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The Maukharis of Kanauj AJMR Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research A Publication of TRANS Asian Research Journals Vol.2 Issue 6, June 2013, ISSN 2278-4853 THE MAUKHARIS OF KANAUJ Dr. Moirangthem Pramod* *Assistant Professor, G. G. D. S. D. College, Chandigarh, India. INTRODUCTION With the coming of kumāragupta III on the throne of Magadha, the weakness of the imperial Gupta had become a known fact to all. Taking advantage of the situation some feudatories of the Guptas raised their heads to grab the political power in north India to establish their own independent kingdoms. Among these feudatories, the Maukharies of kanauj was one of them. This branch of the Maukharis is known from the seals and inscriptions discovered from the modern districts of Farrukhabad, Gorakhpur, Jaunpur and Barabanki of Uttar Pradesh, Patna district of Bihar, Nimad district of Madhya Pradesh and from the literary work like Bāṇa‟s Harshacharita. As most of the seals and inscriptions of this Maukhari family are discovered from the above mentioned district of Uttar Pradesh, their seat of power should be roughly placed in this part of the state. Even though, we do not have any hard facts about the capital of this ruling family, it is generally agreed that Kanauj (ancient Kānyakubja) must have been the center of their rule.1 Harivarman is described as the progenitor of the Kanauj branch of Maukharis. In the inscriptions and seals which we have discovered till now, he is given the simple title, Mahārāja indicative of his feudatory position. It is very likely that he was the contemporary of Kṛishṇagupta, the founder of the Later Gupta dynasty. He is given the epithet of Jvālāmukha (flamed faced)2 and is said to have influence “whose fame stretched out beyond the four oceans; who had other kings brought into subjection by (his) powess, and by affection (for him).3 According to R.G.Basak, Harivarman had brought some kings under his subjection by the dual policy of prowess and affection but it is not clear, who were these kings. R.S.Tripathi refuted the translation of R.G.Basak, of Harivarman‟s subjugating kings. He said that the praise must have been because “of the simple fact that he was the first Maukhari to attain distinction.”4 One Harivarman is mentioned in the copper-plate inscription discovered from Shankarpur in Sidhi district of Madhya Pradesh. This inscription was engraved in the year 168 of the Gupta era (CE 487) during the reign of emperor Budhagupta of the imperial Guptas. Three ancestors of Hrivarman, are mentioned in this inscription, namely,Mahārāja Sālan, Mahārāja Gītavarman, and Mahārāja Vijayavarman. Scholars do not agree on the point whether Harivarman of this inscription is the same person as Harivarman of the Haraha stone inscription and Asirgadh copper seal. S.R.Goyal is of the opinion that they cannot be one and the same person since Mahārāja Sālan‟s dynasty is said to have come along with the Uchchakalpas, the Parivrājakas and the Pandavas during the political re-organization of the Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand region of central India. Goyal contends that Harivarman of the Shankarpur record was ruling in TRANS Asian Research Journals 117 http://www.tarj.in AJMR Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research A Publication of TRANS Asian Research Journals Vol.2 Issue 6, June 2013, ISSN 2278-4853 the Siddhi district of Madhya Pradesh, where as the center of the Maukharis power was Kanauj. He further says that the Maukhari kingdom was not big enough to stretch to Madhya Pradesh. On the contrary, B.C.Jain, who first edited this inscription, has identified Harivarman of both the inscriptions as one and the same person, stating that Harivarman seems to have migrated in and around Kanauj in the early part of his rule.5 What Goyal has ignored is the fact that Harivarman of Shankarpur copper-plate was a governor of Budhagupta, who could posted any where in the empire by supreme ruler. The Maukharis could have moved to region of Kanauj during the last days of the Gupta rule. As for the extent of the Maukharis rule it should be kept in mind that their seal has been discovered from Madhya Pradesh. Further, it is well known that Iśānavarman the first Mahārājādhirāja of the Maukhari family and the fourth ruler of this dynasty was ruling in 554 CE. He may have started his rule in c.550 CE. If we give about 20 years each to the first three rulers of this family, the reign of Harivarman shall come to c. 490 CE, which is very near to 487 the known date of Shankarpur inscription. It is hard to think of two important persons of the same name serving under the same imperial authority at the same time. As such Harivarman of both the inscriptions must be one and the same person and his three ancestors known from this inscription must have ruled in the early part of the fifth century CE. His son, Ādityavarman, born of his wife Bhaṭṭārikā Jayasvāminī, succeeded him. Nothing of historical importance is attached with his name except that he was called with the epithet, Mahārāja like his father, in the Haraha inscription and the Asiragadh seal. He has been credited of performing several sacrifices and regulating the right conduct of the four castes and stages in life.6 He got married with a Later Gupta king Harshagupta as it was a common practice in those days for brothers and sisters to bear such identical names, of course with variation of gender in the end to indicate the sex.7 This marriage alliance must have been contracted by Harivarman with his contemporary and neighbour, Kṛ ishṇ agupta, the father of Harshagupta in order to divide their spheres of influence and cooperate in mutual build-up at cost of the rapidly declining Gupta empire. The third ruler of this dynasty is Īśvavarman born of Harshagupta, who succeeded his father, Ādityavarman. Like his father, he married a princess with the name ending „gupta‟,i.e. Upaguptā. B.P.Sinha suggests that Upaguptā was definitely a Gupta princess but he is not sure to which Gupta family she belonged, the imperial Gupta or the Later Guptas. He inclined to take Upaguptā as a sister of Vishṇ ugupta, the last known Gupta emperor. But Upaguptā is more likely a Later Gupta princess since they have a good relation with them during that time. And moreover, his predecessor also married a princess of this ruling family. Like his father he is said to have performed several sacrifices. The Jaunpur inscription of Īśvavarman,8 which contains a great deal of historical information about a Maukhari king who‟s name is damaged at the end of the lines which makes it difficult for the scholars to identify the king and the real significance of the various military campaign he had undergone. Even though it is quite clear from the verse of the inscription that the said Maukhari king had defeated an Āndhra king and the later king took shelter in one crevice after another in the Vindhya mountains because of the fear of the Maukhari king. In the same verse, an adversary of this king is mentioned to have fled to the Raivataka mountain in Surāshṭ ra (Kathiaward). The name of the enemy king must have been mentioned but had gone TRANS Asian Research Journals 118 http://www.tarj.in AJMR Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research A Publication of TRANS Asian Research Journals Vol.2 Issue 6, June 2013, ISSN 2278-4853 with the mutilated part of the stone. J.F.Fleet9 and R.C.Majumdar10 were not certain of the Maukhari king referred to in the inscription because of the lacunae in between the following lines, as they are so extensive. Hirananda Sastri11 attributes the epigraph to Īśānavarman. D.C.Sircar12 states that the victorious king was Īśānavarman or one of his successors. N.G.Majumdar,13 R.G.Basak,14 R.S.Tripathi15 and S.R.Goyal16 have given this achievement to Īśvaravarman, which is most likely since his name is engraved in line four of the inscription and has been described profusely. He must have been repulsing the attacks of this king, as we could not find any evidence of the Maukharis spreading in the Vindhyan mountains. Īśvaravarman, was the first Maukhari ruler who really brought the family into prominence. He enhanced his power and prestige by successfully repulsing the attack of the odds. He is given the simple title of Mahārāja in the Asirgadh seal. According to R.K.Mookerji,17 this must be because he did not have imperial ambitious nor he tried to extend his conquests. He contented in defending his country. The Haraha inscription, found from Barabanki district, Uttar Pradesh gives more illuminating history of this ruling Maukhari family. It says, Īśānavarman, born of Īśvaravarman and Upaguptā, was ruling in the year 611 in that part of the world. This is the only dated inscription we have come across of this ruling Maukhari family. Though no specified era has been assigned, scholars generally follow Keilhorn‟s18 assigning of this date to the Vikrama era corresponding to 554 CE. This “ is supported by the paleographic as well as the numismatic evidence”.19 Along with this recorded year, it also gives important historical facts about this ruler. He is said to have defeated the lord of the Āndhras, “who had thousands of threefold rutting elephants,” the Śūlikas, “who had an army of countless galloping horses” and the Gauḍ as, “ living on the seashore, in future to remain within their proper realm.”20 After his successful campaign against these three kings, Īśānavarman assumed the sovereign title Mahārājādhirāja, which is indicative of an independent and powerful ruler.
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