DOCSLIB.ORG

R‐Lessness in Post‐Katrina Greater New Orleans

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
R‐Lessness in Post‐Katrina Greater New Orleans Journal of Sociolinguistics 21/5, 2017: 696–719 Displacement and local linguistic practices: R-lessness in post-Katrina Greater New Orleans1 Katie Carmichael Virginia Tech, Virginia, U.S.A Variable r-lessness in New Orleans English is a salient linguistic feature tied to local place-based identity. In this study, I examine rates of r-lessness in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, which caused large-scale displacement in the region. Participants come from the linguistically conservative suburb of Chalmette, where r-lessness is more robust than in New Orleans proper. Participants’ connections to Chalmette were measured in two ways: (1) post-Katrina location status, i.e. whether participants returned or relocated after the storm; (2) place orientation, captured via an ethnographically informed, multifaceted measure of stance and exposure to places outside of Chalmette. Analysis revealed that place orientation better predicts rates of r-lessness than post-Katrina location. I argue that the marked quality of r-lessness makes it available for identity-driven use to express a connection to Chalmette. This study demonstrates one way to account for the linguistic implications of individuals’ shifting allegiances to places they live(d). KEYWORDS: Sociolinguistic variation, place, identity, mobility, displacement, New Orleans English, r-lessness 1. INTRODUCTION Place has long been cited as an explanatory factor for linguistic variation. For instance, research in variationist sociolinguistics and dialect geography has demonstrated how language use across locales can reveal information about settlement patterns, contact, and sociopolitical developments. Likewise, certain regional linguistic variants can tie a speaker to a locale, echoing that place’s particular history and development. But individual places may have contested identities, resulting in varied views on what it means to be ‘from’ there (Modan 2007; Becker 2009). Moreover, speakers may have ties to more than one place, as the global population becomes increasingly mobile in contrast with the targeted NORMs (Non-Mobile Older Rural Males) of early dialectological research (Chambers and Trudgill 1998). As sociolinguists work to improve our © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd R-LESSNESS IN POST-KATRINA NEW ORLEANS 697 models of variation in situations of movement across dialect areas, factors relating to place orientation must be considered. In this study, I employ ethnographic and variationist sociolinguistic methods to examine a white, working-class dialect in Greater New Orleans (GNO). The linguistically conservative GNO suburb where this dialect is spoken, Chalmette, has seen large-scale displacement and reorganization since Hurricane Katrina devastated the region in 2005. To better understand the effects of this movement on linguistic features tied to place, I analyzed the speech of both individuals who returned following the storm (returners), and those who relocated to a different dialect area within GNO (relocators). Here, I report on linguistic data from 57 speakers, examining their rates of r-lessness, or variable absence of post-vocalic /ɹ/. Results demonstrate that overall, (r) patterning cannot be predicted by whether speakers returned or relocated following the storm. It is, however, predicted by a multi-faceted measure of place orientation, developed based on local insights after nine months of ethnographic fieldwork in the area. I propose, in conclusion, that sociolinguists consider including more complex measures of place orientation in models of variation. Engaging more deeply with speakers’ orientation to the places they live(d) would make our models better able to account not only for situations of displacement, but also for situations of immigration, gentrification, and globalization that have formed the focus of much recent sociolinguistic inquiry (e.g. Shin 2012; Newlin-Łukowicz 2015; Sharma and Rampton 2015). As the field has developed more flexible ways of measuring and analyzing identity factors like gender/sexuality (Kiesling 2008; Zimman, Davis and Raclaw 2014) and ethnicity (Benor 2010; Nagy, Chociej and Hoffman 2014), this paper builds upon others (e.g. Johnstone 2004; Becker 2009; Reed 2016) providing evidence that including nuanced treatment of place orientation as an identity factor in models of sociolinguistic variation can similarly improve our ability to account for the variation observed. 1.1 Place and displacement in sociolinguistic research Several foundational variationist studies focus on place in terms of orientation towards local versus extra-local norms. Labov (1972 [1963]) found that Martha’s Vineyard residents producing the highest rates of diphthong centralization were long-term residents that either lived in isolated parts of the island or expressed a strong desire to stay on the island. Milroy’s (1980) analysis of working-class neighborhoods in Belfast demonstrated that speakers with denser social networks – those who interacted with the same groups of people across different spheres – tended to adhere more closely to local linguistic norms. Finally, in Detroit, Eckert (2000) examined high schoolers she dubbed ‘jocks’ and ‘burnouts’ based on participation in school activities and desire to stay within the Detroit area. While jocks attended more to extra- local linguistic norms, burnouts featured higher rates of local Northern City © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd 698 CARMICHAEL Shift features, indicating each group’s orientation towards local linguistic norms. More recent research has noted the crucial role of not only local orientation, but also place identity, in linguistic expression. Johnstone’s work on Pittsburghese has shown that, as linguistic features become enregistered and tied to a given place (e.g. Pittsburgh), they become available for performance and commodification, to demonstrate that a given individual aligns themselves with popular notions of being ‘from’ that place (Johnstone, Bhasin and Wittkofski 2002; Johnstone 2009). Of course, not all individuals from a given place agree on what it means to be ‘from there’. Such conflicts about the identity of a locale can impact the linguistic strategies speakers use to construct a sense of place while challenging others’ ideas of their homeplace (cf. Mt. Pleasant in Washington, D.C. [Modan 2007]; the Lower East Side of Manhattan [Becker 2009]). In circumstances of displacement and migration, speakers’ relationships with places can become especially highlighted (Cotter and Horesh 2015). Sometimes these relationships are framed in terms of ethnic identity, especially in the case of immigration and diaspora (Hoffman and Walker 2010; Nagy, Chociej and Hoffman 2014; Newlin-Łukowicz 2015). However, in such contexts ethnicity, heritage, and homeland can become so closely intertwined as to be indistinguishable. Most research on displacement and migration is focused on situations where speakers cross oceans or political borders, facing integration into a new community with an unfamiliar culture and tongue (e.g. Schleef, Meyerhoff and Clark 2011; Sharma and Sankaran 2011). These sorts of L2 immigration contexts are fundamentally different from movement across dialectal boundaries within the same country, as issues of intelligibility and citizenship render these contexts hyper-salient for migrant and recipient community alike. For this reason, examination of movement on a smaller scale – across dialect boundaries but not national boundaries, for example – can provide a clearer picture of the subtle ways speakers exploit connections between places and their associated linguistic features. Geographic mobility in and of itself – even if speakers do not permanently relocate across dialect boundaries – has been shown to impact both linguistic production (Meyerhoff and Walker 2007; Urbatsch 2015) and perception (Clopper and Pisoni 2004). Moreover, the very existence of mobile speakers may highlight the ties between certain linguistic features and the places they are most commonly used, providing the opportunity for speakers to agentively produce variants that express orientation to one place or another (Johnstone, Andrus and Danielson 2006; Hazen and Hamilton 2008; Barnes 2016). In second dialect acquisition research, linguistic factors are often the primary focus, and social factors, if included, are typically limited to time spent in different dialect areas, or occasionally social networks (Nycz 2015). Such approaches do not account for personal agency in adhering to linguistic patterns tied to an identity a speaker values – such as being ‘from’ their © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd R-LESSNESS IN POST-KATRINA NEW ORLEANS 699 original dialect area, or being an ‘honorary member’ of their new dialect area. Degree of integration into the linguistic norms of a new location has indeed been shown to be dependent on intangibles, such as: • desire to return to the homeland (Drummond 2012); • development of positive relationships with individuals in the new speech community (Lybeck 2002); and • awareness of certain linguistic features being tied to social capital (Solomon 1999; Meyerhoff and Walker 2007; Hazen and Hamilton 2008; Cho 2012). Thus, a number of extralinguistic factors influence one’s orientation towards homeplace versus new terrains, and also the ways those ties are expressed linguistically. A goal in this study was to capture relevant factors that contribute to participants’ place orientation and to create a measurable scale of (extra-)local orientation that could be included in statistical analyses of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Barthé, Darryl G. Jr.Pdf
    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Becoming American in Creole New Orleans: Family, Community, Labor and Schooling, 1896-1949 Darryl G. Barthé, Jr. Doctorate of Philosophy in History University of Sussex Submitted May 2015 University of Sussex Darryl G. Barthé, Jr. (Doctorate of Philosophy in History) Becoming American in Creole New Orleans: Family, Community, Labor and Schooling, 1896-1949 Summary: The Louisiana Creole community in New Orleans went through profound changes in the first half of the 20th-century. This work examines Creole ethnic identity, focusing particularly on the transition from Creole to American. In "becoming American," Creoles adapted to a binary, racialized caste system prevalent in the Jim Crow American South (and transformed from a primarily Francophone/Creolophone community (where a tripartite although permissive caste system long existed) to a primarily Anglophone community (marked by stricter black-white binaries). These adaptations and transformations were facilitated through Creole participation in fraternal societies, the organized labor movement and public and parochial schools that provided English-only instruction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Canadian Raising of /Au/ in New Orleans English Katie Carmichael
    The rise of Canadian raising of /au/ in New Orleans English Katie Carmichael Citation: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147, 554 (2020); doi: 10.1121/10.0000553 View online: https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0000553 View Table of Contents: https://asa.scitation.org/toc/jas/147/1 Published by the Acoustical Society of America ...................................ARTICLE The rise of Canadian raising of /au/ in New Orleans English Katie Carmichaela) Department of English, Virginia Tech, 181 Turner Street NW, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA ABSTRACT: New Orleans English (NOE) has always stood out amongst Southern Englishes, since NOE speakers do not participate in the Southern vowel shift, and instead display features more commonly associated with New York City English. While these traditional features of NOE are on the decline, this study establishes the adoption of a new feature in the dialect that is similarly distinctive within the Gulf South: the pre-voiceless raising of the nucleus of /au/. Based on statistical analyses and consideration of the social context in post-Katrina New Orleans, this paper argues that this feature is a change in progress which appears to pre-date the demographic shifts following Hurricane Katrina, and which arose independently rather than due to contact with /au/-raising speakers. The social and phonetic findings in this paper converge to support arguments for the naturalness of raising in pre-voiceless environments, and for the likelihood of this feature being more widely adopted within the region. Moreover, the presence of Canadian raising of /au/ in NOE represents an additional way that the local dialect continues to diverge from patterns in the vowel systems found in nearby Southern dialects, and retain its uniqueness within the American South.
    [Show full text]
  • 153 Natasha Abner (University of Michigan)
    Natasha Abner (University of Michigan) LSA40 Carlo Geraci (Ecole Normale Supérieure) Justine Mertz (University of Paris 7, Denis Diderot) Jessica Lettieri (Università degli studi di Torino) Shi Yu (Ecole Normale Supérieure) A handy approach to sign language relatedness We use coded phonetic features and quantitative methods to probe potential historical relationships among 24 sign languages. Lisa Abney (Northwestern State University of Louisiana) ANS16 Naming practices in alcohol and drug recovery centers, adult daycares, and nursing homes/retirement facilities: A continuation of research The construction of drug and alcohol treatment centers, adult daycare centers, and retirement facilities has increased dramatically in the United States in the last thirty years. In this research, eleven categories of names for drug/alcohol treatment facilities have been identified while eight categories have been identified for adult daycare centers. Ten categories have become apparent for nursing homes and assisted living facilities. These naming choices function as euphemisms in many cases, and in others, names reference morphemes which are perceived to reference a higher social class than competitor names. Rafael Abramovitz (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) P8 Itai Bassi (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Relativized Anaphor Agreement Effect The Anaphor Agreement Effect (AAE) is a generalization that anaphors do not trigger phi-agreement covarying with their binders (Rizzi 1990 et. seq.) Based on evidence from Koryak (Chukotko-Kamchan) anaphors, we argue that the AAE should be weakened and be stated as a generalization about person agreement only. We propose a theory of the weakened AAE, which combines a modification of Preminger (2019)'s AnaphP-encapsulation proposal as well as converging evidence from work on the internal syntax of pronouns (Harbour 2016, van Urk 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • New Ways of Analyzing Variation
    October 10-12, 2019 University of Oregon Forests and trees V nwav48.uoregon.edu @nwav48 WA N 48 NEW WAYS OF ANALYZING VARIATION TABLE OF CONTENTS WELCOME! ................................................................................................................................................ 4 NWAV ANTI-HARASSMENT POLICY ................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 5 SPONSORS ......................................................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT REVIEWERS .................................................................................................................... 6 LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ................................................................................................... 7 NWAV STEERING COMMITTEE ......................................................................................................... 7 LOOKING FORWARD TO NWAV49 ......................................................................................................... 7 PROGRAM AT A GLANCE ........................................................................................................................ 8 SOME GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................................................ 9 STEERING COMMITTEE ELECTIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Phonological Variants in Louisiana Speech
    REGIONAL PHONOLOGICAL VARIANTS IN LOUISIANA SPEECH By August Weston Rubrecht A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1971 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. F. G. Cassidy, Jr., director of the Dictionary of American Regional English, for permission to use the tape recordings on which this study is based, and I want to thank him and the Dictionary staff for doing what they could from such a distance to make the field work as pleasant as possible. I especially recall Mrs. Laura Ducker's cheering notes and letters, and Dr. James Hartman's consideration in assigning additional communities once those in Louisiana had been finished. The names of all those in Louisiana who helped make the field work easier and the field worker more comfortable would comprise a list too long to give here. It would include all my informants, not just those who made tapes, and all those who helped direct me to prospec- tive informants, together with many others whose hospitality I enjoyed. I am especially grateful to the William R. Van Ripers at LSU in Baton Rouge and to Miller Williams, Thomas Preston, and John Mosier and their families at Loyola in New Orleans for their hospitality and assistance. In the writing of the dissertation, I gratefully acknowledge the advice and suggestions of my chairman. Dr. John Algeo, who has helped me avoid or correct a great many errors, omissions, and infelicitous turns of phrase.
    [Show full text]
  • Translating Non-Standard Language from English to Dutch
    Translating Non-Standard Language from English to Dutch: An Analysis and Exercise by Tom ten Hove 5568854 Master Thesis RMA Literair Vertalen (English) Utrecht University 09-04-2018 Supervisor: dr. C. Koster Second reader: prof. dr. A.B.M. Naaijkens Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................1 1.1. Contextualization of the research field ..............................................................................2 1.2. Corpus..............................................................................................................................3 2. Theoretical background...........................................................................................................5 2.1. Definitions of non-standard language varieties .................................................................5 2.1.1. Regional varieties ......................................................................................................7 2.1.2. Social varieties ...........................................................................................................7 2.1.3. Ethnic varieties...........................................................................................................8 2.1.4. Idiolects......................................................................................................................9 2.1.5. Overlapping ...............................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • New Cambridge History of the English Language
    New Cambridge History of the English Language Volume V: English in North America and the Caribbean Editors: Natalie Schilling (Georgetown), Derek Denis (Toronto), Raymond Hickey (Essen) I The United States 1. Language change and the history of American English (Walt Wolfram) 2. The dialectology of Anglo-American English (Natalie Schilling) 3. The roots and development of New England English (James N. Stanford) 4. The history of the Midland-Northern boundary (Matthew J. Gordon) 5. The spread of English westwards (Valerie Fridland and Tyler Kendall) 6. American English in the city (Barbara Johnstone) 7. English in the southern United States (Becky Childs and Paul E. Reed) 8. Contact forms of American English (Cristopher Font-Santiago and Joseph Salmons) African American English 9. The roots of African American English (Tracey L. Weldon) 10. The Great Migration and regional variation in the speech of African Americans (Charlie Farrington) 11. Urban African American English (Nicole Holliday) 12. A longitudinal panel survey of African American English (Patricia Cukor-Avila) Latinx English 13. Puerto Rican English in Puerto Rico and in the continental United States (Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo) 14. The English of Americans of Mexican and Central American heritage (Erik R. Thomas) II Canada 15. Anglophone settlement and the creation of Canadian English (Charles Boberg) NewCHEL Vol 5: English in North America and the Caribbean Page 2 of 2 16. The open-class lexis of Canadian English: History, structure, and social correlations (Stefan Dollinger) 17. Ontario English: Loyalists and beyond (Derek Denis, Bridget Jankowski and Sali A. Tagliamonte) 18. The Prairies and the West of Canada (Alex D’Arcy and Nicole Rosen) 19.
    [Show full text]
  • Membership List – October 2016
    Membership List – October 2016 Alabama Alabama Language Institute, Gadsden State Community College, Gadsden, www.gadsdenstate.edu/ali/alabama-language-institute.php English as a Second Language, Troy University, Troy, www.troy.edu English as a Second Language Program, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, www.aum.edu/esl English as a Second Language Program at Auburn, Auburn University, Auburn, www.auburn.edu/esl English Language Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, eli.ua.edu English Language Institute, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, www.jsu.edu/eli/ ESL Program, University of North Alabama, Florence, www.una.edu/international INTO Academic English Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, www.uab.edu/elp Arizona Center for English as a Second Language (CESL), University of Arizona, Tucson, www.cesl.arizona.edu Global Launch Intensive English Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, learnenglish.asu.edu The Program in Intensive English, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, nau.edu/cal/pie Arkansas English Learning Academy, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, www.astate.edu/info/admissions/international/esl-program/index.dot Intensive English Language Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, www.ualr.edu/ielp Spring International Language Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, www.uark.edu/international California AF International College, Los Angeles, www.afint.com AF International School of Languages, Westlake Village, www.afiwestlake.com American Academy
    [Show full text]
  • Voices of Jim Crow: Early Urban African American English in the Segregated South
    Voices of Jim Crow: Early Urban African American English in the Segregated South by Jeannine Carpenter Department of English Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Walt Wolfram, Supervisor ___________________________ Edna Andrews ___________________________ David Herman ___________________________ Erik Thomas ___________________________ Connie Eble Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 ABSTRACT Voices of Jim Crow: Early Urban African American English in the Segregated South by Jeannine Carpenter Department of English Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Walt Wolfram, Supervisor ___________________________ Edna Andrews ___________________________ David Herman ___________________________ Erik Thomas ___________________________ Connie Eble An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright by Jeannine Carpenter 2009 Abstract Debate about the development of African American English (AAE) dominated sociolinguistic inquiry for the second half of the 20th century and continues to be a subject of investigation. All hypotheses about the development of AAE integrate ideas of shared linguistic features coupled with strong regional influences or founding effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Speech Intelligibility in Reverberation and Noise
    THURSDAY MORNING, 7 DECEMBER 2017 STUDIO 9, 8:25 A.M. TO 11:40 NOON Session 4aAA Architectural Acoustics: Speech Intelligibility in Reverberation and Noise Roger W. Schwenke, Chair Meyer Sound Laboratories, 2832 San Pablo Ave., Berkeley, CA 94702 Chair’s Introduction—8:25 Invited Papers 8:30 4aAA1. Speech intelligibility studies in a historic multipurpose room. Ana M. Jaramillo (Olson Sound Design, LLC, 8717 Humboldt Ave. N, Brooklyn Park, MN 55444, [email protected]), Peggy B. Nelson (Speech-Language-Hearing Sci., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN), and Bruce C. Olson (AFMG Services North America, LLC, Brooklyn Park, MN) The Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences department at the University of Minnesota is located in Shevlin Hall, a historic building dating from the 1920s. Shevlin Hall has a large room on the first floor with a high coffered ceiling that is often used for receptions and presentations but also serves as a classroom. Students with hearing loss often complained about attending classes in Shevlin 110 due to its high reverberation times, combined with window AC unit noise, resulting in very degraded speech intelligibility. In 2013, the room went through renovations that addressed room acoustics, sound system design, as well as lighting and equipment (not including AC). Post-renovation measurements and subjective impressions have shown a significant improvement in speech intelligibility in the room. For this paper, we are looking at subject-based intelligibility tests to compare with prediction metrics and simulations, as well as collect- ing a qualitative narrative on the department’s impression on the room before and after renovations.
    [Show full text]
  • Cajun English: a Linguistic and Cultural Profile 161
    CHAPTER 11 CAJUN ENGLISH: A LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PROFILE katie CarmiChaeL Louisiana’s cultural and linguistic heritage has always presented a gumbo of mixed influences (Picone and Valdman 2005; Melançon 2006), with the un- deniable role of French, among other languages, playing a part. The influence of French is particularly apparent in the varieties of English spoken through- out Acadiana, or francophone Louisiana. Acadiana consists of twenty-two Louisiana parishes (the equivalent of counties) that exhibit “strong French Acadian cultural aspects” (Louisiana House of Representatives 1971) (fig. 11.1). The number of fluent French speakers in these regions of “French” Loui- siana is dwindling, though there is evidence that the cultural and linguistic uniqueness of these areas carries on through English (Trépanier 1991; Dubois and Horvath 2000; Carmichael 2013). This chapter provides an introduction to Cajun English as a distinctive linguistic entity in its own right as well as an element of Louisiana’s cultural heritage. Cajun English interests linguists in part because of the particular linguistic patterns that have emerged as a result of long-term contact between French and English. And indeed, as more speakers shift to English, documenting these features becomes all the more urgent. Studying the structural effects of this historical contact and current linguistic shift can inform theories about how languages are organized in the brain and how social and political forces can affect linguistic choices and patterns (Winford 2003). Linguists also study Cajun English because of its role in the cultural revival of Cajunness, as both French and English have become commodified in the process of revalidating all things Cajun in Louisiana (Bankston and Henry 1998; Dubois and Horvath 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • William H. Christy and the Rise of the Louisiana Nativist Movement, 1835-1855
    University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations Dissertations and Theses Spring 5-13-2016 The “True American”: William H. Christy and the Rise of the Louisiana Nativist Movement, 1835-1855 Brett R. Todd University of New Orleans, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td Part of the Political History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Todd, Brett R., "The “True American”: William H. Christy and the Rise of the Louisiana Nativist Movement, 1835-1855" (2016). University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. 2197. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2197 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The “True American”: William H. Christy and the Rise of the Louisiana Nativist Movement, 1835-1855 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of New Orleans in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by Brett Todd BA, University of Southern Mississippi, Fall 2012 May 2016 Acknowledgments Though the following thesis is an individual work, I could not have completed this study without the advice, support, and guidance of many people.
    [Show full text]