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Abscisic Acid Related Metabolites in Sweet Cherry Buds (Prunus Avium

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Abscisic Acid Related Metabolites in Sweet Cherry Buds (Prunus Avium l of Hortic na ul r tu u r Chmielewski et al., J Hortic 2018, 5:1 o e J Journal of Horticulture DOI: 10.4172/2376-0354.1000221 ISSN: 2376-0354 ResearchResearch Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Abscisic Acid Related Metabolites in Sweet Cherry Buds (Prunus avium L.) Chmielewski FM1*, Baldermann S2,3, Götz KP1, Homann T2, Gödeke K4, Schumacher F2,5, Huschek G4 and Rawel HM2 1Agricultural Climatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany 2Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany 3Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany 4IGV Institute of Grain Processing GmbH, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 40/41, D-14558, Nuthetal OT Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany 5Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr, 55, 45122 Essen, Germany Abstract As our climate changes, plant mechanisms involved for dormancy release become increasingly important for commercial orchards. It is generally believed that abscisic acid (ABA) is a key hormone that responds to various environmental stresses which affects bud dormancy. For this reason, a multi-year study was initiated to obtain data on plant metabolites during winter rest and ontogenetic development in sweet cherry buds (Prunus avium L.). In this paper, we report on metabolites involved in ABA synthesis and catabolism and its effect on bud dormancy in the years 2014/15-2016/17. In previous work, the timings of the different phases of para-, endo-, ecodormancy and ontogenetic development for cherry flower buds of the cultivar ‘Summit’ were determined, based on classical climate chamber experiments and changes in the bud’s water content. Based on these time phases, we focused now on the different aspects of the ABA-metabolism. The results show that there is a continual synthesis of ABA about 5 weeks before leaf fall, and a degradation of ABA during ecodormancy and bud development until the phenological stage ‘open cluster’. This is confirmed by relating the ABA content to that of the total precursor carotenoids, neoxanthin and violaxanthin. The tentative monitoring of individual intermediate metabolites revealed that dihydroxyphaseic acid is the most abundant catabolite of ABA and ABA glucosyl ester is in terms of mass intensity, the most abundant ABA metabolite observed in this study. The results suggest that the direct route for ABA biosynthesis from farnesyl pyrophosphate may also be relevant in cherry flower buds. Keywords: Dormancy; Abscisic acid; Synthesis; Catabolism, Prunus may affect the bud dormancy. NCED specifically catalyzes thereby the avium L.; Flower buds oxidative cleavage of xanthophylls, 9-cis-violaxanthin and/or 9′-cis- neoxanthin to produce xanthoxin (Figure 1A) [2]. After the cleavage of Introduction 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids, xanthoxin is converted to ABA in the cytosol and three possible pathways have been proposed via abscisic aldehyde, In many European countries within the temperate latitudes, the xanthoxic acid or abscisic alcohol (Figure 1A) [2]. For example, an varying timing of dormancy release poses a major obstacle to commercial overexpression of the enzyme NCED in tomato seeds was shown to agriculture of fruits and berries [1]. The transition between dormancy induce an increased ABA level and dormancy [11]. An induction of and flowering also represents a critical stage in the life cycle of higher NCED seems also sufficient to suppress germination of imbibed seeds plants and is therefore also an important ecological trait. Abscisic acid even when conditions for a dormancy release are realized [12]. Recent (ABA) is involved in a variety of plant development and environmental studies show that besides NCED, a RING H2-type zinc-finger protein stress responses including dormancy and growth regulation, leaf XERICO up regulation may also cause a dramatic increase in cellular senescence and desiccation tolerance [2-5]. ABA belongs to the class ABA level and has been reported to be closely related to drought of secondary plant metabolites and can be structurally classified to tolerance [5]. the group of isoprenoids, derived from the common five-carbon (C5) precursor, isopentenyl phosphate [6]. Many studies document that With regard to bud dormancy, ABA levels have also been ABA content and reduced seed dormancy is very closely related [2,6- discussed to increase in autumn as a signal of shorter day-length [1]. 8]. In this context, ABA has also been shown to be involved as one of The onset of autumn causes an inactivation of metabolism which is the central regulator of bud dormancy [1]. There are some similarities, consequently re-configured toward the acquisition of cold tolerance but also differences between seed and bud dormancy, suggesting and the accumulation of storage compounds [13]. Light (day length/ that there might be different molecular mechanisms contributing to light intensity), ethylene, and ABA have been discussed as major signal ABA synthesis during winter rest [9]. ABA deficiency and lack of its elements that act consecutively to control bud development by setting, synthesis, or interference in ABA signaling pathway, may result in a dormancy loss, whereas a down regulation of ABA inactivation may cause an increased depth of dormancy [1,6,10]. *Corresponding author: Chmielewski FM, Professorship of Agricultural Climatology, Agricultural Climatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt- ABA synthesis is effectively influenced by the preceding epoxy- University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Tel: +49 30 2093 46395; Fax: +49 30 2093 46488; E-mail: [email protected] carotenoid synthesis. Initially a two-step epoxidation of zeaxanthin occurs via antheraxanthin to form all-trans-violaxanthin catalyzed Received January 22, 2018; Accepted February 05, 2018; Published February 12, 2018 by zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) [2]. Mutants impaired in ZEP have been shown to accumulate zeaxanthin and show a significant Citation: Chmielewski FM, Baldermann S, Götz KP, Homann T, Gödeke K, et al. (2018) Abscisic Acid Related Metabolites in Sweet Cherry Buds (Prunus avium L.). J Hortic 5: 221. reduction in ABA content [6]. The next intermediately processes doi: 10.4172/2376-0354.1000221 include the formation of cis-isomers of violaxanthin and neoxanthin. Copyright: © 2018 Chmielewski FM, et al. This is an open-access article distributed The following key regulatory step has been attributed to 9-cis- under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) which induces a carotenoid unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the cleavage resulting in the modulation of ABA synthesis, which in turn original author and source are credited. J Hortic, an open access journal Volume 5 • Issue 1 • 1000221 ISSN: 2376-0354 Citation: Chmielewski FM, Baldermann S, Götz KP, Homann T, Gödeke K, et al. (2018) Abscisic Acid Related Metabolites in Sweet Cherry Buds (Prunus avium L.). J Hortic 5: 221. doi: 10.4172/2376-0354.1000221 Page 2 of 9 modifying, or terminating these processes [13]. The role of ABA and ABA-responsive factors in dormancy maintenance/modulation in buds has been mainly addressed in poplar trees [14]. Corresponding data on O poplar buds reveal that with increasing levels of ABA, the regulators of H ABA biosynthesis and ABA signal transduction components were also -cis-iolaanthin positively modulated [13,15,16]. Accordingly, a decrease in endogenous ABA level also preceded the consequent release of bud dormancy in birch, grapevine, and potatoes [1,17-20]. In potato, the diminishing O ABA content throughout the dormancy cycle was correlated with a H decreased expression of NCED [21]. Incubation of single-node cuttings -cis-eoanthin of grapevine buds with exogenous ABA, resulted in a significant O decrease of the bud-break percentage relative to the control population – the results testify that exogenous ABA delays bud break of dormant buds [1]. The inhibitory effect of ABA on bud burst also seems to be sensitive to seasonal changes and depends on the developmental stage H of the bud as well as endogenous ABA catabolic metabolism (Figure NCED C 1B) [1]. The endogenous ABA level is modulated by the precise balance between biosynthesis and catabolism of this hormone [6]. The ABA catabolism is thought to proceed through a major pathway an H involving hydroxylation to 8’-hydroxy ABA by cytochrome P450, followed by spontaneous isomerization into phaseic acid (PA) and reduction to dihydrophaseic acid (DPA) [6,22-24]. On the other O anA CH hand, ABA is inactivated by conjugation with sugars. ABA glucosyl H ester (ABA-GE) is one of the predominant ABA conjugates [1,24,25]. SDR ABAld O ABA 8’-hydroxylase is most likely the major regulatory enzyme in CH H many physiological processes involved in the ABA catabolism [6]. The regulation of ABA metabolism is not merely restricted to specific H ABAH CH steps in ABA metabolism (i.e., NCED and ABA 8’-hydroxylase), but O is also coordinated with the upstream metabolism (genes encoding AO ABA H regulatory enzymes for the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate – CH2H O MEP) pathway (1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase), carotenoid biosynthesis (phytoene synthase), and xanthophyll cycle (zeaxanthin H CH epoxidase – ZEP) [6]. The application of ABA also indicates that many O biosynthetic and catabolic genes are
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