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Selección De Alimento Y Hábitat Por Vicuñas Silvestres De La Reserva Provincial Los Andes (Salta, Argentina)

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Selección De Alimento Y Hábitat Por Vicuñas Silvestres De La Reserva Provincial Los Andes (Salta, Argentina) Tesis Doctoral Selección de alimento y hábitat por vicuñas silvestres de la reserva provincial Los Andes (Salta, Argentina) Mosca Torres, María Eugenia 2010 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Mosca Torres, María Eugenia. (2010). Selección de alimento y hábitat por vicuñas silvestres de la reserva provincial Los Andes (Salta, Argentina). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Mosca Torres, María Eugenia. "Selección de alimento y hábitat por vicuñas silvestres de la reserva provincial Los Andes (Salta, Argentina)". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2010. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales SELECCIÓN DE ALIMENTO Y HÁBITAT POR VICUÑAS SILVESTRES DE LA RESERVA PROVINCIAL LOS ANDES (SALTA, ARGENTINA) Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área: CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS María Eugenia Mosca Torres Directores de tesis: Dra. Silvia Puig y Dr. Rubén D. Quintana Consejero de estudios: Dr. Juan Carlos Reboreda Lugar de trabajo: Grupo de Ecología y Manejo de Vertebrados Silvestres (GEMAVER). Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (IADIZA). CCT-CONICET Mendoza. Buenos Aires, 2010 “Selección de alimento y hábitat en vicuñas silvestres de la Reserva Provincial Los Andes (Salta, Argentina)” Resumen Esta tesis analiza la selección de alimento y hábitat por la vicuña (Vicugna vicugna, Molina 1782) en el marco de la teoría de forrajeo óptimo. Esta predice que los individuos reducirán su amplitud dietaria en la época de mayor disponibilidad de recursos, y expandirán su dieta durante la estación desfavorable por la disminución en la disponibilidad de los items de alta calidad. En relación al hábitat, predice que los animales seleccionarán aquellos parches que presenten mayor abundancia de items alimentarios nutritivos. Sin embargo, la estructura social puede afectar fuertemente esta estrategia de selección. El objetivo de esta tesis fue identificar los patrones de selección de alimento y hábitat por vicuñas durante las épocas de máxima y mínima disponibilidad de recursos, e interpretar dichos patrones bajo el marco conceptual mencionado. La selección de ambos recursos estuvo condicionada por variables ambientales (época del año y disponibilidad de alimento), y por la marcada estructura social característica de esta especie. La disponibilidad vegetal varió entre estaciones y entre años, lo que influyó sobre la selección de los items alimentarios y en consecuencia sobre la selección de microhábitats. Estas variaciones en la selección fueron detectadas tanto en las vicuñas territoriales como en las que carecen de territorio. Palabras claves: Camélidos, teoría de forrajeo óptimo, dieta, estructura social, comportamiento, zonas áridas. ii “Food and habitat selection in wild vicuña in Los Andes Provincial Reserve (Salta, Argentina)” Abstract This thesis examines food and habitat selection by vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna, Molina 1782) within the framework of the optimal foraging theory. This theory predicts that individuals will narrow their dietary range in the season of highest resource availability and expand their diet during the unfavourable season due to decline in availability of high-quality items. With regard to habitat, it predicts that animals will select those patches exhibiting greater abundance of nutritional food items. However, social structure can strongly affect this selection strategy. The goal of this thesis was to identify food and habitat selection patterns of vicuñas during seasons of maximum and minimum resource availability, and interpret such patterns within the above conceptual framework. The selection of both resources was restricted by environmental variables (season of the year and food availability), and by the pronounced social structure typical of this species. Plant availability varied between seasons and between years, which influenced selection of dietary items and, accordingly, microhabitat selection. These variations in selection were detected for both territorial and non-territorial vicuñas. Keywords: Camelids, optimal foraging theory, diet, social structure, behaviour, arid environment. iii AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer a todos los que hicieron posible el desarrollo de esta tesis, sin ellos hubiera sido imposible realizarla. A la Dra. Silvia Puig, directora de tesis y de la beca de CONICET, por haberme dirigido y apoyado durante estos “cortos” cinco años de trabajo. Por su intensa ayuda en todo momento y particularmente en la última etapa de escritura y corrección de esta tesis. Al Dr. Rubén Quintana, director de tesis y codirector de beca de CONICET, por su paciencia y por haber estado siempre dispuesto a ayudar con sus consejos y útiles sugerencias. A José Pedro Fabián, por haberme permitido acampar en su puesto de Unquillal durante todas las campañas. ¡Sin su permiso hubiera sido imposible realizar este trabajo! A Flavio Quipildor, por haberme guiado hasta el paraje Unquillal. Sin su guía, todavía estaría buscando un sitio adecuado para empezar con los estudios de comportamiento. A mi hermano Martín por hacer de chofer y de ayudante de campo en la mayoría de las campañas. Por soportar el frío, el viento, el apunamiento y los sanguchitos hechos con las mismas manos con las que su hermana (yo) recogía heces de vicuñas. A mi papá, Alberto, por prestarme su camioneta para los viajes. A Fernando Videla, Ignacio de Freijo, Abelardo Flores, Agustín Barbarán y Christian Mosca quienes me acompañaron y ayudaron en alguna etapa del trabajo de campo, de forma desinteresada y siempre con buena onda. Al Dr. Eduardo Méndez, por la identificación de las especies vegetales de la Puna y a Susana Monje, por enseñarme a dar los primeros pasos en la microhistología. A Marisa Rosi (Poa) por su inagotable ayuda a mis inagotables pedidos de socorro en momentos de “crisis miscohistológica”. A Mónica Cona (Point) por su paciencia ante esos momentos y por formar parte, junto con Marisa, del “grupo de autoayuda para gente con problemas microhistológios”. A CONICET por la beca doctoral con la cual financié gran parte del trabajo de esta tesis. A la fundación Sigma Xi, por ayudarme con el financiamiento de las campañas del 2007. A Mauricio Grotz por su ayuda con la estadística, por su paciencia y dedicación, pero principalmente por su amistad. A los “gnomos de Vázquez” y a los “ángeles de Ojeda” por compartir seminarios iv enriquecedores, por facilitarme bibliografía y por los comentarios y sugerencias para mejorar este trabajo. Un agradecimiento especial a Vale y Jime, amigas incondicionales. A Ricardo Ojeda, por sus valiosos consejos y por la bibliografía sugerida y conseguida. A Nachu Chacoff y a Malena Buira por ayudarme con las imágenes satelitales. A Yanina Arzamendia por “The Vicuña”. A mis cumpas tucumanos, especialmente a Vir y Gaby por alentarme en los momentos más críticos del desarrollo de este trabajo. A Mechu Puló y Guillo Vila Melo, por contagiarme la curiosidad por los camélidos. A mis padres, Alberto y María del Carmen, y a mis hermanas/os, Virginia, Christian, Martín, Florencia y Pablo (hermano político) por alentarme y por aguantarme durante todo este tiempo a pesar de no entender muy bien por qué se me ocurrió elegir este tema y pasar tantos días aislada en la Puna. A mi abuela Albertina por sus rezos. Al resto de la familia Torres que vive en Escobar y en Córdoba. Va un agradecimiento especial a las abuelas de Felipe (Maca y Tati) por viajar a Mendoza a cuidarlo para que pudiera dedicarme a esta tesis. A todos los que no están mencionados aquí por un olvido involuntario, pero que me dieron una mano (o las dos), durante las distintas etapas de este trabajo. A Diego por su amor, por ayudarme y alentarme con sus consejos, por cuidar a Felipe, por su paciencia, por estar siempre. ¡Gracias Diego Pedro! A Felipe, por su ternura, por acompañarme y aguantarse las tardes en la oficina para que pueda terminar de escribir esta tesis. v A mi hermano Martín, por su ayuda incondicional. vi ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO 1. LA VICUÑA, Vicugna vicugna (MOLINA 1782)..............................................1 1.1. Introducción.....................................................................................................................1 Ubicación taxonómica y origen de la vicuña............................................................................ 1 Distribución geográfica y abundancia de la vicuña.................................................................. 2 Aspectos biológicos y ecológicos generales........................................................................... 4 Antecedentes referidos al comportamiento, uso del hábitat y del alimento............................. 5 Estado actual de conservación de la vicuña...........................................................................
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