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Resúmenes Y Trabajos Vi Congreso Mundial De Camélidos Sudamericanos

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Resúmenes Y Trabajos Vi Congreso Mundial De Camélidos Sudamericanos 21-23 Noviembre 2012, Arica-Chile RESÚMENES Y TRABAJOS VI CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE CAMÉLIDOS SUDAMERICANOS “Ciencia y Conciencia para la Producción, Gestión e Innovación en la Ganadería Andina” www.congresocamelidos.cl CONFERENCIAS, RESÚMENES Y TRABAJOS - VI CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE CAMÉLIDOS SUDAMERICANOS COORDINADOR GENERAL: Dr. Luis A. Raggi S. Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO: Dr. Víctor H. Parraguez G., Presidente Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile Dr. Paulo Corti G. Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile Sr. Giorgio Castellaro G. Ingeniero Agrónomo, Universidad de Chile Dr. Mario Maino M. Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile Sr. Cristian Raggi R. Administración en Ecoturismo Dra. Etel Latorre V. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, CRI Kampenaike Srta. Natacha Russel, colaboradora EDITORES: Dr. Luis Alberto Raggi S. Srta. Ingrid Rojas S. Dr. Víctor H. Parraguez G. Srta. Noemí Sepúlveda H. VI CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE CAMÉLIDOS SUDAMERICANOS 21!23 NOVIEMBRE ARICA!CHILE 2012 3 CONFERENCIAS, RESÚMENES Y TRABAJOS - VI CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE CAMÉLIDOS SUDAMERICANOS PREFACIO El Altiplano es una de las mayores mesetas elevadas de la tierra, con una altura promedio de casi 4.000 metros sobre el nivel medio del mar, se ubica en los andes centrales y es un territorio compartido por Argentina, Bolivia Chile y Perú. En general es un ecosistema frágil, con especies vegetales y animales de gran importancia para la biodiversidad. Su población, principalmente Aymara y Quechua, mantiene estrechos lazos con su cultura prehispá- nica y depende fundamentalmente de una actividad agrícola y ganadera, con especies propias de la región. Las condiciones ambientales, debidas a la gran altura y el prolongado aislamiento, han permitido un delicado equilibrio, muy sensible a la intervención del hombre y a los cambios climáticos. Este equilibrio está actualmente amenazado por diversos factores, entre ellos la actividad turística, las necesidades de las ciudades y los requerimientos de la industria minera. cultura, la ganadería y su biodiversidad. Entre las diversas actividades que sus habitantes desarrollan, en este particular entorno, se encuentra la ganadería de camélidos domésticos - alpacas y llamas- a los que se ha ido sumando, progresivamente, el manejo sustentable de especies silvestres como la vicuña. La ganadería de camélidos es una actividad que ha estado presente desde tiempos precolombinos y han representado hasta la actualidad, oportunidades de desarrollo a través de la obtención de productos valorados en el mercado como lo son el propio animal, su carne, su pelo y su piel. Así lo han com- prendido diferentes países del mundo, los que -con diversos enfoques- han iniciado programas de poblamiento, mejoramiento genético, y reproducción. Impulsar el desarrollo de este rubro, es un deber para con la cultura que ha mantenido el patrimonio y ha consolidado la soberanía, en ambientes hos- productivos y de mercado, los que habitualmente se encuentran dispersos, son de difícil acceso y poco accesibles a su vez para los ganaderos, pastores y artesanos. Este libro contiene los resultados y ponencias del “VI Congreso Mundial sobre Camélidos Sudamericanos”, cuyo objetivo principal es promover espacios para el intercambio y difusión de conocimiento entre productores, empresarios, profesionales, investigadores, estudiantes y público en general. Dinámica - lladas en torno a la ganadería de camélidos sudamericanos, con el objeto de promover su desarrollo, con especial preocupación por la conservación y protección del recurso genético, biodiversidad y sustentabilidad ambiental. Dr. Luis Alberto Raggi S. Universidad de Chile Coordinador General “VI Congreso Mundial sobre Camélidos sudamericanos” 5 CONFERENCIAS, RESÚMENES Y TRABAJOS - VI CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE CAMÉLIDOS SUDAMERICANOS PRESENTACIÓN Mundial de Camélidos Sudamericanos, por cuanto es la vitrina donde se expone el desarrollo del conocimiento de estas especies, que aunque cada día más diseminadas por el mundo, son un recurso autóctono de nuestro continente. sujeto de la creación de conocimiento, productos, valor agregado, esparcimiento y bienestar. En concordancia con lo anterior, hemos invitado a dictar conferencias a investigadores y profesionales de amplio reconocimiento mundial, provenientes de Argentina, Australia, Chile, Estados Unidos de Nortea- mérica, Perú y Reino Unido. Asimismo, nos parecen altamente relevantes los aportes individuales que harán los congresistas participantes, provenientes de diferentes países, los que pondrán a disposición del mundo sus avances en el conocimiento adquirido día a día en la tarea del campo o del centro de investigación. camélidos sudamericanos. Dr. Víctor H. Parraguez Presidente Comité Cientí!co 7 CONFERENCIAS, RESÚMENES Y TRABAJOS - VI CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE CAMÉLIDOS SUDAMERICANOS CONFERENCIAS MAGISTRALES 9 CONFERENCIAS, RESÚMENES Y TRABAJOS - VI CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE CAMÉLIDOS SUDAMERICANOS CONFERENCIAS, RESÚMENES Y TRABAJOS - VI CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE CAMÉLIDOS SUDAMERICANOS VICUÑA AND GUANACO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY: A NECESSARY UNDERSTANDING FOR THEIR CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT William L. Franklin, Ph.D. - Professor Emeritus College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Department of Natural Resources Ecology and Management Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA [email protected] ABSTRACT The living-wild camelids found today in South America are the outcome of over 40 million years of evolution, primarily in North America and ultimately in the Neotropical continent: the Vicuña (Vicugna vicugnaLama guanicoe) of Patagonia. The two species populations sedentary. They are one of the few ungulates of the world to occupy and defend year-round Feeding and Sleeping Territories. Territorial male resource defense polygyny based upon food in which the site is being defended, not the females. Multiple females are attracted to the site because of its food resources and other environmental variables. Pumas have a major impact on guanaco mortality with a juvenile survival rate of only 38% (31-55%) prey on a disproportionate percentage of juveniles. INTRODUCTION Lama guanicoe) and Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna), and the domestic Llama (Lama glama) and Alpaca (Vicugna paco wild Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus) of Mongolia and China, the domestic Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus bactrianus) of Asia, and the domestic Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) of Africa and the Middle-East (Franklin 2011). This ungulate family shows extraordinary-evolutionary adaptations that have enabled it to successfully survive and reproduce in extremes of temperature, water deprivation, and forage scarcity. Because of their unsurpassed ability to thrive in harsh and dry environs, utilization of the domestic camelids has made it possible for humans to inhabit some of the most severe corners of the world (see Franklin 2011). are a paradigm of insight of how these species are innately adapted to their Patagonian and high altitude-Andean homelands. Lessons from one can be applied to the other. There are two Vicuña subspecies, Vicugna vicugna mensalis or Northern Vicuña (also known as the Peruvian Vicuña), and Vicugna vicugna vicugna or V. v. mensalis occurs in Peru and only V. v. vicugna all Vicuñas. Total world population of Vicuñas is ca. 421,000, 51% of which are in Peru. Lama guanicoe cacsilensis that occurs from coastal northern Peru to northern Chile with ca. 4000 animals remaining. It is highly endangered. Lama guanicoe guanicoe occurs from Bolivia, Chile, and in Argentina throughout the Patagonia. Total population size is Recent genetic-DNA research have established that the Vicuña subspecies Vicugna vicugna mensalis was the Alpaca’s progenitor, domesticated 5500– 6500 years ago by a hunter-gatherer society in the Central Andes of Peru. The Llama became domesticated 4000–4500 years ago in Northern Chile and/ steological remains and DNA analysis document its origin to be from the Lama.guanicoe cacsilensis 10 11 CONFERENCIAS, RESÚMENES Y TRABAJOS - VI CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE CAMÉLIDOS SUDAMERICANOS CONFERENCIAS, RESÚMENES Y TRABAJOS - VI CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE CAMÉLIDOS SUDAMERICANOS METHODS male Groups are non-breeding, non- of wild cameloids. Field research on the Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis territorial males of all ages in groups of 2–150 with 5–10 animals being the most common group size. They were vigorously and often collectively chased Lama guanicoe guanicoe solo males are physically and sexually mature males in search of a site to establish a territory, as well as, those single males that have established and are defending a territory, but - without females. works and is an updated/revision of Franklin 2010. For details on methodologies and descriptions of study areas, see cited references. Thus, this paper Recruiting females by Solo Males can sometimes take many months. Solo Males may be young or old. Tagged animals in Aguada Blanca, Peru revealed social structure, annual cycles, life cycles, territoriality, and their application to management and conservation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of their own territory: if adult females accidently leave their territory, they are vehemently attacked by the neighboring territorial male and chased back into their own territory. because of its wide distribution and diverse habitats. The treatment here is a comparative approach of the two species (see Tables 1 and 2 - adapted from Plant communities preferred
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