DAVIS MODEL UNITED NATIONS

Joint Crisis Committee: The Law Enforcement

Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018

Letter from the Head Chair

Hello Delegates,

My name is Alexis Roberts and I will be your Head Chair for the Number One

Committee. As your Head Chair I am honored to welcome you to the Law Enforcement against the Crisis. I am currently a Third year at UC Davis and I am studying

International Relations with an emphasis in public and environmental health as well as

International Agricultural Development. I have been a member of Model United Nations since my first year at UC Davis, and this will be my second-time head chairing for DMUNC. Though I am somewhat new to Model United Nations, I have grown extremely passionate about not only the thought-provoking, historical issues that are discussed during committee sessions but about the debate that is developed as well. For this reason, I hope you enjoy this intense, corrupt and crime filled crisis!

I look forward to working with all of you. If you have any questions, you may contact me through my email at: [email protected].

Sincerely,

Alexis Roberts Head Chair, Joint Crisis Committee, Chicago Law Enforcement, DMUNC XVI [email protected]

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018

Background Information Introduction

It is the roaring 20’s in Chicago, a time of economic wealth and prosperity. However, with great monetary growth, follows immense corruption. Criminals feel emboldened to take advantage of the American on alcohol and are making quite a profit from it. As the

Federal Bureau of Investigation, it is your mission to stop the viral epidemic of gang violence sweeping Chicago. An estimated 1,300 gangs have sprung into existence, bringing: bank ​ robberies, kidnapping, auto theft, gambling, drug trafficking and . It is difficult to catch ​ the head perpetrator when there are so many. When the FBI finds one lead gang member, another one pops up. However, there is one lead gang member that the FBI has been targeting for years, and that is . Capone is the “Hydra” of members, when one member gets caught, another three join Capone. But if the FBI and other Prohibition Officers can reach Capone, the entire alcohol distribution operation may be halted. Law enforcement efforts need to increase; constant petrol must take place in the North and South side, leaving it to FBI to find more strategies. At this time, there is little organization and efficiency within the agency (Wack). It is

Hoover who has assisted in getting the FBI on its feet. One of the most important forms of identification Hoover has helped the FBI adopt is the consolidation of fingerprints. Such methods are integral in the findings of gang members and should be used extensively. To solve the hotbed of criminality, it is up to the FBI to develop modern technologies to find the perpetrators of the crime. Secretive consultations amongst politicians may also be an efficient way of tracing the gang’s footsteps. The FBI must demonstrate that the FBI is not immune to Al Capone and the

Chicago Outfit bribery. From what the FBI has gathered already, Al Capone has started to

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 smuggle alcohol from Canada. The FBI’s main goal to find corrupt police and politicians, prevent expansion of gangs, cut the distribution of alcohol, trace his taxes and ultimately, prosecute Al Capone.

Limited alcohol and relentless violence encapsulated the chaos that was Chicago in the

1920’s. Prohibition turned law abiding citizens into alcohol dealing criminals. Scarface, or Al

Capone, became the most well known and crooked man in the underworld. National Prohibition lasted from 1920 to 1923 and put the fifth largest industry in the US out of business. This would become an opportunity to formulate a lucrative career out of illegally selling and smuggling

th black market alcohol for high prices. According Congressman La Guardia, the 18 ​ amendment ​ was a disaster. It had created “contempt and disregard for the law all over the country (Burns).”

He was not wrong. Though the laws for alcohol changed, the demand did not, from poor to rich the population wanted alcohol, and would purchase it illegally if they had to. As this was an illegal trade, it went without taxation, the illegal nature of alcoholic production incited the police and federal law members to investigate (Burns). Capone said himself that he is “just a businessman giving the people what they want.” It wasn’t as simple as that however, this illegal production was managed by gangs and often resulted in insurmountable violence and corruption.

Much of the profit from bootlegging went to Capone himself, other leading gang members, as well as corrupt law enforcement officials, as without them, carrying out the business would have been impossible (Binder). In Chicago, the “growing anti-vice movement pressured police into cracking down on the city’s vice districts before WW1, but under major William Thompson

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 became an ‘open town’(Burns).’” Because of Thompson’s disregard to justice, the city of

Chicago became easily susceptible to bootlegging and gang related violence.

Big Jim Colosimo controlled a gambling ring and , just south downtown. His empire swelled. Capone was recruited as business increased in Chicago. When prohibition started in 1920, Capone and Torrio saw this as a fantastic economic opportunity. Colosimp on the other hand, thought business was good enough at the club. Al Capone hired his former New

York Boss, was hired to do much of the killing. Big Jim was killed in the lobby of him own club in 1920. This would become an essential trend for the FBI to look out for, as each killing was planned deliberate, and consisted of witnesses who just couldn’t seem to remember

(Biography.com).

The Role of Media in Capone’s Legacy

One of Capone’s greatest tools was his utilization of the media. He had a firm grasp over the newspaper and journalism, which shaped his image. Capone believed that the people who read about him in the news paper were most likely too “stupid” to question it (Burns). Unlike other mobsters, Capone was not concerned about being a public member, in fact his face arose in sports pages and often described as a Robinhood-type figure. Capone was in everyone’s pockets, from barbers to politicians, Capone reigned supreme (Burns).

According to Capone, he never wanted to be a criminal, but rather a Robin-Hood type heroin. Being called a criminal was insulting to him, as he saw himself as much more than that.

He considered himself a cultured man, indulging in the finer things in life, only making staunch

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 evidence on whereabouts more difficult for the police. Many people only believed in Capones nature, and if they knew anything about his business, they blamed it on his henchmen, and not Al

Capone himself (Biography.com).

From bootlegging to big business, Capone modeled his work after his predecessor Torio, who taught him the ways of Chicago and how to make deals with the police. The supply was closely controlled, from breweries to backyard stills, which provided the goods for illegal bars.

According to Johnson Capone brought in sales on average 120 million from liquor, and gambling, such actions were able to be accomplished because of Al Capone’s system of business. With so many workers and gang members involved in the operation, it was difficult for the FBI and CIA to trace Capone’s every move. Capone was guaranteed safety from the law, by bribing police and politicians. According to Capone stated that at some point, 50% of the police worked for him, which was a huge part of his operation (Biography.com).

In 1922, Capone was in a car accident when intoxicated, and slammed into a taxi driver.

He continued to pull out his gun and threaten the taxi driver while wavering around a fake

Sheriff’s badge. When the real police showed up, Capone was arrested. Arguing that he could fix the mess he caused, he was let go soon after (Biography.com).

Death of O’Banion

Dean O’Banion the Florist-, was killed by Frankie Yale along with two other hitmen.

th This is because he tried to swindle Torrio and Capone on a trade deal. On May 19 ,​ Torrio was ​ arrested for a prohibition raid O’Banion was aware of. This was the catalyst for inner gang

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 warfare in Chicago. Two of O’Banions members tried to avenge their boss, and in doing so ambushed Torrio. Al Capone escaped, but Torri was badly injured, but still sent to prison. In

March, Torrio relinquished his title as head mobster, and handed his title down to Al Capone.

According to the police, Capone sought refuge in a hotel, with secret tunnels that would allow for his quick escape. Capone made sure he always had the best security, never going anywhere alone. When the gangs encroached on each other’s turfs, it often resulted in gunfire and death. 1927 was a great year for Capone, as his smuggling and gambling business brought in around 105 million dollars that year (Johnson). Big Bill Thompson, Capone’s friend, was elected as mayor of Chicago, achieving more political influence for Capone. In January of 1928, Capone bought a mansion in Florida. However, these successes were met by betrayal, and for Capone there was no room for disloyalty. He killed Frankie Yale for stealing East Coast booze shipments

How to combat tommy pistol/machine guns with policeman rifles (Biography.com).

The FBI

In the beginning of the 1920’s, the Federal Bureau of investigation was still in its infancy and had little structure. It lacked efficiency, as well as the tools to investigate the Chicago gangs. In ​ 1923, during the Teapot Dome scandal that caused chaos in the Harding Administration, once the nation found out that Department of Justice officials made Bureau agents to spy on members of

Congress, who had opposed its policies (FBI). After the news came out, President Calvin

Coolidge fired Harding’s Attorney General Harry Daugherty, naming Harlan Fiske Stone as his successor in 1924 (FBI). After this explosion of events, young lawyer J. Edgar Hoover joined the

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Department of Justice in 1917, and soon climbed the professional ladder. As soon as 1921, he was named Assistant Director of the Bureau with Stone as his Director. Hoover made it his goal to reform the unstable Federal Bureau and institute a more structured organization. He accomplished this by weeding out the “political hacks” and unproductive agents. He also created a strict code of conduct for “agents and instituting regular inspections of Headquarters and field operations (FBI).” Through this, he instituted a vetting system for all the potential employees, to ensure that they are both trustworthy and efficient. As Capone and Torrio had found out, many of the cops and politicians were easily swayed, hence Hoover saw it as an obligation to hire not corrupt agents. Not only did he carry out rigorous interviews, but intensive training in

Washington DC as well. Through these strenuous methods, the FBI became a far more legitimate organization and were able to stop crime long before it occurred. At the beginning of Hoover’s career in the FBI, the agency had around “650 employees including 441 special agents” but in the short five years that Hoover started his career he sifted through the employees and ended up with “339 agents and less than 600 employees” (FBI). Though the agency had significantly less agents to work on missions within the field, Hoover was able to organization them in a more cohesive manner, as well as enhance professionalism that he envisioned. The lawlessness ​ consuming Chicago brought Hoover’s attention, an approach Hoover found for this was not cracking down and opening fire but collecting statistics and data on criminal trends. Major reformation began to occur, fingerprints became prevalent and reporting of crimes on a large-scale system made it easier to track activity. The scientific crime lab spurred great innovation in identifying criminals and their victims.

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018

St. Valentine’s Day

th The Chicago Outfit’s tension with rival gangs came to a climax on February 14 ,​ 1929. George ​ “Bugs” Moran continued his bootlegging operation, heightening competition. Moran was the only eminent threat against Capone after Dan O’Banion was killed, thus Capone found it necessary to take Moran out of the equation. In downtown Chicago, seven members of Moran’s operation were killed while standing lined up, facing the wall of the garage. Around 70 rounds of

th ammunition were fired. Police officers from the 36 ​ District arrived and found ​ barely alive. When asked what occurred in this tragic incidence, Gusenberg refused to comply and died without leaking information (Reppetto). The men disguised themselves as police ​ ​ officers and killed Aadam Heyer, Frank Gusenberg, Pete Gusenberg, John May, Al Weinshank,

James Clark and Dr. Reinhardt Schwimmer (Boyle). When Al Capone’s plan was completed, all was successful except for one major factor, Moran was not dead. Moran had seen the police car shortly before the incident and fled to a nearby coffee shop before being caught by what he thought were the police.

Though it was not clear that Capone was the man in charge, police became more skeptical, and alleged that Capone’s gang was at fault for the death of the seven members and Dean O’Banion.

As police began to connect the lines, they found that there the were premeditated, and were complicit in the killings of Pasqualino Lolordo and . Both had leadership positions in Unione Siciliana, the local Mafia as well as close associates of Capone. A plotted by Capone and his men, his goal was to lure Moran unto the illegal alcohol facility at the

SMC Cartage warehouse on North Clark street, and kill him (Encyclopedia Britannica). It was

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 rumored that the Northside Gang were brought into the garage with stolen whiskey that supplied

Detroit’s Purple Gang, then associated with Al Capone. From there, the Gusenberg brothers were to drive two empty trucks to with smuggled whiskey from Canada. Chicago gangs never traveled alone, which often kept them safe, but also made them an easier target for a mass killing. The gang’s conformity in style also made it easier to confuse each individual gang member, which is likely the reason why Moran was mistaken for one of his henchmen. As

Capone’s gang was dressed in police uniform, it caught the off guard, and witnesses would be able to claim ignorance to knowledge of the gang itself (Burns). The weapon used were Thompson sub-machine guns, one with a 20-round box and the other 50 round drums, making it easier to kill and kill quickly. The killing itself was brutal, firing round after round even after they were dead on the ground. As this was out in the street, it was impossible that civilians did not witness the entire act. Somehow, Frank Goosenberg lived, but only for three hours, refusing to mention a word about his murderers (Boyle). Capone was conveniently in his home in Florida at the time, and no one was brought to trial for the murders. This event caught the public's attention, and ultimately created a reputation for Chicago as a lawless, cesspool of drugs, gangs and violence (History.com Staff).

Police Investigation of St. Valentine’s Day Massacre

It was well understood amongst Chicago that Moral was attempting to overtake Capone’s

Detroit-Whiskey liquor shipments, however the police at the time only focused on the Purple

Gang’s activity. At this time, mug shots of prominent members in such as

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018

George Lewis, Eddie Fletcher, Phil Keywell and his younger brother were considered. These

nd members would be considered responsible for the murder. On February 22 ,​ only a few days ​ after the murder, a Cadillac Sedan was discovered torn apart and partially burned that had been used supposedly by the killers. The investigators were able to link the cars engine to a car manufacturer in , which was then sold to a man by the name of James Morton of Los

Angeles. Unfortunately, police could not find any information about persons named James

Morton or Frank Rogers, the renter of the facility. Though the police could not arrest anyone immediately after the violent bloodshed, they had a lead. Right before the shooting, a nearby truck driver named Elmer Lewis sideswiped what he thought was a police car, but was waved away by a uniformed driver, who he noticed was missing a front tooth. It was this description, that the police were able to make a connection to the St Louis Edgen Rats Gang member, also known as Fred “Killer” Burke. They were known to dress in police uniform when going on a robbing spree, but evidence was still unclear. Police also suspected that Joseph Lolordo was behind the killings because of Pasqualino’s recent murder by the North Side Gang (O’Brien).

The case against Burke was the most probable and would be captured over a year later a

Missouri farm. The charge against Burke for murdering Officer Skelly was strong, for this he was arrested (Boyle).

The Untouchables

The US Justice Department created a special unit of investigation to put an end to Capone’s reign in Chicago. This group is known as the untouchables. This group was led by , who

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 pursued Capone from 1929 to 1931 by forcefully enforcing Prohibition laws against Capone and his gang (Tucker). Unlike other law enforcement agents at the time, Ness and his team were incorruptible and proved to be imperative in cracking down on and bribery. Ness unfortunately interested a bit late into the game of Capone’s scheme. It wasn’t until 1931 that

Ness was able to bring Capone down for tax evasion, rather than all the murders, illegal trade and multitude of other egregious crimes he committed. ascended to the

Presidency in 1929 and made it his mission to bring down Al Capone through the Secretary of

Treasury, Andrew Mellon. He proceeded the investigation through two different agencies, the first being the Treasury’s Bureau of Internal Revenue and the . The

Treasury’s Bureau of Internal Revenue would investigate the financial tax records Al Capone as well as his henchman (Tucker). The purpose of this investigation was to look for tax evasion, a clear indicator of selling non-taxable black-market goods. The role of the Bureau of Prohibition under the US Department of Justice was to combat Capone’s alcohol cartel by raiding speakeasies, distilleries and breweries. The purpose of raiding was to send a clear message to

Capone, namely, the Untouchables could not be bribed or corrupted and that they were aware of

Capone’s actions and were intent on bringing him to justice (Tucker). Capone was not a humble or enigmatic man, in fact he was quite luxurious and outspoken. Naturally his business techniques and vast swaths of wealth as presented through his clothing and mansions would provoke questioning for tax authorities. However, Capone thought he was invincible, and any member who went against him would succumb to bribery, and if not, death. There was an instance wherein Capon attempted to bribe Ness’s agents, however this was unsuccessful, hence

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 the name “The Untouchables” with the advancement of investigation bureaus like the FBI,

Treasury and Justice Department, structure and power allowed investigators to approach

Capone’s enterprise without fear or collusion (Leafe). Eliot Ness was a successful instigator of the policies these departments set forth, in the first six months, Ness seized one million dollars’ worth of breweries. This was accomplished through an extensive wire-tapping system, one of the great technological advancements within the justice system during this time.

The Downfall of Public Enemy Number One

After the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, the Chicago Outfit became far more notorious, and gained country-wide attention for violence. In March 1929, President Hoover’s urge to prosecute

Capone became far direr, as Capone’s actions continued to prevail. With Ness and Irey on his team, prosecuting Capone would be a successful operation. Elmer made a brilliant plan to use undercover agents posing as hoods to infiltrate Capone’s operation (Burns). These fearless agents spied and took extensive notes on how Capone’s cartel was running. Unfortunately, and informant was killed by being shot in the head before he could testify. Irey managed to amass significant evidence through his disguised agents to bring charges against Capone. Prior to this,

Capone was able to be arrested by the police for carrying a concealed weapon but was soon released. Inevitably, Capone would be placed on America’s most wanted list, which brought his image of being a villain to light.

Tax Evasion Trial and Conviction

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In February 1931, a federal court found Capone guilty on the contempt charge and sentenced him to six months in Cook County Jail. While this was occurring, The Treasury Department launched an investigation for tax evasion. On March 13, 1931, a federal grand jury met secretly on the government’s accusation that in 1924, Al Capone had a tax liability of $32,388.81. It wasn’t until

1927 that the Supreme Court ruled illegally earned income was subject to income tax, however it was Justice Holmes the rejected the argument under the Fifth amendment that allowed criminals from reporting illegal income. IRS special agent Frank J. Wilson stepped up to the plate to investigate Capone, closely monitoring his spending habits and revenue accumulation with great speculation. This would be the most mounting evidence in Capone’s case as it the amount he spent was not comparable to amount he made according to his taxes. Capone’s lawyer was asked to regularize his tax position, which would allow him to pay the Texas he had had not played in the past. Capone was ultimately charged with tax evasion along with other violations within the

Volstead Act (Prohibition) at the Chicago Federal Building under Judge Herbert Wilkerson. US

Attorney General George E.Q. Johnson accepted that a deal regarding Capone’s sentence and refused to shorten sentence and plea of innocence. Special Agent Frank Wilson along with other members of the Intelligence Unit of the were able to put together a

th substantial enough case for federal income tax evasion. On October 17 ,​ Capone was sentenced ​ to eleven years in federal prison, fined $50,000 plus $7,692 for court costs and held liable for

$215,000 in interest for his back taxes. His lawyers attempted to file a writ of habeas corpus based on the Supreme Court ruling that tax evasion was not Fraud, meaning Capone should not

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 be convicted due to the statute of limitations as the tax evasion occurred years before (FBI).

However, this writ was denied and the appeal for Capone’s conviction was not granted.

Post Capone and Prohibition Chicago

Though the Chicago Outfit no longer had the infamous Al Capone as its leader, it continued the alcohol operation until prohibition for the next two years. Despite seeing the epic downfall of

Public Enemy Number One, the fear of consequence was irrelevant to the gang members, as many officials and policeman in Chicago were still corrupt. Once Prohibition was repealed, the crime in the city began to dissipate. Other forms of such as prostitution, gambling and racketeering would continue under the Outfit (Johnson). Though Prohibition was meant to prohibit lawlessness, it instead the abstinence from alcohol in the US had an opportunity to capitalize on its success but modify egregious issues within the

(Burns). The FBI would continue to crack down on these crimes and the operations that Capone and Torrio established.

Questions to Consider

th 1. In what ways can the government enforce the 18 ​ Amendment to the citizens of ​ America? 2. How can you ensure that the police have not been bribed or corrupted? How can you monitor the Chicago gangs actions? 3. What are methods to prevent the illegal smuggling of alcohol from the Canadian-US border?

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4. What technological advancements did the Bureaus of investigation discover? How can they be utilized? 5. What flaws/disadvantages does Al Capone have, and how can the authorities use them against him? 6. What about the St. Valentine's Day Massacre caused the downfall of Capone’s reign? Why didn’t his downfall cause a halt to illegal activities? 7. Why was the FBI ineffective in the beginning stages of its foundation? What about Hoover made it successful, and how can his strategies be implemented in the mission. 8. How can the undercover agents use Capone’s tax evasion as leverage? Who within Al Capone’s operation will speak out on the FBI’s behalf? 9. How will the raiding of speakeasies inhibit Capone’s bootlegging operation?

Characters

Prohibition Col. Ira Reeves: Served in the army during WW1 and was a well-known hero. He ​ became head of the NJ district for the Prohibition bureau. He strongly supported Prohibition and fought hard to make the legislation go through. When this was accomplished, he led raids all throughout the United States. He shut down many speakeasies, roadhouses, stills, breweries and bottling plants. Not only this, he was also able to confiscate bootlegs shipped from trucks, trains and boats. However, within his own field of politics, remained immunity towards alcoholic drinking. He found it very troublesome that he could not end the corruption occurring in law enforcement and within the departments. To Reeves unfortunate discovery, he found that his own agents had been receiving bribes, and eventually saw Prohibition as an impossible measure.

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Eliot Ness: Ness was a law enforcement official in Chicago, best known for his efforts to enforce ​ prohibition by taking down speakeasies and breweries. He was the leader of the “Untouchables,” a group that would help bring the Gangster Al Capone to justice. His most difficult task was forming a group of incorruptible agents who would not succumb to bribery. Under the appointment of US District Attorney George Emmerson Johnson, Ness was chosen to lead these carefully chosen agents. Through surveillance, anonymous tips and wiretapping, the

Untouchables were able to discover the income generation patterns which Capone utilized

(Biography.com).

Frank Wilson: Wilson was the Chief of the US Secret Service and a former agent of the treasury ​ Department’s Bureau of Internal Revenue. He is most notable in the 1931 prosecution of Al

Capone and the investigation of Capone’s tax evasion. Wilson moved to Chicago under the guise of a tourist, this assignment was highly secretive and even his own wife was uninformed. Capone spent three years navigating Capone’s financial spending including tracking down gang accountants and bookkeepers who would be under the safety of witness protection. As evidence against Capone came to light, Capone grew anxious and ordered five gunmen to murder Wilson.

However Federal Authorities were informed, and Capone reluctantly canceled the hit. Because of

Wilson, Capone was charged with millions of untaxed dollars and sentenced to eleven years of prison (Troy).

Assistant Attorney General Mabel Walker Willebrand: Oversaw prohibition enforcement ​ ​ policy in August of 1921. Prior to this role, she was a public defender in Los Angeles,

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 representing 2,000 prostitutes in police court and making sure that their clientele was to appear before the judge as well. Mabel was never part of the , and even enjoyed an occasional drink until she joined the Justice Department and instantly became a leader amongst her colleagues. She said that the Volstead Act was “toothless” and believed her boss, the Attorney General, was a politician in Sheep’s clothing and “manifestly unqualified.” The prohibition agents collected the evidence she needed to prosecute alcohol distributors. Mabel also replaced in depth or corrupt policy makers and lawyers and instituted a multitude of Navy vessels to monitor the illegal trade of alcohol. With the help of the Treasury Department, she helped to investigate the Chicago Outfit, and eventually bring Al Capone’s operation to an end

(Burns).

Tom Threepersons: Threepersons was the son of a Cherokee chief and enlisted in the army ​ ​

th during World War One. On June 8 ,​ 1922, he was permanently appointed a Federal Prohibition ​ Agent position. It is said that he was so feared by bootleggers, that they put a 10,000 price on his head.

James L “Lone Wolf” Asher: Famous prohibition Agent under the Untouchables ​ Chicagoan Pat Roche: Famous prohibition Agent under the Untouchables

Isador “Izzy” Einstein: Was a US Federal police officer and agent of the US Prohibition Unit who achieved the greatest number of arrests (4,932) during the first years of prohibition

(1920-25). He was best known for exploding illegal speakeasies and using disguises. Isador was however laid off during the vetting process during the reorganization of the FBI. Isidor gained a lot of publicity for his work, and after the FBI went on to be insurance salesmen. Isador was

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 indifferent to Temperance, however they felt that the Constitution and the Second Amendment must be upheld. Einstein developed the “Einstein Theory of Rum Snooping” where he and Moe disguised as various figures and made arrests. As a Prohibition Agent, Izzy was one of the most successful along with Moe. They had a 95% conviction rate and confiscated nearly 5 million gallons of liquor, approximately $15 million worth (Smithsonian.com).

Moe Smith: Isador Einstein asked if his close friend Moe Smith could join in on the operation, ​ his main qualification being “he doesn’t look like an agent either.” He helped Izzy create personas and disguises. One of their most brilliant inventions was the “artificial gullet,” a drainage system that allowed Izzy and Moe to collect evidence through a tube without drinking it. Izzy and Moe were very efficient at their job, busting 100 speakeasies a week. In November of

1925, Izzy and Moe were among 35 agents to be dropped from the force during the intensive vetting process. Together, they confiscated millions of dollars’ worth of alcohol

(Smithsonian.com).

th J. Edgar Hoover (1924-1972): Agent Hoover entered the Department of Justice on July 26 ,​ ​ ​ 1917 and quickly rose up the ranks. In November of 1918, he was named assistant to the attorney general, and the following year led the Department’s General Intelligence Division. By 1924 he was named director of the Bureau. Under Director Hoover, the Bureau grew in responsibility and organization. In the late 1920’s and 30’s, the Bureau attacked violent crimes against gangers and implemented programs to professionalize US law enforcement to ensure agents are trustworthy and effective. The best example of FBI advancements is the technical, laboratory forensic analysis component and further FBI branches.

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U.S. Attorney George E.Q. Johnson: “Johnson, who was born and raised in Iowa, started ​ practicing law in Chicago in 1900. The first big salvo in the gang wars came in November 1929 when the U.S. indicted , Druggan and Lake on tax fraud charges. The Tribune noted it was the first use of the new weapon — income tax evasion charges — which would prove so very effective. Over the next two years, Johnson worked his way through Capone's organization, winning convictions or guilty pleas and sending to prison for one, three or even five years. Al Capone was indicted twice, on two consecutive Fridays in June 1931. The first was the tax fraud case, the second was the massive, 5,000-count Prohibition case. And then

Capone pleaded guilty. Yes, just four days later, he admitted he did everything the government accused him of doing. The Tribune story speculated that the gangster calculated that he would go to prison for a short time — he hoped for as little as 11 months — get released just as the

Depression was ending and take back the reins of his criminal enterprise (Benzcofer).”

th President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921): On October 28 ​ of 1919, Congress passed the ​ ​ Volstead act over President Woodrow Wilson’s vet. This act provided the enforcement of the

th th 18 ​ Amendment of the US constitution. Woodrow Wilson was the 28 ​ US President and served ​ ​ in office from 1913 to 1921. He led America through the first World War and was a prominent advocate for democracy and world peace. While in office, he pursued an ambitious agenda of progressive reform which included the established of the Federal Reserve and the Federal Trade

Commission (History.House. Gov). ​ IRS Agent Elmer Irey: Irey was an ambitious detective, investigating violent criminals without ​ fear of repercussions. His greatest strength was choosing a loyal incorruptible group of

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 colleagues. With Frank Wilson and Mike Malone, they were able to successfully investigate, compile and document the tax evasions of Al Capone. Irey served more than 25 years in the

Treasury Department and rose from a postal inspector in the Coolidge administration to the coordinator of the Treasury Department’s . He also served under the

Secret Service,

Bill Gardner: “Was an American football player, coach, and law-enforcement agent. He was ​ one of Eliot Ness's "Untouchables," a group of 13 hand-picked United States federal law-enforcement agents who, from 1929 to 1931, sought to put an end to Al Capone's illegal empire. Ness chose Gardner for his team because he was an expert at undercover work

(Kenneth).”

Lyle Chapman: “He was one of the original members of Elliot Ness' "The Untouchables." A ​ ​ 1910 Colgate College football player and a World War I United States Army officer and being known to be a gifted investigator and physically strong, he was one of the first nine agents that

Ness selected for his team, which was assembled to bring Chicago, gangster Al Capone and his operation to a halt. In 1929 Capone and other gangsters were openly violating prohibition laws and engaging in bloody turf wars. It was believed that Capone's bootlegging operation was making almost a million and half dollars a week selling illicit alcohol. Between 1929 and 1931

Chapman participated in many of the raids against Capone's breweries and speakeasies. The efforts of “The Untouchables” (called so because they could not be bribed by the criminal elements) brought in enough evidence for the Internal Revenue Service to convict Capone of tax

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 evasion and send him to federal prison. With Capone in prison, his empire collapsed and so “The

Untouchables” was no longer needed (Find a Grave).”

Barney Cloonan: He worked as a Federal Agent from 1928 through his retirement in 1960 and ​ then 4 years as the Chief Investigator of the Illinois Department of Revenue. Barney Cloonan was one of the original Untouchables who worked in Chicago in the early 1930's with Eliot Ness.

Originally one if Ness’s most loyal agents, Clooney had given in to Al Capone’s speakeasies.

Though Ness was devastated by this discovery, he took no action out of fear that it would undermine his operation’s credibility.

Thomas J. Friel: Was a former Pennsylvania state trooper. He later assembled with a group of ​ nine other men under Eliot Ness to stop the endemic of corruption within law enforcement. He assisted in the seizure of breweries and helped to implement an advanced wire-tapping system.

Mike King: With the Untouchables, King was a “Deceptively ordinary looking analyst and tactician (babyfacenelson).”

Joseph D. Leeson: With the Untouchables, Leeson was an “expert driver with a specialty for ​ tailing suspects (babyfacenelson)”

Paul W. Robsky: Together with Ness, Robsky was a wire-tapping expert and described his work ​ as “routine (babyfacenelson).”

Samuel M. Seager: Was a former Sing Sing death row corrections officer who later joined the ​ untouchables.

Wayne Wheeler: An attorney and the leader of the Anti-Saloon League, one of the most ​ prominent temperance groups in the United States. He firmly believes that alcohol is a

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 destructive power that must be banned for the good of society. The Anti-Saloon League campaigned fervently for Prohibition by assembling a diverse coalition of voters, ranging from progressives to anti-immigrant nativists. The League lobbies governments, starts protests, and most importantly, uses the media to advocate for harsh enforcement of Prohibition laws.

Frank Loesch: A Chicago lawyer, anti-crime activist, and one of the founders of the Chicago ​ Crime Commission. The Commission, founded in 1919, is a civilian organization that aims to reduce organized crime and corruption, especially related to bootlegging. Loesch’s focus is breaking up the bribery-based quid pro quo relationships between gang leaders and politicians.

Many of Chicago’s most prominent business leaders are members of the Chicago Crime

Commission, giving Loesch a significant amount of money, bargaining power, and political capital to crack down on bootlegging.

Robert Crowe: A State's Attorney for Illinois, Crowe is responsible for prosecuting crime in ​ ​ Cook County, which includes Chicago. Crowe does not personally support Prohibition, but he is committed to upholding the law. He has tried to prosecute cases against Chicago gangsters before, but the cases are often dismissed because of witness tampering or bribery. Crowe tries to appeal to public sentiment, which supports harsh punishments for bootleggers but not strict enforcement of Prohibition. Through his previous cases, he has met gangsters and

Jim Colosimo, although neither was ever charged with any crime.

William McSwiggin: An Assistant State Attorney for the State of Illinois. McSwiggin is one of ​ the few prosecutors willing to take on gangsters in Chicago, and for that he is widely respected by Chicago law enforcement. His nickname is “The Hangman’s Prosecutor” because he is

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018 extraordinarily successful at convincing judges to use the death penalty. Because of his record, criminals have gone to extraordinary lengths to avoid being prosecuted. He is widely considered to be a future State Attorney or politician.

Charles Fitzmorris: The Police Commissioner of Chicago. As commissioner, he is the highest ​ ​ ranking member of the police department, but is technically a civilian and not a uniformed officer. The Chicago Police is extensive and well-staffed, but highly corrupt, with Fitzmorris himself admitting that as many as 60% of officers might be under the influence of organized crime. The Commissioner aims to clean up the Police Department and re-establish its authority in a time when many ordinary people have come to see it as an arm of organized crime.

Captain Morgan Collins: The police captain in Chicago, and one of the few who is not linked ​ to organized crime. Collins is widely admired by the police for his devotion to fighting crime, and he is a considered to be a top candidate to be the next Police Commissioner. He often leads police raids on illegal alcohol-manufacturing operations and search and seizure missions. He has met Johnny Torrio and Al Capone several times in the course of his duties, but there has never been evidence to implicate either one in any crimes.

Colonel Robert McCormick: The publisher of the Chicago Tribune, the largest and most ​ influential newspaper in Chicago. He is also a decorated soldier who served in World War I and a successful lawyer. McCormick entered the news industry in order to influence Chicago politics. He frequently criticizes Chicago Mayor William Thompson in the editorial pages on the

Tribune. His wide experience and personal wealth give him connections in Chicago high society, the military, and Republican politics; as well as the influence he wields in the pages of the

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Davis Model United Nations Conference XVI May 19, 2018 - May 20, 2018

Tribune. McCormick is highly opinionated and often uses the newspaper to spread his own

political views.

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Boyle, William (2015). "Valentine's Day Massacre". Salem Press Encyclopedia. ​ ​ Dean O'Banion. (n.d.). Retrieved April 02, 2018, https://themobmuseum.org/notable_names/dean-obanion/

"Dion O'Bannion". Encyclopædia Britannica. November 5, 2013. Retrieved 2014-12-30. ​ ​ ​ “Eliot Ness.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 25 Jan. 2016, ​ ​ www.biography.com/people/eliot-ness-9542066. ​ Richard Goldstein. Albert Wolff, Last of Ness’s Men, Dies at 95. . March, 25 1998. ​ ​ New York Times Company. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/25/us/albert-wolff-last-of-ness-s-men-dies-at-95.html

Grossman, Ron. “'Big Bill' Thompson: Chicago's Unfiltered Mayor.” Chicagotribune.com, The Chicago ​ ​ Tribune, 9 June 2016,

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www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-big-bill-thompson-trump-flashback-pers

pec-0207-jm-20160205-story.html.

© Harris & Ewing. “Andrew W. Mellon.” Federal Reserve History, ​ ​ www.federalreservehistory.org/people/andrew_w_mellon. ​ Johnson, Earl Jr. Organized Crime: Challenges to the American Legal System. Journal of Criminal Law

and Criminology. Vol 53 Issue 4 December 1962. Northwestern University.

Kiger, Patrick. How Hoover—No, Not that Hoover!—Got Al Capone. Boundary Stones. 7/21/2014. ​ ​ ​ ​ WETA. 3939 Campbell Avenue, Arlington VA 22206.

Leafe, David. Womanizer. Drunk. Untouchable cop who battled Al Capone and was no Hollywood hero. ​ Published 18:48 EDT, March 2014. The Daily Mail.

O'Brien, John (February 14, 2014). "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre". Chicago Tribune. ​ ​ ​ ​ Retrieved June 28, 2017.

Tucker, Neely. “Eliot Ness and Al Capone: The Men, the Myths and the Bad Man in the Dark.” The ​ Washington Post, WP Company, 18 Feb. 2014, ​ www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/eliot-ness-and-al-capone-the-men-the-myths-and-the-ba

d-man-in-the-dark/2014/02/18/8223c47a-95aa-11e3-afce-3e7c922ef31e_story.html.

Troy, Gil. “The Bean Counter Who Put Al Capone in the Slammer.” The Daily Beast, The Daily Beast ​ Company, 26 Aug. 2017,

www.thedailybeast.com/the-bean-counter-who-put-al-capone-in-the-slammer. ​ The FBI and the American Gangster, 1924-1938. Federal Bureau of Investigation. FBI.gov. ​ https://www.fbi.gov/history/brief-history/the-fbi-and-the-american-gangster

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"Slay doctor in massacre". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 15, 1929. p. 1. ​ ​ Reppetto, Thomas A. "The "Get Capone" Drive: Print the Legend." : A History of Its

Rise to Power. New York: H. Holt, 2004. 121. Print http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2576061/Womaniser-Drunk-The-Untouchable-cop-battled-Al-

Capone-no-Hollywood-hero.html https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/15030672/lyle-b.-chapman

Smithsonian.com: Prohibition’s Premier Hooch Hounds. January 10 2012. Smithsonian Books. ​ ​ Wack, Larry. Hoover, Eliot Ness and the “Untouchables.” Faded Glory of an FBI Era. Published by ​ ​ Squarespace. Accessed 3/02/2018.

Wagner, Dennis. 1926 Calvin Coolidge-Prohibition Enforcement. State of the Union History. September ​ ​ 2015. http://www.stateoftheunionhistory.com/2015/09/1926-calvin-coolidge-prohibition.html

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