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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL ENFORCEMENT ISSN: 2582 8894|UIA: AA1003/2020 Volume 1 Issue 2 |June 2021| Website: www.internationaljournaloflegalenforcement-ijle.com Email: [email protected] 2 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL ENFORCEMENT ISSN: 2582 8894|UIA: AA1003/2020 About Us International Journal of Legal Enforcement is an online peer review journal dedicated to express views on legal and socio legal aspects. This platform also shall ignite the initiative of the young students. We do not charge any publication charge for online publications. We process to bring out the analysis and thoughts of every socio legal and legal matters from the young powerful minds. With this thought we hereby present you, International Journal of Legal Enforcement. “Dharma is to protect the Needy” 3 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL ENFORCEMENT ISSN: 2582 8894|UIA: AA1003/2020 Article on IRAN-USA RELATIONS – WILL A CHANGE BE WITNESSED UNDER BIDEN’S PRESIDENCY? - Mitali Singh Student, VIT School of Law, Chennai 4 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL ENFORCEMENT ISSN: 2582 8894|UIA: AA1003/2020 Abstract USA being the superpower always had an upper hand in the international relations and Iran being non-Arab Republic has always tried to prove its importance and supremacy in the Middle East region. Israel has always taken a stand that Iran has threatened Israel many times at various levels either be officially or non- officially and vice versa. So, the article mainly focuses on how there always a nuclear tension among the nations have been and how threats are given to the countries to reduce it. It also highlights the assassination of scientists in the process of putting down the nuclear threats. The article explains the long history between the nations and how it emerged within the time. Iran has also claimed that the assassination of their nuclear scientist was influenced by USA. So, the articles also focus on the growing relations of Iran with USA and will a change be witnessed under Biden’s presidency. Introduction USA being the superpower always had an upper hand in the international relations. But the change of presidency and the way of ruling has made a major impact in the relations. Starting from Clinton till Trump, the ruling has seen a both crest and trough. Few leaders had a subtle way of solving the problems through negotiations whereas the others had been short tempered. The policies made previously were overturned by the other ruler. Iran being non-Arab Republic has always tried to prove its importance and supremacy in the Middle East region. Iran being home to most of the oldest civilisations on the other hand was ruled by Shah. He was more into the western culture and was later overthrown by Khomeini. Iran and Israel also have a long history which runs as rivals against each other. Initially, Iran being the first Muslim country to acknowledge Israel after its establishment in 1948. Actually, it was Iran who voted against the United Nations Plan for Palestine in 1947 and was against accepting it as a state. But then after two years Iran acknowledged and recognised Israel and thus becomes the second Muslim majority country. The relations between the countries deteriorated Mossadegh accused Israel of being dependent on the Americans who permitted the military coup against the Mossadegh government in 1953. 5 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL ENFORCEMENT ISSN: 2582 8894|UIA: AA1003/2020 Iran and US had always had a controversial relation after the 1979 Islamic revolution. Iran was always active with its nuclear programs which was a major reason for rivals against USA and Israel. ISSUE • Whether the presidency of Biden can be seen as opportunity to improvise the relations between USA and Iran? • Whether this act of killing the nuclear head is actually motivated by Israel or is it just a conspiracy forcing Iraq to further deteriorate its relations with the other countries? EXPLANATION ON HOW IRAN AND US SHARE RELATIONS If we see he recent data then, Iran has lost its business around 50 to 80 percent. It is not a good thing for a business country and for this we need to see who is pulling the strings and who is influencing to the other countries. The main countries are definitely USA, UK, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Russia, Venezuela and Lebanon. Lebanon and Iran share a common enemy i.e., Israel. Both wants to wipe off Israel and so enemy of an enemy is a friend. Looking into the history starting from 1908 when Anglo-Persian oil company gets started and other countries come to know that Iran has got oil and they wanted to get a hold of it. Obviously, Iran having a lack of technology to get the oil so Britain planned on helping Iran and in 1914 they cracked a deal with them saying that Britain will be owing 51% of the oil. And later this was called as British Petroleum. Now looking at the leaders between 1925 to 1941Reza Pahlavi becomes Shah then later his son becomes the Shah and stays till 1979. The father had a strong military and was a tough guy whereas his son was different. He was a better world spoken politician. Then later in 1951 Mosaddegh becomes the prime minister of Iran. He wanted to nationalise the oil situation stating that the oil belongs to Iran so why should the maximum share be taken by some other country. So, Britain shows its anger by imposing two sanctions EMBARGO AND HALT EXPORTS due to which Iran could not make money because people are not buying any products. So, in 1953 CIA and MI6 which is the British intelligence team up together to create a coup and they kick Mosaddegh out and he has to leave the country. Then later Mohammed Reza was back and Britishers liked him as he was as good with western nations and he goes back starting trade and commerce. In 1963 Shah admired the 6 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL ENFORCEMENT ISSN: 2582 8894|UIA: AA1003/2020 western culture and wanted to transform Iran in the same way but most of the Iranians did not liked it. he launches a programme called White Revolution from 1963 to 1978. The literacy rate became high, women got the right to vote, and women got places in high positions. But all this made a particular community of people over there unhappy even though Iran’s economy has rose. And in 1978, Ayatollah Khomeini who was an exile for 14 years from Iran comes. There was an uprising in the country and Shah had to leave Iran completely. In 1979 Non- Islamic Militants takes 52 American Hostages under Khomeini. (Valuetainment, September 17, 2019) The main point where the relation of US and Iran became hostile was the war that took place between Iran and Iraq from 1980 to 1988. The war had huge loss of live and repercussions and USA was the supporter of Iraq. US was funding and helping Saddam Hussein. Then later when carter became the leader the 52 hostages were released. The in 1988 Iran air bus was shot down bus US killing 290 people including 66 children. Later in 1955 Clinton puts oil and trade sanctions on Iran then in 2003 Iran suspends their Uranium Enrichment Programme and allowed a tougher inspection of its nuclear facilities. In 2006 to 2010 US succeeds 4 rounds of sanctions against Iran: • Stop enriching uranium. • Stop exporting weapons! • Banking restrictions • Trade and travel restrictions So, the 1979 Iranian revolution and its aftermath are often seen by its detractors as the first step in creation of an isolated fundamentalist state that supports terrorism but there is also another side of the story and interpretation. It also depends on which part one is looking at and it is also a different kind of revolution. The 1979 uprisings were aimed at getting rid of the Pahlavi dynasty and this dynasty had two kings Reza Shah and Mohammed Reza Shah. Then Khomeini ruled Iran for the next years. BUSH PRESIDENCY George Bush involvement and interaction with Iran was fruitful and positive initially. Bush’s presidency has witnessed most important engagement with Iran after the 1979 revolution which was specially related to Afghanistan and Iraq. But this relation did not last 7 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL ENFORCEMENT ISSN: 2582 8894|UIA: AA1003/2020 long as Iran has constantly shown its support for the extremists’ groups and its nuclear works which was witnessed by others thus producing tensions between Iran and US thus breaking their relation. Bush actually wanted to approach in two ways where at first, he wanted the Iranians to have a clear idea about the nuclear weapon and secondly wanted to change their nuclear policy so that it would too be easy to deal with Iran. Bush presidency always prioritised on fighting terrorism and dealing with the nuclear weapons. These were always his priority. But the increase of terrorism and the uncontrolled Nuclear threats made USA to categorise Iran under “an axis of evil”. (Azodi, March 4, 2020) OBAMA PRESIDENCY Obama presidency can be seen as historic firsts in US- Iran policy. He always remained focused, and he did American commitments which were mentioned in the agreement, even though the initial US sanctions always acted as an obstacle. Even the financial disputes were resolved under his presidency partially. He even made some payments to Iran. President Barack Obama reached out to the newly elected Iranian President Hassan Rouhani in September so that they can discuss about the nuclear programme which was carried out in Iran. Then later on, after two months an initial nuclear agreement was signed with Iran and the other P5+1 i.e., the five permanent members of the UN and also Germany in order to give some relaxation to Iran regarding the sanctions.
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