IRREGULAR FORCES FINANCING HANDBOOK (Continued) of “Western Influence”; AQ’S Goals Have Now Evolved to Groups Is the Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-M)

Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Volume 3, Issue 3 March 2012 RREGULAR ORCES INANCING ANDBOOK I F F H INSIDE THIS ISSUE By H. David Pendleton and Angela Wilkins, OEA Team How do irregular forces finance their operations? TRISA’s OEA Team took a Irregular Forces Financing ......... 1 critical look at this topic culminating in its most recent handbook, “Irregular Boko Haram ................................. 3 Forces Financing.” The handbook covers a variety of threat actors, explaining the Irregular OPFOR TC .................... 5 legal and illegal methods they use to finance their operations and activities. Political Soccer in Egypt............. 6 After the consideration of many different groups, the TRISA OEA Team selected Attacks on Nuke Program ........... 7 eight groups, or threat actors, to profile. The OEA Team based its selection on the objective to cover many dissimilar groups with different motivations, diverse Attacks on Israelis ..................... 10 funding methods, and various sizes. The eight threat actors range from a single China’s Stealth Fighter Jet ....... 13 person or “lone wolf” that operated primarily in one country to an organized crime syndicate that operates worldwide. The groups profiled by the OEA Team Objectives for Training ............. 14 are the Sinaloa Drug Cartel, Albanian Organized Crime, al Shabaab, Cyber Threat Tier System ......... 16 Hezbollah, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), the Naxalites, al-Qaeda, and WEG: French Armored Carriers18 the Lone Wolf Anders Behring Breivik. Monthly wrap-up of CTID daily Each threat actor received similar treatment, but not necessarily the same updates .................................. 19 coverage, based on a variety of factors such as information availability, size, and breadth of the group’s activity. Each section of the report provides general information about the group’s purpose(s) and goal(s); leadership, structure, and location of its activities; common tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP); and its major actions. Following that is an in-depth section about the group’s financing methods. Red Diamond is produced monthly by the Threat Al Shabaab is an insurgent group that seeks to create an Islamic state in Somalia Integration Directorate of the and whose activities have spread to Kenya and Uganda. Al Shabaab funds its TRADOC G2 Intelligence jihad through extortion, illegal taxes, aid from the global diaspora, covert aid Support Activity (TRISA). from Eritrea, and smuggling. Al Shabaab TTP include armed attacks with small Send suggestions and arms, beheadings, IEDs, suicide bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and feedback to Ms. Penny Mellies ([email protected]). visits to local areas to offer assistance in return for support. Al Shabaab confines much of its activity to the three African countries mentioned above. While al-Qaeda (AQ) maintains a presence in many countries around the world, the majority of its activity occurs in the Middle East. Abdullah Azzam and Osama bin Laden founded AQ in the late 1980s to rid Muslim countries NEWSLETTER DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED IRREGULAR FORCES FINANCING HANDBOOK (continued) of “Western influence”; AQ’s goals have now evolved to groups is the Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-M). replace governments in Muslim-dominated countries with Over the last two decades, for various reasons, many of more fundamentalist regimes. While reported by many these communist groups have merged together. The sources, AQ did not fund its operations from bin Laden’s Naxalite groups’ TTP include direct combat with any of personal wealth, bin Laden’s Sudanese businesses, the Indian government forces that oppose them and conflict diamonds, drug trafficking, state support, or from damaging any symbols of the legitimate Indian support from American Muslims. Instead, AQ received government. To fund their cause, the Naxalites resort to most of its support from either individual donations in the robbery, extortion, illegal mining and woodcutting form of zakat, one of the five pillars of the Islamic faith, operations, and limited drug smuggling. Some rich or from money siphoned off from legitimate charities. AQ supporters, primarily educated elites in Indian cities activities range from suicide bombers to the 9/11 attacks sympathetic to the Naxalites’ cause, also provide some in the U.S. financial support. The group Hezbollah is The purpose of Albanian a Lebanese-based Organized Crime is terrorist organization simply to make money to that wants to establish an support its member’s Islamic state lifestyles. While the encompassing both organized crime Lebanon and Israel, with syndicate began in most of its activity Albania, it has now directed against the spread to most of Europe, Israelis. Hezbollah Canada, and even the operates in Lebanon, United States. Albanian Israel, the West Bank, Organized Crime makes Gaza, and Syria. most of its money from Hezbollah TTP includes the drug trade and human suicide bombings, rocket trafficking. Among other attacks, kidnappings, criminal organizations, conventional and the Albanian group is irregular military tactics, feared owing to a and the operation of charities. Major funding sources for reputation of extreme violence. They have recently Hezbollah include state support, charities, Hezbollah- formed alliances with South American drug cartels to owned businesses, and criminal activity such as drug expand their European operations to the United States. trafficking, money laundering, illegal arms trading, cigarette smuggling, and counterfeiting. A group called the Sinaloa Cartel is a loosely-aligned confederation of drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) The Lord’s Resistance Army’s (LRA’s) original that operates out of Mexico to push drugs into the United purpose was to establish a government in Uganda based States. The Sinaloa Cartel, however, has now branched on the biblical Ten Commandments, but the LRA now into operations in Europe, Asia, and Australia. The DTOs has abandoned most of its earlier principles. The LRA smuggle cocaine, heroin, and marijuana through a variety operates throughout central Africa as nomads that pass of sources that include cargo planes, submarines, through Uganda, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic container ships, fishing vessels, buses, automobiles, rail of the Congo (DRC), and the Central African Republic cars, tractor trailers, and tunnels. Besides drug sales, (CAR). The LRA forages and plunders for survival since money laundering is a major source of revenue for the the Sudanese government ceased its support in 2005. An cartel. Due to the competition with other cartels, much extremely violent group, LRA TTP includes kidnapping, violent crime occurs throughout Mexico associated with abduction, enslavement, forced recruitment of children, the drug trade. rape, torture, and massacres. While Anders Behring Breivik is only a single person, A loosely connected group of 27 communist-influenced he provides an excellent example of what a “Lone Wolf” organizations that wish to establish a Maoist-type threat actor can accomplish through legitimate government in India based on the Chinese model fundraising methods. Breivik held a grudge against what comprise what the Indian government calls the Naxalite he felt were Norway’s lax immigration policies, hated movement. The largest and most organized of these “multiculturalism,” detested “political correctness,” and Red Diamond Page 2 RREGULAR ORCES INANCING ANDBOOK (continued) I F F H feared an eventual Muslim majority in Oslo. This created actors at the far ends of the spectrum. One vignette is a need in him to maximize the number of casualties in his about the Norwegian Lone Wolf Bomber that covers planned attack in order to create the greatest loss possible Breivik’s timeline from his birth to the attacks. Also to Norway’s governing Labor Party. Breivik raised the included in the vignette is a detailed breakdown of money necessary for his July 2011 shooting spree by Breivik’s financial activities that he used to support his working for a legitimate company, attack. The second vignette is one of establishing his own computer the Sinaloa drug cartel’s money- company, moving back into his Irregular force threat actors use laundering schemes that involved mother’s house to save money, and tried and true methods to Vikram Datta. The Sinaloa Cartel dabbling in the stock market. Even used Datta, and possible conspired though Breivik lost money in the finance their operations. Most with him, to launder drug money stock market and his computer of them have a global network through his four perfume stores company went bankrupt, he still located in various parts of the U.S. managed to save enough money to of associates that participate in Datta was arrested in 2011 and conduct the attack that he began sentenced to 20 years in prison in the money stream. planning in 2002. Breivik’s IED January 2012. attack and subsequent shooting of teenagers on Utoeya Island was the greatest loss of life in Analysis of these irregular force threat actors and their Norway since World War II. financial activities reveals that, with the exception of the Lone Wolf, these actors use reliable methods that they Included with each irregular force groups section is a have counted on for years or even decades. Some of the world map that clearly delineates the group’s AO, areas larger groups, such as Hezbollah, Albanian Organized of financial activities, and any State support the group Crime, and al Shabaab for instance, have a global receives. These

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