DOCSLIB.ORG

Preserving the Unique Puna Ecosystems of the Andean Altiplano Author(S): Philip W

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Preserving the Unique Puna Ecosystems of the Andean Altiplano Author(S): Philip W Preserving the Unique Puna Ecosystems of the Andean Altiplano Author(s): Philip W. Rundel and Beatriz Palma Source: Mountain Research and Development, 20(3):262-271. Published By: International Mountain Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0262:PTUPEO]2.0.CO;2 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1659/0276-4741%282000%29020%5B0262%3APTUPEO %5D2.0.CO%3B2 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Mountain Research and Development Vol 20 No 3 Aug 2000: 262–271 Philip W. Rundel and Beatriz Palma Preserving the Unique Puna Ecosystems of the Andean Altiplano 262 A Descriptive Account of Lauca National Park, Chile Lauca National Park elevation of 4518 m. It is the highest lake of significant forms a unique area of size in the world. Beyond these scenic attributes are puna and prepuna rich and unique flora and fauna exhibiting remarkable ecosystems in the high adaptations to the high elevations of Lauca. Vicuña, Altiplano of northeast- guanaco, huemul, viscacha, rhea, and flamingo are ern Chile. Its extensive among the notable wildlife readily visible and protect- puna steppe shrub- ed in this park. lands lying above Associated with Lauca National Park, which com- 4000 m and high vol- prises 137,833 ha, are Las Vicuñas National Reserve canoes reaching above (209,131 ha) and the Salar de Surire National Monu- 6000 m provide some ment (11,298 ha). The former was established to pro- of many strong justifications for its designation as a tect and manage populations of the endangered UNESCO International Biosphere Reserve in 1983. The vicuña, while the latter protects a relatively small saline park also contains Lago Chungará, the highest lake in lake that is of international significance for its large the world at 4518 m elevation, and a rich variety of fau- and diverse populations of resident birds. Lauca Bio- na and flora. The mammal fauna of the park includes sphere Reserve (including Lauca National Park, Las notable populations of large herbivores such as vicuña, Vicuñas National Reserve, and Salar de Surire National guanaco, and huemul, and a rich diversity of rodent Monument) was declared a UNESCO International species. More than 140 species of birds, one third of the Biosphere Reserve in 1983, 1 of only 7 reserves in total Chilean bird fauna—with many rare wetland Chile so designated. species— and more than 400 species of vascular plants Lauca National Park is situated at about occur within the park. Despite its relatively pristine natu- 18°10'–18°25' S latitude along the Bolivian border in ral environment, Lauca National Park faces numerous Region 1 of northern Chile (Figure 1). Despite its very management challenges. These include the management high elevation, the entrance to the park lies only of critical and limited water resources, the impacts of 160 km east of the coastal city of Arica. The area of Lau- human population and tourism, management of rare and ca National Park was first set aside as a portion of a endangered species, and pressures from mining and large forest reserve in 1965 and then redesignated as a agricultural interests to decertify areas currently within national park in 1970 by a decree of the Chilean Min- park boundaries. Expansion of the park boundary west- istry of Agriculture. Its present boundaries were set in ward to include ecologically significant prepuna habitats 1983, along with those of Las Vicuñas National Reserve should be a high priority of park management. and Salar de Surire National Monument. It is 1 of only 2 national parks existing in the puna region of the Keywords: Parinacota; Lago Chungará; bofedales; northern Chilean Andes. The other, Volcán Isluga Polylepis; Azorella; park management; Lauca National National Park, lies 120 km to the south. Park; Chile. The summer rainfall regime in the puna region is unique in Chile and different from the Mediterranean- Peer reviewed: April 2000. Accepted: May 2000. like climate in most of the country (Table 1). This cli- matic regime represents the most arid extension of a tropical alpine ecosystem that occurs from central Peru Introduction southward through western Bolivia into northern Chile and Argentina. Tropical alpine climates create extreme Lauca National Park, positioned in the high Andean conditions for survival, with freezing temperatures Altiplano of northern Chile, provides an unparalleled occurring almost every night of the year. Daily ranges example of a pristine, arid puna ecosystem. The Lauca of temperature extremes from high to low may be as Basin within which the major area of this large park much as 25–30°C. The puna as represented at Lauca lies forms a portion of the Altiplano Plateau shared by thus represents a unique bioclimatic and biogeographic southern Peru, western Bolivia, northern Chile, and region of Chile, with strong floristic and faunistic rela- Argentina. Included within the park boundaries are tionships to Peru and Bolivia rather than to other parts spectacular vistas of extensive puna landscapes, large of Chile. Andean lakes and wetlands, and a series of snow- Despite its many attributes, Lauca National Park capped volcanoes. Three volcanic cones rise above continues to face significant issues of resource manage- 6000 m elevation—Parinacota (6342 m), Ponerape ment and protection that are critically important for its (6240 m), and Guallatire (6063 m)—and numerous future. The present article briefly reviews the natural peaks reaching above 5000 m ring the Lauca Basin in attributes of Lauca and discusses issues of resource which the park lies. Lago Chungará is situated at an management and external forces impacting the park. Research FIGURE 1 Map of Lauca National Park showing the primary geographical features and vegetation formations. The transitions from pre-puna shrub- 263 lands to puna shrub steppe and from puna shrub/steppe to high Andean occur at elevations of roughly 4000 and 5000 m, respectively. TABLE 1 Mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall at Geomorphology and hydrology Parinacota (4390 m asl). Data from Novoa and Villaseca (1989) for tempera- tures and wind speed and CONAF (1986) for rainfall. Lauca National Park lies largely within the northern Lauca Basin, which is the westernmost extension of a Mean Mean Mean series of fluvio-lacustrine basins that stretch over more maximum minimum Mean wind than 800 km from Lago Titicaca across the Bolivian temperature temperature rainfall speed Altiplano to the Salar de Uyuni. This basin is drained by Month (°C) (°C) (mm) (km/h) the Rio Lauca, which flows eastward into the Copiasa January 7.9 0.3 90.0 5.3 Basin of Bolivia. The eastern margin of the basin is February 7.8 0.2 99.3 4.9 formed by a line of active volcanoes extending from Parinacota and Ponerape to Cerro de Quisiquisini, March 7.5 -0.1 55.9 4.7 Guallatire, and south to Puquintica (5780 m). The west- April 6.1 -1.1 9.5 4.9 ern hydrologic boundary of the basin is formed by a May 3.9 -2.9 3.0 4.9 chain of deeply eroded Miocene volcanoes, which are sometimes termed the Chilean Western Cordillera. Geo- June 1.1 -5.1 1.7 5.9 logically, this chain consists of folded and faulted Creta- July 0.0 -6.0 0.6 5.7 ceous and Tertiary sediments mixed with former vol- August 3.1 -3.5 1.4 5.9 canic centers of activity. The most prominent peaks are the Nevados de Putre (with the Cerro de Taapaca at September 3.7 -0.1 2.7 6.0 5775 m) and Cerro Belén, Cerro Tallacollo, Cerro Oro- October 5.9 -1.3 2.9 6.1 tunco, and Cerro de Anocarire, which all reach above November 6.7 -0.7 14.2 6.0 5000 m. Beyond this chain to the west, the Altiplano plateau exhibits a sharp staircase drop of more than December 7.3 -0.3 39.8 ND 2500 m along two north–south striking normal faults Mean 5.1 -2.0 321.6 5.5 (Kött et al 1995). Philip W. Rundel and Beatriz Palma FIGURE 2 Volcán Parinacota (6342 m) with Lago Chungará, the highest elevation lake in the world, at its base. In the right foreground are dwarf woodlands dominated by Polylepis tarapacana, and the left foreground 264 shows wetland habitats termed bofedales with grazing vicuñas. (Photo by authors) The relatively gentle topography within the Lauca the youngest of a trio of volcanoes forming the Nevados Basin averages about 4100 m in altitude, giving it an de Quimsachata, is one of the most active volcanoes in elevation about 500 m higher than Lago Titicaca. Geo- northern Chile. It has the distinction of being the logical evidence and climate indicators such as pollen, southernmost volcano in the Central Andes to retain a evaporites, and sedimentary facies indicate that an arid perennial thick ice cap. climate has existed in the Lauca Basin over the past 6.2 At 4518 m, Lago Chungará (Figure 2) is the highest million years (Kött et al 1995; Gaupp et al 1999).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iv BOLIVIA the Top of the World
    iv BOLIVIA The top of the world Bolivia takes the breath away - with its beauty, its geographic and cultural diversity, and its lack of oxygen. From the air, the city of La Paz is first glimpsed between two snowy Andean mountain ranges on either side of a plain; the spread of the joined-up cities of El Alto and La Paz, cradled in a huge canyon, is an unforgettable sight. For passengers landing at the airport, the thinness of the air induces a mixture of dizziness and euphoria. The city's altitude affects newcomers in strange ways, from a mild headache to an inability to get up from bed; everybody, however, finds walking up stairs a serious challenge. The city's airport, in the heart of El Alto (literally 'the high place'), stands at 4000 metres, not far off the height of the highest peak in Europe, Mont Blanc. The peaks towering in the distance are mostly higher than 5000m, and some exceed 6000m in their eternally white glory. Slicing north-south across Bolivia is a series of climatic zones which range from tropical lowlands to tundra and eternal snows. These ecological niches were exploited for thousands of years, until the Spanish invasion in the early sixteenth century, by indigenous communities whose social structure still prevails in a few ethnic groups today: a single community, linked by marriage and customs, might live in two or more separate climes, often several days' journey away from each other on foot, one in the arid high plateau, the other in a temperate valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Copy 2021 03 23 Ituarte
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Ituarte, Lia S Title: Exploring differential erosion patterns using volcanic edifices as a proxy in South America General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Exploring differential erosion patterns using volcanic edifices as a proxy in South America Lia S. Ituarte A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Master by Research in the Faculty of Science, School of Earth Sciences, October 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of Biodiversity in Protected Areas of Shared Priority Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean
    Inter-Agency Technical Committee of the Forum of Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean Twelfth Forum of Ministers of the Environment Distribution: of Latin America and the Caribbean Limited UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XII/TD.3 Bridgetown, Barbados 27 February, 2000 2nd to 7th March 2000 Original: English - Spanish A. Preparatory Meeting of Experts 2nd to 3rd March 2000 The World Bank United Nations Development Programme Conservation of Biodiversity in United Nations Protected Areas of Shared Environment Programme (ITC Coordinator) Priority Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Inter-American Development Bank Conservation and sustainable use of tropical rainforests of Latin America and the Caribbean This document was prepared by the Inter-Agency Technical Committee on the basis of the mandates of the Eleventh Meeting of the Forum of Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean (Lima, Peru, March 1998). The work was carried out by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), as the lead agencies, in coordination with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The purpose of the document is to provide the Forum with support for discussing and approving courses of action in the sphere of the Regional Action Plan for the period 2000-2001. UNEP/LAC-IGWG.XII/TD.4 Page i Table of Contents Chapter I. Conservation of Biodiversity in Protected Areas of Shared Priority Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean................................................. 1 I. Introduction................................................................................................ 1 II. Development of priority theme lines ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation and Climate Change on the Bolivian Altiplano Between 108,000 and 18,000 Years Ago
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences of 1-1-2005 Vegetation and climate change on the Bolivian Altiplano between 108,000 and 18,000 years ago Alex Chepstow-Lusty Florida Institute of Technology, [email protected] Mark B. Bush Florida Institute of Technology Michael R. Frogley Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL Paul A. Baker Duke University, [email protected] Sherilyn C. Fritz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Chepstow-Lusty, Alex; Bush, Mark B.; Frogley, Michael R.; Baker, Paul A.; Fritz, Sherilyn C.; and Aronson, James, "Vegetation and climate change on the Bolivian Altiplano between 108,000 and 18,000 years ago" (2005). Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 30. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/30 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Alex Chepstow-Lusty, Mark B. Bush, Michael R. Frogley, Paul A. Baker, Sherilyn C. Fritz, and James Aronson This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ geosciencefacpub/30 Published in Quaternary Research 63:1 (January 2005), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Patterns of Atmospheric Mercury in Tropical South America As Inferred by a Continuous Total Gaseous Mercury Record at Chacaltaya Station (5240 M) in Bolivia
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3447–3472, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3447-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Seasonal patterns of atmospheric mercury in tropical South America as inferred by a continuous total gaseous mercury record at Chacaltaya station (5240 m) in Bolivia Alkuin Maximilian Koenig1, Olivier Magand1, Paolo Laj1, Marcos Andrade2,7, Isabel Moreno2, Fernando Velarde2, Grover Salvatierra2, René Gutierrez2, Luis Blacutt2, Diego Aliaga3, Thomas Reichler4, Karine Sellegri5, Olivier Laurent6, Michel Ramonet6, and Aurélien Dommergue1 1Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France 2Laboratorio de Física de la Atmósfera, Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia 3Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland 4Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA 5Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR 6016, Clermont-Ferrand, France 6Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France 7Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA Correspondence: Alkuin Maximilian Koenig ([email protected]) Received: 22 September 2020 – Discussion started: 28 October 2020 Revised: 20 January 2021 – Accepted: 21 January 2021 – Published: 5 March 2021 Abstract. High-quality atmospheric mercury (Hg) data are concentrations were linked to either westerly Altiplanic air rare for South America, especially for its tropical region. As a masses or those originating from the lowlands to the south- consequence, mercury dynamics are still highly uncertain in east of CHC.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    69701 Chile: Regional Development Planning Public Disclosure Authorized Evolving Policy and its Application to Regions I and XV Main Document December 21, 2007 Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Latin America and the Caribbean Public Disclosure Authorized Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized i CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = Chilean Pesos (CLP) US$1.0 = CLP $496.75 (December, 2007) GOVERNMENT FISCAL YEAR January 1 to December 31 WEIGHTS MEASURES Metric System Vice President: Pamela Cox Country Director: Pedro Alba Sector Director: Marcelo Giugale Sector Leader: James Parks Sector Manager: Nick Manning 1. Task Manager : Fernando Rojas ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In order to address this research agenda, the Bank assembled a team of Chilean and international experts. The team, lead by Fernando Rojas, was composed of Mr. Geoffrey Shepherd, who was the main editor of this report. It was also composed of Thomas Courchene, Enrique Fanta, Roberto Panzardi, Emily Sinnott, Wolfgang Koehling, Fanny Weiner, Raul Labán, Helena Dúran, Paulina Soto, Azul del Villar and Chie Ingvoldstad and Patricia Mendez. Yoko Katakura, William Dillinger, Maria Emilia Freire, Remy Prud’Homme, Paul Bernd Spahn, Harald L. Fuhr and Ignacio Irarrázaval provided useful comments to earlier drafts as peer reviewers. The team as a whole spent two separate weeks in Chile for data collection, meeting with officials and experts, and internal discussion and deliberation. As part of the initial meeting, the team visited Region I and Region XV, where the team met with officials, experts, politicians and various civil society associations. Earlier drafts of this report were presented to and discussed with the Minister of Finance and his team, and the Sub Direccion de Desarrollo Regional.
    [Show full text]
  • Scale Deformation of Volcanic Centres in the Central Andes
    letters to nature 14. Shannon, R. D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides of 1–1.5 cm yr21 (Fig. 2). An area in southern Peru about 2.5 km and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. A 32, 751–767 (1976). east of the volcano Hualca Hualca and 7 km north of the active 15. Hansen, M. (ed.) Constitution of Binary Alloys (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958). 21 16. Emsley, J. (ed.) The Elements (Clarendon, Oxford, 1994). volcano Sabancaya is inflating with U LOS of about 2 cm yr . A third 21 17. Tanaka, H., Takahashi, I., Kimura, M. & Sobukawa, H. in Science and Technology in Catalysts 1994 (eds inflationary source (with ULOS ¼ 1cmyr ) is not associated with Izumi, Y., Arai, H. & Iwamoto, M.) 457–460 (Kodansya-Elsevier, Tokyo, 1994). a volcanic edifice. This third source is located 11.5 km south of 18. Tanaka, H., Tan, I., Uenishi, M., Kimura, M. & Dohmae, K. in Topics in Catalysts (eds Kruse, N., Frennet, A. & Bastin, J.-M.) Vols 16/17, 63–70 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2001). Lastarria and 6.8 km north of Cordon del Azufre on the border between Chile and Argentina, and is hereafter called ‘Lazufre’. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on Nature’s website Robledo caldera, in northwest Argentina, is subsiding with U (http://www.nature.com/nature). LOS of 2–2.5 cm yr21. Because the inferred sources are more than a few kilometres deep, any complexities in the source region are damped Acknowledgements such that the observed surface deformation pattern is smooth.
    [Show full text]
  • Informe De Avance Iabin Ecosystem Grant
    INFORME DE AVANCE IABIN ECOSYSTEM GRANT: DIGITALIZACIÓN DE DATOS E INFORMACIÓN, DEPURACIÓN Y ESTANDARIZACIÓN DE PISOS DE VEGETACIÓN DE CHILE Patricio Pliscoff, Federico Luebert, Corporación Taller La Era, Santiago, Chile, 30 de Septiembre de 2008. Resumen Se ha ingresado el 50,6% de la información bibliográfica recopilada para el desarrollo de la base de información puntual georeferenciada de inventarios de vegetación. Se ha depurado el 68,5% del total de pisos de vegetación de la cartografía digital. Se ha comenzado el proceso de estandarización de la clasificación de pisos de vegetación con el estándar de metadatos del IABIN, encontrando algunas dificultades en el ingreso de información. Las equivalencias entre pisos de vegetación y sistemas ecológicos ya ha sido finalizada. Abstract The 50.6% of the compiled bibliographic references for the development of the georeferenced database of vegetation inventories have been included. The 68.5% of vegetation belts of the digital cartography have been debbuged and fixed. The standarization process of vegetation belts has been begun, entering data into the IABIN ecosystem standard, finding some difficulties in the information entrance. The equivalences between vegetation belts and ecological systems has already been finished. Objetivos del Proyecto 1) Generación de una base de información puntual georeferenciada de inventarios de vegetación. 2) Depuración de cartografía digital de pisos vegetacionales. 3) Estandarizar la clasificación de Pisos de vegetación con los estándares de metadatos de IABIN y con la clasificación de Sistemas Ecológicos de NatureServe. Productos y resultados esperados De acuerdo con los objetivos mencionados, se espera obtener los siguientes resultados: - Una base de datos georeferenciada de puntos con inventarios de vegetación chilena - Una cartografía depurada de pisos de vegetación de Chile (Luebert & Pliscoff 2006) - Un esquema de equivalencias entre la clasificación de pisos de vegetación de Chile (Luebert & Pliscoff 2006) y la clasificación de sistemas ecológicos de NatureServe (2003).
    [Show full text]
  • The Andean Mountain Cat (Oreailurus Jacobita) in the Central Andes: an Attempt of Status Assessment by Field Interviews
    The Andean mountain cat (Oreailurus jacobita) in the central Andes: an attempt of status assessment by field interviews. Guillaume Chapron Laboratoire d'Ecologie CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France Very few is known about the Andean mountain cat in the Andes. I was able to conduct a preliminary survey in July 1998 in several protected areas in Chile and Bolivia. Here are the results. The information gathered on its repartition provides basis for further research. Travels by 4x4 covered 3.000 km at an altitude ranging from 2.400 INTRODUCTION to 5.000 m. Average temperatures encountered were 10°C during The Andean mountain cat (Oreailurus jacobita) is one of the the day and -20°C during the night. Wheather was almost sunny least poorly known felid species in the world (Nowell & Jackson, and windy. In Chile I visited all the Region I protected areas: Lauca 1996). Only few specimens are available in museums, often with National Park, Las Vicuñas National Reserve, Salar de Surire unprecise locations. It was first described in the genus Felis Natural Monument and Volcan Isluga National Park and, in Region (Cornalia, 1865) and placed later in the newly created genus II, the future Licancabur-Tatio National Park. It was not possible to Oreailurus (Cabrera, 1940). In 1973, Kuhn found on the basis of visit the Los Flamencos National Reserve but information the study of a single skull that a distinctive character was the concerning this protected area was collected in San Pedro de respective size of tympanic bullae chambers, the anterior being Atacama.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Elevation Limits and the Ecology of High-Elevation Vascular Plants: Legacies from Alexander Von Humboldt1
    a Frontiers of Biogeography 2021, 13.3, e53226 Frontiers of Biogeography REVIEW the scientific journal of the International Biogeography Society High-elevation limits and the ecology of high-elevation vascular plants: legacies from Alexander von Humboldt1 H. John B. Birks1,2* 1 Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Bergen, Norway; 2 Ecological Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1 6BT, UK. *Correspondence: H.J.B. Birks, [email protected] 1 This paper is part of an Elevational Gradients and Mountain Biodiversity Special Issue Abstract Highlights Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland in their • The known uppermost elevation limits of vascular ‘Essay on the Geography of Plants’ discuss what was plants in 22 regions from northernmost Greenland known in 1807 about the elevational limits of vascular to Antarctica through the European Alps, North plants in the Andes, North America, and the European American Rockies, Andes, East and southern Africa, Alps and suggest what factors might influence these upper and South Island, New Zealand are collated to provide elevational limits. Here, in light of current knowledge a global view of high-elevation limits. and techniques, I consider which species are thought to be the highest vascular plants in twenty mountain • The relationships between potential climatic treeline, areas and two polar regions on Earth. I review how one upper limit of closed vegetation in tropical (Andes, can try to
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad Nacional Del Centro Del Peru
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL CENTRO DEL PERU FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES Y DEL AMBIENTE "COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA Y ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS BOSQUES DE Kageneckia lanceolata Ruiz & Pav. Y Escallonia myrtilloides L.f. EN LA RESERVA PAISAJÍSTICA NOR YAUYOS COCHAS" TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERO FORESTAL Y AMBIENTAL Bach. CARLOS MICHEL ROMERO CARBAJAL Bach. DELY LUZ RAMOS POCOMUCHA HUANCAYO – JUNÍN – PERÚ JULIO – 2009 A mis padres Florencio Ramos y Leonarda Pocomucha, por su constante apoyo y guía en mi carrera profesional. DELY A mi familia Héctor Romero, Eva Carbajal y Milton R.C., por su ejemplo de voluntad, afecto y amistad. CARLOS ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................. i RESUMEN .................................................................................................. ii I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................... 1 II. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA ........................................................... 3 2.1. Bosques Andinos ........................................................................ 3 2.2. Formación Vegetal ...................................................................... 7 2.3. Composición Florística ................................................................ 8 2.4. Indicadores de Diversidad ......................................................... 10 2.5. Biología de la Conservación...................................................... 12 2.6. Estado de Conservación
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin and Emplacement of Domo Tinto, Guallatiri Volcano, Northern Chile Andean Geology, Vol
    Andean Geology ISSN: 0718-7092 [email protected] Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería Chile Watts, Robert B.; Clavero Ribes, Jorge; J. Sparks, R. Stephen The origin and emplacement of Domo Tinto, Guallatiri volcano, Northern Chile Andean Geology, vol. 41, núm. 3, septiembre, 2014, pp. 558-588 Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=173932124004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Andean Geology 41 (3): 558-588. September, 2014 Andean Geology doi: 10.5027/andgeoV41n3-a0410.5027/andgeoV40n2-a?? formerly Revista Geológica de Chile www.andeangeology.cl The origin and emplacement of Domo Tinto, Guallatiri volcano, Northern Chile Robert B. Watts1, Jorge Clavero Ribes2, R. Stephen J. Sparks3 1 Office of Disaster Management, Jimmit, Roseau, Commonwealth of Dominica. [email protected] 2 Escuela de Geología, Universidad Mayor, Manuel Montt 367, Providencia, Santiago, Chile. [email protected] 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol. BS8 1RJ. United Kingdom. [email protected] ABSTRACT. Guallatiri Volcano (18°25’S, 69°05’W) is a large edifice located on the Chilean Altiplano near the Bo- livia/Chile border. This Pleistocene-Holocene construct, situated at the southern end of the Nevados de Quimsachata chain, is an andesitic/dacitic complex formed of early stage lava flows and later stage coulées and lava domes.
    [Show full text]