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J825js4q5pzdkp7v9hmygd2f801.Pdf INDEX S. NO. CHAPTER PAGE NO. 1. ANCIENT INDIA - 1 a. STONE AGE b. I. V. C c. PRE MAURYA d. MAURYAS e. POST MAURYAN PERIOD f. GUPTA AGE g. GUPTA AGE h. CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN HISTORY 2. MEDIVAL INDIA - 62 a. EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA MAJOR DYNASTIES b. DELHI SULTANATE c. VIJAYANAGAR AND BANMAHI d. BHAKTI MOVEMENT e. SUFI MOVEMENT f. THE MUGHALS g. MARATHAS 3. MODERN INDIA - 191 a. FAIR CHRONOLOGY b. FAIR 1857 c. FAIR FOUNDATION OF I.N.C. d. FAIR MODERATE e. FAIR EXTREMISTS f. FAIR PARTITION BENGAL g. FAIR SURAT SPLIT h. FAIR HOME RULE LEAGUES i. FAIR KHILAFAT j. FAIR N.C.M k. FAIR SIMON COMMISSION l. FAIR NEHRU REPORT m. FAIR JINNAH 14 POINT n. FAIR C.D.M o. FAIR R.T.C. p. FAIR AUGUST OFFER q. FAIR CRIPPS MISSION r. FAIR Q.I.M. s. FAIR I.N.A. t. FAIR RIN REVOLT u. FAIR CABINET MISSION v. MOUNTBATTEN PLAN w. FAIR GOVERNOR GENERALS La Excellence IAS Ancient India THE STONE AGE The age when the prehistoric man began to use stones for utilitarian purpose is termed as the Stone Age. The Stone Age is divided into three broad divisions-Paleolithic Age or the Old Stone Age (from unknown till 8000 BC), Mesolithic Age or the Middle Stone Age (8000 BC-4000 BC) and the Neolithic Age or the New Stone Age (4000 BC-2500 BC). The famous Bhimbetka caves near Bhopal belong to the Stone Age and are famous for their cave paintings. The art of the prehistoric man can be seen in all its glory with the depiction of wild animals, hunting scenes, ritual scenes and scenes from day-to-day life of the period. The exact date of these paintings is not certain, but the oldest paintings are as old as 12,000 years. PALEOLITHIC AGE The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865, and refers to a prehistoric era distinguished by the development of the first stone tools. The Palaeolithic period is characterised by simple bands of hunters. The human beings living in this Age were essentially food gatherers and depended on nature for food. They did not know how to grow crops and raise livestock, nor did they build houses. Traditionally, the Paleolithic is divided into three periods, the Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic and the Upper Paleolithic; on the basis of the nature of stone tools made by human beings as well as due to the changes in the climate and environment. The Lower Paleolithic is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. The tools of this phase include mainly hand axes, cleavers, choppers and chopping tools, The Middle Palaeolithic tool pattern is based upon flakes. The dominant tool types being blades, points and borers The Upper Palaeolithic is characterised by burins and scrappers. MESOLITHIC AGE The Mesolithic period is roughly dated between 10,000 BC to 6,000 and 4,000 BC. It was a transitional phase between the Palaeolithic age and the Neolithic age. Mesolithic Period is technologically characterized by microliths or small stone tools. In the Mesolithic Age, the stone tools began to be made more pointed and sharp. This age also saw domestication of cows, horses and other poultry and farm animals. Sites like Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, Partapgarh and Mirzapur are rich in Mesolithic art and paintings. NEOLITHIC AGE The Neolithic Age (4000 BC-2500 BC) or the New Stone Age was the last phase of the Stone Age. It is characterized by the use of polished stone tools and the beginning of cultivation of crops. E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.laex.in 1 Ph: 9052 292929 / 9052 492929 La Excellence IAS IMPORTANT SITES OF THE STONE AGES Sohan Valley W. Punjab (Pakistan) Burzahom Kashmir Gufkaral Kashmir Belan Valley Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Nevasa Maharashtra Sabarmati Valley Gujarat Singrauli Uttar Pradesh Bagor Rajasthan Singhbhum Jharkhand Mayurbhanj Orissa Mehargarh Baluchistan Attirrampakam Tamil Nadu Killi Ghul Mohammad Baluchistan Didwana Rajasthan Hathnora Madhya Pradesh Bhimbetaka Madhya Pradesh Kurnool Caves Andhra Pradesh Adamgarh Madhya Pradesh Chopani Mando Uttar Pradesh Sanganakallu Karnataka Mahagarha Uttar Pradesh Chirand Bihar Chechar Bihar Brahmagiri Karnataka Tekkalkota Karnataka Sanganakallu Karnataka T.Narsipur Karnataka Hallur Karnataka Kupgal Karnataka Kodekal Karnataka Utnur Andhra Pradesh Nagarajunikonda Andhra Pradesh Piklihal Andhra Pradesh Poyampalli Tamil Nadu CHALCOLITHIC AGE The Neolithic Age quickly gave way to a number of small "cultures" that were highly technical. These people used copper and bronze to make a range of utilitarian tools. This phase or period is termed as the Chalcolithic Age. A number of such sites have been found in the Chotta Nagpur Plateau region, the upper Gangetic basin, Karnataka and near the banks of river Narmada. Chalcolithic Cultures of Indian Subcontinent BANAS or AHAR CULTURE (Southern Rajasthan) KAYATHA CULTURE (M.P.) MALWA CULTURE (M.P.) SAVALDA CULTURE AND JORWE CULTURE (MAHARASHTRA) E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.laex.in 2 Ph: 9052 292929 / 9052 492929 La Excellence IAS THE ANCIENT INDUS CIVILIZATION Charles Masson in his Narrative of Various Journeys in Baluchistan, Afghanistan and Punjab, 1826-1838, first described the ruins of Harappa but its significance was not realized until much later. In 1857, the British authorities used Harappan bricks in the construction of the East Indian Railway line connecting Karachi and Lahore. In 1912, Harappan seals with then unknown symbols were discovered by J. Fleet, which triggered an excavation campaign under Sir John Marshall in 1921/22, resulting in the discovery of a hitherto unknown civilization by Dayaram Sahani. By 1931, much of Mohenjodaro was excavated, but minor campaigns continued, such as that led by Mortimer Wheeler in 1950. Following the partition of British India in 1947, the area of the IVC was divided between Pakistan and the Republic of India. GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD OF I.V.C SIND – Mohenjodaro, Amri, Kot Diji, Rehman Dheri, Sukkur, Allahdino, Chanhudaro BALUCHISTAN–Mehargarh, Damb Sadaat, Rana Ghundai, Nal, Kulli, Dabar Kot, Balakot, Killi Ghul Mohammad AFGHANISTAN – Mundigak, Shortu Ghai WEST PUNJAB - Harappa, Jalilpur, Ganeriwala, Rehman Dheri GUJARAT - Dholvira, Lothal, Surkotada, Bhagatrav, Rangpur, Rojadi, Desalpur, Dabar Kot UTTAR PRADESH – Alamgirpur HARYANA – Banawali, Rakhigarhi, Bhagwanpura RAJASTHAN – Kalibangan PUNJAB – Ropar JAMMU & KASHMIR – Manda MAHARASHTRA – Daimabad CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MATURE HARAPPAN SITES: MOHENJODARO [SIND] It is the largest site of the Harappan civilization Considered one of the capitals of the Indus system In Sindhi language, the word Mohenjodaro means “Mound of the dead”. The Great bath of Mohenjodaro is the most important public place, measuring 39 feet (Length) 23 feet (Breadth) and 8 feet (Depth). Located at the center of the citadel, it is remarkable for beautiful brickwork. Its floor is made of burnt bricks set in gypsum and mortar. The Great Granary found here is the largest building, measuring 150 feet (Length) 50 feet (Breadth). It is located within the citadel There is also present an oblong multi pillared assembly hall and big rectangular building which must have served administrative purpose. Mohenjodaro along with Harappa has been hailed as the twin capitals and Kalibangan as its subsidiary centre. E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.laex.in 3 Ph: 9052 292929 / 9052 492929 La Excellence IAS HARAPPA [PUNJAB, PAKISTAN] It was the First Indus sites to be discovered and excavated in 1921. The Indus civilization was originally called Harappan civilization after the discovery of this site The vast mounds at Harappan were first reported by Masson in 1826 and visited by Cunningham in 1853 and 1873 The granaries here are located outside the citadel but immediately next to it in the west. Barracks or rows of single – roomed quarters are situated just below the walls of the citadel. They probably housed labouers. A Red Sand Stone Naked Male Torso has been found which shows traces of Jainism. Identified with Hariyupiya of Rig Veda (Book VI) The location of Harappa has led several authors to conclude that it was a ‘Gateway city’ DHOLVIRA [GUJARAT] It is the latest Indus city discovered and one of the two largest Harappan settlements in India, the other being Rakhigarhi in Haryana. The most unique feature of the site is its division into not two but three sections. Two of these parts were protected by strong rectangular fortifications. The Middle Town in Dholvira is generally thought of as Rig Vedic Aryans contribution to town planning The most startling finding at Dholvira are the Giant Reservoirs (The largest measuring 80.4 m by 12m and 7.5 m holding an amazing 2,50,000 cubic meters of water). LOTHAL [GUJARAT] The most unique feature of Lothal was its Dockyard, measuring 77012015 feet in length, breadth and depth respectively [Served as a main sea –port of the Indus people] Lothal has evidence for the cultivation of rice (1800 BC) [the only other Indus site where rice husk has been found is Rangpur near Ahmadabad] Many tools, stone beads, and seals were found in Lothal; among them is the famous ‘Persian Gulf Seal’. Metal Workers, Shell Ornament Makers and Bead Makers Shops have been discovered here also. Lothal not only served long distance trade but also supplied the cities on the Indus with raw material such as cotton from Gujarat and copper from Rajasthan. KALIBANGAN [RAJASTHAN] The settlement of Kalibangan is located in Rajasthan along the dried up bed of the river Ghaggar. Literal meaning of Kalibangan is “Black Bangle”. CHANHUDARO [SIND] It was the only Indus City without a Citadel Archaeologists have discovered here Shell Ornament Makers, Bead Makers Shop and Metal Workers. (Metal used was gold, silver, tin copper, etc). E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.laex.in 4 Ph: 9052 292929 / 9052 492929 La Excellence IAS A small pot was discovered here which was probably an Inkpot but there is no conclusive proof about it.
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