Healthcare Coverage for Millions of Refugees
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Here Are Lowland Areas Along the Caspian, Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman Coasts
1 2 fb Contents Centre for Security, Strategy and Policy Research (CSSPR), University of Lahore 3 Country Study of Iran...................................................................................................................4 Geographic Contours ..............................................................................................................4 1. Terrain .......................................................................................................................4 2. Climate ......................................................................................................................4 Historical Perception ...............................................................................................................4 Society ..................................................................................................................................8 1. Demography ..............................................................................................................8 2. Ethnic Groups ............................................................................................................8 3. Languages .................................................................................................................8 4. Social Structure ..........................................................................................................8 5. Religion .....................................................................................................................9 6. Education ..................................................................................................................9 -
Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses First visibility of the lunar crescent and other problems in historical astronomy. Fatoohi, Louay J. How to cite: Fatoohi, Louay J. (1998) First visibility of the lunar crescent and other problems in historical astronomy., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/996/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk me91 In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful >° 9 43'' 0' eji e' e e> igo4 U61 J CO J: lic 6..ý v Lo ý , ý.,, "ý J ýs ýºý. ur ý,r11 Lýi is' ý9r ZU LZJE rju No disaster can befall on the earth or in your souls but it is in a book before We bring it into being; that is easy for Allah. In order that you may not grieve for what has escaped you, nor be exultant at what He has given you; and Allah does not love any prideful boaster. -
Quarterly Bulletin, Q2
I II © Da Afghanistan Bank, 2009 Ibn-e-Sina Watt Kabul Afghanistan Telephone: +93-20-2100293 Internet: www.centralbank.gov.af Email: [email protected] All rights reserved First printing January 2009 1 2 3 4 5 10 09 08 07 Rights and permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted but may be freely quoted and reprinted. Acknowledgement is requested together with a copy of the publication. Data Notes Afghanistan uses the Persian calendar also known as the Jalali calendar, which was introduced on March 15, 1079 by the Seljuk Sultan Jalal-u-ddin Malik Shah I, based on the recommendations of a committee of astronomers, including Omar Khaiyam, at the imperial observatory in his capital city of Isfahan. It is a solar calendar in which each year begins on March 21. This Quarterly Bulletin covers developments in the second quarter 1387 which is equivalent June 22, 2008 – September 21, 2008 in the Gregorian calendar. Afghanistan figures are in current Afghani unless otherwise specified. Billion means 1,000 million III TABLE OF CONTENT Message of the Governor.......................................................................................................VIII THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .....................................................................1 SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................................1 1. UNITED STATES..................................................................................................................1 -
Iran and Israel's National Security in the Aftermath of 2003 Regime Change in Iraq
Durham E-Theses IRAN AND ISRAEL'S NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE AFTERMATH OF 2003 REGIME CHANGE IN IRAQ ALOTHAIMIN, IBRAHIM,ABDULRAHMAN,I How to cite: ALOTHAIMIN, IBRAHIM,ABDULRAHMAN,I (2012) IRAN AND ISRAEL'S NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE AFTERMATH OF 2003 REGIME CHANGE IN IRAQ , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4445/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 . IRAN AND ISRAEL’S NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE AFTERMATH OF 2003 REGIME CHANGE IN IRAQ BY: IBRAHIM A. ALOTHAIMIN A thesis submitted to Durham University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy DURHAM UNIVERSITY GOVERNMENT AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS March 2012 1 2 Abstract Following the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iran has continued to pose a serious security threat to Israel. -
Iran Complains to IAEA Over Leak of Confidential Info Kayhan Group of Newspapers
2 February 16, 2021 DOMESTIC NEWS Iran Complains to IAEA Over Leak of Confidential Info Kayhan Group of Newspapers Allah is He Who cre- Editorial Dept. Tel.: 33911561, 33110251-9 ated the heavens and Ext.: 2334, 2336, 2337 the earth and sent down Advertising Dept.: 33110251-9 Ext. 2336 water from the clouds, then brought forth with it Subscription Ext.: 2322 fruits as a sustenance for Facsimile: 33114228 & 33111120 you, and He has made Website: www.kayhan.ir/en the ships subservient to E-mail: [email protected] you, that they might run P.O. Box: 11365/9631 their course in the sea by His command, and Address: Martyr Shah Cheraghi Street, Ferdowsi Avenue, He has made the rivers Tehran – Islamic Republic of Iran subservient to you. The Holy Qur’an (14.32) In the Name of the Most High Viewpoint PRAYER TIMINGS Noon (Zohr) 12:18 Evening(Maghreb) 18:06 Why is the Catholic Pope Dawn(Fajr)“ Tomorrow” 05:26 Sunrise “Tomorrow” 06:50 Coming to Iraq? The Iranian national flag flutters in the wind outside the IAEA building in Vienna. By: Kayhan Int’l Staff Writer UNITED NATIONS (Dispatches) Republic of Iran’s relations with change the status quo. -- Iran’s ambassador to international the IAEA. He added that Iran’s letter to the Iranian, organizations in Vienna, including the “Iran’s concerns about non-im- IAEA touched on six issues, which On March 5 the Head of the Catholic sect of Christianity is sched- International Atomic Energy Agency plementation of [IAEA’s] commit- make way for the leak of confiden- Pakistan Navy uled to land at Baghdad International Airport – the venue of the (IAEA), says the Iranian mission has ments regarding confidentiality of tial information including: unpardonable act of terrorism committed by the US on January 3 informed the IAEA of Tehran’s con- information have been brought up He cited inclusion of detailed Chiefs Meet in last year. -
Iran's Nuclear Ambitions From
IDENTITY AND LEGITIMACY: IRAN’S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS FROM NON- TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVES Pupak Mohebali Doctor of Philosophy University of York Politics June 2017 Abstract This thesis examines the impact of Iranian elites’ conceptions of national identity on decisions affecting Iran's nuclear programme and the P5+1 nuclear negotiations. “Why has the development of an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle been portrayed as a unifying symbol of national identity in Iran, especially since 2002 following the revelation of clandestine nuclear activities”? This is the key research question that explores the Iranian political elites’ perspectives on nuclear policy actions. My main empirical data is elite interviews. Another valuable source of empirical data is a discourse analysis of Iranian leaders’ statements on various aspects of the nuclear programme. The major focus of the thesis is how the discourses of Iranian national identity have been influential in nuclear decision-making among the national elites. In this thesis, I examine Iranian national identity components, including Persian nationalism, Shia Islamic identity, Islamic Revolutionary ideology, and modernity and technological advancement. Traditional rationalist IR approaches, such as realism fail to explain how effective national identity is in the context of foreign policy decision-making. I thus discuss the connection between national identity, prestige and bargaining leverage using a social constructivist approach. According to constructivism, states’ cultures and identities are not established realities, but the outcomes of historical and social processes. The Iranian nuclear programme has a symbolic nature that mingles with socially constructed values. There is the need to look at Iran’s nuclear intentions not necessarily through the lens of a nuclear weapons programme, but rather through the regime’s overall nuclear aspirations. -
The Calendars of India
The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5. -
Problems of Shapour River Salinity Rising Over Recent Prolonged
Problems of Shapour River Salinity Rising Over Recent Prolonged Streamow Reduction Period and Solutions of River Salinity Management: An Originally Freshwater River Intensively Salinized by Natural Salinity Sources Jahanshir Mohammadzadeh-Habili ( [email protected] ) Shiraz University School of Agriculture Davar Khalili Shiraz University School of Agriculture Shahrokh Zand-Parsa Shiraz University School of Agriculture Abdoreza Sabouki Institude for Energy and Hydro Technology, Shiraz, Iran Ali Dindarlou Persian Gulf University Jaber Mozaffarizadeh Shiraz University Research Article Keywords: Natural salinity sources, Streamow reduction, Shapour river, Damming, Over-utilization, Salinity uctuation domain Posted Date: March 22nd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-284006/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/21 Abstract The Shapour river with catchment area of 4254 km2 is a major river system in southern Iran. While the upstream river ow (the upper Shapour river) is fresh, it becomes extremely salinized at the downstream conuence of Shekastian salty tributary and the entering nearby Boushigan brine spring. The river then passes through the Khesht plain and nally discharges into the Raeisali-Delvari storage dam, which went into operation in 2009. Over the 2006–2019 period, reduced precipitation and over-utilization of freshwater resources resulted in ~ 72% streamow reduction in the Shapour river. Consequently, the ratios of unused salty/brine water of Shekastian tributary and Boushigan spring to fresh-outow of the upper Shapour river increased by ~ 3 times and river salinity uctuation domain at the Khesht plain inlet dramatically increased from 2.1-4.0 dS m− 1 to 3.7–26.0 dS m− 1. -
Attacks Against the Iranian Nuclear Program
OEA Team Threat Report G-2 G-2 Title Attacks Against the Iranian Date Nuclear Program 15 February 2012 US Army TRADOC G2 TRADOC Intelligence Support Activity (TRISA) – Threats Dr. Majid Shahriari’s car after the attack1 Publication Date: 15 February 2012 US Army TRADOC G2 Information Cut-Off Date: 25 January 2012 TRADOC Intelligence Support Activity (TRISA) – Threats 1 U.S. UNCLASSIFIED U.S. UNCLASSIFIED OEA Team Threat Report G-2 Purpose To inform readers of the locations of Iran’s six major nuclear sites To inform deploying units, trainers, and scenario writers of the attacks and accidents that have plagued the Iranian nuclear program over the past 12 years To identify the various tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) used to assassinate scientists associated with the Iranian nuclear program To identify other methods used to damage the Iranian nuclear program over the past 12 years Product Caveat: This presentation has been developed from multiple unclassified sources and is primarily intended for use as a training product for the Department of Army. This briefing should not be considered a finished intelligence product, nor used in such a manner. 2 U.S. UNCLASSIFIED OEA Team Threat Report G-2 Executive Summary Provides a map of the location of Iran’s 6 major nuclear sites Presents a timeline of the accidents, attacks, and assassinations associated with the Iranian nuclear programs since 2001 Provides information on the assassination or the attempts on the lives of scientists and other negative incidents associated with the Iranian nuclear program Includes civilian experts’ speculation about the actor or actors involved with the attempts to derail the Iranian nuclear program Provides additional negative events in Iran that may or may not be associated with its nuclear program 3 U.S. -
Viral Tragedy in the Islamic Republic of Iran By-Apurbaa Sengupta, Research Intern, AIDIA 1 August 2020
Viral tragedy in the Islamic Republic of Iran By-Apurbaa Sengupta, Research Intern, AIDIA 1 August 2020 Introduction: The spread of a virus, as fatal as the Coronavirus, constitutes an enormous threat to mankind anywhere in the world. The beginning of the new decade observed the entire world plunge into an extraordinary global public health crisis, the first of its kind in centuries. A respiratory disease, popularised worldwide as the Coronavirus broke out from the Huanan Seafood Market in the Chinese province of Wuhan and eventually trickled into every corner of the world1. The politically instable and disturbed region, such as the Middle East was not an exception. Within two months of the viral outbreak, the Islamic Republic of Iran acquired the second position after China, in terms of the worst affected countries and emerged as an epicentre of the epidemic2. The country which had for so long been debilitated by international sanctions and economic fallouts now wrestled to cope with a health emergency. What further exacerbated the plight of Iranians was a belated, haphazard government response to counter the looming threat and politicisation of the invisible enemy by leaders to gain political dividends. The initial outbreak of the global infection: The location of Iran is several thousand kilometres away from the original epicentre of the global infection. How then did the invisible global enemy reach the Islamic Republic? Iran reported its first confirmed case of Coronavirus on February 19, 20203. Reports from the authorities suggest that the widening outbreak began in the holy city of Qom and the authorities acknowledged the presence of the virus only after the city reported two COVID deaths. -
Molecular and Serological Evaluation of Toxoplasma Gondii Among Female University Students in Mamasani District, Fars Province, Southern Iran
Toxoplasma gondii among female university students in Fars province Original article Molecular and Serological Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii among Female University Students in Mamasani District, Fars Province, Southern Iran Mohsen Kalantari1, PhD; Qasem Asgari2, PhD; Abstract Khadijeh Rostami3, MD; Background: Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were identified in Shahrbano Naderi3, MSc; Iraj female university students referred to Valie-Asr hospital of Mohammapour3, PhD; Masoud Mamasani from Azad and Payame-Noor Universities, using Yousefi4, PhD candidate; serological and molecular methods. Mohammad Hassan Davami5, Methods: Based on the prevalence and characteristics method, 504 PhD; Kourosh Azizi1, PhD serum samples were collected from female university students, during 2015, and evaluated by Enzyme-Linked Immun-Sorbent 1Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Assay (ELISA), Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), and Polymerase Entomology and Vector Control, Shiraz Chain Reaction (PCR) based on B1 gene for detection of Toxoplasma University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 2Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases gondii. The data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software. Research Center, School of Medicine, Results: Out of 504 studied female students, 27 (5.36%) and 36 Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; (7.14%) cases were found to be positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG 3Department of Parasitology and Mycology, antibodies by MAT and ELISA, respectively. Moreover, 5 (0.99%) School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; cases were found to be positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgM. PCR 4Department of Environmental Health, detected the Toxoplasma DNA in 58 out of 504 (11.51%) samples. Mamasani Higher Education Complex for Health, Shiraz University of Medical Conclusion: Findings of the current study revealed that Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Toxoplasma was a common infection among female university 5Department of Parasitology and Mycology, students in Mamasani district in Fars province. -
Highlights of Iran's Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons
INSTITUTE FOR SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY REPORT Highlights of Iran’s Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons By David Albright with Sarah Burkhard and the Good ISIS Team August 25, 2021 Iran’s Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons chronicles the Islamic Republic of Iran’s effort to acquire nuclear weapons. It started slowly, building to a crash nuclear weapons program in the early 2000s to create five nuclear weapons and an industrial complex to produce many more. Under international pressure, fearful of military attack, the program was driven to downsize and deeper secrecy. Nonetheless, Iran remains on the brink of becoming a nuclear weapons power; its nuclear material production capabilities stronger than ever, its weaponization capabilities lurking under the surface. But just how close did Iran get to nuclear weapons during its crash program and how close is it today? Up until the events of a cold, clear night in January 2018, the world could only guess. In a dramatic nighttime raid, the Israeli Foreign Intelligence Service Mossad broke into a warehouse in Tehran and seized a large cache of documents detailing Iran’s darkest and long- denied secret. The Amad Plan, the codename for its crash nuclear weapons program, was far larger and made much more progress than previously known. Containing many top secret details, the seized documents offer unprecedented insights into Iran’s progress—and the hurdles it faced in building nuclear weapons. With what Iran learned about building nuclear weapons during the Amad Plan, combined with its subsequent accomplishments, the Islamic Republic has developed a sophisticated capability to make nuclear weapons.