico...... 574 Nixon v. Herndon...... 631 Lewis, John L...... 519 Meyer v. Nebraska...... 576 Nobel Prizes...... 632 Lewis, Sinclair...... 520 Micheaux, Oscar...... 577 Normand, Mabel...... 633 Lincoln Memorial...... 521 Migrations...... 578 Novarro, Ramón...... 635 Lindbergh, Charles...... 522 Millay, Edna St. Vincent...... 580 Lindsay, Vachel...... 524 Millikan, Robert Andrews...... 581 Oil Pollution Act of 1924...... 637 Lindy Hop...... 525 Miss America pageants...... 583 Okeechobee Hurricane Lippmann, Walter...... 525 Mitchell, Billy...... 584 of 1928...... 638 Literature in Canada...... 526 Mix, Tom...... 585 O’Keeffe, Georgia...... 639 Literature in the United Model A Fords...... 586 Oliver, Joe “King”...... 640 States...... 529 Montessori method...... 587 Olmstead v. United States...... 642 Little Blue Books...... 533 Moody, Helen Wills...... 588 Olympic Games of 1920 Lloyd, Harold...... 534 Moore v. Dempsey...... 589 (Summer)...... 643 Lodge, Henry Cabot...... 535 Morgan, Thomas Hunt...... 590 Olympic Games of 1924 Look Homeward, Angel...... 536 Morton, Jelly Roll...... 591 (Summer)...... 645 Los Angeles Aqueduct Motels...... 592 Olympic Games of 1924 dynamiting...... 537 Mount Rushmore...... 593 (Winter)...... 647 Los Angeles Memorial Movie palaces...... 594 Olympic Games of 1928 Coliseum...... 538 Museum of Modern Art (Summer)...... 648 Lost generation...... 539 (MoMA)...... 594 Olympic Games of 1928 Loudspeakers...... 541 Music, popular...... 595 (Winter)...... 651 Lowell, Amy...... 542 O’Neill, Eugene...... 652 Luce, Henry R...... 543 Nanook of the North...... 599 Organized crime...... 654 Lynching...... 545 National Association for the Orphans of the Storm...... 657 Advancement of Colored Ott, Mel...... 657 MacLeish, Archibald...... 547 People (NAACP)...... 599 Ouija boards...... 658 Macy’s Thanksgiving Day National Broadcasting Our Gang comedies...... 659 Parade...... 548 Company (NBC)...... 601 Ozawa v. United States...... 661 Magazines...... 549 National Conference on Mah-Jongg...... 551 Street and Highway Paddock, Charles...... 663 Main Currents in American Safety...... 603 Palmer raids...... 664 Thought...... 552 National debt of the United Parker, Dorothy...... 665 Main Street...... 553 States...... 604 Parrish, Maxfield...... 665 Man o’ War...... 553 National Football League Paul, Alice...... 666 Marathon dancing...... 554 (NFL)...... 605 Peanut butter and jelly Marin, John...... 555 National Parks of the United sandwiches...... 667 Marriage and dating...... 556 States...... 607 Pershing Map...... 668 Marx Brothers...... 557 Native Americans...... 608 Phillips, C. Coles...... 669 McFadden Act of 1927...... 559 Natural disasters...... 611 Philosophy and philosophers... 669

xxii Complete List of Contents

Photography...... 672 Political parties...... 686 President’s Daughter, The...... 696 Physics...... 675 Polygraph...... 689 Progressive Party of Pickford, Mary...... 678 Pornography...... 690 1924...... 696 Pierce v. Society of Sisters...... 679 Post, Emily...... 691 Prohibition...... 698 Piston, Walter...... 680 Postage stamps...... 692 Prophet, The...... 701 Player pianos...... 681 Pound, Ezra...... 694 Psychology, psychiatry, Poetry...... 682 President’s Conference and psychoanalysis...... 702 Polio...... 684 on Unemployment...... 695 Public Opinion...... 705

Volume 3

Contents...... v Rosenfeld, Fanny “Bobbie”...... 754 Sheppard-Towner Act...... 799 Complete List of Contents...... ix Ross, Harold...... 755 Show Boat...... 800 Ross, Nellie Tayloe...... 755 Shuffle Along...... 800 Racial discrimination...... 707 Route 66...... 757 Sinclair, Upton...... 801 Radio...... 710 Royal Canadian Air Force...... 758 Slang...... 802 Radio Act of 1927...... 713 Rural Life...... 759 Smith, Alfred E...... 804 Radio Corporation of Russian Famine Relief Act Smith, Bessie...... 806 America (RCA)...... 714 of 1921...... 762 Soccer...... 807 Railroads...... 715 Ruth, Babe...... 762 Social sciences...... 809 Railway Labor Act of 1926...... 719 Société Anonyme...... 812 Randolph, A. Philip...... 720 Saarinen, Eliel...... 765 Sound and the Fury, The...... 812 Rayon stockings...... 721 Sacco and Vanzetti case...... 766 Southern Agrarians...... 813 Recession of 1920–1921...... 722 Safety Last...... 767 Soviet Union and North Red Scare, The...... 723 Saint Valentine’s Day America...... 815 Reed, John...... 726 Massacre...... 768 Speakeasies...... 816 Refrigerators...... 727 Sandburg, Carl...... 770 Spiritualism...... 818 Reid, Wallace...... 728 Sanger, Margaret...... 771 Sports...... 819 Religion in Canada...... 729 Sarnoff, David...... 773 Spring and All...... 822 Religion in the United States.... 732 Sartoris...... 774 Steamboat Willie...... 823 “Return to Normalcy”...... 735 Schiaparelli, Elsa...... 774 St. Francis Dam disaster...... 824 Revenue Acts of 1924, 1926, Schindler, Rudolph...... 775 Stein, Gertrude...... 825 and 1928...... 736 Scholastic Aptitude Test Stella Dallas...... 827 Rhapsody in Blue...... 737 (SAT)...... 776 Stieglitz, Alfred...... 827 Ringling Bros. and Barnum Scholz, Jackson...... 777 Stock market crash...... 829 & Bailey Circus...... 738 Schultz, Dutch...... 778 Stone, Harlan Fiske...... 831 Rin Tin Tin films...... 739 Science and technology...... 779 Strange Interlude...... 833 Roach, Hal, Sr...... 739 Science fiction...... 784 Student Prince, The...... 834 Roaring Twenties...... 741 Scopes trial...... 786 Studies in Classic American Robeson, Paul...... 742 Sears, Roebuck and Co...... 788 Literature...... 835 Robinson, Edwin Sennett, Mack...... 789 Sturtevant, Alfred H...... 835 Arlington...... 743 Sesquicentennial Suburbs...... 836 Rocketry...... 745 Exposition...... 791 Sun Also Rises, The...... 838 Rockne, Knute...... 746 Sex and sex education...... 792 Supreme Court, U.S...... 839 Rockwell, Norman...... 748 Sexually transmitted Swanson, Gloria...... 841 Rodgers, Jimmie...... 749 diseases...... 795 Taft, William Howard...... 843 Rogers, Will...... 749 Sheik, The...... 797 Tales of the Jazz Age...... 845 Romberg, Sigmund...... 751 Shenandoah airship Talking motion pictures...... 845 Roosevelt, Franklin D...... 752 disaster...... 797 Tarkington, Booth...... 847

xxiii The Twenties in America

Taylor, William Desmond...... 848 Universal Negro Improvement Wright, Frank Lloyd...... 934 Teapot Dome scandal...... 849 Association (UNIA)...... 888 Wylie, Elinor...... 936 Teasdale, Sara...... 851 Urbanization...... 889 Telephone technology Yo-yos...... 937 and service...... 852 Valentino, Rudolph...... 893 Television technology...... 853 Vallée, Rudy...... 894 Ziegfeld, Florenz...... 939 Ten Commandments, The...... 855 Van Der Zee, James...... 895 Ziegfeld Follies...... 940 Ten Days That Shook the Vaudeville...... 896 Zworykin, Vladimir...... 941 World...... 856 Vidor, King...... 899 Tennis...... 857 Vitamin D discovery...... 899 Appendixes Theater in Canada ...... 859 Voting rights...... 900 Entertainment: Major Theater in the United Broadway Plays and States...... 861 Walker, Jimmy...... 903 Awards...... 945 Thief of Bagdad, The...... 864 Wallace, DeWitt...... 903 Entertainment: Major Films.....949 This Side of Paradise ...... 864 Waller, Fats...... 904 Entertainment: Radio Thompson machine Warner, Harry...... 905 Programs, Personalities, gun...... 865 Warner, Sam...... 906 and Firsts...... 957 Thorpe, Jim...... 866 Warner Bros...... 907 Legislation: Major U.S. Three Soldiers...... 868 Washington Naval Legislation...... 963 Tilden, Bill...... 868 Conference...... 908 Legislation: Major U.S. Tin Pan Alley...... 869 Waste Land, The...... 910 Supreme Court Tomb of the Unknown Weissmuller, Johnny...... 911 Decisions...... 967 Soldier...... 870 West, Mae...... 912 Literature: Best-Selling Books Tong Wars of Chinatown, West Virginia mining in the United States...... 972 San Francisco...... 871 disaster...... 912 Music: Popular Musicians...... 975 Toomer, Jean...... 872 Wharton, Edith...... 913 Music: Top-Selling U.S. Traffic signals...... 874 What’s O’Clock...... 915 Recordings...... 981 Transportation...... 875 Whiteman, Paul...... 915 Sports: Winners of Major Travel...... 877 Wilder, Thornton...... 916 Events...... 985 Tunney, Gene...... 880 Williams, William Carlos...... 918 Time Line...... 991 Wilson, Edith...... 919 Bibliography...... 1000 Unemployment...... 881 Wilson, Edmund...... 920 Glossary...... 1008 Unionism...... 883 Wilson, Woodrow...... 921 List of Entries by United Artists...... 886 Wings...... 922 Category...... 1013 United States v. Ninety-Five Women in college...... 923 Barrels Alleged Apple Women in the workforce...... 925 Indexes Cider Vinegar...... 887 Women’s rights...... 927 Photo Index...... 1025 United States v. United States Workers’ education...... 931 Personages Index...... 1029 Steel Corp...... 887 World War I veterans...... 932 Subject Index...... 1037

xxiv