sign in sign up
<<
Home , Chandragupta Maurya, Kirtivarman II, Maski, Pushyabhuti dynasty, Tailapa II, Yashovarman

History – : is a record of people, places and events of the past, – Ghaggar – Kathiyawar (GJ) arranged in chronological order. Their lifestyles, occupations, Kalibanga – Ghaggar – Ganganagar (RJ) customs etc. Banwali – Saraswati – Hissar (HR) Pre – history – : the period of before writing was invented. It is – Luni – Kutch (GJ) studied & reconstructed with the help of archaeological remains such as bones, coins, tools jewellery, ruins of building etc. Area – 13 lakhs sq. km app. Cuneiform was the world’s first written language by the Sumerians Shape – triangular created it over 5000 years ago, into a slab of wet clay and then baked 1920 – excavation of IVC took place under Sir John Marshall. It is hard in a kiln. spread over , , , Baluchistan, Rajasthan, Guj. & The early writing was on rocks, stone walls, pillars, clay. fringes of western UP. Sources of history 1921 Harappa (Modern site) was discovered in the province of a) monuments & objects – old buildings, tools, weapons, pottery, western Punjab on the bank of river Ravi by Dayaram Sahni. In statues, ornaments, seals toys paintings etc. Montgomri dist. of . b) coins – which display their , economics conditions, trade 1922 Mohen Jo Daro was excavated by R.D. Banerjee on the bank of art & religion of that era. river Indus. In Larkan district of Pakistan. c) inscriptions – written during the reign of great kings and are still Lothal (GJ) – dockyard, Harappa – graveyard intact in their original form. (R – 37), Mohan jo Daro – big granary store, bronze dancing girl (23 Literary sources – handwritten records of the past known as cm), statue of priest & , swimming pool (39x23x8) ft. manuscripts like Ramayana, the , the Gita, etc. Kalibanga (RJ) – pullowing field, surkotada (GJ) – horse skelton, Also secular literature like harshacharita, panchtantra, manusmriti, ropar (PB)– a man & dog buried, Chanudaro – bronze toy cart, beads indika etc factory, rice – Lothal, rangpur. The evolution of humans from apes to the present form started about Allahabad – paddy(dhan), Mehrgarh (baluchistan) – evidence of 1500 million years ago. We finally appeared about 40000 years ago. agriculture. Till 3000 B.C. early humans used stone on a large scale for various Alamgirpur – cloth, Banwali – barley, terrocotta sealings. purposes known as the stone age. Town planning – were divided into upper Citadel, lower citadel. roads Palaeolithic age or old stone age (500000 – 10000) B.C. – spread in were intersected at rt. Angles & were rectangular in shape. Grid all parts of except Ganga & Indus plains. Don’t know how to system, lamp post at regular interval. Constructed such that the grow crops. Eat fruits, roots, eggs of birds raw flesh. Didn’t wear prevailing winds cleared them. Dwellings were made of burnt bricks clothes gradually learnt to use barks of trees, leaves to protect their extensive drainage system carried waste water outside the city. Well bodies from the cold and rain. Lived in small groups(nomadic life) planned houses made of burnt bricks elsewhere mud bricks. Houses moving from place to place. They were skilful artists, paint picutes on had a square port yard around which there were a no of rooms. cave walls. Were food gatherers, no knowledge of agriculture,made Double storeyed, 3-4 living rooms,a square courtyard, bathroom, tools of Quartzite. Homo sapiens first appeard in last of this phase. entry rear side, no window at front. Kitchen water from houses drains Belonged to Negrito race. Discovered fire later. outside the city. Drains were covered with stone slabs. Mesolithic age or middle stone age (10000 -8000) B.C. – it was a Dwelling houses – buldings to live in. transition period. Tools were more advanced, effective. They became Teracotta – reddish brown clay that has been baked. hunters and food gatherers. At the end learnt to grow crops. Social condition – an urban society of middle classes, high Neolothic age or new stone age (8000- 4000) B.C. life style improved . developed, civic life, division of labour on specialization of work like They built mud houses, grew crops, domesticated animals and craftsmen, jewelers, traders etc. the people cultivated rabi, kharif invented wheel, settle down and become producers. Developed art of crops. Wheat & barley were their staple food & dietry include fish, spinning & weaving, barter system, a code of conduct became wheat & milk. (also mustard). They wore dhoti, shawl, skirts made of necessary and village headmen were chosen. Started worshipping cotton fabric. Necklace, bangles, ear rings, anklets, made of & nature as they were afraid of natural disaster. Found in J & K , TN, silver were prevalent. (the earliest people ot produce cotton) AP, BR, etc. Copper, Bronze, silver, gold, lead were known but iron was not. Chalcolithic age or copper stone age (4000 – 2000) B.C. – learnt art of Axes spears, arrows were made of Cu, Bronze, Stone. making copper alloy. Major advancement took place. Not acquainted They also prefer indoor games to outdoor like dancing, singing, with burnt bricks, lived in thatched houses. Important sites were games similar to modern chess. Toys were usually made up of clay. Rajasthan, MH, WB, BR, MP etc. Economic condition, - they carried trade within & outside India. Iraq During Bronze age areas around the Indus valley, the Nile, the Tigris, record refer to trade relation with Meluha (ancient name of Indus Euphrates, Hwang Ho become centres of civilization. Mother region)Like Mesopotamia(iran), Persia(Iraq), . Seals of goddess, bull were worshipped. different civilization were found here & Harappan seals over there. Seals were artistic creations, made for stamping goods. Animals like Iron age began in about 1200 B.C. unicorn, lion, buffaloe, ox, bull, elephant etc. were depicted on them, but horse, cow were known not known. Barter system was prevalent. Cunningham – father of archaeology in India. Transport – bullock carts, boats, seals are small flat rectangular, 1905 – ASI was estb. By Lord Curzon HQ – Kolkatta made of clay. They are valuable source of information about life & Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan civilization (2350 – 1750 )B.C. culture of people. It forms a part of the pre historic period of Indian history & belongs to Humped bull, oxen buffaloe, goat etc are domesticated. Beads the bronze age. It was centred around the . With major made of Au, Ag, Cu etc were manufactured in factory at channudaro. centres Harappa, Mohen jo Daro, Ropar, part of lothal, Chanudaro, They were poor in stone artistic works. Banwali (), Baluchistan, GJ, RJ, Sindh etc. they were Dravidians Spinning & weaving of cotton & wool was very common. came Mediterrenean sea. Occupation – Agriculture, Business Harappa – ravi – montgomri – PB (Pak) Size of weigh were in multiples of 16 and bricks 4:2:1 Mohen jo daro – indus – larkan – Sindh (Pak) The shape of script is pictorial and undeciphered Channudaro – Indus – nawabshah - ….. Religious condition – no temple structure unearthed, but image Painted grey – related to LVA. worship was in vogue. Mother goddess, lingam, yoni, pipal tree were Nivi, adhinivi – clothes worshipped. Believe in life after death. They buried dead together Ushinya – cap, amazoo – unmarried women. with items as food, utensils. Bhag & bali – taxes, Sangrihitra – who collects taxes, Akshvapa – Indus – Hiranya ;Jhelum – bitastha accountant Chenab – Akshni ;Ravi – Parvshni Beas – Vipasa ;Sutlej – Satuadri Upanishad were composed, which means to sit down neary by . Saraswati – Ghaggar > 200 but Muktika gives a list of 108 Upanishad. These are Decline of IVC was invasion of Aryans, flood, earthquake, ecological philosophical texts of hindu religion. imbalance. Mundokupnishad – Satyamev Jayate Kathopnishad – conversion b/w yam (death) & Nachiketa (young Vedic age – to know ( 1500 – 600 )B.C. man) which asks about 3 boons – father, fire sacrifice, after death Aryans came to India through Iran from Central Asia. They entered what . result – freed from rebirth. India in stages & took several centuries to bring India bring their Brihadaranyak (biggest Upanishad) – discussion of Yagya Valagya (a control. They brought a new language . They were familiar saint of Mithila) & Gargi sowing, harvesting, threshing but not known to coins. First they Mandokya upnishad – smallest settle in Sapt Sindhu region called it Brahmvrat (land of gods). Then Chandogya upnishad – pancham veda gradually they moved to gangetic valley and named it Aryavrat (land Maitrani Upanishad – description about trimurti. of Aryan) Purana – Vishnu purana written in maurya period, matsya purana Early vedic age (1500 – 1000) B.C. – Rig Veda was compiled. Main written in satvahan period, vayu purana written in gupta period. Brahman was ‘Hotra’. It has 10 mandals / 1028 hymns. 3rd mandal – Gayatri mantra given by Vishwamitra. 4th mandal – Agriculture 4 Ashrams – Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, Sanyasa (prithvanue called father of agriculture) 4 Purushartha in our Vedas – dharm, arth, kama, moksha. 9th mandal – lord som, 10th mandal – caste system (purush Upvedas Related with Sukta)mantra related to god. Etreya & kaushetki brahamans. Ayurveda RV 2, 7th mandal are the oldest. Gandharveda (music) Sam V 1st, 10th are added later on . Dhanurveda (Arhcery) Yajur V God – Indra (Purandhar, Madhav, Brithrahn), Agni, Varun Shipveda (wealth) Athar V Profession – animal husbandry Sabha – Samiti were political councils. After Vedas following books were compiled – Sanhitas, Brahamans Sabha (music, magic, pastoral affairs, judicial authority etc) – small (who explains), Aranyakas (forests texts), Upanishad (Vedanta), Samiti (religious, elects king) – large Vedang (siksha – brain, kalp – hand, vyakaran – mouth, nirukta – ear, Status of women was favourably high. No child marriage, no sati chand – leg, jyotish – eyes.), Upanishad (108), Purana (18) etc. system. Mundak Sukta of RV is related with education. There is no Matsya purana is the oldest Purana. evidence of salt & tiger in RV. Description of sea & king is known through Eitrey Brahman of RV. Word nation & 6 philosphy came into existence in LVA. In RV Sankhya darshan – Kapilmuni Desert – Dhanva , tribes – Janas, Nyaya darshan – Gautam Ganga – Jahanvi, Village – Gramas Yoga darshan – Patanjali Harrapa – Harriupia, Purohita – Priest Charva darshan – Charvaki Grihapati (kulpa) – head of family Purva mimansa – Gaimani Asthomasadgamya – taken from RV Uttar mimansa – Badrain Senani – commander, vrajpati – incharge of pasture lands, spasa – Vaishashik darshan – Kannadi spy, jivagribha – police official, madyamesi – mediator, gramani – head of village. Religious movements Assemblies – vidhata, Sabha, samiti. Sampradya Founder a) Ajivaka sect Makhali Goshal Later vedic age (1000 – 600) B.C. - b) Ghorakriyawadi Purna kashyap Samveda – music (mantras sing during yagya)– 1549 suktas – c) Ucchadwadi Ajit keshkamblin Brahman Udgatha – chandogya & gaimni Upanishad are related to it. d) Nitya wadi Pakud kachayan Panchvish is main brahaman book e) Sandhehwadi Sanjay vaithali putra Yajurveda – related to yoga, sacrificing prayers, rules of yagya, written in prose & poetry called as champu style eg. Is prayag taksheela was established in 6th century BC prashasthi of Harisen. It has 2 branches Sukla, . Maitrani & Bhagvata came into existence in later maurya period. shwetashwar Upanishad are related to it. Total 40 chapters. Its Upanishad gave information about it. Satpath Brahman gives description of rebirth. Founder of Vaishnav religion – lord Krishna (chandogya Upanishad) Atharveda – tradition, custom, magic, bewitching – 20 mandal or 731 Teacher of Krishna – Ghor Angris sukta, 5839 mantras – has 2 branches Piplad & Sonak. Follower of Vaishnav – Alwar There are 16 rites 1st Garbhadharan, 16th antyesti Follower of Shiv – Nainar

Position of women declined, can’t change occupation, caste system 10 incarnation of Lord Vishnu was prevalent. 4 varnas were developed Brahman, , a)Matsya , b) Kurma, c)Varah, d)Narsingh , e) Baman, f) Parshuram, Vaishya, . g) Ram, h) Balram, God – brahma (hiranya garbha), Vishnu, Mahesh. i) Buddha , j) Kalki Profession – agriculture, animal husbandary. note :- lord Krishna is itself Vishnu not incarnation of Vishnu. • Information of Varah – rigveda 15 years age for a person to become a member of Sangh. • Narain – satpath Brahman His 8 fold paths – samyak drishti – vachan, sankalp, karma, ajivika, • Lord shiva – mohenjodaro, shwetashwar Upanishad vyayam, smriti, Samadhi. • called lord Krishna as Herclese & to lord Shiva as Buddhist literature (/arthmagathi) Dioniosis. Milindhpanho – by Nagsena written in 1 AD in which a conversation • During Gupta period shiv religion was at his highest point. b/w Minander & Nagsena is shown. After which Minander (an Indo • Pasupati sect is related to shiv religion. Its founder was Lakulisha Greek ruler) adopted . • Lingayath sect was founded by Jangam Jatak Kathayein – about previous birth of Buddha, social, religious, economical life etc • Nath sect by Maitryanath Doha kosh is last written budhist literature in India. • 1st evidence of shakti puja is known through 10 mandal of RV. 64 Died at the age of 80 on the bank of river Hiranyavati at Kushinagar yogini temple in Jabalpur is related to shakti religion. It has 2 (Devariya District of UP). ‘Mahaparinirvana’ branches – kalmargi & samayachari Four Buddhist council :- Types of vivah 1. Rajgriha – Ajatsatru – Mahakasyap – 483 B.C. (vinay pittak (rules 1.Prajapatya vivah – the rights of boy & girl were equally secured. ®ulation, life, teaching) was recited by Uppali, Suttpitak ( The groom approached the father of bride and the father of the bride discourses delievered by buddha) was recited by Ananda) would agree on certain conditions, but not on certain price. 2. Vaishali – Kalashok – Sabakami – 383 B. C. (on displanery issue 2.Arsha vivah – the bride’s father used to receive apair of cattle for made branches Sthavir, Mahasanghik) certain uses prescribed by the law 3. Paatliputra – – Mogliputtis – 250 B.C. (Abhidham pitak 3. Asur vivah – groom’s family paid to the bride’s family in return for (philosophy of Buddha) was compiled) the girl. 4. – – Vasumitra – 78 A.D.

(divided into Hinayan – simple human being, Mahayan – worship 16 Mahajanpads Buddha in form of statue, Mahavibhasa sutra was compiled by 1. Kasha – banaras Vasumitra) 2. Kaushal () – shravasti Tripitak (basket of knowledge) – Vinay, sutta, abhidham 3. Magadh – rajgriha By 7th century corrupt practice in budhism started prevailing & a new 4. Wazzi () – vaishali form of Buddhism arose known as vajrayan which was modified by 5. Malla (Gorakhpur) – kushinagar tantric practice like in Tibet. 6. Chadi – shaktimati SIGN RELATED WITH 7. Vatsa (allahabad) – kaushambi Elephant birth 8. Kuru – indraprastha Horse leaving home 9. Panchal – ahichatra, kampilya Ox/bull young state 10. Matsya (GJ) – viratnagar Lion samridhi 11. Sursen – Mathura Stupa death 12. Ashmak (paithan in MH) – pottan

13. Ghandhar ( & Rawalpindi) – takshila 14. Kamboj – hattak – 24 Tirthankaras (who constructs tirtha) st 15. – ujjaini, mahishmati 1 Rishab dev (RV, Vishnu purana) ; had two son 1 – Bharat , 2 – 16. Anga (bihar) – champa Gomteshwar (bahubali) (his statue in sharavanbelgola, KA) nd 2 Ajitnath (YV) , rd Buddhism (563 – 483) B.C. 23 Parsvanath (son of kasha king Ashvasen, mother Vama, wife Father – Sudhodhan( ruler of region) , Mother – Prabhavati. After 84 days of meditation he got knowledge near Samed Mahamaya mountain in Jharkhand. His doctrine – truth, non violence, aistey (not Maternal aunt – Mahaprajapati Gautami to steal), aprihigriha (not to have excessive money) he died in 100 Cousin brother – Ananda, Wife - Yashodhra years age. Acc to Jainism he lived 250 years ago of M Swami. th th Son – Rahul, horse – Kanthaka 5 principle was added by Mahavir Swami 24 tirthankara. Teachers – Alara kalam, Uddukka Ramputta (who taught him yoga) Swami was born on 540 B.C. at Kundagram near Vaishali Born on 563 B.C. at Kapilvastu near (Nepal). Brought up by (Bihra). Gautami (1st lady to joined Buddhism) – at 29 years of age left Father – Siddhartha (kshatriya clan), Mother – Trishala (Leechivi king (Mahavinishkarman) – went to Rajgriha Bimbisar offered kingdom – daughter) trishala was sister of chetak & chetak’s daughter chelna rejected – move on & met 2 Brahman religious teachers but they got married to Bimbisar couldn’t satisfied him – then met 5 companions (Asvajit, Upali, Wife – Yashoda, Daughter – Anuja (priyadarshna); son in law - jamali Mogalana, Sariputra, Ananda) - went to Gaya – at 35 years under At the age of 30 years – left home after taking permission from his papal tree () on the bank of river niranjana (pun – pun ) he brother nandivardhan. – spent 6 years wandering with Gosala got enlighment after 49 days of meditation - he met 2 merchants Maskariputra (founder of Ajivika sect) – 42 age – got enlightment tapussa, Bhallika who became his first disciples – ist sermon at under tree of sal on the bank of river Rijupalika at Jharmbhik (Bihar) st , Varanasi (dharmchakraparivartan) – later at kasha, magath, 1 sermon – rajgriha near vipulchana mountain, river – varakaar wazzi, mall (max. no of sermon at Shravasti) – at the age of 80 he died He was called as Kaivalya (enlightened) , Zin (conqueror), Ahart st on the bank of river Hiranyavati at kushinagar (devariya district of (worthy). 1 disciple was Lichivi raj chetak daughter, chandana (d/o UP) – king champa ‘Dashivahan’) Buddha was called Tathagaat, Bodo, Shakyamuni (awakened one of Bimbisar, Ajatsatru, Udyn were followers of Jianism. Mahavir swami shakya clan) was in favour of nude( but parsvanath in cloth). He rejected the Amrapali (singer, dancer) accepted Buddhism & donated all her authority of Vedas, rituals etc. didn’t believe in existence of god only property to sangh. To get entry into it a ‘diksha’ is given which is nature. The outcome of cause & effect. Men’s own karma finalise his called Prvagya destiny. Believe in rebirth & karma. He made 11 disciples amongst which Indrabhuti, Sudharman lived rest all died during his life time. Ajatsatru – (492 - 460): kunik (sore finger), capital – , PM – Triratna of Jainism – right faith, knowledge, action Vasacar macayawali of india, diplomatic), wife – padmavati He appointed 11 disciple to spread Jainism called as . But Added kashi & wazzi with help of his PM. he cunningly broke 10 of them died only arya sudharman left who became became Lichavi, rulers of vaishali two weapons Mahashila kantak & chairman of jain religion after him. Rathmusal. Fought 16 years war with Lichavis. Defeated Prasanjit & Died in 468 B.C. at Pavapuri (Bihar) (capital of Mall) married his daughter. Duringh his time budha & swami died. He built Note budha also died in 2nd capital of Mall kushinagar, at present 8 bodh stupa. deoria of UP. Uddyn (460 – 440) – made a fort of Patna (kusumpur) & made his In 298 B.C at Patna – chairman ‘Sthalbahu’ – ruler – Mauryas – 1st capital. Jain council. In Magadh a famine broke out for 12 years. Anirudh – mundak - nagdashak insisted sthalbahu to go S India, but sthalbahu refused. So Last ruler – Nagdashak – was killed by his ministers. Bhadrabahu went to KA and became digamber, he propounded Shishunag Dynasty (412 – 344) B.C. theory of M Swami. Founder – Shishunag , capital – Vaishali . he destroyed Avanti & 19th tirthankaras - Mallinath is also a dispute between digamber and ended pradyot dynasty, added & shifted his capital to vaishali. shwetambar. Kalashok (kakvarn) – 2nd Buddhist council shifted his capital back to In 513 A.D at Vallabhi (GJ) – chairman ‘Devardhi Kchamasharman’ patna. Jain teaching were scripted in this council. Last ruler – Nandhivardhan ( killed by his secretary) At 1st council Jainism was divided into Nanda Dynasty (344 – 323) B.C. Digamber – founder Bhadrabahu – nude condition Founder – Mahapadmananda (shudra)(Ekrat, Bhargav, Shwetamber – founder Sthalbahu – white clothes Survchantrantak) ist chakrvarti king of . According to ( language) – knownas Aagam. Contains 12 ang, hathigumpha edcit of Kharvela he conquered kalinga & brought an 12 upang, 10 parikiran, 6 chedsutra, 4 mulsutra. image of Jina as victory trophy. Also annexed Koshala. He had 8 son, (description of universe, human beings, geography, kaal vibhajan Dhananda (last) etc) Last ruler – Dhanananda ( 200000 infantry, 60000 6000 Jan math – known as Basdis elephants) – Alexander came at his time. In Buddhist lit. mahavir Swami is called ‘Niganthanath putt’. Maurya Dyansty (322 – 184) B.C. In jainism grihastha disciple is called as Shravik, Shravika Founder – maurya Salekhna – fast unto death. Capital – Patna, mother – Mura Ajivak sect believe in fate. Jain & Buddhism in karm. In Buddha & jain lit. – Kchatriya Factors of urbanization Mudrarakshas (written by Vishakdutta) (his tactics are described 1 spread of kingdoms which he used against Nandas) – beesal, kulhina 2 religion (construction of monuments) Williams jones called his Sandrocatus 3. development of business Sources – , indica, mahabhasya, mudrarakshas, 4. currency introduction kalpsutra. Maurya dynasty had 2 writers Plutark, Justin, acc to them 5. writing skills & knowledge Chandragupta had 640000 soldeirs. During Buddha there were 16 republics or Mahajanpadas whose He overthrew Dhananda in around 321 BC with 6 lakhs soldiers information is known through Anguttar Nikaya of Sutt Pitak & Fought with Selucas (in 305 BC) – gave him 500 elephant, E. Baghwati Sutra of Jainism. Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kabul, kandhar, heart, West of Indus – Amongst those most powerful were Kaushal, Magath, Vatsa, Avanti. married to his daughter (1st international marriage of Indian history) Ashmak was the only 1 situated in South at Godavari bank. Selucas sent Megasthenes to his court who wrote Indica. Chandragupta conquer (attested by Junagarh rock Book & Author inscription of Rudradaman in 150 AD). Constructed Sudarshan lake Samraditya katha, katha kosh Durthya khyan – Haribhadra Suri on mountain through Pushyagupta (governor) in Saurashtra. Kublya mala – Uddodhansuri Became follower of Jainism – left his life at sravana belgolaby Adhi puran – Zinsen salkekhna/kayakalsh under bhadrabahu. Uttarpuran – Gunbhadra wrote Arthshastra (public admin/political science). Shudra Kalpsutra – Bhadrabahu called arya in it. his 7 elements of states are – raja, minister, janpad, Parshista parvan – Hemchand Suri durg, kosh, sena, friend. He stated that shudra can earn through agriculture, animal husbandry, commerce. Haryank Dyansty (544 – 412) B.C. Sources – Mahavamsa, Deepavamsa, Arthashastra, Ahananoor, Founder – Bimbisar, capital – Rajgriha Mamulnoor (tamil lit.) 1st time whole India was united under C. Language – Sanskrit Maurya. In matsya purana – Kchetrojas, Bindusar – known as Amitroghat, Amitrochetas (greek lit.), Madrasar In jain lit. – shronik (vayu purana), singh sen (jain lit.). had 16 wives, 101 son; his wife Jeevak was his medical officer. Sent to Avanti king chandpradotya Dharma (subhadrangi) – Ashok. Tissa was youngest who became for his treatment of jaundice. ruler of Sri Lanka later. Sushim was eldest. Bindusar requested a Added ang mahajanpad & made his son its ruler. greek Syrian ruler Antiochas I to send him sweet, . His 3 wives Dimachus, an ambassador of Antiochas lived at his court. a) Kaushal devi – d/o of Kaushal king & sister of Prasanjeet. (kashi Tolmy II Philadalphus, an Egypt ruler sent Dinosius to his court. was given dowry) He was called as ‘slayer of foes’ . follower of Ajivaka sect. deccan & b) Chelna – d/o of Licchavi king Chetak (vaishali) (gave birth to came under Maurya at his time. Ajatsatru) Ashoka – in 1837 James Princecap decoded his inscription in Brahmi c) Khema – d/o Madra king language referring a king dedvnampiya dassi (beloved of god). He he annexed Anga (champa) was a governor of & . Subhadrangi d/o Brahmin of Champa was mother of Ashoka. Married to Vidhisha’s merchant daughter Qaruwaki (had a son Kunala called as dharmavivardhana, & Dharma chakra with 24 spokes. Inverted lotus. stupa at MP kunal had son dasrath), Asandhiitta, tissarakkha, padmawati, was built by him. Ashoka’s sons – Kunal, Tirana, Jaluka. Mahadevi (had a son Mahendra & a daughter Sanghamitra). teacher – One was blind, 2 became bodh monks. Ashoka died in 232 BC. Upgupta (became buddhist under him). But Mogliputtis converted Last ruler - Brihadarth him Budhism. With the help of Radhagutpa (minister of vindusar) he Cause of decline killed his 99 brothers to get the throne finally crowned in 269 BC Rebels of Brahmans, centralization policy, weak successors, non Fought battle of kalinga in 261 B.C.against Nandraja. Which is known violence policy, economic condition, foreign invasion. through 13th rock edict. He was a follower of before adopting budhism. He repaired Sungh dynasty (184 – 73) B.C. sudarshan lake. Sent missionaries to the kingdoms of Cholas, Founder – Pushyamitra Sunga (a Brahman commander in chief of last Pandyas, Ceylon, 5 states of Greek Kings in India. He went to lumbini mauryan ruler) & made market tax free their. (Rumandeyi inscription) Estb. Srinagar Orthodox brahman. He destroyed 84000 stupas & bodh literature. city. 2 stupa one at Sanchi (MP), 2nd at Damhek (UP). He banned Capital – Vidhisha animals killings, estb national parks (1st RE). His edicts are divided Sources – Mahabhashya, malvikagnimitra, harshacharita…. into 5 parts long, small inscription, on cave, pillar, rock. Most of the Patanjali, author of ‘Mahabhasya’ was born at Gonarda in central edicts are in Brahmi. Stupa – remains of bodh monks is kept in this India. He was the priest of 2 Asvamedha yajnas, performed by building. Ashoka gave Barbara caves to Ajivaka sect (14 RE) Pushyamitra. North west – , Araimak Agnimitra (hero of kalidasa’s Malvikagnimirta) he was governor of Afghanistan – Yunani, Araimak Vidisa– vasumitra – vajramitra His name is written in Maski, Gurjara, Junagarh edicts. His official Bhagvadra – a greek ruler of taksheela, king Antialcidaz sent an declaration is written in them in 4 languages ambassador Haliodorous to his court. Bhagvadra constructed a pillar Brahmi, Greece, Araimak, Kharosthi edict of Garud in Vidisha called as basenagar pillar. Here haliodorous All edicts are made up of lime stone balua rocks. There are 14 major adopted the bhagavita religion.(200 BC) rock edicts, 2 kalinga edicts, 3 minor edicts, 3 cave edicts, 7 pillar Last ruler – Devbhuti (killed by his minister Basudev) edicts, 3 minor pillar edicts. Sungh dynasty fought with Kalinga Maski inscription – Ashokvardhan ; Gurjara – Devnampriya dassi Kanva Dynasty (73 – 60) B.C. Principle language - Prakrit Founde – Basudev Major 7 pillar rock edicts Last ruler – Susharma a) Delhi – Topara (HR) Andhra Satavahan dynasty (60 – 225) A.D. b) Delhi – Founder – Simuk capital – paithan (MH) (brought up by FST to delhi) They were the native successors of Mauryas in the Deccan & central c) Lauriya – Araraj (BR) India. Aitareya bhramana refers them as degenerate sons of d) Loriya – Nandangarh (BR) Vishwamitra. e) Rampurva (BR) He built Jaina & Buddhist temples to win the support of powerful f) Allahabad communities there is no inscription in Vaishali edict. Sources – matsya, Vayu purana, Nanagarh, nasik edict (MH) Samudragupta /Jahangir tried to depict their own inscription on them Sri Satkarni I (3rd)– raised his power & conquered , vidharbha, and destroyed few. narmada valley, performed Rajsuya & Asvamedha yajna. Province (chakra ) Capital Title – Dakshinpathpati Prachi patna Satkarni II (6th) – longest reign in dynasty. Known through Uttarpath takshila hathgumpha & bhilsa inscriptions. Dakshinpath survangiri Hala (17th) – wrote Gaathasaptsati in Prakrit language. Gunadhiya Avanti ujjaini (contempory of Hala) wrote Brihat Katha. Another poet ‘Survverman’ Kalinga toshali wrote Katantra. Administration Gautami putra satkarni (23rd) adopted the title ‘venkatakswami’ , Period was famous for tax revenue system. Estb dharamshalas, maharaja, rajaraja. ‘trisamudrapitatoivahan. He was the greatest ruler. th hospitals, sarais, in his 10 year of reign he visited Gaya then later Killed nahpana. Sakas dispel them from MH, Western india but later Lumbini & estb rumindei pillar . he was called buddhashakya, in he resurrect it by killing them & several Chatriya kings & took north maski edict & dharamasoka in sarnath inscription. Referred as , Malwa from Sakas. He killed even Yavana, Pahlava. His devanamapia (beloved of gods) piyadassi ( of pleasure appearance) included kalinga, andhradesa. He gifted 2 villages (ajkalkiya, in babhru inscription in rajasthan. He built sanchi, bharhut, karzak) to Buddhist monks. (mahasamghikas) deorkothar, butkara, mir rukum, dhamek , stupa, mahabodhi Vashishta putra pulvami – annexed AP ; title Andhra samrat, temple, , taxila university. dakshinapatheshwar. Capital – paithan (near Aurangabad) source – Ahar – district, sangrahana – village inscription from Amravati ; married to d/o rudradaman He built nasik Nasal – Brahman sannidhata – treasury off inscription. Moksha – divorce samaharta – tax collect. Yajna Sri Satkarni(27th) was last great ruler of this dynasty. Dhama mahapatra – highly officer to take care & publicize Buddhism Recaptured its territory from sakas. Lover of trade and voyage. Coins Gurapurush – spy ; Bhaga – land revenue, bali – additional tax, were engraved with ship. pranaya – emergency tax, praveshya – import duty , nihkramya – Later Sakas revived their power under Chastana. export duty. Barabar hills were residence for monks. Satvahans prevailed Pb coins & started land donation. Many Panh – currency made of Ag, Cu with peacock, fish, tree engraved. monasteries, worship halls were cut out from rocks. Most famous Namely karsapan, kakni, bhasank, surwan. one is Amravati (a sculpture treasure house) and Nagarjunakonda. All Sarnath 4 lions in 4 directions sitting on a circular base back to back south caves are related to Bodh dharma. They called district – Ahar, was carved out from single stone. Down there are bull, horse, lion, beaurocrats – Amatya, Chetya (bodh temple), vihar ( residence). elephant (running)_ They succeeded by Ikshvakus in 3rd century AD. Vaishnav & shaiv B.C. The saka governors were called . The important dharma prevalent satraps was Nehpan who wrote title of king on the coins. Last ruler – Rudrasen III (320 AD) Iran Invasion – lack of powerful kingdom in north west in 1st half of Chandragupta II annexed sakas empire. th 6 B.C. Iran rulers took advantage of the political disunity. Hakhamani dynasty ruler Cyrus occupied in 530 B.C. PEHLAVS ( PARTHIANS) then Darius penetrated into north west in 516 B.C. annexed Punjab. (behistuna inscription) Then Xeres employed Indians in the wars Founder Mithradeties st against the Greeks They were dweller of Iran. The 1 ruler in India was Mouis. Effect of Iran invasion – Iranina brought script Kharosthi to India, sea Gondophernize was a famous pehlav ruler who was called as rout for trade, Araimak script (right to left). Oldest inscription is ‘Vindhpharn’ (victorious ). Source – Takhte Bahi edict. St. Bogajkoi inscription in Kharosthi in persia. (1400 BC) Thomas came to India during his time who was killed in . Greeks – Macedonia ruler has son Alexander. He estb 2 cities Vijaynagar (Nikaiya), Bukafila. Then Alexander came conquering KUSHAN (1AD – 3 AD) Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia … upto Indus valley, destroyed Iranian China was inhabited by many tribes around 165 BC. Yuchi were empire. he defeated Darius III won over and through Kabul one amongst them. They were further divided into 5 groups reached India met Ambhi kumar (ruler of Taxila) who surrender Hieu mi, Shuang mi, Kuei shung, Hi tun, Tu mi. amongst them himself to it. he reached river Jhelum and fought Battle of Hydaspus in 326 B.C. then he moved to river Beas – army refused, gone weary, the chief of Kuei shung organized the other 4 group and tired. While returning he died in 323 B.C. in Babylon (Baghdad). marched towards India. Cultured contact lead to Gandhara school of art. Came from Turkistan After him Dametrius ( ruler of Bactria ) attacked in India in 184 BC at Founder – Kujul Khad Phises some parts of Punjab & made Siyalkot his capital. He issued coins He estb his empire from river Oxus upto Sindh. with greek & kharosthi script depicted on them. Then Eukretidies Prevailed Cu coin in Roman style , title – Maharajadhiraj. his primary (capital – taksheela) – Minander (he issued coins with a picture of coins depicts a greek king hermius. camel) Capital – Siyalkot (PB) Bim khadphisas – he estb in India. title – Maheshwar, They were the first to prevail gold coins and coins with inscription to devputra. Follower of shiv, prevailed Cu, Au, coins with pictures of the king. shiv, nandi, trishul. His empire touched roman empire in west, china in the north, Satavahans in the South. The observe of his coins SAKAS – represent him on a couch sacrificing at an alter. (Yuch Chi (kushan) defeated Sai wang (Sakas) and drove them Kanishka : capital – Peshawar, Mathura towards India. Set on the throne in 78 AD & started Saka samvat. He incorporated They divided into 5 branches Afghanistan, punjab, Mathura, RJ, PB, UP, Malwa, Saurashtra, Kashmir (estb kanishkapur), Kashgar, , upper deccan. khotan, yarkand, Magadha(brought a scholar ‘Ashwagosh’ & a bodh Sources – Nakse rustam edict, Junagarh edict monk patra from their). He defeated Saka Kshatrapas in PB & Mathura. Sakas accepted his In India they called them Kshatrapas & divided themselves into sovereignty. 2 groups northern (taxila & Mathura) , western (Nasik & Ujjain). He constructed a stupa, vihar in peshawar in which lord Buddhism Western satrapas were more famous asthi is been honoured. Each cave temple were divided into 2 The earliest known ruler in India was or Moga 80 B.C chaityas (halls of worship), viharas (monasteries) Karley chaitya in Western Satrapas – kshatrapa means protector of kingdom ; it Pune is finest specimens of rock cut architecture in India made is a join rule of yuvraj and rajan. during 1st century AD. The Kshaharatas – Their. In a gold currency was found in which a standing Founder - Bhuamaka was the first satarapas who administers statue of kanishka the south western part of Kushan empire. is engraved with a long chaung, shoes etc shown. He issued copper He was succeeded by who issued Ag, Cu coins and coins in which he was shown sacrificing himself in an alter. Court person - Charakh (physician) inscriptions. His power was crushed by Satavahana ruler Ashwagosh wrote Budhacharita, Sodarnanda, Saariputraprakaran, Gautmiputra Satakarni Sutralankar The Kardamakas – Nagarjuna (Einstein of India, Martin Luther) wrote Madhiyamikasutra Founder - Chastana. After the death of nahpana he was (gave theory of relativity) appointed as a viceroy by Kushans. He died in 130 AD Vasumitra, Parshva, Mathar, Sangrakshak His grandson Rudradaman, was the most important king of Follower of Mahayan sect of Buddhism (sent mission to china, Korea, entire saka tribe. He conquered malwa,Saurashtra, northern Japan). konkan. he issued long inscription, repaired sudarshan lake Ghandhara school of sculpture was grown (situated on Girnar mt. known through Junagarh edict), Decline of kushans in north & satavahan in South was a period of defeated vashistha putra pulvami. He was called as political instability & India was into no of small kingdoms which were united under Gupta’s. Silk route were under them. Bal vivah system bhrashtrajpratishthapak. He was music lover, Sanskrit lover. was started in this time period. Married to daughter of Satavahans, ikshavakus of Andhra, Court language – Sanskrit lichchavis of Vaishali. In about 57 B.C. a king of Ujjain fought against Sakas and GUPTA PERIOD (This period is called the Golden Age of India and succeeded in driving them out in his time. the called himself was marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, ‘Vikramditya’ and started an era called the vikram samvat in 57 technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy. Dynasty declined due to the invasion by the Huna peoples from • Kalidas wrote – Raghuvansha, Vikramovarshiyam, Rittusanhar, Central Asia. After the collapse of the in the 6th meghdoot, kumar sambhav, abhigyan shakuntalam, century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. West maalvikagnimitram part of MP was ruled by Naga Shakti, by Vakataka, east Vishakhdutt (devichandraguptam, mudrarakshas); Varahamihir India by Guptas. (brihatsanhita, laghusanhita, panchsiddhantika) ; Amar singh (amar Sources - Bhitari inscription, prayag prashasthi kosh) ; Dandin (dashkumarcharit, kavyadarshan) ; shudrak ( Sri gupta (240-275) – Ghatothkach (275-319) – Chandragupta (319- mirchkatikam) ; kamandak (nittisar) ; vaatsayan (kamsutra) ; 335) – Samudragupta (335-375) – Ramgupta (375) – Chandragupta II aryabhatt (suryasidhant, aryabhatiyam) ; bhaas ( swapanvashwadata, (375-414) – Kumargupta ( 414-455) – Skandgupta(455-467) – Baladitya charudat, arubhag) (467 – 486) – Bhanugupta (486 – 510) – Vishnugupta (510-550) Sri Gupta – built a bodh temple for Chinese pilgrims near shikhavana. Kumar gupta – – real founder • He established university. Capital – Patna • Title – Mahender Kumar, Srimahendra, Ajit Mahehder. • He got married to Lichavi princess kumar devi. He annexed Maximum types of coins & inscription were issued at his time. Bronze Magadh with the help of Lichachavis. coins with peacock engraved in it were issued. • He started gupta Samvat in 319 A.D. Performedashvamedha and issued Ashvamedha type gold coins, • Title – ‘Maharajadhiraj’ Prevailed Ag coin in the shape of Peacock. Acc.to bhitari inscription Samudragupta – Napolean of India by an historian Vincient Smith. He his empire was invaded by hunas & pushyabhuti dynasty. During the defeated 9 kings of N. India 12 kings of S. India. rulers of Ceylon & war with Hunas, kumargupta died. hindu colonies in south east asia maintained close contact with him. Close of his reign was marked by wars with Pushyamitras. His aim to bound the earth. He was a poet, musicialn, literature lover. Skandgupta – Huna attacked on India at his time, & the first ruler was He was shown on his coins playing veena. He performed Torman, then Mihirkul attacked. (in kublayamala jain granth torman Ashvamedha sacrifice. He described Sanskrit as court language. 2 was a ruler near chandrabaga river) He succeeded in re establishing bodh scholars, Asanga & vasubandhu lived in his court the gupta empire by saving his empire from the hunas. The adopted • Title – Dharnibandh, Kaviraj ( inscription), the title of ‘Devraj’, ‘Karmaditya’ ‘sakapan’. He prevailed coin in the Licchavidohitra shape of ox which is related to shiv religion. Repaired sudharsan lake Harisen was his court person who wrote Prayag Prashasti. He situated near Girnar. described him as a hero of 100 battles. Note :- cave no. 16,17,19 of Ajanta were made by the Guptas. Max no. • He started 6 types of coins – Dharnurdhar, vinasaran, parsu, of gold coins were used by them called ‘Dinar’. 1st evidence of Sati Ashwamegh, Vyaghrahanta, Garur System is known through Eran edict M.P. dashavtar temple were • Sri Lanka’s king Meghvarman send an ambassador to his court to found at Jhansi (Devgarh). Combined statue of shiv parvati, under construct a bodh temple in Gaya. trimurti brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh were worshipped. Famous bodh vihar was estb. in nalanda. Temples with peaks started constructing. Ram gupta – elder brother of Chandragupta II. Damhek Stupa (Sarnath), Mehraulli pillar were built by Gupta’s which Chandragupta II (Vikramditya) is the best proof of science metallurgy. Capital – Patna, Ujjain Highest officer were Kumarmatyas who were appointed in the state of • Golden period of art & literature. king. • Was son of samudragupta & dattadevi. He was called narendra Sine, cosine, inverse sine principles were known through Chandra, aryabhatiyam, surya sidhant • Got married to Dhruvadevi (widow of Ramgupta) Ram gupta agrees Mahabalidhikrat – senapati, bhukti – state to surrender queen dhruvadevi to Sakas but Chandragupta II Head of bhukti was uparika maharaj. objects to it & saves honour of family by killing saka rulers & Mahadandnayak – judge ; vishayas – district, issued Ag coins in the memory of victory over them. *rajat coins Purpal – nagar rakshak; kumarmatya – high officers who were were also issued by him with a name rupak. appointed by the king in his own province. Sandhivigrahika – • He married to Kubernaga of naga dynasty minister of peace & war. Mahadandnayaka – judge; mahasenapati – military head ; dandapashik – police head ; pustapala – notary & • He killed saka chief rudra sena III in 409 registrar ; • His daughter Prabhavati got married to Vakatak kings Rudrasen II Position of impoved, now they were allowed to listen epics. (in deccan). After death of her husband she became virtual ruler Women position didn’t improved as widow remarriage was not byut Chandragupta II indirectly got control over vakatak kingdom. allowed, He conquered Mathura from Kushan, Malwa, gujarata from Sakas. After gupta dynasty saurashtra was the first to get free. • Fa hein (Chinese traveler) came to India in 399-414 A.D. Religious lift – most of them were Vaishvanas. They introduced • Navratna of Chand. II – Kalidas, Amar singh (dictionary founder / Garuda, goddess laxmi, chakra in coins. lexicographer), Varahamir (mathematician, astronomer, found solar Maukhari were samant of guptas who were probably from gaya and system), Ghatakpari (kutnitigy), Varuchi (grammarian), Dhanvantri after guptas made as their capital. (Ayurveda shastri), Shanku(architect), Brahmgupta, Grihavarman was ruler of this dynasty who married to Betal(magician), Kchapnak (astrologer), Vagabhatt (wrote harshavardhan’s sister. Ayurveda), Aryabhatt discovered earth moves round the sun, solar/ lunar eclipse. Lokacharya, vira sena. VAKATAKAS – originally of Bundelkhand. A Brahman dynasty • Made Ujjain his 2nd capital. (1st Patna) founded by Vindhyasakti. • After winning balkhan he built Mehrauli pillar on the bank of river Capital – Chanaka Beas at vishnupad (PB) but later FST placed it near Qutub minar. His successor, paravarasena (real founder), - Prithvisena (who was • Worshipper of Vishnu so he built iron pillar with garud symbol. a contemporary of gupta , Samudragupta) Guptas maintained friendly relations with Vakatakas because they occupied a strategic position with western Kshatraps. They were followers of Saivism and adopted the title of maheshwara. Karikal was the most ruler who conquered over Tamil & had a Kalidas even stayed in their court for some time and composed powerful naval army. He defeated cheras & pandyas kings. After him Meghdoot. Ajanta caves belong to them. Vakatakas were overthrown this dy. Was in darkness till 9th century. They were wiped out in the by Kalachuris attack of Pallavas from the North. Later Vijayalay refounded it & adopted title Narkesari. CHALUKYAS – they were from ayodhya divided into 2 Rajraj I – defeated Cheras & seized , captured Kalinga. branches vatapi (), and Kalyani. became its feudatories. He built Brihadeshwar, Chalukyas of badami – (550 – 750) A.D. Rajrajeshwar temple of Tanjore in Dravidian style and got title Founder – Jaysingh. Capital – Badami (kernataka ). But first Cholmartand. His empire was from kalinga to cape comorin, he built independent ruler was pulakesin I (great lion), who built fort of Vatapi strong navy & conquered Maldieves, Ceylon. Follower of shiv in Bijapur (KA). Title – prithvivallabh. He performed ashwamedha, religion. rajsuya yajna. Most famous ruler was Pulkesian II (son of kirtivarman Rajendar I ( son of rajraj I ) – got title Gangaikonda means victory of I) also known as Satyashraya, contemporary of Harshavardhana. He the . he defeated Chalukya, Pandya, Chera, Sri Lanka. defeated in 620 . Entered into friendly diplomatic relations Dispatched a naval expedition to conquer Java, Sumatara. Capital with Cholas, Pandyas. Hiuen Tsang visited his court. Also occupied gangoikondcholpuram on the bank of river . Andhra delta & gave it to his younger brother Vishnuvardhan who Last ruler – Rajendra III formed a new line chalukyas of Vengi. The Chola era was the golden age of Tamil literature. Kamban They involved in a battle with the Pallavas over Vengi. Pulkesian II translated the Sanskrit epic Ramayan into Tamil in 9th century. defeated the Pallava king, Mahendra Varman I hence won MH, CHERAS Konkan, , kalinga. But in 2nd attempt he was killed by Situated at modern kerala. Famous for ports in 642, who even captured vatapi & assumed the Capital – Vanji Emblem – dhanush title vatapikonda. Had a court person Ravikirti. Earliest rulers – Udiyanjeral, Nedunjeral & Senguttuvan. Udiyanjeral II – he recovered the territories lost to Pallav. He served the armies of war. Romans built temple of overrun Kanchi 3 times & in 740 completely routed Pallavas. Augustus in Cranganore. Senguttuvan was greatest king of dynasty, Last ruler - Kirtivarman II lost MH to Rashtrakuta chief , who crossed the Ganga & invaded northern india. He founded Pattini and this dynasty led to ultimate fall. cult. They were defeated by Pallavas in 4th century AD. & in 10th century their control passed over to the Cholas. Chalukyas of Kalyani (790 – 1190). The rock refer to the land of Cheras as keralaputras. Founder Tailapa II (reestablished the empire after Rashtrakuta ruler IV).he married to Rashtrakuta princess Jakare. Poet PALLAVAS (560- 903) A.D. (wrote Gadayudha) lived in his court. They brought southern With the disintegration of the Satvahans the Deccans was fragmented part under their kingdom. But were defeated by the Cholas. into many small kingdoms. 1st well known dy. Was pallavas. Vaishnav movement was started here. Capital – Kanchipuram (captured from Cholas) language – The Sangam period Sanskrit Primary information of this period is known through sangam lit. in Founder – Singhvishnu which poet gathered for composing poems in Tamil. The greatest Title – Avanisingh (devotee of Vishnu) epic in Tamil was Ramayan by Kamban. They worship Murugan, shiv, He built the temple of Adhivarah (Mamalpuram, TN) Balram, Krishna. An assembly of tamil poets is sangam. Bharvi, Kirtarjuniam is a book written by Bharvi lived in his court. Dandin lived at this period. Dandin wrote Kavyadarshan. He wrote a Mahendra Varman I – he fought with Chalukyan ruler Pulakesin II but poem which can be read back & fro both ways. Society was divided lost his northern province. built rock cut temples into Brahmins & non Brahmins. No slavery, but low servants or Title – Matvilas. Follower of Jainism but converted to Saivism under labourers were there. Educaton was widespread. Village was called the influence Appar. He wrote a book Matvilasprahsan (on pashupat, as Sirur or Perur. Land was classified into Vanpulam, Menpulam. bodh monks insult, corruption). A famous musician & poet PANDYAS (560 – 869) A.D. Rudracharya lived in his court. Ist South Indian kingdom mentioned by Megasthenes. It was famous Narsimhaverman I - (greatest ruler) he built Mamallapuram & stone for pearls. temples including Dharamraja Ratha. Title – Mahamall ; Capital – Madurai (TN) emblem - fish He killede Pulkesian II ( Badami Chalukya ruler), captured Vatapi, Founder – Mudukudumi & Nadiyan. adopted the title vatapi konda and built victory pillar. Sent naval Nedunjeliyan was the most famous ruler who defeated cheras & expedition to Ceylon (won). He defeated cholas, pandyas & Cheras. Cholas. Hiuen Tsang went to Kanchi during his time. They use to trade with Roman empire (augustus & Trojan). He started Narasimha Varman II – a long reign of peace & prosperity. ‘sagar puja’ Titles – Raja simha,, agampriya. Sources – panini’s famous book Ashtdhyayi He constructed temple of Kailashnath also known as Dravid style was in trend. Temples were very small with entrance Rajasimbeshvara at Kanchi, built city of Mahabalipuram & point called gopuram. Meenakshi temple was built by them. constructed the Shore temple at Mamallapuram, airavateshvara at Kanchipuram, shiva temple at Panamalai. He restbalished Ghatika CHOLAS (850-1293) A.D. (college) of brahmana. The great Sanskrit scholar Dandin lived at his Situated to N. East of Pandyas b/w Pennar & Vellar rivers. Kaveri court. Sent embassies to China. river, Coromandal. Parmeshwar Verman II –rashtrakuta king Dantidurga gave his Capital – kaveripatnam later Uraiyur / tanjore ; Emblem – Tiger. ; daughter Reva to him in marriage. Meenakshi temple of Madurai was kingdom later known as cholamandalam. built by him. Was defeated by chalukya, Vikramaditya II. Tirumangai Earliest known king was Elara. In the middle of 2nd BC he conquered Alvar lived in his court. Ceylon, ruled for 50 years, trade in cotton cloth, maintain navy. Last ruler – Aparajeet Sources – Ashtdhyayi. Pushyabhuti dynasty (590 – 647) A.D. Founder – Dantidurg capital – Manyekher Estb. In thaneshwar (ambala, HR) He won kanchi, kalinga, kaushal, malwa, etc. Prabhakaran Vardhan has 3 children Rajyavardhan, Rajyashree, (751 – 772) – destroyed badami chalukya of Karnataka, Harshvardhan. defeated Gangus of Mysore, captured Hyderabad in 772 AD. Rajyashree got married to Grihaverman (ruler of Mokhri dy. Of built Kailash temple of Ellora. Elephant caves were built by them in Kannauj). Gaur ruler sasank killed Grihaverman and Rajyavardhan which hindu dharma statue of lord shiva, 2 bodh caves are included. with the help of Malwa ruler Devgupta. Then Harshvardhan came to Dhruva I took part in triangular dispute & won kannauj, title – kannauj with his sister and killed Gaur ruler & set on throne in 606 Dharavarsha (captured doab region of ganga & . AD. Govind III (793 – 814) – when he was busy in kannauj campaign, in Capital – Kannauj the meanwhile pallava, pandya, cheras, etc alliance against him but He organized Moksha Parishad in Prayag & Kannauj in every 5 years were defeated by him in 802 AD. (Follower of shiva but later inclined to Buddhism). To worship Amogversha (814 – 878) - wrote ‘kavirajmarg’ in Kannad. Zinsen Buddha, shiva, surya. He defeated pallav ruler Mahendra varman I. wrote Adipuran at his time. Mahaviracharya wrote Ganitsarsanghrah Badamai Chalukya ruler Pulkesian II defeated him on the bank of river at his time. he was worshipper of . Suleiman came to india. Narmada in 634 A.D. Indra III – Al Masudi came. He destroyed kannauj in 918. Harsha conquer vallabhi, Orissa, Sindh, Kashmir, Nepal, Mahanadi. Krishna III (939 – 965)– in 963 he defeated pratihars and gain kannauj. Ehol edict of Ravikriti who was court poet of Pulkesian II gave this He defeated cholas with help of gangas & occupied Kanchi, Tanjore. information. title ‘Akalvrsha’ Kavipont (his kannad poet) wrote a book Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese traveler came to India (629-640) to study in ‘shantipuran’ Nalanda univ. & take Buddhist literature. He adopted of Prince of Last ruler – Kark II pilgrimage, Nitika Pandit, Vartman, Sankhyamuni. He wrote a book SI-YU-KI and called Harsha ‘Shilladitya’ Pal dynasty – (750 – 1038) L yang – haoi king of china send an ambassador in 643 AD ; other Developed in East Bengal capital – Kannauj Chinese ambassador – linya pyao Founder – Gopal Harsha was a follower of Buddhism (mahayan) before Shiv religion. Who constructed a bodh temple in Audhantpuri He wrote Nagananda, Priyadarshika, Ratnavali. Dharmpal took part in triangular dispute. Defeated by nagbhat II, His court person – Banabhatt (Kadambari, Harshcharit), Mayur Dhruva A poet somandal called him Uttarpath swami. He established (Suryasatak), Jaysen, Haridutt, Divakar. Vikramshila university (bihar). He was follower of Avanti – defence minister ; bhukti – province Buddhism,constructed many bodh virahas, gave 200 village for Vishaya – district ; Singh nad – senapati ; suvgat – spy ; bhogpati – reconstruction of Nalanda univ. Haribhadra (famous bodh scholar) who collects revenue ; Quntal – ashwa sena pramukh lived at his court. Bhag (thing), Hirnya(cash), Bali (gift) – taxes Devpal (son of dharmpal) – shrivijay, a ruler of shailender dynasty in Ceylon, constructed a bodh temple in Nalanda and Devpal gave him 5 Gujjar Pratihar (730 – 1036) A.D. blazes. He defeated mihirbhoj He added assam , some parts of Inf. – ehol edict founder – Nagbhat I – he stopped Arabs orrissa & defeated Hunas also. He shifted capital from Bengal to expansion. . Capital – kannauj Mahipal – Sandhyakar nandi lived in his time who wrote Ramcharita Ist ruler who took part in triangular dispute was vatsraj. He defeated in Bangla. He was defeated by rajendra chola Dharmpal but lost against Dhruva. Last ruler – rampal (after him vijaysena founded sen dynasty). Nagbhat II (795 – 833) defeated Dharmpal near Munger (bihar) but himself defeated by Rashtrukut ruler Govind III. Mihirbhoj (836 – 889) – most famous ruler. Defeated Pals, Rashtrakut THE Gangas – their king, Narsimhadva constructed sun temple at (Krishna III). Annexed Punjab, malwa, MP etc. title ; Adhivaraha Konark. Anantvarman Ganga built the famous jagannath temple at (devotee of Vishnu), Pravash. An Arab visitor Suleman came to India. Puri. Kesaris, who used to rule Orissa before gangas built the lingraja Shifted his capital from gujarata to kannoj. (till 100 yrs) he was temple at Bhubhaneshwar. defeated by devpal when he tried to expand towards east. Mahendra Pal (890- 910)– extended upto magadha, north Bengal. a Karkot dynasty (720 – 810) Sanskrit scholar Rajshekhar lived in his court who wrote Founder – durlavardhan Karpurmanjari, Baalbharat, Kavyaminmansa, Harvilas, Bhuvankosh, Lalitaditya muktapeed was a famous ruler. He defeated kamboj, turks, Prachand Pandav, Bidhsal Bhanjika, Bal Ramayan. He was defeated Tibet. He built martand temple of sun, parihaspur city by Kashmir ruler ‘shankarverman’. Mahipal (914 – 944) – a Baghdad visitor ‘Al Masudi’ came at his time Utpal dynasty (855 – 950) period. He was defeated by Indra III of rashtrakut dy. With the help of Founder – avantivarman ; he was a able ruler, he built canals for chandellas he recaptured kannauj but pratihara power started agriculture, avantinagar city. declining. Kchemendra gupta – he married to lohar dynasty princess didha. From 963 – 1001 AD jaipal rule at Kannauj, but then Mohd. Ghanzni defeated him & he suicide. Lohar dynasty (1003 – 1155) Rajyapal – in 1018 Mohd. Ghazni attacked in Kannauj at his time.he Founder – sangramraj (poet, scholar) his court person was kalhana surrendered to him. who wrote rajtarangini Last ruler – Yashpal Harsha was a cruel ruler of this dynasty Pratiharas samant were divided into Got the title of ‘Nero’ Chalukyas (solankis), chandels of bundelkhand, parmar of Malwa, Jaisingh – last ruler kalhana completed his book at his time period. Gahlot of Rajasthan, Chauhan of Ajmer, kalchuri of MP etc. Chandel dynasty (831 – 1180) Rashtrakut dy. – (740 – 996) Founder – nanook Yashovarman – built vaishnav temple of khajurao In 1178 prithviraj III (raipithora) sat on the throne. He defeated Dhangchandel built khajurao temples. (matangeshwar temple of lord chandel ruler parmadidev in 1182 and gahadval ruler jaichandra. In shiva was built by him) Empire was spread upto Gwalior, banaras, 1191 he fought battle of tarain I ; 1192 battle of tarain II agaist Mohd. malwa etc. title – maharajadhiraj. Ghori. His court person jayank bhatt wrote prithviraj vijay & Jains temples – Zinnath, Baidnath were built at his time. chandrabardai wrote prithviraj raso. Vidhyadhar chandel – he killed pratihar ruler rajyapal because he surrendered himself against mohd. ghaznavi Gahadavals (1084 – 1194) Last ruler – Parmadidev (in 1205 qutubudin aibek defeated him and Founder – Chandradev Capital – Kannauj captured bundelkhand) After pratiharas in kannauj gahadaval dynasty was founded by chandradev by defeating a samant ‘Gopal’. Sen dynasty of Bengal (910 – 1133) Govind Chandra – most powerful king. His minister lakshmidhar who Founder - Samant Sen Capital – Bengal wrote Kirtiyakalptaru, Kalpdrum. They ruled Bengal after Palas. Samant sen was described as Jaichandra – struggle against chauhans for Delhi. fought battle of Bramakshatriya,but his successors called themselves simply chandavar in 1194 with Mohd. Ghori and died. His poets Shriharsh Kshatriya. who wrote Naishadcharit, Khandan Khadiya. Ballal Sen (son of Vijaysena) – title ‘Nisank sankar’, ‘Goddeshwar’. He wrote Dan Sagar, Adhbhut Sagar(on astronomy, completed by Shankaracharya – was born in 8th century in kerala. Due to Buddhism, Laxman Sen) & Jainism their was a continuous decline of Hinduism so he Laxman Sen – his court person Jaydev wrote Geet Govind. Another emphasized on vedas. He studied vedas, wandered in whole india, court person was hallayudh who was his judge & minister. He also his philosophy advait vedant was famous. defeated jaichandra of gahadvala dynasty but lost against bakhtiyar The four Mathas of Shankaracharya are khilji in 1205. 1. jyotimatha at Badrinath 2. Sharadapith at Dwarka Parmar Dyansty of Malwa 3. Goverdhan math at Puri Founder – Upendraraj capital – Ujjain 4. Shringeri in south. Death of Harsha was marked by the rise of Rajputs which was a tribe claimed themselves Kshatriya. Note – Ajanta caves are famous for bodh temples ; elephanta caves Munj – a famous ruler who defeated Hunas & got title Amogvarsh. His for shiv temple ; khujrao for shiv, vaishnav & jain temple ; nalanda court poet -: for bodh education cenre. Dhanik – Yashorupavlok Konark temple of sun was built by narsingh devvarman I in 13th Padamgupt – Navsahasancharit century. Also called black pagoda. Dhannanjai – Dhashrupak Bhoj – was another ruler famous for his writing like Samrangan suttradhar, Yuktikalptaru, Rajamartand, Sringar Manjari, Saraswati Kanthavaran. He defeated chalukyas of kalyani, & annilhwaras but himself defeated by chandel ruler vidyadhar. His court poet – Damodar Misra, Bhaskar Bhatt, Dhanpal Title – kaviraj ; he estb a university at bhojshala (dhara) in which he built saraswati statue. He built bhojpur city. In 1305 allaudind khilji added malwa into his kingdom.

Chalukyas of Gujarat (950 – 1300) Founder I capital – Anhilwar Bhima I was ruling at the time of Ghaznavi’s attacked & his samant vimalshah built jain temple of dilwara with marble at Mt. Abu. He built somnath temple with rocks after ghazni destroyed. Jaysingh Singhraj – great patron of literature, his poets – Jainacharya, Hemchandra. He was a follower of shiva. He built a Rudra Mahakal temple at Sidhapura. He was inspired by Hemchandra so he built a mandap at Mt. Abu in which jain statue were estb. Kumarpal – he defeated chauhans, parmar. Preached by Jainacharya & Hemchandra about Jainism & adopted title ‘paramahart’ He banned animal slaughter, drinking, gambling. He renovated somnath temple and worshiped lord shiva their with jain Acharya hemchand. (jaisinghsuri poet wrote kumarpalcharita in his praise) Moolraj II – in 1178 he defeated Mohd. Ghori near mount Abu. Last ruler – Bheem II he defeated Aibed in 1195.

Chauhan dynasty (850 – 1192) Founder – vasudev They were samant of Gujjar pratihars. Ajayapal founded ajmer & constructed temples. Vigrahraj IV defeated chalukya ruler kumarpal and captured delhi. He was a famous poet & author. He wrote a play in Sanskrit ‘harikel’ . a famous poet somdev wrote lalitvigrahraj