DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rise of Canadian Raising of /Au/ in New Orleans English Katie Carmichael

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rise of Canadian Raising of /Au/ in New Orleans English Katie Carmichael The rise of Canadian raising of /au/ in New Orleans English Katie Carmichael Citation: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147, 554 (2020); doi: 10.1121/10.0000553 View online: https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0000553 View Table of Contents: https://asa.scitation.org/toc/jas/147/1 Published by the Acoustical Society of America ...................................ARTICLE The rise of Canadian raising of /au/ in New Orleans English Katie Carmichaela) Department of English, Virginia Tech, 181 Turner Street NW, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA ABSTRACT: New Orleans English (NOE) has always stood out amongst Southern Englishes, since NOE speakers do not participate in the Southern vowel shift, and instead display features more commonly associated with New York City English. While these traditional features of NOE are on the decline, this study establishes the adoption of a new feature in the dialect that is similarly distinctive within the Gulf South: the pre-voiceless raising of the nucleus of /au/. Based on statistical analyses and consideration of the social context in post-Katrina New Orleans, this paper argues that this feature is a change in progress which appears to pre-date the demographic shifts following Hurricane Katrina, and which arose independently rather than due to contact with /au/-raising speakers. The social and phonetic findings in this paper converge to support arguments for the naturalness of raising in pre-voiceless environments, and for the likelihood of this feature being more widely adopted within the region. Moreover, the presence of Canadian raising of /au/ in NOE represents an additional way that the local dialect continues to diverge from patterns in the vowel systems found in nearby Southern dialects, and retain its uniqueness within the American South. VC 2020 Acoustical Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0000553 (Received 17 January 2019; revised 2 November 2019; accepted 4 November 2019; published online 31 January 2020) [Editor: Irina A Shport] Pages: 554–567 I. INTRODUCTION Becker, 2018). These traditional features are on the retreat (Carmichael 2014, 2017), though there is evidence that The raising of the nucleus of /au/ and/or /ai/ preceding social developments in the city following Hurricane Katrina voiceless consonants is commonly referred to as “Canadian” in 2005 have had impacts on ideologies about these linguis- raising, in part because of the association of /au/-raising in tic features, and indeed conceptions about New Orleans lan- particular with a distinctly Canadian identity (Niedzielski, guage practices on the whole (Schoux Casey, 2016; Dajko 1999; Swan, 2017; Nycz, 2018). Despite its name and associ- and Carmichael, 2018). The existence of these documented ations, pre-voiceless diphthong raising is attested in various linguistic and social shifts raises the question of what NOE locations throughout the U.S., with /ai/-raising more common will sound like in future generations, especially as the after- than /au/-raising outside of Canada. That said, /au/-raising is effects of Katrina develop and stabilize. In this paper, I present outside of Canada and has indeed been examined in a suggest that the phonologically conditioned raising of /au/ number of Northern U.S. states along the Canadian border, represents an innovation that will continue to distinguish including Michigan (Dailey-O’Cain, 1997; Niedzielski, NOE from surrounding Southern dialects. This change in 1999), Vermont (Roberts, 2007), and Washington (Swan, progress is of interest for three key reasons: (1) in light of 2017). Within the Southern U.S., /au/-raising has been noted evidence that distinctive NOE features are being lost, it sug- historically in Coastal Atlantic states such as Maryland, gests that the dialect is not simply leveling as Englishes in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia some other Southern cities are doing (e.g., Baranowski, (Kurath and McDavid, 1961; Baranowski, 2007). Though 2007); rather NOE may be developing new local linguistic Canadian raising of /au/ has not been previously noted any- markers; (2) this post-Katrina dataset presents an opportu- where in the Inland/Gulf South, this study establishes its nity to examine broader questions about the relationship presence within a suburban White dialect of New Orleans between language change, mobility, and place orientation, English (NOE), and demonstrates its current status as a since speakers in this sample vary in terms of their move- change in progress. I examine the social patterning of this ments after the storm, and their affiliation with their pre- feature within this community, and consider the role of and post-Katrina homes; and (3) the data presented supports Hurricane Katrina in the adoption and spread of this variable. arguments in favor of the naturalness of pre-voiceless rais- New Orleans has been noted as something of a dialect ing, based on phonetic evidence as well as consideration of island within the South (Labov et al., 2006), with many the social context of its development. speakers featuring distinctly Northern-sounding linguistic features, in particular a number of phonological features II. CANADIAN RAISING IN CANADA AND THE U.S. shared with New York City English, such as raised /O/, non- rhoticity, and a split short-a system (Carmichael and Chambers (1973) coined the phrase “Canadian raising” to describe raising of the nucleus of /au/ and/or /ai/ before voiceless consonants. This phonologically conditioned rais- a)Electronic mail: [email protected] ing has been extensively examined throughout Canada 554 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 147 (1), January 2020 0001-4966/2020/147(1)/554/14/$30.00 VC 2020 Acoustical Society of America https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0000553 (Joos, 1942; Chambers, 1973, 1989, 2006; Chambers and raising in Kansas City without evidence of contact, and as I Hardwick, 1985; Kinloch and Ismail, 1993; Hagiwara, will argue in this paper, NOE presents evidence of pre- 2006; Rosenfelder, 2007; Sadlier-Brown, 2012; Hall, 2016; voiceless /au/-raising without evidence of contact. Thus, an Swan, 2017) and the U.S. (Kurath and McDavid, 1961; examination of this feature in NOE provides an opportunity Labov, 1963; Vance, 1987; Chambers, 1989; Dailey- to probe the question of naturalness without the issue of O’Cain, 1997; Baranowski, 2007; Roberts, 2007; Labov confounding population- and contact-based factors. et al., 2013; Baclawski et al., 2014; Swan, 2017). Within Within sociolinguistic examinations of /au/-raising in the U.S., /ai/-raising is more common than /au/-raising, with particular, questions have predominantly been centered on some researchers advocating for /ai/-raising without con- the social meaning of this variation and on its spread and comitant /au/-raising to be referred to as “American raising” adoption. A common finding across communities featuring (Davis et al., 2019). And indeed, there is evidence that /au/- /au/-raising is gendered patterning of change, with women raising strongly indexes Canadian nationality, due to stereo- leading changes both towards and away from pre-voiceless types about Canadian pronunciations of words like “out” /au/-raising (Chambers and Hardwick, 1985; Dailey- and “about” (Chambers, 1989; Dailey-O’Cain, 1997; O’Cain, 1997; Roberts, 2007; Sadlier-Brown, 2012; Hall, Boberg, 2010), while /ai/-raising does not (Nycz, 2018). 2016; Swan, 2017). There is also, as mentioned, a strong A central question in phonological research on pre- association of pre-voiceless /au/-raising with Canadian voiceless diphthong-raising has been whether this variation identity. This perception persists even though not all represents a phonemic versus allophonic split (see Mielke Canadian dialects feature /au/-raising. Niedzielski (1999) et al., 2003; Idsardi, 2006; Moreton, 2016; Hualde et al., demonstrated that Detroit listeners so robustly associated 2017). The phonemicization of diphthong raising is gener- /au/-raising with being Canadian that they misidentified ally established based on the existence of minimal pairs raised tokens as unraised when they were attributed to a with raised and unraised variants, such as rider/writer in the Detroit speaker as opposed to a Canadian. Moreover, Swan case of /ai/—where the underlying [t] is realized as a flap, (2017) showed that Vancouverites who express more rendering the trigger for raising “opaque,” or irretrievable national pride in being Canadian also demonstrate more from the surface representation. Examination of pre-flap pre-voiceless raising of /au/. In addition, Nycz (2018) found environments can further shed light on how the adoption of that speakers of Canadian English who live in the U.S. pro- diphthong raising progresses within a community when this duce lower pre-voiceless /au/ nuclei when expressing posi- feature is incipient, though such examinations have typically tive affect about the U.S., compared to when they talk been limited to /ai/-raising (see Fruehwald, 2016; Berkson positively about Canada, which she argued was evidence of et al., 2017; Bermudez-Otero, 2017). This may be due to the their alignment with a U.S.-based, rather than Canada- fact that /ai/-raising is more widespread than /au/-raising in based, identity in those moments. Notably, Nycz did not dialects of North American English, or due to /ai/’s greater find the same effect with /ai/-raising, which she argued was lexical frequency compared to /au/, both in general and in not a salient identifier of Canadian identity in the same way pre-flap environments (the only pre-flap minimal pair for that /au/-raising is. /au/ that could be argued to exist is “powder” vs “pouter,” Vocalic variation in NOE is not well described in gen- with the latter an extremely low frequency word, being a eral, but in the scant research that does document vowel variety of pigeon). pronunciations in NOE (predominantly consisting of While /au/-raising research is not particularly well- Master’s theses, dissertations, and broader dialectological suited to answering questions about the phonologization of surveys), /au/ variation is noticeably absent from descrip- raising on the basis of minimal pairs, it can still provide evi- tions of key NOE features.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Barthé, Darryl G. Jr.Pdf
    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Becoming American in Creole New Orleans: Family, Community, Labor and Schooling, 1896-1949 Darryl G. Barthé, Jr. Doctorate of Philosophy in History University of Sussex Submitted May 2015 University of Sussex Darryl G. Barthé, Jr. (Doctorate of Philosophy in History) Becoming American in Creole New Orleans: Family, Community, Labor and Schooling, 1896-1949 Summary: The Louisiana Creole community in New Orleans went through profound changes in the first half of the 20th-century. This work examines Creole ethnic identity, focusing particularly on the transition from Creole to American. In "becoming American," Creoles adapted to a binary, racialized caste system prevalent in the Jim Crow American South (and transformed from a primarily Francophone/Creolophone community (where a tripartite although permissive caste system long existed) to a primarily Anglophone community (marked by stricter black-white binaries). These adaptations and transformations were facilitated through Creole participation in fraternal societies, the organized labor movement and public and parochial schools that provided English-only instruction.
    [Show full text]
  • 153 Natasha Abner (University of Michigan)
    Natasha Abner (University of Michigan) LSA40 Carlo Geraci (Ecole Normale Supérieure) Justine Mertz (University of Paris 7, Denis Diderot) Jessica Lettieri (Università degli studi di Torino) Shi Yu (Ecole Normale Supérieure) A handy approach to sign language relatedness We use coded phonetic features and quantitative methods to probe potential historical relationships among 24 sign languages. Lisa Abney (Northwestern State University of Louisiana) ANS16 Naming practices in alcohol and drug recovery centers, adult daycares, and nursing homes/retirement facilities: A continuation of research The construction of drug and alcohol treatment centers, adult daycare centers, and retirement facilities has increased dramatically in the United States in the last thirty years. In this research, eleven categories of names for drug/alcohol treatment facilities have been identified while eight categories have been identified for adult daycare centers. Ten categories have become apparent for nursing homes and assisted living facilities. These naming choices function as euphemisms in many cases, and in others, names reference morphemes which are perceived to reference a higher social class than competitor names. Rafael Abramovitz (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) P8 Itai Bassi (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Relativized Anaphor Agreement Effect The Anaphor Agreement Effect (AAE) is a generalization that anaphors do not trigger phi-agreement covarying with their binders (Rizzi 1990 et. seq.) Based on evidence from Koryak (Chukotko-Kamchan) anaphors, we argue that the AAE should be weakened and be stated as a generalization about person agreement only. We propose a theory of the weakened AAE, which combines a modification of Preminger (2019)'s AnaphP-encapsulation proposal as well as converging evidence from work on the internal syntax of pronouns (Harbour 2016, van Urk 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • New Ways of Analyzing Variation
    October 10-12, 2019 University of Oregon Forests and trees V nwav48.uoregon.edu @nwav48 WA N 48 NEW WAYS OF ANALYZING VARIATION TABLE OF CONTENTS WELCOME! ................................................................................................................................................ 4 NWAV ANTI-HARASSMENT POLICY ................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 5 SPONSORS ......................................................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT REVIEWERS .................................................................................................................... 6 LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ................................................................................................... 7 NWAV STEERING COMMITTEE ......................................................................................................... 7 LOOKING FORWARD TO NWAV49 ......................................................................................................... 7 PROGRAM AT A GLANCE ........................................................................................................................ 8 SOME GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................................................ 9 STEERING COMMITTEE ELECTIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Phonological Variants in Louisiana Speech
    REGIONAL PHONOLOGICAL VARIANTS IN LOUISIANA SPEECH By August Weston Rubrecht A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1971 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. F. G. Cassidy, Jr., director of the Dictionary of American Regional English, for permission to use the tape recordings on which this study is based, and I want to thank him and the Dictionary staff for doing what they could from such a distance to make the field work as pleasant as possible. I especially recall Mrs. Laura Ducker's cheering notes and letters, and Dr. James Hartman's consideration in assigning additional communities once those in Louisiana had been finished. The names of all those in Louisiana who helped make the field work easier and the field worker more comfortable would comprise a list too long to give here. It would include all my informants, not just those who made tapes, and all those who helped direct me to prospec- tive informants, together with many others whose hospitality I enjoyed. I am especially grateful to the William R. Van Ripers at LSU in Baton Rouge and to Miller Williams, Thomas Preston, and John Mosier and their families at Loyola in New Orleans for their hospitality and assistance. In the writing of the dissertation, I gratefully acknowledge the advice and suggestions of my chairman. Dr. John Algeo, who has helped me avoid or correct a great many errors, omissions, and infelicitous turns of phrase.
    [Show full text]
  • Translating Non-Standard Language from English to Dutch
    Translating Non-Standard Language from English to Dutch: An Analysis and Exercise by Tom ten Hove 5568854 Master Thesis RMA Literair Vertalen (English) Utrecht University 09-04-2018 Supervisor: dr. C. Koster Second reader: prof. dr. A.B.M. Naaijkens Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................1 1.1. Contextualization of the research field ..............................................................................2 1.2. Corpus..............................................................................................................................3 2. Theoretical background...........................................................................................................5 2.1. Definitions of non-standard language varieties .................................................................5 2.1.1. Regional varieties ......................................................................................................7 2.1.2. Social varieties ...........................................................................................................7 2.1.3. Ethnic varieties...........................................................................................................8 2.1.4. Idiolects......................................................................................................................9 2.1.5. Overlapping ...............................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • New Cambridge History of the English Language
    New Cambridge History of the English Language Volume V: English in North America and the Caribbean Editors: Natalie Schilling (Georgetown), Derek Denis (Toronto), Raymond Hickey (Essen) I The United States 1. Language change and the history of American English (Walt Wolfram) 2. The dialectology of Anglo-American English (Natalie Schilling) 3. The roots and development of New England English (James N. Stanford) 4. The history of the Midland-Northern boundary (Matthew J. Gordon) 5. The spread of English westwards (Valerie Fridland and Tyler Kendall) 6. American English in the city (Barbara Johnstone) 7. English in the southern United States (Becky Childs and Paul E. Reed) 8. Contact forms of American English (Cristopher Font-Santiago and Joseph Salmons) African American English 9. The roots of African American English (Tracey L. Weldon) 10. The Great Migration and regional variation in the speech of African Americans (Charlie Farrington) 11. Urban African American English (Nicole Holliday) 12. A longitudinal panel survey of African American English (Patricia Cukor-Avila) Latinx English 13. Puerto Rican English in Puerto Rico and in the continental United States (Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo) 14. The English of Americans of Mexican and Central American heritage (Erik R. Thomas) II Canada 15. Anglophone settlement and the creation of Canadian English (Charles Boberg) NewCHEL Vol 5: English in North America and the Caribbean Page 2 of 2 16. The open-class lexis of Canadian English: History, structure, and social correlations (Stefan Dollinger) 17. Ontario English: Loyalists and beyond (Derek Denis, Bridget Jankowski and Sali A. Tagliamonte) 18. The Prairies and the West of Canada (Alex D’Arcy and Nicole Rosen) 19.
    [Show full text]
  • Membership List – October 2016
    Membership List – October 2016 Alabama Alabama Language Institute, Gadsden State Community College, Gadsden, www.gadsdenstate.edu/ali/alabama-language-institute.php English as a Second Language, Troy University, Troy, www.troy.edu English as a Second Language Program, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, www.aum.edu/esl English as a Second Language Program at Auburn, Auburn University, Auburn, www.auburn.edu/esl English Language Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, eli.ua.edu English Language Institute, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, www.jsu.edu/eli/ ESL Program, University of North Alabama, Florence, www.una.edu/international INTO Academic English Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, www.uab.edu/elp Arizona Center for English as a Second Language (CESL), University of Arizona, Tucson, www.cesl.arizona.edu Global Launch Intensive English Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, learnenglish.asu.edu The Program in Intensive English, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, nau.edu/cal/pie Arkansas English Learning Academy, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, www.astate.edu/info/admissions/international/esl-program/index.dot Intensive English Language Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, www.ualr.edu/ielp Spring International Language Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, www.uark.edu/international California AF International College, Los Angeles, www.afint.com AF International School of Languages, Westlake Village, www.afiwestlake.com American Academy
    [Show full text]
  • Voices of Jim Crow: Early Urban African American English in the Segregated South
    Voices of Jim Crow: Early Urban African American English in the Segregated South by Jeannine Carpenter Department of English Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Walt Wolfram, Supervisor ___________________________ Edna Andrews ___________________________ David Herman ___________________________ Erik Thomas ___________________________ Connie Eble Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 ABSTRACT Voices of Jim Crow: Early Urban African American English in the Segregated South by Jeannine Carpenter Department of English Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Walt Wolfram, Supervisor ___________________________ Edna Andrews ___________________________ David Herman ___________________________ Erik Thomas ___________________________ Connie Eble An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright by Jeannine Carpenter 2009 Abstract Debate about the development of African American English (AAE) dominated sociolinguistic inquiry for the second half of the 20th century and continues to be a subject of investigation. All hypotheses about the development of AAE integrate ideas of shared linguistic features coupled with strong regional influences or founding effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Speech Intelligibility in Reverberation and Noise
    THURSDAY MORNING, 7 DECEMBER 2017 STUDIO 9, 8:25 A.M. TO 11:40 NOON Session 4aAA Architectural Acoustics: Speech Intelligibility in Reverberation and Noise Roger W. Schwenke, Chair Meyer Sound Laboratories, 2832 San Pablo Ave., Berkeley, CA 94702 Chair’s Introduction—8:25 Invited Papers 8:30 4aAA1. Speech intelligibility studies in a historic multipurpose room. Ana M. Jaramillo (Olson Sound Design, LLC, 8717 Humboldt Ave. N, Brooklyn Park, MN 55444, [email protected]), Peggy B. Nelson (Speech-Language-Hearing Sci., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN), and Bruce C. Olson (AFMG Services North America, LLC, Brooklyn Park, MN) The Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences department at the University of Minnesota is located in Shevlin Hall, a historic building dating from the 1920s. Shevlin Hall has a large room on the first floor with a high coffered ceiling that is often used for receptions and presentations but also serves as a classroom. Students with hearing loss often complained about attending classes in Shevlin 110 due to its high reverberation times, combined with window AC unit noise, resulting in very degraded speech intelligibility. In 2013, the room went through renovations that addressed room acoustics, sound system design, as well as lighting and equipment (not including AC). Post-renovation measurements and subjective impressions have shown a significant improvement in speech intelligibility in the room. For this paper, we are looking at subject-based intelligibility tests to compare with prediction metrics and simulations, as well as collect- ing a qualitative narrative on the department’s impression on the room before and after renovations.
    [Show full text]
  • R‐Lessness in Post‐Katrina Greater New Orleans
    Journal of Sociolinguistics 21/5, 2017: 696–719 Displacement and local linguistic practices: R-lessness in post-Katrina Greater New Orleans1 Katie Carmichael Virginia Tech, Virginia, U.S.A Variable r-lessness in New Orleans English is a salient linguistic feature tied to local place-based identity. In this study, I examine rates of r-lessness in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, which caused large-scale displacement in the region. Participants come from the linguistically conservative suburb of Chalmette, where r-lessness is more robust than in New Orleans proper. Participants’ connections to Chalmette were measured in two ways: (1) post-Katrina location status, i.e. whether participants returned or relocated after the storm; (2) place orientation, captured via an ethnographically informed, multifaceted measure of stance and exposure to places outside of Chalmette. Analysis revealed that place orientation better predicts rates of r-lessness than post-Katrina location. I argue that the marked quality of r-lessness makes it available for identity-driven use to express a connection to Chalmette. This study demonstrates one way to account for the linguistic implications of individuals’ shifting allegiances to places they live(d). KEYWORDS: Sociolinguistic variation, place, identity, mobility, displacement, New Orleans English, r-lessness 1. INTRODUCTION Place has long been cited as an explanatory factor for linguistic variation. For instance, research in variationist sociolinguistics and dialect geography has demonstrated how language use across locales can reveal information about settlement patterns, contact, and sociopolitical developments. Likewise, certain regional linguistic variants can tie a speaker to a locale, echoing that place’s particular history and development.
    [Show full text]
  • Cajun English: a Linguistic and Cultural Profile 161
    CHAPTER 11 CAJUN ENGLISH: A LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PROFILE katie CarmiChaeL Louisiana’s cultural and linguistic heritage has always presented a gumbo of mixed influences (Picone and Valdman 2005; Melançon 2006), with the un- deniable role of French, among other languages, playing a part. The influence of French is particularly apparent in the varieties of English spoken through- out Acadiana, or francophone Louisiana. Acadiana consists of twenty-two Louisiana parishes (the equivalent of counties) that exhibit “strong French Acadian cultural aspects” (Louisiana House of Representatives 1971) (fig. 11.1). The number of fluent French speakers in these regions of “French” Loui- siana is dwindling, though there is evidence that the cultural and linguistic uniqueness of these areas carries on through English (Trépanier 1991; Dubois and Horvath 2000; Carmichael 2013). This chapter provides an introduction to Cajun English as a distinctive linguistic entity in its own right as well as an element of Louisiana’s cultural heritage. Cajun English interests linguists in part because of the particular linguistic patterns that have emerged as a result of long-term contact between French and English. And indeed, as more speakers shift to English, documenting these features becomes all the more urgent. Studying the structural effects of this historical contact and current linguistic shift can inform theories about how languages are organized in the brain and how social and political forces can affect linguistic choices and patterns (Winford 2003). Linguists also study Cajun English because of its role in the cultural revival of Cajunness, as both French and English have become commodified in the process of revalidating all things Cajun in Louisiana (Bankston and Henry 1998; Dubois and Horvath 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • William H. Christy and the Rise of the Louisiana Nativist Movement, 1835-1855
    University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations Dissertations and Theses Spring 5-13-2016 The “True American”: William H. Christy and the Rise of the Louisiana Nativist Movement, 1835-1855 Brett R. Todd University of New Orleans, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td Part of the Political History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Todd, Brett R., "The “True American”: William H. Christy and the Rise of the Louisiana Nativist Movement, 1835-1855" (2016). University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. 2197. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2197 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The “True American”: William H. Christy and the Rise of the Louisiana Nativist Movement, 1835-1855 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of New Orleans in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by Brett Todd BA, University of Southern Mississippi, Fall 2012 May 2016 Acknowledgments Though the following thesis is an individual work, I could not have completed this study without the advice, support, and guidance of many people.
    [Show full text]