Emesa : Historia Miasta Od Momentu Jego Powstania (I Wpne/ I Wne)

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Emesa : Historia Miasta Od Momentu Jego Powstania (I Wpne/ I Wne) Title: Emesa : historia miasta od momentu jego powstania (I w. p. n. e./ I w. n. e.), aż do początku VII w. n. e. Author: Zofia Kusztal Citation style: Kusztal Zofia. (2014). Emesa : historia miasta od momentu jego powstania (I w. p. n. e./ I w. n. e.), aż do początku VII w. n. e. Praca doktorska. Katowice : Uniwersytet Śląski Uniwersytet Śląski Wydział Nauk Społecznych Instytut Historii Zofia Kusztal Emesa. Historia miasta od momentu jego powstania (I w. p.n.e./I w. n.e.), aż do początku VII w. n.e. Praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem prof. W. Kaczanowicza Katowice 2014 r. Spis treści Ł.fWstenl t J ................................................... ..............................................................................................3 Rozdział I: Charakterystyka źródeł..................................................................................................10 1. Źródła pisane.............................................................................................................................12 2. Źródła epigraficzne.................................................................................................................. 40 3. Źródła archeologiczne............................................................................................................. 42 4. Źródła numizmatyczne............................................................................................................ 49 Rozdział II: Stan badań......................................................................................................................53 Rozdział III: Sytuacja geopolityczna rejonu Emesy - przekrój historyczny............................. 62 Rozdział IV: Pierwsi Emesańczycy i powstanie Emesy................................................................78 1. Kwestia powstania Emesy...................................................................................................... 78 2. Położenie geograficzne Emesy............................................................................................. 84 3. Sytuacja ekonomiczna Emesy................................................................................................90 4. Emesańczycy - założyciele Emesy........................................................................................ 92 5. Jamblich - pierwszy Emesańczyk........................................................................................ 94 Rozdział V: Rządy dynastii Samsigeramów................................................................................... 97 1. Samsigeram I ........................................................................................................................... 97 2. Jamblich 1................................................................................................................................101 3. Aleksas....................................................................................................................................103 4. Gajusz Juliusz Jamblich I I ...................................................................................................103 5. Gajusz Juliusz Samsigeram I I ............................................................................................. 104 6. Związki dynastyczne Emesańczyków w czasach Samsigerama II................................. 107 7. Gajusz Juliusz A ziz...............................................................................................................110 8. Gajusz Juliusz Sohaem.......................................................................................................... 111 9. Teoforyczne imiona władców dynastii emesańskiej......................................................... 114 Rozdział VI: Emesa w ramach Cesarstwa Rzymskiego..............................................................116 1. Problem przyłączenia Emesy do Cesarstwa Rzymskiego................................................116 2. Hipotetyczni władcy Emesy po jej przyłączeniu do Cesarstwa Rzymskiego............... 117 3. Struktura kulturowa mieszkańców Emesy......................................................................... 121 4. Kwestia mniejszości żydowskiej w Emesie....................................................................... 123 5. Świątynia El Gabala w Emesie............................................................................................ 126 6. Emesa w czasach Bassianidów............................................................................................ 134 Rozdział VII: Upadek rzymskiej Emesy.......................................................................................149 Rozdział VIII: Emesa chrześcijańska............................................................................................ 154 1. Biskupi Emesy........................................................................................................................156 2. Sprawa głowy Jana Chrzciciela........................................................................................... 166 3. Święci z Emesy...................................................................................................................... 170 4. Sprawa fałszerstw Priskusa...................................................................................................180 5. Poganie w zdominowanej przez chrześcijan Emesie........................................................182 [Podsumowanie]............................................................................................................................... 191 Skróty użyte w pracy........................................................................................................................194 Bibliografia........................................................................................................................................195 Indeks alfabetyczny wybranych imion i nazw geograficznych................................................. 222 [Wstęp] Emesa, znajdująca się na terenie dzisiejszej Syrii1, była liczącym się miejscem na mapie starożytnego świata. Jej historia nie doczekała się jednak nigdy kompleksowej analizy. Historycy zajmujący się dziejami starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu koncentrowali się jedynie na kilku epizodach z dziejów tego miejsca, takich jak: życie Julii Domny - żony Septymiusza Sewera - czy zdobycie władzy przez Heliogabala. Były to bardzo nośne tematy, ściśle powiązane z historią starożytnego Rzymu. Sama Emesa posiada jednak bardzo ciekawą historię, która zaczyna się ponad dwieście lat przed małżeństwem Julii Domny z Septymiuszem Sewerem i czasami, kiedy Emesańczycy pojawili się w Rzymie jako członkowie rodziny cesarza. Dzieje Emesy nie są zbyt dobrze znane, ponieważ napotykamy na szereg trudności próbując je odtworzyć. Materiał źródłowy jest wprawdzie dosyć liczny, ale jednocześnie niejednorodny i rozproszony. Badania archeologiczne prowadzone były punktowo, a wiele odkryć miało charakter przypadkowy i nie zostało właściwie opisanych. Brakuje więc szerszego kontekstu znalezisk, co bardzo utrudnia pracę. Nie jestem w stanie, z powodu ograniczonego materiału źródłowego, odtworzyć historii miasta we wszystkich jego aspektach. Pewne kwestie w dalszym ciągu pozostaną w sferze spekulacji, jak chociażby zagadnienia związane z rozwojem gospodarczym i ekonomią. Dostępny materiał źródłowy pozwala natomiast na pokazanie historii Emesy przez pryzmat konkretnych postaci żyjących, lub wywodzących się z tego miasta. Pozwala to na przybliżenie historii tego miejsca oraz pokazanie złożoności zagadnień związanych z Emesą. Brak kompleksowej analizy dostępnych źródeł mówiących o Emesie, i bezrefleksyjne powielanie poglądów dziewiętnastowiecznej historiografii doprowadziło do szeregu błędów, które ta praca ma na celu sprostować. Głównym jej zadaniem jest zatem dokładne zbadanie wszystkich dostępnych źródeł (pisanych, numizmatycznych i epigraficznych oraz analiza rezultatów przeprowadzonych wykopalisk archeologicznych), aby na tej podstawie odtworzyć dzieje Emesy od 'Obecnie nosi nazwę Homs. momentu jej powstania (I w p.n.e./I w. n.e.), aż do czasów wprowadzenia islamu na tym terenie (czyli do początku VII w n.e.). Proponowane przeze mnie ramy czasowe mają swoje uzasadnienie. Zaczynam od czasu powstania miasta, które, o czym jestem przekonana (po przeprowadzeniu dokładnej analizie źródeł) miało miejsce na przełomie er. Chcę zaprezentować jego rozwój, aż do początku VII w. Wiek ten nie został wybrany przypadkowo. W tym czasie następują w rejonie Emesy duże przeobrażenia związane z wprowadzeniem islamu na tym terenie. Nie chciałam podawać żadnej konkretnej daty, ponieważ zdaje sobie sprawę, że był to długotrwały proces, zainicjowany w latach czterdziestych VII w. Nastąpił wtedy religijny i kulturowy zwrot, który zakończył pewien etap w rozwoju Emesy. Jednocześnie w niniejszej pracy zostaną omówione również wszystkie źródła dotyczące Emesańczyków, żyjących w nomadycznych grupach, którzy jeszcze przed powstaniem miasta Emesy żyli na tym terenie. Uważam, że te kwestie są bardzo istotne i pokazują nam genezę powstania Emesy. Po przedstawieniu sylwetek starożytnych autorów piszących o Emesie i analizie ich dzieł oraz po zaprezentowaniu wszystkich innych dostępnych źródeł (Rozdział I), przedstawię stan badań (Rozdział II). O Emesie pisano bowiem w różnych aspektach, nigdy jednak nie analizowano historii tego miejsca tak szeroko jak zamierzam to zrobić w tej pracy. Wiele z tych opracowań do dzisiejszego dnia jest bardzo wartościowych, wiele z nich zawiera
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