32 Bab Iii Pemikiran K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid
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Indonesia Beyond Reformasi: Necessity and the “De-Centering” of Democracy
INDONESIA BEYOND REFORMASI: NECESSITY AND THE “DE-CENTERING” OF DEMOCRACY Leonard C. Sebastian, Jonathan Chen and Adhi Priamarizki* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: TRANSITIONAL POLITICS IN INDONESIA ......................................... 2 R II. NECESSITY MAKES STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: THE GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC CONTEXT FOR DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA .................... 7 R III. NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ................... 12 R A. What Necessity Inevitably Entailed: Changes to Defining Features of the New Order ............. 12 R 1. Military Reform: From Dual Function (Dwifungsi) to NKRI ......................... 13 R 2. Taming Golkar: From Hegemony to Political Party .......................................... 21 R 3. Decentralizing the Executive and Devolution to the Regions................................. 26 R 4. Necessary Changes and Beyond: A Reflection .31 R IV. NON NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ............. 32 R A. After Necessity: A Political Tug of War........... 32 R 1. The Evolution of Legislative Elections ........ 33 R 2. The Introduction of Direct Presidential Elections ...................................... 44 R a. The 2004 Direct Presidential Elections . 47 R b. The 2009 Direct Presidential Elections . 48 R 3. The Emergence of Direct Local Elections ..... 50 R V. 2014: A WATERSHED ............................... 55 R * Leonard C. Sebastian is Associate Professor and Coordinator, Indonesia Pro- gramme at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, S. Rajaratnam School of In- ternational Studies, Nanyang Technological University, -
The Populism of Islamist Preachers in Indonesia's 2019 Presidential
The Populism of Islamist Preachers in Indonesia’s 2019 Presidential Election Yuka Kayane University of Tsukuba Populism without leadership? he literature on populism in Asian countries over the past two decades has generally featured charismatic and often autocratic leaders, as notably demonstrated elsewhere by the rise (and fall) of Thaksin Shinawatra due to his vehement rhetoric that antago- Tnized political elites in Bangkok, Rodrigo Duterte’s brutal and lawless war on drugs, and the continuous electoral success of Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist government, which prop- agates a divisive rhetoric that alienates Muslim minorities.1 Those analyses and media com- mentaries have highlighted personalistic leaders’ political strategies for seeking or exercising governmental power based on direct, unmediated, un-institutionalized support from large numbers of mostly unorganized followers.2 While the aforementioned top-down populism with powerful leadership has often attracted significant attention, recent studies have shown that there are varieties of other forms of populist mobilization; some take bottom-up forms of social movement, while others have both personalist leadership and social movement.3 In addition, its characteristics substantially depend on local context, such as the ideological bases that are most appealing to the specific society, the figures best positioned to succeed in gaining acceptance as a representative of the people, and how antagonistic oppositions are constructed. The term ‘populism’ was widely used during the 2014 Indonesian presidential election, in which both candidates––Joko Widodo (Jokowi) and Prabowo Subianto––leveraged the 1 Joshua Kurlantzick,“Southeast Asia’s Populism is Different but Also Dangerous,” Council on Foreign Relations, November 1, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/southeast-asias-populism-different-also-dange rous, accessed December 12, 2019. -
What Is Indonesian Islam?
M. Laffan, draft paper prepared for discussion at the UCLA symposium ‘Islam and Southeast Asia’, May 15 2006 What is Indonesian Islam? Michael Laffan, History Department, Princeton University* Abstract This paper is a preliminary essay thinking about the concept of an Indonesian Islam. After considering the impact of the ideas of Geertz and Benda in shaping the current contours of what is assumed to fit within this category, and how their notions were built on the principle that the region was far more multivocal in the past than the present, it turns to consider whether, prior to the existance of Indonesia, there was ever such a notion as Jawi Islam and questions what modern Indonesians make of their own Islamic history and its impact on the making of their religious subjectivities. What about Indonesian Islam? Before I begin I would like to present you with three recent statements reflecting either directly or indirectly on assumptions about Indonesian Islam. The first is the response of an Australian academic to the situation in Aceh after the 2004 tsunami, the second and third have been made of late by Indonesian scholars The traditionalist Muslims of Aceh, with their mystical, Sufistic approach to life and faith, are a world away from the fundamentalist Islamists of Saudi Arabia and some other Arab states. The Acehnese have never been particularly open to the bigoted "reformism" of radical Islamist groups linked to Saudi Arabia. … Perhaps it is for this reason that aid for Aceh has been so slow coming from wealthy Arab nations such as Saudi Arabia.1 * This, admittedly in-house, piece presented at the UCLA Colloquium on Islam and Southeast Asia: Local, National and Transnational Studies on May 15, 2006, is very much a tentative first stab in the direction I am taking in my current project on the Making of Indonesian Islam. -
Peran Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwono Xii Dalam Mempertahankan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (1945-1949)
PERAN SRI SUSUHUNAN PAKUBUWONO XII DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN KEMERDEKAAN INDONESIA (1945-1949) RINGKASAN SKRIPSI Oleh: M Arief Sasono 10406244038 PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA 2017 2 PERAN SRI SUSUHUNAN PAKUBUWONO XII DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN KEMERDEKAAN INDONESIA (1945-1949) Oleh: M Arief Sasono dan Dr .Aman, M.Pd ABSTRAK Proklamasi Kemerdekaan pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 bukan akhir dari perjuangan Indonesia. Rakyat Indonesia masih berjuang dalam mempertahankan kemerdekaan. Tujuan dari penulisan Skripsi ini untuk: (1) mengetahui perjuangan masyarakat dan kondisi Surakarta pasca Kemerdekaan. (2) mengetahui latar belakang Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwono XII (3). Mengetahui peran Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwono XII dalam mempertahankan Kemerdekaan Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini menggunakan metodelogi yang ditulis oleh Kuntowijoyo. Metode Tersebut meliputi pemilihan topik, pengumpulan sumber, verifikasi, interpretasi dan Historiografi atau penulisan sejarah. Semua metode tersebut sudah dilakukan oleh penulis dalam menyusun skripsi ini. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu (1) Perjuangan di Surakarta melibatkan KNI, pemuda, tokoh, bangsawan dan Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwono XII Dan pada akhirnya warga berhasil mengambil alih kekuasaan serta melucuti senjata tentara penjajah. (2) Pakubuwono XII lahir di Surakarta pada Selasa Legi tanggal 14 April 1925, dan diangkat menjadi raja di Keraton Surakarta pada usia yang sangat muda yaitu usia 20 tahun. Beliau juga dikenal dengan raja 3 jaman dengan lama memimpin 48 tahun. Atas pengabdiannya bagi Indonesia, maka Pakubuwana XII diberikan piagam penghargaan dan medali perjuangan angkatan ’45 yang ditetapkan oleh Dewan Harian Nasional Angkatan-45 di Jakarta. Piagam merupakan bukti kesetiaannya kepada Negara Kesatuan RI dan atas nasionalisme yang dalam di masa perjuangan kemerdekaan. (3) Peran PakuBuwono XII antara lain mengorbankan kekayaan keraton yang dimiliki seperti emas dan persenjataan yang sangat banyak, bahkan menyebabkan Keraton sendiri defisit. -
Adat As a Means of Unification and Its Contestation. the Case of North Halmahera
Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin (dir.) Adat and Indigeneity in Indonesia Culture and Entitlements between Heteronomy and Self-Ascription Göttingen University Press Adat as a Means of Unification and its Contestation. The Case of North Halmahera Serena Müller Publisher: Göttingen University Press Place of publication: Göttingen University Press Year of publication: 2013 Published on OpenEdition Books: 12 April 2017 Serie: Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property Electronic ISBN: 9782821875487 http://books.openedition.org Electronic reference MÜLLER, Serena. Adat as a Means of Unification and its Contestation. The Case of North Halmahera In: Adat and Indigeneity in Indonesia: Culture and Entitlements between Heteronomy and Self-Ascription [online]. Göttingen: Göttingen University Press, 2013 (generated 10 septembre 2020). Available on the Internet: <http://books.openedition.org/gup/181>. ISBN: 9782821875487. Becoming Aristocrats: Keraton in the Politics of Adat Fadjar I. Thufail Introduction An incident in West Jakarta District involving a group of thugs unravels the fraught relationship between the royal families of Javanese keratons and the public,1 exposing contentious issues over cultural property, political connection and symbolic status. The incident discloses an overlooked connection between the aristocracy and economy and sheds light on the challenges the aristocrats confront to rethink how noble culture and adat encounter the encroachment of capital and the state into the palace realm. In other words, the incident with the thugs depicts the predicament that the keraton and its noblemen must negotiate in order to sustain and assert the cultural sovereignty of the palace despite the continuous pressures from the state and capital to curtail the political role of the keraton. -
Ƨǐȑŭơ Dzƣđơ Ɣȃnjǻȁ ƾȉūơ Ƕǰūơ Ƨǂǿƣǜ Śƥ Ƨǫȑǡdzơ Ǎƹǧ Ńƛ
GOOD GOVERNANCE AND THE EMERGENCE OF A PUBLIC SPHERE: Gazing Upon the Reform of Islamic law in Indonesia By: Muhammad Latif Fauzi* Abstrak Tulisan ini menyorot fenomena good governance dikaitkan dengan munculnya ruang public (public sphere) di tengah-tengah masyarakat Indonesia. Penulis mengambil kasus gagasan Counter Legal Draft Kompilasi Hukum Islam dan berbagai corak reaksi dan respon masyarakat sebagai contoh ruang publik yang patut diapresiasi. Sebagai kesimpulan, dapat dikatakan bahwa ketersediaan ruang publik tidak lebih dari sekadar penciptaan iklim/atmosfir yang kondusif dan kokoh untuk melanjutkan agenda pembangunan good governance yang masih belum berjalan seutuhnya. ĤŲά╫ė .ĜΣŧ ΣΔΛŋΔċ ∟ ΌĜẃΉė ΆĜľė ●ΜūΔΛ ŋΣ╩ė Ύ΅ ╪ė ģŏΙĜǿ ╚ġ Ĥ⅝άẃΉė ŭ ĸ₤ ⌠ċ ⌡Ĝ╪ė ΆĜ⅞╬ė Ξẃŧ Ρ ĤΣΏάŦΩė ĤẃΡŏūΉė ╚ġ ĭ ŗ╬ė ΑΜΔĜ⅝ ģŊΜŧ Ώ ΞΊẂ ĤΏĜẃΉė ΆĜẃ₤Χė ŊΛŊŎ ĤΣŷ⅝ ΒΏ ⌡Ĝ╪ė ΆĜ⅞╬ė ōņĨΡ Ī ĸĢΉė ŭ Ί▼ .ĜΣŧ ΣΔΛŋΔċ ∟ ΌĜẃΉė ΆĜľė ●ΜūΕΉ ĤΣŦėŎŊ ĤΉĜķ ĜΚΕΏ ōņĨΡ º╚ΔėΜ⅞Ήė ΒΏ ĜΙ╙ỲΛ ģ╙ŧ Ώ ΆĜΐ΅ĨŦΫ ĠŦĜΕΏ ΎΣΊ⅝ċ ⅜Ί╫ ♥ėŋΚį ΑΜ΅ Ρ Αā ΝŋẃĨΡ Ϋ ΌĜẃΉė ΆĜľė ŏ₤Μħ Αā ⌠ċ ⌡Ĝ╪ė .ŋẃġ ΈΏĜ΄ Έ΅ ūġ ĜΙōΣ℮Εħ ΎĨΡ ⌐ ╕Ήė ŋΣ╩ė Ύ΅ ╪ė ĤΣΐΕħ Keywords: good governance, public sphere, Islamic law reform, the CLD of KHI A. Introduction In recent years an intensified discussion concerning good governance has arisen in many developing countries. In many cases in various countries, this situation is triggered by successfully managing the transition from military rule, military socialism and ethno-nationalist dictatorship to multi-party democracies. In Indonesia, in which the democratization is still on going process, today * He obtained his MA from the Post Graduate Programme of the State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta in 2006. -
Keberagamaan Orang Jawa Dalam Pandangan Clifford Geertz Dan Mark R
Shoni Rahmatullah Amrozi 2fI: 10.35719/fenomena.v20i1.46 KEBERAGAMAAN ORANG JAWA DALAM PANDANGAN CLIFFORD GEERTZ DAN MARK R. WOODWARD Shoni Rahmatullah Amrozi Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Jember [email protected] Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas perbedaan pandangan Clifford Geertz dan Mark R. Woodward tentang keberagamaan orang Jawa. Kedua pandangan ini menjadi rujukan bagi para intelektual yang men- dalami kajian tentang agama (Islam) di masyarakat Jawa. Geertz mengkategorikan kelompok agama dalam masyarakat Jawa (Abangan, Santri, dan Priyayi) berdasarkan penelitiannya di Mo- jokuto (Pare, Kediri, Jawa Timur). Sementara itu, Mark R. Woodward meneliti keberagamaan orang Jawa di Yogyakarta. Woodward menganggap Yogyakarta sebagai pusat budaya masyarakat Jawa dan dianggap mampu mengkolaborasikan Islam dan budaya lokal. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa Geertz menilai bahwa keberagamaan orang Jawa terkait dengan ketaatan dan ketidaktaa- tan. Sementara itu, Woodward melihat keberagamanan ini sebagai salah satu bentuk tafsir ter- hadap Islam oleh masyarakat Jawa.. Kata Kunci: Islam Jawa, Abangan, santri, priyai Abstract: This article examines the different views of Clifford Geertz and Mark R. Woodward about Javanese religiousness. Both of their studies, even today, have become references for intellectuals who study religion (Islam) in Javanese society. Geertz categorized the religious groups in Javanese society (Abangan, Santri, and Priyayi). Geertz's (the 1950s) view have based on his research in Modjokuto (Pare, Kediri, East Java). Meanwhile, Mark R. Wood- ward researched Javanese religiousness in Yogyakarta (the 1980s). Woodward observed Yogyakarta as the cultur- al centre of Javanese society. It is considered capable of collaborating between Islam and local culture. The article concludes that Geertz assessed that Javanese religiousness was related to religious obedience and disobedience. -
Analisa Journal of Social Science and Religion Volume 01 No
Analisa Journal of Social Science and Religion Volume 01 No. 02 December 2016 ISSN : 2502 – 5465 / e-ISSN: 2443 – 3859 Accredited by LIPI Number: 752/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/08/2016 Analisa Journal of Social Science and Religion Volume 01 No. 02 December 2016 Analisa is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Office of Religious Research and Development Ministry of Religious Affairs Semarang Indonesia. Analisa has been accredited by Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI/the Indonesian Institute of science) as an academic journal. It was stated in a decree number: 752/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/08/2016. This journal specializes in these three aspects; religious life, religious education, religious text and heritage. Analisa aims to provide information on social and religious issues through publication of research based articles and critical analysis articles. Analisa has been published twice a year in Indonesian since 1996 and started from 2016 Analisa is fully published in English as a preparation to be an international journal. Since 2015, Analisa has become Crossref member, therefore all articles published by Analisa will have unique DOI number. Advisory Editorial Koeswinarno Religious Research and Development, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Semarang, Indonesia Editor in Chief Sulaiman Religious Research and Development, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Semarang, Indonesia International Editorial Boards Florian Pohl, Emory University, United State of America Alberto Gomes, La Trobe University, Melbourne Australia Nico J.G. Kaptein, Leiden University, Leiden -
The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon
Chapter 1: Introduction POINTS OF DEPARTURE: REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ¼syncretism is very conspicuous in the religion of Java. This perhaps results from the flexibility of the Javanese people in accepting various incoming religions from the outside world. In historical times, upon their underlying animistic beliefs, Javanese had successively accepted Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity, and ªJavanizedº them all. And as can be seen¼worship of various spirits strongly exists in the deep stratum of folk psychology. It is said ¼ among the Javanese: ªSedaya agami sami kemawonº ¼ Although 90% of the inhabitants ¼profess Islam, they all belong to ¼ªwong abanganº, whose Islamic beliefs seem to cover the surface of their traditional concepts. This is well proved by the continuing existence of the various salamatans ¼1 This quotation reflects a view adopted by some Indonesianists who hold as an axiom that Javanese Islam is syncretic. Its basis is a conviction that animism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam have formed layers of Javanese culture. From this conviction derives an approach of seeing Javanese Islam as founded on multi-layered syncretism. Everything is then analysed and explained in terms of this `multi layered' schemata. One version of this syncretic argument is championed by Clifford Geertz who developed an abangan-santri-priyayi trichotomy for seeing the socio-religious pattern and development of Java.2 His approach has enjoyed currency among many Indonesianists for the last few decades. Subsequent work on Javanese socio-religious discourse cannot proceed without reference to him. For this reason, I wish to take his work as the focus of my initial discussion. -
From Custom to Pancasila and Back to Adat Naples
1 Secularization of religion in Indonesia: From Custom to Pancasila and back to adat Stephen C. Headley (CNRS) [Version 3 Nov., 2008] Introduction: Why would anyone want to promote or accept a move to normalization of religion? Why are village rituals considered superstition while Islam is not? What is dangerous about such cultic diversity? These are the basic questions which we are asking in this paper. After independence in 1949, the standardization of religion in the Republic of Indonesia was animated by a preoccupation with “unity in diversity”. All citizens were to be monotheists, for monotheism reflected more perfectly the unity of the new republic than did the great variety of cosmologies deployed in the animistic cults. Initially the legal term secularization in European countries (i.e., England and France circa 1600-1800) meant confiscations of church property. Only later in sociology of religion did the word secularization come to designate lesser attendance to church services. It also involved a deep shift in the epistemological framework. It redefined what it meant to be a person (Milbank, 1990). Anthropology in societies where religion and the state are separate is very different than an anthropology where the rulers and the religion agree about man’s destiny. This means that in each distinct cultural secularization will take a different form depending on the anthropology conveyed by its historically dominant religion expression. For example, the French republic has no cosmology referring to heaven and earth; its genealogical amnesia concerning the Christian origins of the Merovingian and Carolingian kingdoms is deliberate for, the universality of the values of the republic were to liberate its citizens from public obedience to Catholicism. -
Strategi Media Relations Tim Sukses Calon Presiden-Wakil Presiden Melalui Media Surat Kabar Daerah
STRATEGI MEDIA RELATIONS TIM SUKSES CALON PRESIDEN-WAKIL PRESIDEN MELALUI MEDIA SURAT KABAR DAERAH Oleh Tatik Yuniarti Dosen Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi Fakultas Komunikasi, Sastra dan Bahasa Universitas Islam “45” Bekasi Abstract In political developments, the press is often a tool used by political elites for their sake of party and political propaganda. This is because the mass media has the power to influence society in a choice pair of presidential and vice presidential candidate. The aim of this research is to find out how the winning strategies used by success team of presidential and vice presidential candidate. The research uses content analysis method. From the analysis conducted, it is obtained that the success team of president and vice presidential candidate tend to be not optimally utilize the news media as connective information to the public. That's what ultimately realized by the success team of Wiranto-Salahuddin Wahid and Amin Rais-Siswono Yudo Husodo presidential and vice presidential candidate as one of the factors that affects both of them were lost in the 2004 presidential election. But the mass media control is not necessarily used as a benchmark victory presidential and vice presidential candidate, because the factors that influence the victory of the presidential election must also consider the respective candidates support base. Keywords: presidential elections, media relations, candidate, vice candidate PENDAHULUAN Pemilihan presiden pada tahun 2004 menjadi tonggak baru dalam sejarah politik Indonesia, karena kali pertama rakyat Indonesia memilih secara langsung pasangan calon presiden dan wakil presiden. Sebelumnya, tahun 1999 hak memilih presiden hanya di tangan 700 anggota Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), akibatnya seringkali aspirasi mayoritas rakyat direduksi oleh keputusan elite. -
Menyiapkan Sultan Perempuan: Legitimasi Langit Dan Efektivitas Rezim Sultan Hamengkubuwono X1
DDC: 321.5 MENYIAPKAN SULTAN PEREMPUAN: LEGITIMASI LANGIT DAN EFEKTIVITAS REZIM SULTAN HAMENGKUBUWONO X1 Bayu Dardias Departemen Politik dan Pemerintahan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta Email: [email protected] Diterima: 17-3-2016 Direvisi: 29-3-2016 Disetujui: 4-4-2016 ABSTRACT Sultan Hamengkubuwono (HB) X of Yogyakarta has chosen his eldest daughter as his successor in a traditionally patrilineal Sultanate. This paper discusses the controversy surrounding Sultan HB X’s decision by measuring the impact of his proclamations and orders for the Sultanate’s long-term regime effectiveness. I argue that Sultan HB X’s proclamations and orders based, which were based on mysticism and a sense of divinity, have been ineffectual for maintaining regime effectiveness inside and outside of the Sultanate. Within the Sultanate, the Sultan’s siblings have argued that his decisions contradict the Sultanate’s centuries-long tradition of rules (paugeran). Outside the palace walls, broader society has been divided over Sultan HB X’s choice. One group supports Sultan HB X’s decision, while the other group is determined to hold on firmly to their patriarchal cultural and historical traditions. While Sultan HB X’s proclamations and orders have been ineffectual in maintaining the Sultanate and its influence, his decisions have even brought about an enormous challenge to the survival prospects of the Sultanate itself. Keywords: political legitimation, regime, Sultan Hamengkubuwono, Yogyakarta Sultanate ABSTRAK Pada 2015, Sultan Hamengkubuwono (HB) X mengeluarkan empat kali Sabda dan Dawuh Raja yang berkaitan dengan suksesi kepemimpinan di Kasultanan Yogyakarta. Tanpa memiliki putra laki-laki, Sultan HB X menunjuk putri sulungnya sebagai penerus takhta yang menganut patrilineal.