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AND KAY AS T HAS 0 F BE 1t GAL.
BY , . BAEU GIRIXDRA~ATH DUTT,
B.A., M.R.A.S., M.S.A.,
A IttMr of the h Ilistm'y of the ll1ttwa Raj," etc,
-....-. --
Repnnt {rom the" IndIan RevIew,"
PRICE RE. OXE. 1'0 Sub8C'l-ibet'$ 0/ the "Indilt16 Re'l:iew," AB. 8.
PC-BLlSHED BY G. A. NATESAN & CO., ESPLANADE. lIADRAS. y;-~ 2. ~ .-16 L »6 DEDICATED TO Dr. G. A. GRIERSON, Ph.D.,e.I.E., l.a.B. (retired
FOR HIS KIND PATRONAGE TO THE .4 UTHOR. PREFACE . •• THE present work purports. in a brief com pass, to be a national history of the two great ca.<;tes, Brahmans and Kayasthas, which form the bulk of the educated population of Bengal. It is an endeavour to explore a field left still untouched by Oriental scholars, and my re searches have resulted in eXl"Ioding the tra ditional structure of the ancient chroniclers of Bengal, which was a stumbling-block to many rfouowned antiquarians. I have shown that A'di S'ur can be no other than the Gre.at A'ditya Sen; I haw proved heyond doubt that Ballal Sen or any of the Sen Kings can never be the author of Kulinism in Bengal as is still universally believed. I have arrived at the conc1usion that the system of Kulinism originated first in Mithila whence it was imported to Bengal and develop ed during the Pathan rule, not for the crea tion of a noble breed as is universally supposed, but for the protection of the powers-that-be, vi thtt metamorphose-d Hindus. I hllYR described at length the fictitioUR oTigin Ilnd the perni cious effect of this vicious Rystem, and if my appeal touches the hearts of my patriotic countrymen and an earn pst anu zenlous move- ment is Sf>t on foot to eradicate it. I will consider my labours amply rewarded. I gladly invite any fair and impartial criticism on the subject dealt with in this little work.
HUTWA. RAJ, } • , D]ST. SARAN, BENOAL, GnUNDRA )JATII DUTT. 10th August, 19()6.
- • • I ~0Iltentii. -"+1- CHAPTER I. EARLY HISTORY OF BENGAL. Bengal as descrIbed in ancient wdtings and anClent dinslOlls of Benga.l. H.mg Adi Sur and the perform ance of his alleged VedIC saerifice InvibttlOn of Brah man>; aJld Kayasthas from Kanouj Descnphon of the Immigrants. Contradictory stlltements. Settlement of the immigrants. Further Migrations. MultIplicatIOn of Blahman Immigrants. Page 1~15. CHAPTER II. AmSUR AND HIS IDENTIFICATION DISCUSSED. Dr Rajendra. Lal's theory. Statements of anCient chronielers ('ontradictory, Messrs Beveridge'st, Ba,ta byal'I'I, Bose'" and Sastn's views cdticlf~ed, IdentificatlOn of Adlsur wIth Aditya hen and the eVldenC'es in support; Benga.l never an out-and-out Buddhlst country. The llmnlgralltM were refugees and not gllest!s 11l Bengal, TradItion of the Paschatya Vaidik Brahmans and the historIcal facts deduced from it i CiaSRificatioll8 a.lJeged to have been made by the successors ot Adl Sur. Page 16-32. CHAPTER Ill. BENGAL UNDER BALLA'L SEN. North lndia befor~ HlP advent of tlw Pals. Bengltl (>Qnquered by the Pitl Kmg, Hharma Pal Religious tole ratIOn of the Pal Kmgs. Ballal Sen and hiS reputed Kuhnism Kulmisrn defined His despotism ttud lm moral chantcLeI RcC'ording to the tradltion of the "hro niclers. Terrltonal diviSIOn of Bengal. Page 32-41 CHAP'fER IV. DEFENCE OF BALLAL SEN'S CHARACTER. Ballal ('an never be the author of Klllinism. TeRtimony of the inscriptlons and Adbhut Sagar. Kulinism origI nated during the Path an rule. Page 42-ri4. \ 111
CHAP,]'ER V
THE SYSTEM UJ!' KULINISlIf HA& IT& REAL HO~lE IN l\hTHTL-\ (TIRHUT) History of thEl origm of Kuhnism In Mithila. EVI dences to prove the llnportatlOlI of Kulmlsm from MI thlht to Bengll.l Thl' Kuhn Kayasthus of Bengal.ne !lot del:lcendants of ,my individual Immigrants Page ') .• -69. c' ,PTER VI. HISTORY O~ITHlliA (TI1l.HUl'). OPlIllOllS of .Bendall, Hodgson, Sastn. PIschel, ~let calfe and Rajendra. J~ala dl"cusst'd. Page 70·-7~.
CHAPTER VII.
BENGAL UNDER LAK!'.HMAN SEN AND HT", 8UCCEAHORS. DISCUSSIon on the orgamsution attributed to I.akshman ~en Bengal not couq Hered by thE' Mohamedans 10 Lal'Rh llla.n Sen's time Opinions of Bastrl, BO>le, l'.farNhman lmu Chaklaburty refuted The charge of cowardICe ftguiutlt the nl'ngah nation refukd (,i)"cllmstallce~ lead ing to the conquest of Beng •• l. Iudillo nndel pltutmount powers Ahsence of It paramount. power and the rI>!e of IHllaU mdependt'llt ri~nJ. princlpahtwl'> are the l"Nl .. MlRA of the downflloU of Indul Pa,ge 80-10:;.
CHAPTER VIII.
DEVELOPMENT OF KULINI8M AMONG THE BRAIlMA:S-S Dallll.uj Ma,dhav and hIS rc-orgal1lsation Duttakhas and hi" re-orgaIlIsatlOll. Devivar and hu; great Ic-orgtt lllsatlOll The system of KuhlllSlll assuming the garb ot it phIlosophIcal t;ystem. Development of Klllimsm Muong the KayuElthas Dunanj Madhav Parmanauda. Clu'lslfi ('atlOns of th .. Ba.ngaj Knyasthal'o The Banndra K,t yasthas and their clasllifieations. Bhngunandl. ThE' Utter Radhl Kayasthas and their C'JassificatlOl1t;. The Daksm Radhi Kayasthn,!! and their dIvisions and Rub divisIOns. Poorauder Khall. Page 105 - 124. IX
CHAPTERTX
A REVIEW OF THE FOREGO~~ TWO CHAPTERS Mr. Bose's identificat.ion of DaDauj M&dhav with Na.uJ&.. Its refutatIOn Danauj had no haltd lIT the orga.msatlOll IOttributed to him. A hlstorical problem solved m the Ain-i-Akb8n. Philological discuSSIon on the interpretations of the terms Srotrlya and Kulm. Sectarian influence on the Bengali Society Page 124-144 CHAPTER X.
KULINl8M I~ BENGAL Social and political hlKtory of Bengal in the 15th and 16th centUl'les as gathered from ILDClent works and works of the chronicler·s. 'l'he assimIlating power of Hinduism. Dr. Hcernle's theory bome out by the statement of the chromclers Tainted orIgin at the Kuhn!! Arguments that the origm of KulinisID was for the protectIOn of the Metamorphosed Hindu~. Kuhmsm It diSIntegrating policy only. Present 8tn.te of ilie Bengah SOCIety EVil effects of I)ulimsm and U11iversity EducatIOn on the SoCIety. The misel'able pmutwn of the bride's father. Movement of refol·m~. Pundit Iswu.r Chunder Vidya saga.r and his strenuous attempt The Bengal Kayasth Sahha and theIr efforts. Flaws in their attempts. The only reuledy ,.,nggpsted An appeal to patriotiu Bel1galee~. Page 14!'i- 167. SELECT OPINIONS•
• • I
DR. J. F. Fleet, ph.D., C.T,E., I.C.S. (retired), the pioneer of the Modern antiquarians, writes :- "It * * The Brahmans and Kayasthas of nengal I have read with interest. I am glad to see that you ('an utilise the ancient inscriptions of India in this and oUler matterB; and I hOl'e to see that you "III ('arry your present researches to a thoroughly IIIIC't'f'HSful iK!jlle in book form." DR. G. A. Grierson, ph.D., C.I.E., 1.('.11 (,·('tlred), writeH: - ., It * * Your articles on the BrahmanK and Kavall thas of Bengal I have read With much intel'6l1t. The subject is not one which I have IItudied and hf'n('e I am not competent to pass an opinion on \\ hat you hale written, beyond Btating that you seem to me to have made out a very strong caBe for your theory." The Hon'ble Justice Dr. ABhutosh lIukherjee, M• .L,D.L., F.R.S.E., Judge, High Court, Rnd Vice-l'hanc·,·\lor,Cak'Utta. 'Universlty, writeB:- "I have to thank you for your article whi(·h I bavp read with great intereBt as it shows comudt'rahie r!'lIt·u.n·h. I regret, however, that with the limited bme at my diN posa.l, anything like a full examination or the 'tllt'lItiollllJ raised iB impossible." MR. H. Beveridge, C.I.E., I.C.S. (retired), writes:- ,,* * * I have looked through your articles and have found them very interesting." The Hon'ble Justice Sharada Charan ~fittra. M.A , B.t., Judge, High Court, writeB:- "I have read with great pleaHure your IIrticle on the Brahmans and Kayasthas of .Bengal. It IIho~1I extenliiTe study and research, and, above all, thought. At one p('liod of my life, I devoted considerahle time on the suhject, and I am highly interellted in the invt'HtigatiQDs and lights thrown by you. I ne\'er thought that BaU(lli Kulinism is a fiction. I now see there ill good reason for your suggestions. As for the age of Adl Sur J had doubts. In my article which has Rppeared in tIle Law xi
Qum·terly l'le,:il'tC for October, edited by Sir Frederick Pollock, I have exprt'lIlIed my doubts in the matter. "I ba\"e felt the keene.. t interest in your articles on tl}e Brahmans and KaylIoIIthas of BengaL I have just now finillhed your papt'r No. o. As usual, it contains much informlltion. I shall ('arefully preserve your article.n A" old Behar plan ttl", Mr.R. S. Lockhart, Bansohalli, &Ican, write8 :-" It was exceedingly klDd of you sending me tlle Be\"en Indian Ret"iew8 containing your learnt'd article!! which I have read with keen interest. Your writings have gained you renown and I slDcerely trust will ere long bring you in the wealth you deserve. Your ambition, indnstry and talent have placed ,on in a much higber and more enviable position than the Smiles of Markham ever could haTe and you will for all timE'S h:J.ve reason to rejoice at the manly, inde pendent spirit tllat impelled you to shake the dust off your feet of tllOse days and their ways." The StateMllan :-" In the course of an interesting article on 'Kulimsm in Bengal,' which appears in the lnclian Rn:iew, Babu Glt"lndranatlt Dutt makes some Tery caustic rt'marks on the practice as it prevails in the preRt'nt day in this province. He maintains that education, instead of mitIgating the eTil, has strt'ngtht'ned it. A university degree is not only 1\ tE'stimonial of prOficiency in learning, but also 1\ power ful instrwnent for tlIe oppression of one's father-iu law. A Beng&li B. A., we are told, considers himself entitled not only to 1\ bride of 1\ social rank supe rior to his 0"\\"11, but alliO to a pecuniary honorarium which is only limited by his own cupidity and tlIe prospective father-in-Iaw's Jneans. If a parent has tlIe misfortune to POIISt'SS a daughter of dark complexion, or otherwise falling short of tlIe act'epted standard of beauty, tlIe dt'mand Jnay nee up to Rs. 15,000. If to this are added tlIe numerous items of expenditure which have to be in curred by the bride's family before and after the cere mony IUld the pl-esents made to tlIe bridegroom'S rela tives, it will he seen that the possession of a marriageable daughter ill by no means an -unmixed blessing. The autlIor proceeds to quote a typical instance of nuptial extortion in whICh the bridegroom's family demanded, after the marriage, from the bride's father, who bad xii
already paid the double lIum C'ontracted for, a blackmail for each member • for partaking of food III the bride'. hOUfle /' It can easIly be Imagined \\ hat the lot of the girl-wife mWit be, when, &8 80metimell happen", h£'l' people refuse to submit to 8uch extortion, Nor do'!>. the evil end with the lIu1ferings of the bridi' and her father, The latter, we are aS8url'd. 18 a gl'{'at bt>ht'Ter ill the maxim that revenge is sweet, hut "be i .. not \ery parti cular as to the object of biB Vt'llgealwe, Hi' "nnply wants to treat others as he has been trentRd him""I', and. smarting under his own injuries, be l"XR('tH, ill bill lOon' .. marriage, from his lIon'lI prOMpe<·tjve fatlwr-in-taw, wbat he himself had llpent on his dallghtRr, \\ ItII ('om pound interest, and 80 matters go on in a (·yde or n"cipl"OC'al robbery to the complete demorahsatlon of all partil"tt concerned. It is gratifying to bear that 8trl'nUOllIIl"fforts are now being nlade by patriotlJ and puhlic a81tOC'iationll to find a remedy for this state of thil'lgM," THE BRAHMANS AND KAYASTHAS OF BENGAL. -:0:-- CHAPTER I. EARLY HISTORY OF BENGAL. --:0:-- , HE works of the genealogists or Ghntaks ot Bengal have never been explored by Oriental scholars, yet they embody valuable information about the great races inha.biting Eltstern India. from the 7th century downwnrdil."-(Journal and Proceedings of tke Asiatic Society of Bengal, rol. I., ..'''0. 2, 1905, ~4.m,ual Report). Although tho llame Ba.ng:~ (Bengal) and its equivale,~U;, Gond and Poundra, can be traced in the very a.ncient Sanl>krit works and also the names of some of its Kings, Vasudeva and Samudra. Sen, enn be found in the Maluw'karata, the early history of Bengal is involved in obscu rity. All that we can gather from these works is Abul-Fazl thus speak" of Bengal: .. The origVll\l ,,,,me of Bengal was Ballga. Its formdf fillers faiseti II ound .. me8sulinj( ten yards in height I\l'ld twenty in brpadth throughout the provinces which were /lalied .AI. Fr'lm \,1.18 suffix. the name Bellgal took ita rise ane cllTleocy. 'l'he jir..t Raja, (Bha~l"3t) came t.o Delhi by rellSOIi OL Ililt fnelUishlV for Raj" Jltrgodharl (1 Durjcdball). anj feU manfully fightIng ill tbe wan of the Malw1Jlu~rata, 4,096 )'ears previoc8 to the present t.imes."-Jarrett', Ain-i·Akbar;. VIII. II.) 2
that the country was, in the days of yore, condemned as unfit for A~ya habitation, or visitation except for the pur pose of pilgrimage,t and WR8 inhabited by an abodgillal race called Pundras, who claimed to be descended from the Vtlllic RiHhi, Viswll. Mitra, but were regarded as Dru-yus and outcnsts.:t In the BuddLil:!tic ttga it COl Tn"'m in contiguity, Fa Hi~n would not have failed to vif>it it during his sojourn and would have left fL record. Unfortunately, Fa Hian is silent ~R to the Mme of the king or the dynasty then reigning in Tamralipta. , But all these five kingdoms exihted in the 7th century A.D. when Hiouen Tusang visite(l India.. He visited Poundra V Rrdhan (North Bengal), IF-~mrnp (which in those times ihclnded Modern ASAAm, MRnipul', Kachar, Mymensing and Sylhet), SIl~atat.t (East Bengal), TamI,a.lipta (Tamlook in cluding Modern Midnapur), Rnd KRrna SuYama (Western Bengal, including Modern M ul'~hi dabad): ., IAHhis periodKRrnaSuvarna seems to }lave been the most powerful kingdom ruled over by a mighty prince, SlIsanka (who seems to have be~n It fenda tary nndel' the kings of Thaneswar, as we find he is ,Ktyled 'Mahasa.manta' in his seal) the great pel secutor of the l3uddhiKts. who had destI'oyed the B~dhi tree at Gya. And w};o had Ilssashinated 'King Rajyavardhan of T~aneswar, brother of the mighty Harbhavardhal\ (SilRditya II) who, to avenge his 4
brother's death, Jed an army into Bengal and de..<:troyed the power of Sa£llnka, KINO ADISUR. The llil'otol'Y preserved by the nlltive chl'onidt'l'!:j of Bengal, the Ghntakru;, commellC't!I-I from one King Adi&ur, who is Mid to lllwe owrtln'UWll the other four kingdoms awl nAAUllltlt! tilt' tit,11:! of Panchn Goudeswar (q~~'l{), TlliA Atlillul' hll8 been lately identified by soUle W11tN'S to be the Jayantl\ in Kalhan's Rajatarflngini, on the ground that his flon's nRrue WIUl Bhnrmr (~) and a pa:,.-.;tlge in one of the cJllonidt'8 rllnlf thus:
l( ~ :q ~ ~j311.1OfHi.iI" lI'.f ;m;nf~ ~- 1tt~g mm~Rmft" (m~'I,;r) In order to establi&h this identificntion, tlley nal'l'ate from the Rajatarangini tlult JayailitJ B, King of Kashmir, while leading an expedition to conquer countries (DigvijRya), hail entered &ingle handed i11,(X)(rnit{) in the capibtl of OOlld, POllnd~ Val'dIllm Olle night, and 11001'(\ ill the temple of Kil.l,tik the song of the com1i dancing git 1, Kamala, who fell in love with him alld gl\\'o him f.he1ter in ~ het abode. At. tbid time a lion WI\II erMting ,11 great pnnie on the inhabitants of tLe town, J\~cl being informed of this by the danoing girl 5
Jayaditya, killed tIle beast at night. The news .of the lion's death reached the King's ea!", who repaired to thfl f;pot where the bE'ast hly dead, and found there an ornftment of the arm with the word "Jayaditya" inscribed on it and gathered therefrom that the great conqu~t'ol" was in their midst. Jayaditya was !Searched out and J;yanta, gave him the hand of hi~ daughter lmd, with his help, ovel threw the other kingdoms of Bengal and Itsl:!umed the title of Pancha Goudeswat. ('i?flT~~t) According to the native .chronicles, elevated even to this high position, Adisllr's mind was not at ease. He was without a,ny male issue to hUC ceed hiln. Therefore, he determined to perform the Vedic l'ite of Putl'ef,htiYlljna (~~~) for a son. Bnt he found tl;e country was over flooded with Buddhism. There was no genuine Bl'lthman in the ,pouutry oUsel'ving the Agnihotra. The indigE'IlOUS Brahmans of the soil were ~ilheI' Buddhi&t.s 01' had (legradea themselves by em bracing low Cllllings. Lellt ning that genuine Brahmans were only to be found iu_ Kanouj, be sent mJ. ~mba&-.adoI' to the Ringof Kanpnjwith the propoAAI to send him five genuine Bmhmans versed in Vedas. The King of Kanollj scouted the proposal of Adisur with scorn, whereupon a fight 6 ensued in which the latter's army was defen.ted. He then led a. second expedition, wherein ~e gnintod a decisive victory by a ruse. IIe made 100 of those debased indigenous Brahmans of llengll.l ride on bulls and placed them in f,'ont of his army. The orthodox King of Kanouj, ",frai.l of killing any Brahman or buU, IlgI'OOIl to his proJlOMI and sent five Brahmans from KolnDt'ha. in Kallouj along with five Kayasthas to Adi"ur. INVITATION OF BRAIUlA.NS ASD KAYASTHAII ,FROM KANOlIJ TO BEXOAL. The five Brahmans came to Bengal on bullock Cl\.l'ts, probably like those mentioned in tlle drnma. JIiricckuJcatilca (vide fig. 168, Rajendra LRIK' 1nl10- Aryans, vol. I, p. 352), and reIIembJillg the con veyance called "Shampony" still found in Behar and North-Western Prov~nces. Of the KaYlUltb38 Ghosh. Bl\.SU and Mitra. came op horseback, the Dutt rode on elephant and the Guha on a paZH ,
It iilijl"ii""ldl ffi:rr ~Pi{ ~,qIR'f.I\ilq: I If~ ~iiID ~ ~:wfr.1 n Again , tt ... ';"'.,:;""-,," IfmlQ.,(ijr.,! 'SN'Ff~ ij'1f4Ct1: t ... _ ~ -" ,.... " 3(1(11.,., (l(dT 1"'1)11: qm;13J6iil- .. ~ctT: II
Another authority narrates the Ch"('uDl:;tan,~e differently. It says that Adisur's wife cslled 7
Chandra Mukhi was of a very religious dispositi
Kolanch and Gout,am of Bharft.dwnj Gotra frou. Oudambar Gram and Pal'3.sa.l' of SlivA-rna. GotI'll from Madra Gram. A third authority namt's them, (1) KiSitiJc., (2) Medhatithi, (3) Vita rag, (4) Sudhanidhi, (5) Soubhari. Adisur was at first deeI,ly mortifi6l1 to ob~l"Ve the emigrants dreAAeti in military aceoutTementiS, and, without welcoming them. rf'l'nil'ed to bit> zenana. The Bmhmans finding that they have not created a favourable imprehRion on the king, placed the garland intende(t as a token of blet+1ing to the king, on a wre::.tling post fixed in the court yard, whereupon, it is said that the wood had blossomed. The news was .·epOl ted to the king, who at once came out anti IIpologiRetl for bis indifference, and after wt'lcoming them, cle!o!ired himself to be introdnced to their attRnclants the five KaYastha.li. The emis.'!3,l'Y of Adiiur there upon introduced them in the 10110\\' iog Jaudlltory terms: 9
~ :q 'Ei111i(!fI~ '"' .... z:rr....::..rr.:z:~ 1lJZr~ ij(cilifj1~: I ~ij~~:fl~ (1:;!ii~ ~ 'f.lf(!l'fll <1'{,zqr • ~~ ~ 'i~ldl~S('f.UU.
~t.~~ ~" """"",""rnn'~ISlI(((ql n ~ 1MR11 ~g~~I6'Rf.H: , ,....~ t:'::::' 1ij\t1l1~dl ~ ,..,. . - ",,- FP«i ('(~, ~;r: II ~ f:tr.rcrr ~~: ~ ~ g410q,i!+tifj- .... '"'~ ~ ~~ .... ~ ~ qldl"S:"l(!lI~: I q{ldl~"hl 1H1QISlll((1II1+1t1I"tf II "Qq"lIW1i(!lI#:~rT ~~) 'l{fol.' !!l(!ll'iilq· .... ~~ Q ~ ... " W'ffiT t~t~"'9>(Pt9>~iI'Md': • ii(la9>~'46'ql P-mGT- 10 ~ liitT ..·.n: ~ %ij~~6~: wre6tltl!Wfli ~«§~~: • ~O'M('llq'offit'if!~;;itfWfflr'fi) .. ~+nf(f f~~"t.li~J6"4~qj: II « :o:f ~JN'R: {(ir"ii1(uq~ '" ~~ AJ~ P-rlloirftr;{~: II "Wtqq~'6ii: ~tJA''6li611'A1: I ~~rq1i': ffe~r.c~rr.c!{n«: II ~q~lJJl'ft ~'fi: I ij i611II(tl'!1\f~ 6~'lt f~nr:q" {t«~fIimt. ~it ffiArift'fr« 4t«CilaTl«: I ~: !{mI~ mH~· m' rq"il'fiqll~: ~(fT ~ • (1) "Clothed in virt.ue, having deep ,venel-a. tions in Brahmans anll hl'.\zing like the slln in the family of Ghosh, this is Mltkl\randn. Ghosh. Ite belon~ to a family, whose reputation is equal to that of the moon, and wbose proweN:; ill even acknowledged by the gOfU.. He is of Sonkalin Gotl'fl., a Saiva, and hiB family g(}(ldess is Kali,' He is a disciple of Bhntt Narayan, is the pioneer of the best of tantrik8, ft. warrior and a descend- ant of Suryadhwaj. ' I (2) From that Basu, "'ho held the whole wo!'M under his sway, this Dasarnth Drum is descende(i. Born ,of the elder· brnnch of that family; .tLUi ' 11 Da:'lal'ath has attained a world-wide reputation. He is the moon in the lotus family of Vaidya, or Goutam Gott-a, a disciple of Daksa, hns a mag nanimous heart, grave demeanour, unblemishe~ ~hamcter, a great tantrik and of chivalrous spirit. (3) Tlus is ViratGuha well worth the name. He is a descEmdil.nt of that Guha, who belonged to Agnikula, and is bestowed with many high quali ties. He is a gl"eat Yogi, a worshipper of KaJi~ a pntron. of Brahmans. and pioneer of religious men. He belongs to Ka'~yap Gotra, and is a. dbciple of Sree Harsha. . • (4) This is Kalidas Mittra, the moot reputed among those in reput.ation, venerated by all, of calm dispOhition, whose fame is as dear as the autumna.l moon. His prowess is like that of the sun, he is horn in the l\littra family as the moe::!.. is from the ocean, a pioneer of Vaishnavas, a skilful charioteer, 1\ disciple of Chandor, of Viswamitra Gotl'&, very learned, intelligent and meek. HiS' fjl.mily godde.,,-'! is .ldyo-pralriti. (o) This is Puru.'-hottam Dutt. descended from the w~ll-known family of Agni Dutt, is versed in al! branches of learning, very accomplished, and mo~t honourable. He is the pioneer of those who> ~'l.f,t of a noble family. He has come to Bengal· 12 to protect others. He belong"! to SMkRen sect, is a great Saiva, greatest among thO!!e who are fikilled in the manmuvre of war-chaJ'i()~,of Mowc1gal (Bharadwaj) gotra, a brave warrior, Rnd of flh'ong physique. His Camily god is Ma)ladeva. Unlike the names of these emigrltnt Bt'aLmallfl, n,ll authorities are almost at one M to tile namf'fo! of th&.'l8 emigl-ant Kayasthas, with the l"xcE'ption tllllt ir. the Ba.ngaj Kanka, we fiu(} the lJlIme of Birat Guha and in Dahill Itftilhi Karikn, T>lU4.trath Ol1h& and in the former the gotra of Pllru.. hottam Dutt' is said to be Mowdgal, whereas in the latter it il\ mentioned as Bhara~waj. Per'hllpR, the- fOl't:fa.ther of the Guhas had two aliases and the KadkfUl of the two countlies ha.ve pre>;ervefi his two (liifel"ent names, and the gotI-a of PIll'ul\hottam lllltt 1\'III! really Bharadwaj, anll he enme with Gnuta.ma 01' Harsha, who had the Ramo gotJ-a; hut, in (,OllrM -af time, whenPurushottam's descendant!, emipted to Bangaj country, they chang('d their gott'll, n$ well as their foreCathers' to. ?vIowdga1. l'he originaL gotra of the Guha seems to have bren Itl~ Bbarnd wajJ as he is said to be'a. dit;ciple of 8100 Hm'fiha, and not of Ka.'1yap which was tl}{,· g()t"'d of V... kAA or Su Sen-the disciIlles invaliP.lJJy foUowiug th: preceptor's gotJ."ft" But of this, latet' on. F'uID the 13 a.ho.e, it will be observed that all the four Kayas-. thas, Ghosh, Basu, Mitra and Guha,came With their guru except the stalwartPurushottam Dutt, tower ing above 11.11 on t>lephant's back and boldly declar ing before his host, the king, that the object of his n'lit was to protect othel'S and to see Bengal, a.nd trult be WitS not anyone's servant. This goes to corroborate our inferent'6 that he and the Guha came fl'om the bame ...illage Oudambar, with Sree IlR.rsha. and Goutam of the same gotra, and that Jlurushottam'.,; spiritual preceptor being some ·othel· pel'Son in bis native village, he ha~ declined to accept Gantam 01' Harsha. as his guru".,fore th~ king. It is a remarkable fact still observed in India that Bl"l\hmans of the same sect and gotra oftpn cln"ter themseh'es in one village or country with their disciples, who adopt the s&me gotra. In roUnie o~ time, when the descendants of the f)utts and Guhas had emigrated to Bangaj oounh'Y, the former bad changed theirs and their pl'ederessorl>' gotra.s, in order to differentiate them ~lves from the Guila..<;. SE'ITLElIL'fr OF THE lJU£lG:a.u.~. After llerforming Adisur's' yajna,' the Brah ma.n .... with their attendant Kayasthas retnrned to ~"';r homes in Ranouj, but they were excom· municated from the society thel"e on tIle ground that they had travel'sed over Magadha Itn.t gone to Bengal which were countdes forbidden by the Sastras to visit, and were told thllt until they performed proper expiation for their killl(, they would not be l'e-admitted into the pale of their society. This they refused to do, and tbe King of Kanouj having been llnable to lURk\:! any amicable Settlement of their dispute, they in rnge returned to Bengal. Adisur enctowl-d upon the five Brahmans foi' support the village!ol of Knruthi.. Brahmapuri, Harikote, Kannkagmm Rnd Hl\ta gram. With the five Kayasthl18 followed three other KaYll.&thas in their train, WhOMl nllm~ we~ Devdutt Nag of SOllpayan gotra, Cll1\llIh'8.\1\n11 Nath of Parasar gotra, and ()hllndrn("hur J)lUoI of' Kasyap gotra, and to these eight Kayft. gotl~ Jaidhar Sen of Vasuki gotra, and Ripoon .jaya Rapa. of :Ka!!yap gotra. Others also emigrated from Oudh I\nd other places, and we find the names of Soma Ghosh of Soukalin gotra, Anadibar Sinha. of Vatsy gotra., PUl'ushottam Dass of Mowdgal gotra, who came from MathUl"8., ItDd Sudat:,88.n Mittra of Viswamitra. gotra and Devadutt of Kasyap gOtl"8. from Hardwar. With the exception of the first, all settled at Ut.·ter (NOltll) Rarh. These emigrant Kayasthas then began to inter Plarry with the indigenous Kayastbas. The circumstance. of bimillir multiplication of Brahman immigrants is thus related :- The five emigl'ant Bl'a.llmnns from Ranouj begn,n to pl'OCreate by intermnrrying with the indigenous Bl'ahmn.ns of Bengal who were called Satsatis. On .their d{'a.th, their eldest'sons, by their former wivt'9 in their old Lomes, performed the Sradh cerem~ny in Ranouj and were, therefore, outcasted. They, therefore, emigrated to Bengal aud Adisur induced them to settle in &1'11 collDtrie..c;, but they refused to r~ide in tIle same countries with their step-brothers, whom they considered illegitimate. The King, therefore, granted them fertile villages in Barendra L'Ountry. So nluch is said of King Adisur and the immi gration and colonisation of the Brahml\DS and KaynstLlIs in his time. It, iii asserted that there 1>riginated no cla.-.sifications whl\tever in his time ·,among these colonists. 16 CHAPTER II. DATE OF ADISUB AND HIS IDENnnCATIO~ DIscrS8W. Now for the dltte of A..UMItl·nml the Sur dyuI\I>ty of which he is flII.id to be the head. As no monu mental or Itny authentic rooout throwing Any light upon the question lUlii yet been fOllfl~l, N:J.()ll\~ 1\1'e diametrically nt variAnce in ftscl'ihing the ,1Jltl'! of Adisur, anti in identifying hill!. RajelHlm 1.111' .. theory of identifying him with Vim &on ('1' Jail-! being the immediate predeceR.,>or of ViJ'l\ &-n (vide Indo-Aryan, vol. II, p. 259), the fOllllller of the Sen dynlt8ty of Bengal, IIRS lung been l't'jt'('twt I\S It gl'oumlless conje.f'tlll'e. The opinionH of the native chroniclers (GhatakllJil) I'U't' "'Iltally Itt variance-their dates rAnging from 80" (882 A, 0.) to 999 (1077 A.n,) of the Sub En~, Ahul }'ltz) pIltces a dylllitBty, of which Adisur WIUI the :fi1"'1t, and then all th~ Pal kings hetween Adu,nr 3.11,1 the Sem<. Justice H. Benridge, I.C,S. ("etireO) in ))i" pnper on the Elite of Karna Ru,varno, (J. A. S. D. PIII'I; J p. 323 of 1893), wI,itas:-' "The nllDla Sasa.nka does not OCCllr in AlIllJ Fazl or Tuffenthaler, but the :first ba~ a Shit shasdbal's and tbe second Sch&chdar. 'The;.(,' Ilre cloorly corruptions of SaMdhar (the moon) An(l it is quite po&;ible that this is another form of tbf 17 same Saslinka. Both words mean hare-mtwkett. or hare-bearing, i.e., the moon, and apparently the pilgl'im trnnslatell Sasanka simply by the Chinese word for moon. H this is so, the fact is vet'y important, for rnlSMhar belonged to the line of Adisur, and WJlS the eighth in succession fl'(un him. He is said to have reigned 58 y~ bllt the reign;; of aU the princes of this line ~Ul unl"ell..-.onably long. However, if Sasanka and Sa.sadhar be identical, Adisur can hardly bave been later than the first half of the 6th century. There sool!'s notlling incredible in thi~ for, Lassen says thnt he is wrongly referred to the 9th or 10th century, and that he must wwe lived in the bt-ginning of the 7th eentury. But if he W.II$ not later than 600, he must, I tl:Unk. be put back still further, for it was Adisur who bronght Brahmans from K.a.uouj to Bengal. He could not have done this. during the Aditya dynd.Sty. for they were Buddhists. Their 'dynasty lwgan according to ~en in 580, and so Adisur must have reigned before that date, and perhaps WllS contemporary with one of the early Gnptas.... The identifiCAtion of Adisur with Jaynnta. as narrat&i in Pftge 4, originated in the alitor of the &ngalee E'Il~JClO'pa'dia f"iswak08A (who places Z 18 his reign in 732 A.D.) and was upheld by the lat.e Mr. U. O. Batavyal, I.O.S., in hi>< paper on "The Copper Plate Inscription of Dharma· Pal" ('/Jul. J. A. S. B., vol. LXIII, pArt I). This cnnnot also be taken as conclusive l>ince the vt't'y hftme authority quoted by him which RP~lkH of Bhmml', as son of Jilyantll, (~IJlll"(,H'ifJ",:q) givf"lol another reading m~"(y",'\l no ascending line from King HiNt likll, l"I!'J "lIil 1\, contempOl'ary of HarKlul," thm. nwkllJg him a contemporary of the Gupta Emperonl, but IolllIM{' quently in his paper on "'I'he Cal'lte 8y .. tem by Ballal Sen", (Procee!li'llgs A. 8. lJ. No. I, Jllny. 1902, pnge 5), he e,>idently mo ~ been yery important to scan the grounds of hiq placing Adisur abOtl.t Hiouen Thsang's time. Whatever mA.y be the basis of Mahamahopadhy alya H&ra Pt-a..~d Sastri's modified opinion, it tleeIDS he lla.... made the right bit, and that. Adisur W/l:J no oth~r tllan the ~t Atiitya Sen, 1\-ho, ft.S Dr. Fleet remlU·keo.i, "pll'y~d an important }»ll't in the hi:-tory of Ule seventh century A.D.) when the Ka.uouj kingdom was broken up 011 the death of ll»,,,,ba. YanUum." We know Samudl'a Gupta ennquel-etl St\lllnblt:~ (&:.t Bengal) and Kamrup and Dt,. Fleet snys "fJ"?m the 'II\'ay in whieht Un'ougb the eleven genemtions ~r this family (Gupta.s of }.l:lgndha) 1ll'9 l't'{'Qrded, «""ery name, ~Xt't'pt that of Aditya Sen, liAS the termin ation t~upta, thf're can be little 'donbt that the ftlluily is an offi.boot of the original Gupta. stock .. (t'itk Gupta Ill..:eriptionll, p, 14). ',"e len.rn froiD the work,; of the native elu'Oniclel'~ (Gb~takas) that Adi,mr's fathel"s llIune was Matlhl\v - and the *1l~W~~ ~~!i'!lllll<'ll~:... I ~~fmo~~ ~ l"H.1<'I '!IctI &l1\:"M~ II • '!41:q~Qfoh:rl51: I 20 Apsh.ad inscriptions also speak of l\ladhnv Gupta Ill'! the father of Aditya Sen. We know Ulll'Hh",o val'dhan destroyed the power, of Sru.;anka, King of Kama SuYama in )Vestern Bengal, awl tIlt; st.me inscription speaks of l\Iadhav Oupts. Itt! ff ~fuf.rmt3TfI'l1I~a;llT :;:r " "with the def-ire to R&;Ociate himself with lIal'l!l\- dev ", (unfortunately the lines j\l~ following It.r~ obliterated in the inscripti()n), from which 11'6 can fairly conclude that he Msociatfla with Hflrsha in destroying Sasanka's power, and thereby annexeit Sasanka's dom~nion with his own. According to Dr. Fleet, " a connection between the two famiHe& (the Kings of Knnonj antI the Guptas of Mllglulha) appears to be estab1ished in Mah~n GuptA., the wife of MaM.ra.jll. Aditya V tl.rdban, who walll tJJ8 grandfather of Harsha. Vardhtl.n, and it ('tin hardly be doubted that she was a sister or Maha1ien Gupta of Magadha, the father of Madhav Gupta." Bound in link of family connection, it is not improbable that Malutsen Gupta and :M:adhav Gupta. followed Harsha Vltrd}1J\O'S banner where ever it went and that the Moukhori King, SUilthita. Varman, whom Mahasen Gupta conquered was no other tha.n Sasanka, it Harsha may be taken to hft.ve lived partly in Mahil.sen'8, and partly 21 10 l\Udhav's time. Harsha waS before a Hindu, but afterwA.rds turned a Buddhist, and it is said. thnt Ban Bhutt left his court in disgust in conse- • quence of Harsha's chnnge of religion. We have from HioueIJ. ThRang that' when Harsha bFlcame a Buddhist, he made a small image of Buddha, which he led forth in a gorgeously caparisoned elephAnt, himself dressed as Indra., marching to the left and the Raja. of Kn.mrup to the right, ~ach with an escort of 500 war elephants, with a hundrEld elephants marching in front of the statue. In this way the statue was carried every day and at length on the day of separation It great fire broke out in the tower, which the Brahmans lire said to have ('s,used and nctually attempted to murder the king. In the Sompat copper seal inllcl'iption of Harsha Yardhan (vide Gupta Inscriptions, vo)' III, p. ~31) 'MahAsen Gupta is spoken of as "employed in regulating all the castes and stages of reIigiouR life ,t (ije~!!I~f~~eq'!4~ I (~) tfffiJifu:) which epithet is a sufficient insinuation that he gave protection, to the Brahmans of Kanouj, who had left the country in fool' of a powerful Buddhist king. Harsha reigned from 607-657 A.D. After the dismemberment of Harsha's Empire on his death and the anarchy that 22 ensued in Kanouj, there seems to hnve beton ftn influx of migration of the Blft!lln:tnN lIud may be also that of the Kllyastlllls from KnDouj in Alityasen's (whObe «lite, S\,('corclirlg to Shflhpur Inscription, jg 672-73 A.D.) cOllrt ftIiJ 116 WAA fI, scion of Mahasen Guptlu.!' (renowllf'd for" n>gu lating all castes and religious binges ") fl\wily nnd whenever there hRs been It dWIl!tpl" in RRnouj, Bengal ~em8 to have bt-en the harbour fOI" tllt' Kanoujia Brahmans as will 1>1' ... hown later on. But it may be urged nga.inst this i,lf'ntifieation of Adisur with Adityasen that the Dro Bal'Dak InHCription of Jivita Gupta II (Gupta JllS. p. 213) gives the llame of Adityal!en's NOn to have bl:'en Deva Gupta, his son Vishnu GuptA, hi.. f«>U Jh'itn Gupta II, whereas ip tIle 'VOl k..'4 of tIle nlltive _chroniclers we find Adi&ur's son to lie DIm HUl", his !;on Ksiti Sur, and his son Dhnra. l'5l1r. 1 do not consider this objection to he of much weight. The origin of these nati l"e chroniden-, Ghatakns, Recording to their own staiRm(>nt dateN from BflllAl Sen, several centuries after the so- called Arlisur, and it has been openly admitted by them that in the dark days of l\Io.,Iem tyrnimy and Mahratta inroads the old and autlwntic chronicles have been 1\ go " ~Tot l!fii'r.{ ct~r.r ~ iq~( ,... H1~l{f'A" ffutlotl ~rt CfI{{JI'=ti('ti, ;w.rt~{l~a ~qt{ I ~ ;rT1N'~ iQ11Ff, fm;~ et~~?ct" ri ~'-~""'~""'~I":(!'InTll~~ a~T <'nil ,,~~ II " CCI:q~qr('lf4~ , by A held the sceptre till the dynAAty was O\'et thrown by Gopal or his son Dharma Pal both of whom were said to have beeon grent conquerors. It is evi dent from the inscriptions IUld hbitory like Rajala rangini, til at Bengnl WI\J't politically conne<-tt'Ci with Kanouj,and that the Kings of Bengal had mlltl into- nial connections with the Kings of Kanouj, Ka:-.h· mir R.nd Kasi. Under such eireumRta.ncss Manu': prohibition about Viliiting' or reaiding in BenW"l 25 mu.<,t bave heen a dead letter. Moreover, Bengal was never an out-and-out Buddhist country, at least since the 7tb century downwards. HioueIi ThAAng found only in Xanouj the Buddhists and the Hindus equa.l in number, there were some 100 SangiJarams and ten thousand p,·jests there, whereas he found only 20 S:mghorams and 300 priest.'l in Poundra Vardhan (North Bengal) none. in Kamrup, 30 Sanglll\.rams and 2,000 Buddhi&t monks in Samat.atll. (E.u;t Bengal), 10 Sllngha rams in Tamralipta (Southern Bengal, where Fa Hian had seen 24) and 10 in Karna Suvarna (Western Bengal, SIlSll.nka's dominion), Under such authority, how can it be believed tha.t Kanouj was better off than Bengal, so far as Him'! Ui~lll or Vedic religion was concerned ~ Then Rgnill it hilS been .seen tha.t S'lAAnka of W~tern BeugHl went so fat· as to debtroy the Bo(lhi tree in GYIl., the GUptllS in Magll.dha and the MoukhR.l'is we~e Hindus which tl!eir inscriptions c1eally indicate and even at a later period the Pills were !..)ike tulel'nnt towards both Buddhist.'l Rnd Hindus, and encouraged the priestR of both religion. The Buddal Pal inscriptions l-peaks of N 1t1'Ryan Pal 118 "grtl8.tly beloved by the people of BengA.} for oh.,ervance of the Vedas" fond of extolling the virtues of greatnef's nnd his' vast understanding and houndle&'1 f.J.me were born of Dharma." . =m«f~!!(!J'liitt~ ~ ~i:ITOf'..t~r((rE{t (J. ..(. S. B. Part I, No.1 of 1814, p. ass.) On the face of th.~ evidences, there is bardly any occasion to believe that genuine Brahmans were imported from a. country where BudllhiNm was more predominant, ani! where II. ('Ul\~tllnt }lis pute of the Buddhil';ts and the Hindu .. prevai;ed. The Pas'chatya (wcRtern) Vaillik RfM't or Brah mans in Benglll have set up a like tradition, MY ing that they have come from Ka."i in King Syamal Vanna's reiin. According to- their Kul Panjika, there reigned a king 'in Goud, named Tribikram of the Solar dynMty; bil'l Mil WAA Bima) Sen. who bad two (;Ons 1.Ialla Varma. amt SY8maI Varma. On Malla Varma'!! MCpnding the throne being the elder of the two, Syamnl, VarIllft went out to conquer countrie& (Digvij~ya). anll 27 was lllarried to the !laughter of the King of Kasl, named Nilkanta. A vulture having sat on'the turret of the pnlace, most di~trous events had befallen to the country to avert which Syamal Vorm, intended to perform santi (propitiation), but WitS told that no santi could be properly done save by Brahmans observing Agnihotra of whom there were none in Bengal. On this, Syamal Vax-mat went to Kasi with his wife, and \ '" 'rhl~ SYllmlll VlLTwa m.ty be a Kin!/: in the Moukhll.ri lme. Babu Nall&ndra NlI.th Bo»e, EditOl of the BengaleiJ EIt('Udop(J3d1a, VI"wakos~" 11 .. 0 placed thIS Syamul Varma after the Pal klllg~ .. IH1 berole the Sen kmgs of Bengal (~'Illil VI~wakm,h. Vo: • .IV., p 1538). But suh~equently 11'} his Ilrtidll .. BantlE'k,!Vast,h" ill the' Kall(~~tlw. Pat'l'ili.a. Parr. I. ot 1311, R. ~, D. 46-47. he u,a:kes It bold Ilnd g-Tonn"le"q conjectllle. jll~t hke hiS Identification of Ad) l:lur wlt.1t J .. yanr,I\, t,h"t Syaruul Varma W(l.S a son (If Vija ya'e.-. al'n ~r,ep-br .. T,her of B"l1 induced his father-in-law to send with Ilim five Brahmans, who performed the ceremony, "nd similarly were ouu:asted from their nlttive homeH on their return, and came bACk to enjoy Syamal Varma's patronAge. TIle Ilate of the migrRtion of the ancestors of the Pl1sclultyn. Vaidik is given alS 1001 Saka!= 1079 A. D. Aml the date of Syamul Val'ma's ascenRion itl given fI~ 994 &ka = 1072 A.D. But the mo.;t prollf1ble date may be 1017, when Muhammlld of Ghnzni invaded and plundered Kanouj And tlliA f:y.unlll Varma WitS no other than King l\[llhipll.l (the seals of the Pal Kings bear the appelli'll ion, Varma. Deva), a relation of Rlljya PHJ, the King of Kanouj. Muhammad Ghori in 1192 A n. defeated tbe Ratbore King, JaicluUld of Kanv1lj in the battle fought near EtwA, Rnd anllE'x~l Ule country from Kanouj to Benares, the 8eflt!l (If Brahmll.nism, and there can, therefore, be no doubt of a further migration then from thooe l'ountri~ to Benga.l to escape the ravages of the l,jgoted Moslem invaders. Besides the five principal gotraa of the Pcucliatya Brahmans deRcended from .the I) Bi-nbmanl'l alleged t Some of the chronioler. make him Kir.g of Kanonj. 29 to"have come in Syamal Varma's Court, six otllel'l' are Ntid to have come afterwards from KllnO\1j during 1204-1210 Saka= 1282-1288 A. D .. Th~ probable doubt that after the dismemberment of IJaH,bu.'1j Empire these Ka.yasthas }lad lObt their pOJo FURTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE BRAHMANS BY THE SL'CCESSORS OF AnISUR. According to the authority of the Kulacharyas, Adisur was succeeded by his son Bhusur who made three classifications among the Brahmans. The ("oIOl1ist.<; were c]/l.<;sified according to terIitorial division of l'e..,idence Radi and Barendt'a and tIle i ndigenon~ we-re called Satsati which is either the corruption of Saptll.'iIl.ti, the 700, or Sara.<;wati from SaraswatBrahmans which they appear to have been. _\ccording to some Ituthority the great Dbarmapal of l\IAgadha conqueted Paundra Vardh"n and &1'en.1rn. Bhumi annexe(l them with his Dominion Rnd Bhu-.u1' fled to &dh country with some Brah mails whel(~ he e~tablillhed a new cnpit.'ll Puudl'a which is identified as the modern Pandull.b in Hugli Di!>trict. The subjugation of the two divisions under two different sovereigns is attributed to he the cause of the <"llk,-,>ification Radhi anli .Bal·elldra. BhmlUr Wa!> succeeded bv. his sen. K!'.iti~ur and l1e endowed upon the del>cendllnts of thili>e Bmhmans who had accompanied his father from B.nendra. Bhumi 56 villages and settled t}lem in those villages. According to the names of tLese villages there atose 56 suh-divisions coloquially l'alled" Gain," i.e., (lTh~) which afterwardli became 32 the family pnb'onymicR of the descendantK of the grantees. The lnodel'D patronymics BR.ndyo padhaya, Chatt.opn.dhyR., l\IukhyopaAhya (anglid8(>d Baneljee, Chattel'jee, Mukerjee), Gh08lll Gangu) a.re derived f,'OUl tho villages Bandyn. or Banror (Jhatta. or ChatuIi, Mukhati, Ghohll.l, &c. On Bhuhur's denth his son Dharasur fiureeeded him. He c1as..<;ified the Brahman coloni"tg in hiM dominion into two classes of nobility. Out of 56 "Gainie&" lie made 22 to be first cJltAA nobility under the term Kula.cllR.l (~~) Rnd the l"est 34 to be tbe second dll5l8 undE'r the n!tOle Snch chotriya (e~ill§{~').. No (;uhdivi"ion" Itppet\r to have been rol\.de of Knyn.sthns hy n.ny king of the so-called Sur dynMty. TLe ~I,cce,..so", of DharRbul" were weak kings who ~n kllccumb ed 'before the powerful Pal kings, Dharma. Pa.l And his successor, who were in their turn dliven westward by the Sens nnder VijayR. Sen aml }li.'l I'1On Bn.llal Sen and grandson Luksman. --:0,- CHAPTER III. BE..~GAL UNDER DALLAL SEN. lt appears frOID the Raj Shahi inscription ~ri\q;{'=4{tjl1i(1 ~ 1ft Cfir (viM J. A. S. B. LXXIV, Part 1, page 148) that it was Vijay Sen who con 'Was. the total adoption of' the. Duddhi&ts in the ranks of tbe Hindus by which name the followerS of the mixed religion came to be debign~te BALLAL BEN, THE REPt."TED AUTHOR or K t"LlNI8lf AND HOW HIs ClURA(,'TER DEPICTED BY NATIVE CHRONICLERS. But a great revolution is attributed to have taken place in the reign of Ballal Sen. According to Balla! Charita, a work by Ananda Bhutt dedicated to Raja of Navadwipa in 1510 A.D. (t-ide Proceed ings A. S. B., Jan. 1902 No.1) ft8. all'«) from the work: Df native chronic1er.;, his I"el igion, it II!! Mid, was at tirst Tantrika Buddhisn1 of a late-I" (la,te. Following the obscure rites of theM' dOb'l'aded Bucldhi .... ts, lIe had illicit connection with tlll" gil I 35 of a low-born actress whom he even intended to marry~ But II. monk from BadarikllSram converted him. to S..'livinm and with the zeal of a. new com-ery, he bec.'l.me a violent persecutor of his former- faith. Like the Fo-called Adisur he intended to pt>rform a great SltCrifice but found 011 e:xamilliltion that the descendants of those BrahIWtns oolonised by Adisur have, in the course of time, degenerated themselves to II. grefl.t extent by intermarrying with the indigenous Brahma.1!s of lower rAnk a.nel given up the duties of the Brahmans enjoined in the Sa&tras. So he resolved a thorough rrorganisation and revolution by estab lishing It ~JNtem of nohility called Koulinya basing it 'on the theory of hereditary transmission of hd. What his rules actuallY"Wf're is Dot k-;'own hnt the Ghataks relate them I\S follows :- ~~'f~~ R!T I{1(dtdQl\lwi ;Y~. ~ " After defining the term J.:utt.J as one e~dowed \t-ith the nine virtues of (1) good conduct, (2) humility, (3) le.'l.rning, (4) celebrity, (5) pi1~ mage, i (6) ,faith, (7) p('ofession, (8) religiou!l A~usterity_ and (9) ~harity, ho formulu.te(l the 36 following rules for matdmoniaI connections ~~: !lil~.,tq ~~ ~ I a{'~A5:'q 31~I"5:'q ~.q :q lro~: II (1) The kul (nc.bility) devolves on tbe daugh* ters of those of equa~ succession of detroent. ;rn8{i' ufJri :q ~~a- :q ~ I ~~ :q (~ :q 'lUl ~ ;r ~a •• (2) Daughters should not be given in mar riage to those residing too far 01' too near, to those involved in debt, to the wieked, to the diseased a.nd the ignorant petbOrut- ~ 6q16'~ ~~qlf It ~ ~lWI': ~~!O" 1H~ II ~~ get C!Ja~ fII ~~WI ,. ~ "'JJP,Rtr.=$""I~"""I!."""6M'Tf14':q ~~~: n (3) Matrimonial connection between the hdil~, bridegroomK and the bride baving equalllucce.<;; (sawed) VyasSinha. The Utter Radhi Kayasthas,. theref~re, l'efu~ to bind themselves down under Balla.l's rule and independently formed classifi cations of their own into Kulins, San Mouliks (good mouliks) and samanya. (ordinary) moulik. Bhrigoo Mandi who was Ballal's Prime Minister having made si~i11U" refnsal to dine with the king and stood against the proposed kulinism was cast into prison by him whe-nee he lled with his relative."I to Ba.rendra Bbumi and took shelter unde~ Jatadhar Nag, a feudatory under the Pals, who had his capital at Sailakupa. Thel!e they with otber proteges lYho had lled from J.lnlla.l's tyranny fo~ed a classification of tbeir own into Sidha Bhar and Sadbya. Bhar. i BA.LLAL'a ALLEGED INTERFERENCE WITH OTHER CASTES. Ballal is reputetl also to have interfered with . other ~ste..., raising the status of some of inferior l'\I.llk ;And degrading some of superior bl~. "V~llabh tIle leading member of the Sonar bania (trading caste in Bengal which claims to be ,Vftisyas) community is said to llave given a. crore , of ;Rupees loon to Balla.} in his wal'S with the Pal kiDgs of Mllgt\dha when Ballal was a Buddbist to whi~h ~}igion the' Son:\l' Bau'iM belon~. t "~~ 0 RaHal's attitude afterwards fU!llinst Buddhism 40' enl'ftged Vallllbh who "joined the PRIns of Magadha, gave his dll,ughter in mll.rriftge to Il Pal king and incurred BA.I1al's displerumre." BlLllAl divested the Banill8 of their Mored thread and ordered that any Brahmans teaching or neting a:s their. priests were to be _ excommuDiCR.ted. -MOst of the Banias fled from Ell-liars dominion and, t.o great inconvenience of .the BI'fthmanll, stopped ~lave trade in his dominion. The king, therefore, raised the stAtus of the KaiVRl'tftS who were henceforth regltrded lUI ftctulIl SndrAS, and, as such, water touched by them WAS ('oDHidered polluted Rnd unfit for nile by highf'r (,1I8tes. Thousands of KaivartRs therehy ftCCt'pte 'kingdom of other independ.ent prin('('~ OD the south east is Cftlled Radh. Banal's capitnJ WIl>l Vikrnm pore, the I\.ncient Samata.tIt, then nllmf.'rl Bangaj and as snch7 it w~ the Bangaj Kllyll',t,hA'I who were said to have first hounrl down themselves under his rules of Kulinism and Dabhin Radhi ~ntered the pale many generations afterwards. --:0:-- 42 CHAPTER IV DEFENCEl OJ' BALLAL SEN'S CHARACTER. DALLAL CAN NEVER DE THE AUTHOR OF KULINI8M. Mr. WestmR.Cott in his Pflper on the Tarpan d-ighi Plate of LakRmlln Se,n is quite right in his remark thl. t; }l.t 1I~ 1 "too' jg spoken of as A. conq uero!" and one who ",,-alked in the way ,of the Veoo8,' but thete is no aBusion to his, traditional JabouJ'R ill t1Je 01' ganisa.tion of caste which hR.ve renflererl him famous." In none of the numerous grants dis covered up to date of the Sen kingfl of Bengttl, all successors of Ba.llal Sen, there is Any fIIuch allusion to his trnditi~nallA.bollr, neither the term Jrulin is ever made use of by them in th~ grants along with other distinguishing epitht'tIl, GotJ-a,. Pravar Itnd Sakha of the Brahman, recipients. Mari Misra in his Karika. writes that Ballal had isstled many copper plate grants- for the Brahmans according to the cJllSSifications made by him, hut lIone has yet been discovered * 3(OJl~qJ W1{C~ ~ijp.4EO~: I ~~~~1J1~~~Ul ". I ....o'"'*'I ... q"'lstS."' ~ ~ l(1I6.,IR ~ ,~, I, ~ ~ ~ ~r q(.>m'm~'1$: It, 43 to justify his sta.tement. It is very strange that BaHal's succehSors in extolling, him have'made no Dlt>nti~n of the alleged circumstance, if such has ooen the CEise, neither adopted any such procedure (of ml:'ntioning the kul) in their oWn grants. ~Ioreo,ver, it is a historical f:tct corroborated by inscriptions and ancient work Adbhut. Sagar of Ballal Sen that Vijay Sen who was the first King of Bengal of that dynasty had come from Karnatie in Deccan where Vedic religion was always most predomi- -'nant. Had Balla} intended to perform any Vedic ceremony and found no competent Brahmans forit in '.Bental, he would have naturally imported them from Deccan,as the so-caned 1\.disur or SyamalVar ma is said to have done, from Kanouj and Kashi, l~&telld of uselessly husking and sifting' the degenerated BrahDJans of Bengal and creating a chaos in the society; and then what J!.eces sity was there of making similar division of the Kayastbas who had nothing to do' in the performunce of any Vedic ceremony ~ In II~dia, tlH~ leglil~tion of the caste, s?cial prdmotion or {1egra.dation or ex-communicatio'n were the divi~e p~el'og.ttive of the Brahmans, and the kitlg .only -:;icteu. according to their' order and advice. Therefore, it cannot be believed that the Brahmans of Bengal had quietly made over their powel' to an alien king, who, whatever Jlis CR~te might llave been, WItS not a Brahman,· and f;0 I\uhmi", sive]yallowed him even to intel'fere Among their own cll.Ste. If BalIal'S! object was to pedorm a Vedic ceremony, was that object fulfilled hy divitl ing the degmded Brahmans of Bengal into c1aNoo€'!'I1 Did this division create the ullvedic8 ven;e * Dr. Hcerub in his Hi~tory of India baa sadly erred in calling the Sen Kings of BengaL, Brahmans. The itl!ICrij?- tions which mention them aa ~TT~ of ~U as also the ~ijl'l('{ diatinct1y contradict him. 45 na.mes and residence of the teac11ers imported, or the pluC€6 t~e students had gone for such education. Then again .Ballal is haid to have conquered Mithi lao and inllugumted the Laksman Sen ern there' 'Vhy did he, or 8ny of his successors who held thnt country not make similar classifications among the Bmhmllns and Kayasthas of Mithila. instead of leaving the task to be perform eo1 by Hll.!'a.... ing Dev mnny centuries after wilms a.~ we will show below ~ If Ballal wa.~ a Tantrik Buddhist and had clandes tine love with a low-born gil'I, the Brahmans wouM hft.ve been the first to outcaste him rather than to allow him to interfere so 'seriously with their ow~ easte. The following verses of the chro nider in R"19ali sllOw that the Brahmans even' tolernted BalJal's action and converted him to Hinduiom even wlum he did not forsake the Dom girl. ~qt6'tom~~ ~ qff ~ the iron age (Kali Yuga) walking in the path of the -vedas." ~ : ilifc<{~q;m6'l ~,~~~ :-:- In the face of such authority the Iltory of Ballal being a. debased Tantrik Bud.lhh,t and of his illicit connection with a low-Lorn girl '1llust be rejected like those queer and fantaNtic fables in vogue J"(,garding Asoka, VikramltditYll alHI poet :Kalidas. The following wise sceptic remlll'b -of Vim'.ent Smith in disbelieving the Ceylone..e :version of tne Asoka. legend may be very aptly .applied to account for the high cofoUl1ng or BaUal's character by the Bengal chronlclel1!: "The stories about the alleged 'pr0va1€'DCe of heresy during the earlier part of AHoka's reign . which caused's. suspension of religious ol'dimuJCes . for seven years, and induced the letirement of Ti8lO\ the son of Moggeli 'for that pet'iod, beA.r II suS picious resemblance to the taleR, undoubtedly fRlse, which ascribe the most horribl~ cruelties to the emperor prior to his conversion to Buddbi.. lJ1. Th~ object of the ecclesiastical romancers WflH, apparently, to heighten the contrast between the period when the emperor WM, accolding to t}II;~jl' ,view, orth~dox, and -the period when he heM, othfr ~pIDlons. The Ceyl~nese vel f.ion of the Awb legend seems to have received 1\ ilpecif,ll colouring 47 with the object of enhancing tlJ\...repu~w~ or m€f school favoured by t~e monks ~e ~N41t Monastery." (Asoka p. 54-55.) The same chron~clers who hove depicted Ballal heing of such a low moral, speak of his rebutting the charge as Romi soit qui maZy pense in th~ following lines :- "(tl'q{ ;nq1fdlmt 0{ T.( 'i''lT ~ 0{ '[%r (fii"~ Zt t~~Eli~ 'ffirrt ii~;:M (!f: KUUNIS1tl ORIGINATED DURING THE MAH01tlEDAN RULE. From the above it is evident that neither BaUal, nor his successors, any of the Sen kings of Bengal were the fO,under of Kuliuism in Benga], which, 'no doub~f is of a. much Jater origin. -It i.q 48 not impossible that in order to invet.t the ~yflt.f>m 'with an antiqunted MCerdotal and regal origin and SIl.nction the Brahman Ghatl\ks of much later age have l~id it on the t-houldel' of a. great conqu arol' as its foundE'l' and hltve woven qut't"r storieH about him. Such fft.hrimtionR, inventions, and interpolations IU e only too ('ommon in the works of 'the Hindu wl'itel'fl, sectuwnR Rnd other!. of 'I\ter age. In foot a good tIlany R.ocient recordlol flf India. bave thus been It good Ileal ruthJeAAly; vitilltetl hy them so much MO that it ip, very bard to flirt the c,riginal from the dUflt tht'?wn by agea of polluted handR. From the eviflence proo\l('ed below it; seeD}s tp me quit~ clE'ar that KuliniRm originated at a pel'ioo when 1.{ahomMft.n rule waS fi~ly fixed in lkngal in the close of the 13th to 14th century A.D. or even later; and in order to prevent Hindus from being Mahomedalli!led in their conduct, hard and fast rule8 fpgulating their matrimonial connections and conduct of life were necessary; and dwellers of each province fra.med their own :-ules at dilferent times as Ml\hotoe~l,\n in4J.loIence extended (and thus becAme septra~ ;,,'Om the inhabitA.nts of other provinces) ,\1",J, 'had to fooe a terrible, pen.ecution of the Moslem rulel'fl. Mr. Wil'lfl in his paper on 49 "Mahomoollns of Eastern Bengal," writes: " The enthusiastic soldiers, who in the thirteentu and fourteenth centuries, spread the faith of Islam among tha timid races of Benga.l, made forcible conversions by the sword, and penetI'll.ting the dense forests of Eastern frontier, planted the cre&Cent ill'the villllges of Silhut. 'l.'radition still pre&erves the names of Adam Sn.hid, Shah J alaI l\[ujll.rrnd. n.nd KI\l-farma Sahib, us three of the most successful of tb08e enthusiasts. "AB early flS A. D. 1338 a Mahomedan Kiug ruled over the EA.stern Districts from Sunnargaon, and for a cE'ntul'~· and It -half that city was the provili>ional reside~lCe of the ralers of Bengal. - - - During the five centuries and a half of Ma.homedan rule in EA.stern Bengal, we only hear of one wholesale persecution of the subject Hindus, aud that was waged by Jalaluddin, from A. D. 1414 to 1430. The ollly conditions he offered were the Koran, or death: and it is ..'laid that, rather than submit to such term8, many Hiildus fled to Kamrup, and the jungles of Assam and Kachcar, hut it is nevertbeles." probable that more' Mll.home daus were adJed to Islam during these seven teen years than in the next three hundred." 4 50 (J. A. S. B. Vol. LXIII, PI\l't III, p. 28-29). 1n India the Bra.bmll.ns &.nd the King were the actual governot'S of the society t\nd when there was no< more a. Hindu King in Bengal' the Brn.hmans were left Alone with th.. ir adherents, the KIlYtlsthas, who held executive .and ministerial posts. Up rOMe at thi" time the modern Smriti school formulating minute rules of rites,- ceremonies and obNervl\nces a.nd tIre 'class of chroniclels CAlled Ghataks Speaking of this petiod, Mnhltlllflhopn ~f;u1havaeha1"ya, Bisvel-lwl'l.l" Bhattn., ,ChRndesvar , Vaclul.c;~tti Mil'l"ll, Acharyya Chudamani, Pratap Hudnl, Rttghlll1ll11dan, Kamalnkar Rud others flourished at thi>! pedod, Rnd fixed the mr..nn61'S nnd (,URtoms of different countrieR in India. That Hindus hn.ve up to thi>; time bnc('~ded in main taining their sepan~te exihtence 8."1 a diRtinct people, is owing to these strict M'gulationh made by bach far-seeing IJrnhman organizel-R." Among the Brahmans those who IUfd the greatest inftuence secured for themselv~s the Ilighest pot.ition and Among the Kaynstlll18 thoSf> who hhowed the bigbebt reverence and utm ost servility to the BrahmaDs got the uppermost in their society and those who lJad shown the leRst independence wel'e hurled down. , The influence of these Dlodern Sml\rtns in Bengftl was so great thRt tht'y llad (lecl,tred in olle stroke of their pen tlle extinction of all othel' twice-born castes, legalised that except the Brahmans all others were SudrllS and had taken away the holy thread, an emblpm of "twice-horn," from other ~Rteg. There was no necessity' of Rny' hllrd . and fast 52 rules of class divil:lion during tbe rt>gime of any Hindu sovereign. when honoul'8 wern ~to.etl upon the f"vourite "lilt ullon the pel"llOU") qllali. ties of men of )ettel'8-and mel-itorioWl senict'R ADCI wb~ tbe Brnbm"ns were only ()C('upied with tit.. Sbastras and penOl'wlUlCftI of religious riteM .. ujo,). ing the grant... of kiD~. I'nd ". hilt> other cnstea l'li~l thflir own l"&pective VCl('fttiuIIIl. But. with the establbbmeut of tile M,wometlan l'ule " hew order of things arose. the loweor ~teN triecl to thrust into the higher with impunity. thf'l"e Wail • tug of Wl\l" between tbe BmhmRlls on tIle one bide "nd tbeMabometl»D rulel1ll alld tllllt!9 t'ojl)ying their f"vonr on tbe other, aUtI the fonner Illu) to Dll\ke a qoM rusb to as... t>l't tllt'ia' S\tI'I"f'WRCY in the societ~ by. ~,f.f>l-ci.,jnt. tJlelr power' to tit., fulleet t'Xteut in the pl'Oviut't'8 they I_Jetl RDtl h"J to combine and COu80Jidate themselYe8 for such purpose. They demande.1 utkr bumiliation anl\ implicit oht>ttienC8 from otber NUotet5 anti ADy deviation from their pl'fl6Cl"ibett rules would ttub ject the dt>linquenttl to a social oon or degmda tiOll. The Sonar Banms who WE're of trading .c1ftStlaDtt bRnkers to UU~ rulers of &ngal ~m" to lIave shown a hoM front autl Wt'l"e, thm-efore, exconUDuniooted. A system of hereditary nobility' 53 WIlS i'St.\\Jlishe.i among the AIlJasthas, who always held high posit.ion nndeor the rulers, Rcooroillg as tJx.ydecL~red subservi(>ut to Brahmanical hi(>rarchy Anti they were aothori.'Il'd to lord over their . brethren nmke-.t below in social and IIlAtrimoniaJ m:\tt.ers. This is clear from the st."tement in the chronic1!"NI where the Ghosh, Basu and Mitras are extolled for calling theJruie]~es ~nU,~ of the Brahmans aoti the di.~pleftSIm! incUl'Teti by the Dutt in refusing to call him....elf by that ignominious ftp~ll>\tion. So runs thE' Karika of Dwija Ghatak Ch'udamani: 'illl<\t< ~ ~ ~ PU4f~'41 "llf.t~"t ~~ I ~ ~ tf1!l ~ lnu ~ ~ ~, In his anxiety to set up a tn.dition thl" .chroniclel' baa fallen into Ii ~ aoaebronism by attributing Adisur to' be the founder of Kolinism among the Kayuthaa ! -. 54 ~l;n WJW-r.f{ Wrq'?olwr ~~rn~~11 ~~lfil~~ ffn:rr ~ ill( --:0:- 55 OHAPTER V. THE SYSTEM OF K ULlN1SIIrl lIAS ITS REAL lJOME IN MITHlLA (TIRnUT.) HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF KULINISM IN MI'tBlLA. Enquiries t'oince made by me in Mithila (the pt'eSent Durbhll.ngll. Raj) not only (lonfitm this view set forth by me but clearly prove that KulinisID U! not ,an indigenous product ?f Bengal but, on the conttary,. an exotic and contraband commodity .imported from Mithila into Bengal proper by the Bengali Pandits who were for~ marly the student~ of the Mithila Schools. Beside8, the informations I have gathered throw II. flood of light on the hi&tor,y of this most ancient and yet unexplored country, qualifying, in my belief,many of the foregone concluf.Oions of the scl~o1a.l's and antiquarians. My informant Mahomahopadbya Ohitradhar Misra is the chief Pandit of the' Mahluaja. of Dur bha.nga.'s Durba.r and the greatest Himarnsalc of India in the present day. 'One who' has once met him is really enchauted with llis fltthomless erudition, inexhAllstible store of inf-ol'Ulntion and lucid mode of exponnfling most difficult, pl'~blen;ts. 'i'he Pandit very kindly ma.de a sifting enquiry on the subject of myf queries fl'OJil the Panjikars 56 of lIithila. who hold the &IDle JIObition 118 tile Gha tab or Kula.chft.ryas in Bengal and I translated verbatim his letters below into English:- " The classification of the BmhmanH of l[ithiJa _generally according to first. fleconti lind third rank (< ~, The folJol'l';ng tradition is in vogue as to the cause which led to the cla.."8ifica.tion of the Brah mans at. Mithila and the ol'igin of the class o.f Panjihrs. "During the reign of Hara Sing'Dev there lived a Pandit in the vilJllge of Satagllllrft. nllmed Harnatb Upadbya. who Wllfi author of Sm,riti Sar ,Rod resided in tbe court of Bome king lE'.Aving his 'young and beautiful wife n.t his fnmily residence in Mitllilll.. At the out.... kit·t of thiN ~iIIa.ge 'there 'was ft. temple of Siva calIed Sllkreswar where she daily used to resort to for w01'Ship. Hard by that temple was the hHbitation of the Cluuuillls (d~AA.dl'» amongst whom WllS a. l'Ogue who Olle day tried to violate ber modesty at wbich ~he gUl!'ped the idol Rvd raised a piteous CI'y Ilull W:lS pl'Ovidentially rescued by a cobra suddenly appearing from the water course of th~ temple a.nd chasing the mit'Cl"eant who' took to hili heels in terror. But the public at large coulfl IIOt believe that her modE'Sty was not outraged by thE' (Jhahdal. So she was mn.de to undergo the t.·iH 1 .'." III dt:'A1 of red hot iron in which she Illld to llttel' the vow ",;rrt ~(lthi\lfjqOif " (I have not cohnbitetl 'with a. Cbandal}. Brit inste-ad of provIng her innocence by this vow her hands began to burn which proved 58 her otherwise. She WAA, tbererore, olltcRfC~1 and deRerteei by her hURMnd. Amftze.t And mortified at the fall4ehood of the ordeRl and asserting her innocence she took she)f;t:>r nnder the roof of the court Pandit of King Hua Sinl! Dev, the great logicift.n Baclu,spati l\liKra, who began to make 1\ sifting enqnil7' into tIle CftUHe of the fl\i1nre of the divine oreioo.1 in proclaiming the truth and at Jast fonnd on testing the ganealo. gie.~ of the wife and the hUJoIband that by their union the injunctionofthe Shastm "1JI'[(f: 'f~ ~ f1'a: "l!Jmm: "~"UJlt{, :;:f(lt1 The vow, therefore, during the trial WfUI not. cIJrrectJy worded; hence the or.t(>l\I h&41 failed .to show whft.t the true CIUIe was.. So a HeOOnd trial was ordered by The king in his presence with the vow "~qc~:qfl:ti!ll'I~!11 r ... 1 lblve not cohal~ed with Any chandal other than my hushand" aud the Bralllnnn girl successfully pa."ISed the ordeal which estab lished her innooence. By thi. incident. Raja 59 Hal-a Sing Dev came to the conclusion that It good number of the Brahmans in his dominion Ilnl'e simillu']Y oPgraded themselves by su~h prohibited Affinity, and to expunge this great evil out of the society he assembled the Pandits llnn cl'eated the clR.SS of Panjikars whose dllties were to record the genealogy of each family and wit,hout whose sanction no ma.trimonial connec tion· was to tAke place, In making this classifica tion Hltra Sing Dev had invited all the Bn\hmans of bis dominion to a meeting (Sabha) held for the purpose. Those who Ilttended it after 2i Pl'ahars W~l'e given the first ~a.nk, those after I! Prahars. wel'e the second in nmk Rnd those after that were rl;tnked lowest; for, it was held thRt the daily morning ablutions and religious rites of 21 pious Brahman co'lld not be xightly performed hefore 2! Prahal's and those who had come I>efore time ha.d neceSSl\l'ily done them perfunctorily. CUSSIFICATIO:s' OF THE KAYASTHAS OF MrrHIl:.A. "The classification of the(Kayasthas of Mithila also took plAce in Hara Sing's time by his minister who was a Kayasthft: and -who collected bis caste-men and a.ppointed learned :KayastruiS for wl'iting the Panjis of the Kayasthas. The classifi catiOlls 'Were made accorrling to village divisions 60 chiefly of which are '(l) Balain, (2) HA;1til j (3) Kothipal, (4) Nowrangibal, (5) Mahuli, (6) Ma.n dich, (7) Kerti, (8) Obebh, (9) Obari, (10) Glldknli; (11) Oadnidhi, (12) .Athar. '!'IIef'!e, twelve chief KR.YMSt.hIlH hear the title" DIIs" #tUft called" Mal. licks!' Besides these, the KayllJ'!thl\8 of village Pakri and Beer are called Dev, the KIlYilsthl\8 of Kothikhal village are called" Knntha" and tb~, of Basantpore village are called "Dutts." BeHidea the aforesaid Kayasthas bolding the first and second ra.nk, there are more than hundl-ecls of Kayasthas holding lower rnnk. Although th. Kayasthas of Mithila. are not invebted with 1Y\C1 U Father of Hara Sing Dev invaded Nepal and Nepal was nUdel" this dynAsty till the reign ~f RAJ ... Sing Dev." EVIDENCES TO PROYE ntPOR'lATION 01' KuLllOsx FROlI MITRILA TO BE.~GAL. From the ahove we find that the classifications of the AlithiJa Brahmans were made by Ha.ra Sing in Salra 1248= 1326 A. D. It is a well-known fM't that Bengal Proper owes its eivilisation and edoeation to Mitbila whieh was the chief seat of learning at that dihtant date before the found ation of Navadwip (Nadiya). Pundits of Bengal bad to ('Oms thel'9 to study Ny.. y. philosophy and Smrit.i and when thEY desired to go bRek t& their native 1U1d after fiIlli;hing their education, they were deprived by their teachers of All books in their possession and had to rely on their me1uory to re-wl'ite them on their return home. It seems, therefore, doubtless that the classifications of the Brahwl\DS alld the Kayasthas of Bengal ~~1'8 intl"Oducetl by these Pundits not earlier than the 14tb eeutury A. D., or it may even be later, in imitation of those inaugurated in -Mithila in 1326 A.' D. It is a.lso very interesting to note that the StA'Htbandh ...Yirfiayaka.r relates Ballal Sen to baV& Ittlopte\\ the ~e time test of 2-1 Prahars, 1 j 62 Prahars and earlier for judging the merits of the BnWmans in bestowing Ktelinism. Like l\fithila the Kayasthas of Bengal were classified into 3 divisions I divested of the sacred tbrt>fld alt.hough permitted to observe Chudakaran Cel"t'Olony, those who held the first rank were hOllollretl (!) with Ule sweet epithet of "Dlls" (Kel"Vllnt) and that, in the three classification!! alike to both the countri~ the 14 Dutts" nnd U I>e",," held "n intermediate rank. The inforU)atiolls supplied by my Jea.rn&1 informant tlu·ow a flood of light on the eI~rJ,. history of Bengal. We find two rival dyutIf;till'K issuing from Karnatie, one of Nanya J)ev Rnd tIle ~ther of the ance&tors of Vijaya &>n. Nl'Lnya Dev ..conquered Mithila and Vijl\yl\ Ht>n l1engal Proper. With the former must have R('CompllJlie.l flo band of Brahmans from Karnatic to pel-form the sacrificial and ceremonial rites of their king and domiciled at Mithila. After a lapt.e of time tllt THE STATEMENTS OF THE BENGAL CHRONICLERS CRITICISED AND PROVED TO BE MERE FABRICATIONS. But,the lll'lthmA.T\8 of Bengal, studt'ntd fl'ol/l Mithila, in tho 14th or 15th century in intro ducing the c111~ificatjon8 in their own cuuntry found thftt tIle qnestion of consanguinity did not 1trise thel'e as they lutd IiIettled in Bengo} at a much &l.dier date and hecome too numerous.'~ III fad tneir genealogy from the date of Adi Sur or . Aditya. Sen WIlS lost. But they found their pro- vincial viflllge* divil;ions t~) to be very old wbirh they .thought as Illlviug beeu banded down to them from tbe timE) of tI,e Sell kings of Bengal among wbom the name of Bnnal Helt all a. great conqueror like Hara Sillg of Mithil" wu pl'overbial, he having conquer-ed evton Mithi'a and inaugurated the La,ksmA.n Sen era tbere. * In the inscription of Bhavadev Bhutt discovered by my friend. the Editor of the Vi8va KOIJh,in Ananta V.su dev's temple near the Lion gate of Bhuvaneswar temple, Orissa we find the following aloka : "mlf : f6~ ~ijfffC!1'tTTS€Cr ~,: ,. " ~ ~~m ~{lJl : wrnt Uail{ . n It ~q ... ~, a ql(":iii ICl'!CT 80 they found it very easy to' set. up a tradition making ,poor Ballal ,their seape-goat and'created a clllf>S of Ghataks to fabricate an antique genealogy in Ilpi~h imitlltion of the MaithiI Panjika.rs. Even the pxi:;teoneo of the oorly Ghat.'lks u. mudl to be doubted, as their names "Bacl1ft.hpnti l\[ist"R "DhruvahandaMi.<;ra" "Hari Misra, "" Edu Misra appeal'mOl'e to be Maithila names thR.n Beongali, The f~brication of the records of these Ghlltaks becomes mOl-e and more Jlf'lpable as we examine the genoologiE'S 'of Mle KAlyastlla.<.; and Brahmans who are alleged, to bave been invited in Arli Sur's court, Tb", Duk::.iu Radi Kayasth Gbatak Kt\l'ika ~tateK t.\mt Pravakar and Nisapati Gbose, 6th in de....c:·ellt from Maklll'lmda Ghase of Adi Sur's timt', Sukti alld Mukti BgsE', 5th iIi de!>cent ~f J)a...;arnth, })hllin and Gnin Mitm, 9th in d6l;Cent floom K';'lidfi,<; l\titm were l'lillked ag Mukhya Kulin" by &J1111; whereas Dhruvananda Mi!>ra in llis Ban.gaj Karma states that PA.ran and Kl'i~hol\ BaSil, 20lt il} descent 'loom Da&arath, Snbbasitu. !\lll\ Bhavanath GhQ&e, 2nd and ~l'd in desL-ent from Makamnrla flnd Sridhar and Aswapati Mitra, 2nd in desoent "from Knlidas Mitra were kulinised by Ballal in the presenee of Nlll'll)'lI,n Dutt,9th in descent from PlU'l1toohottam Datt. It does not stand to reason how the 2nd or 3rd descendants of contempol'8.neou8 men could be contemporaries of the 9th descendant of the one. We cannot also call the Daksin Radi Kaya8th Kal'ika to be correct R8 we find therein that Poorandel' KbR.lI, minister of Hoosain Shah in 1494 A. D. I"eOiodellAd tIle Daksin Ra.di kulins who wet'e all then said to be the 13th in descent from their Rnca-tol'S whu had come in Adi Sur's COlll't. J t iH illf'xpJicabJe 11 ow tbe descendl\nts of the 6th 11~llt Prnvakllr Basn, 5th descent Sukti BStSll PUtI 9th de!ICent Dhuin Mitra ('Ould ft.)} be tbe 13th descent in Hossain Shftb~8 time. MOl'AOvel', if n~J1I\I reigned from 1119-72 A. D" the diffel't'n~-e between hi", time and, tbat of H()()f!R,in Shah is Jlf.>8.rly 350 years when no less than 1901' 20 generatioM mW!t have ~ssed away I$ince the date of the so-caned Adi Sur. Neither the genealogies of the BmbmRnsgiven qy thebe Ghll.toflkfl pass f\ better test. We find in the works of the Barendra Ghllhks that th~ descendants of the Bmllmans invited in Adi ~ur'8 Court; viz., of SaundiJya Oot.l'1\ K.,itil:lh's lIOn Bhutt Nar:ay(tlJ, of ~bltr;ldwa.j Gotl'ft. Medhatithi'H 80n Goutam, of Kftsynp Gob... Vibllg's 801:1 Busen' and of Batsya, Ootl'ft. Slldhl\uidhi's fIOn Dbal'8dJlUl' 67 now l'ec,kon 37, _3~, 87 and 28 gf'l~l'ations res pectively A.bove them; but, according to-the works of the Rn.dbi Ghll.taks, the desr}endan~ of the &tme men reckon 32 to 33, 35 to 36, 32 to 33 and 28 to 29 lespectively above them; whereas my Jeamed infol-mant Pundit Chitradhar Misra, counting from 1\ much later date, finds the names of 40 genel'a~ tions above him in the Mllithil., Panjigrantlt. Accepting even the genealogies of the Bengal Brahmans to be corl strik\ng lloomaJy. This, no doubt, fllh.ifips tllt- ,~ ~ whole dednction' of RAjA. Rajendm LaJ Mitrn regllrding his dnte of Adi SUI'. He Mid .. My date of Adi Sur is founded tlpon the- 'g£'nP1\ logical tables of tIle KnynsthllS liS now cUlTei't. in this ('oun\:1'Y' Thoo;e tabl,," give 21 genel'iltionFo from tIle time of Adi 8ul", nntlnt three gene111tions t6 ft century the time of that prinee is (,Atl'jed t~ 964 of the Christian el1'. )f there he allY err,,}' ill the tables, it wonM no doubt filisily my.lelllJ(·tioll. but AS long II~ that error is not (letf>cted, thnt d.. dl1(' tion will,;( expect, command attpntion.'" (InJo ArYltns,' Vol~ H, p. 259). A furth('r allOlonly lin!! been shown by the late Raja Raj('1J(tm LAI Mitra himself in the genealogy of the Bmhmanfol. The &jft wl"ites in his paper on the Pal and the Sen clYl1flRti.,.I'I of Bengal (Indo-Aryans, Vol. II, 'po 243):- " It should be noted tha.t the editor or the J"trn i SamJcar, Aluktara71 Vidya- Bagi8l" in hiR genealogical table of the Tagore family, makes Halnyudlu\. minister of LAksbma.n Sen, to be the 16th ill d~nt from BhnttanaraYRb; but, inat.much It.. his. statement has been contradicted b1 the author of Xhitisa.-V RJlSI\vali-elunita, \Vho would Jun"" him to be the third' in d~ceflt from lflllttiltfl.t l"nyl\"Jl; 1\~.-1 'Ut-tb b,{"e been eontmdicted" by h~ .... - 69 yutlha. himselft who Clllls hit! fathet' DhananjaY8, whet'eM the one mft.kes him the s0!l of Nipll ant1 'the other that of H.amiu'upa"we may well reject his testimony 11.8 inadmissible," THE KuJd'N KAYASTH~S OF BENGAL ARE NOT DESCENDANTS OF ANY INDIVIDUAL IMMIGRANTS, It is also a poteworthy fact that all the pl'e>.ent > • Kulin Kayasth'~~ of Bengal, Ghoses, Ha.sus ft.nd Mitra.. '!, who claim to be the descendants of l\{nkar nnda, Dasarath alid KaliQas and for~ nearYyt of ~he Kayastha population in Bengal cuilld neve,r possibly have been the ofIsplings of three D?E!11 I)nly, To be}i~-1n--sach an absurd statement is taN..taruotlnt to believe in the already exploded unscient~c Biblical theory of tIle creation of the whole human race from a single pair, Adam and Eve, Thel'& is' no en.l'thly reason why their an~stors '."ere bes~wed with such '(>xtl'avagant and diRproportiona~ power pC procrentioll in preference to ~ther K..I\ya.~thn& of SO f.tO·lilies who are obliged to ta'k~ their daughters . Qnly ill mal·ringe. [t is evident from tlie R.h6ve that Ol'j .... the t.erm 'Ghose , ' 'Basu...' "Mitra ,., • ete' \Vei'~ not ~ !=' i- ,nlllly family patronymics hnnded down fl'om any singlelNlcC'stor but, as wer~in vogue in Mithil~, tit,lps beRtowe~l by the\Brahm~ns on tIle '~weller~ of enflh tl-acts II.I'l they, ha.d~ acknowledged thei~ buzel'l~lnty. to OHAP'fER VI. HISTORY OF MlrHILA (TIRlIrT). Profehllor Cecil Bendl\JI in lJi$' .papel' on the History of Nepal and, surrounding Kingdoms (J. A. S. B. Vol. LXXII, p. 14), Wli.~8: "There Ape few regiond of Indi,,' po&<.e,*,ing An ttncient c~;i1i&ttion about wllich we hAve Jess defi nite historio information than ,th~ region north of the Ganges varioJ,l'St.V"known as Yideha, TriIJhukti, or (from its ~'PitaJ) Mithila.. Neither the work of Prinsep. Jlor bis e""c(>lIent 8UCC(>R8()1', J.{tf!~. ,.Q,.J\L. ~Ifi, ~tempts It " Dynastic Ji.st't tOt· this country." I cannot, therefore, I'esist the temptation of cuUing helo\\' in extenso Mr. Hodgson's very interesting a('count- from J. A. S. B. Vol. IV of 1836, correcting only the errors committed in the memol'iall"erse in Sanskrit. "Of ~h~ Nepalese Tftrni it might j~18t]y ~ said, until '"ery lately, f A goodly pla.ce it was in days of yore, Rut something ails it now: the place is ctlJ'8e(1 ' • " Five centuties of incef!hft.nt f4tl'uggle ~t.w"efl 71 MOlolem bigotry and HiDd~\ l"etaliation had indeed, stricken this borderland with the double curse of waste nnd peostilence. Natul't>, 8S it were, in very scorn of the vile pas..'1ions of man having turned the matchless luxuriance of the soil and climate into tile JDe:lns of debarring his future access! Such WitS the Nepalese Tllmi until 1816. But since tIl at periexl tIle peace and alliAnce exibting between the two efficient Govern ments of the hills and the plaillH luwe given Nfl('urity to the borderers and man is noW fast resuming hi..'! ancient tenm"e of this fertile region. Still, llowever, there is little temptation or opportunity for Europeans to e~tel" it, and chance recently conductet.l me p!U-t the ruint> of Simmon. I give you a habty sketch of what I saw Rnd hMrd becaut.e tllebe rnills are evidently disject II fluHnbra. of the same mngnificent bcxly to which t.he tru\ut>oleum of Kesnria and' the solitary oolumus of l\bthia, of Radhiah, and of Bakhm belong. About 15 miles' from the bal.se of the hill't, and nt ft. 11«"1"-') equal di::;tan<'c from the &g matty, south 'ef the COl'mer, Rno west of the latter ~ill.nd the remAins of Simmon, in the Nepalese HUitl"iet ofRotnhat, and oppo.site to theC}lIl.mparu~ .Iirision' of the British Zillah of Sal1ln:' 72 4' Hindu tradition, t'ke(l out hy n couple of Sanskrit I!loka~,· copy of which I, subjoin, AAAt'liJ! tha.t Simmon WAS fOllnded by Nanyapa Deva, A.D. 1097; thl\t t Ij;X of tile dJ nll~ty .. eignflfl ~ P.I~ ;St!l(JJlI,ti " ..... ~m'I~-=. '~fffi!l{tl.f f.iqmr;mr: ~ ...... '" co ~lifl;q~1 ,"I(Qlttwi<:('1'f .. .. , ~'4JlliO'iil!lnnll~~l1=I«ror&1~N " '" ~ mtl.f n~if~QR~ft (lJ~ ~qtif90( {(lam-r ~Ji~lija n{l1.u'irfi ~1m II The following is a hteral translation of thelte memori &1 verses: .. The wealth accumulated by RajlUJ Ram., Nata' Pururava and Alarka., WIUJ preserved in a tank (that of Isra) and guarded by a IWrpen~ Nanyapa De" destroyed the lIerpent, appropriated the wealth, and built Simraon Garh with it. (His deseendant)Hari Singha. l,'Ompelled by eruel fate, abandoned this bea.utiful.city, and went to t.ht> hills in the year of the Salla 1245." - , .. The kingdom of the DeVil. dyftlUJty in the plain .. expired with the destruetion or dellertion of Simraon. It extended from the Kalli to the Oandak, and from the Ga.ngell to the hiDs of Nepal; at lcut, lIueh wert! ils limits in the days of its greatest IIplendour, wht>u (,OOIle quently it embraced all the several localities from whi('b I have recently forwarded to you such signal memorialll of Hindu power and science." t .. I. Na.nya.pa., II, . Ganga, III, NArasingha, IV. Ramsingha V, Sakti Singha VI, Hll" Smgh., IIU With the cognomen Deva." , 73 tllel'e with great splendour; and that the sixtli, by Illlme Hari Sing Dev, was compelled to nooudon his capital ft.nd kingdom, and take refuge in the hills A.D. 1322. The Moslem Rnnals give 1323 for the date of the destruction of Simmon by 'roghtk Shah. qf the accuracy of the latter date there CSlJl be no doubt; nor is the difference between the MU81>II.lman 8,lld Hindu chronology of the leal>t moment. But unleSs ..NanvRpa. had mOl'e than five successol'S, we cannot plac-e-, the foundation of Simraon highel' than about 1200 ~A. D. This is {:learly too recent; Rnd in fact, no part of the trnilition Lau be trusted but tha.t VOU~hAct. by the memoria.l vel'S~ which only give the aate of .()estl'uction." ._ 'fhe ill\.te mentione~ iIl the "memol:ial vellle," is 8,th -erA. 1245= 1324 A. D. wbich:, exactly (~ol'1'obol'ates that given in tIle Mot-lem 'ft,nnalfil (authority not ment.ioned by Hodgso;l) refei'l'ed to by him. But thill dute CllDnot certainly be .t the date of the final destruct.ion of Siml'Roll by 'l'oglllk 8Iu\,h," ,The memorial verse simply says that" compelled by cruel fate Hal's. (Had?) ~ing had to flee to the hins leaving Ilill capitnl." TIle fin,t; of the TogIak Empel'ol's, GaYlI.8uddiu Togiak I ~ i I .. ' Cecltme Emperor of Denn in 1320 A. D.t after putting to death Khusru who lwi kill~ the Ilt..bt of tIle Khilji Emperors. OYRiluddin Tog1ak reign~t for 4 years till 1324 A.D. If Hnm Sing'lI ctetlel'tioll in 1324 A.D. is&nppa&ed to be thejinal dtll>truction of Simmon hy the MObJem invnde.' Toglnk, JIOW could then Ha.rll. Sing have mftAle the cJa~ifi(;8tjou of the Brahml\ns in 1326 A.D,r So if tile memotial vel'Se hft.S any historiCl\1 vll.lue at all, it mmt mean &ome incident, sadly omitt.ec:l, which II!l(t Jed to a temporary de:sertiQn-~of 'Simmon by HRra Sing. l'hi~ illcident- is the invn..,ion of the 'fogJl\.k to Rubdue Ball~dur Khan whom he lind lll'pointell to the G~vel'nment of the t"IUtte.'n dj",t., ids of Bengal but who had dtC'posed the King of lkflgaJ Nazir-uddin. "Rrt'ogatetl to ItimKelC indt'penflenct" and ordered coin to be stampetl witll Ililll own DamE' and 'Cha.nged. the title of Bnlmdnr Khan to &tlllt-- (lur Shah. " "TogIak, jealous of the R.'!Hllmed milk In>>.l'Ched from ~Ihi with llumerolll4 army Rnd on hit> arl'ivlllltt Tidmt Wlf~ met by Nftzir-nddin whom he I"e-nppointed to bis GUVl'Ilmcllt of Lu(,knowty on condition of hoMing it in fiel Crom tile court of Dol~li. B.,lu\du,· ShiJl finJing hiUlM'lf 111l1\1.Je to oppotl6 the Imperial arms, snbmitliOO to the de m~lIc'y of the Emperor anti WRa" parclonetl Ott condition of givi?M up ~lte public treAsure nod th~ 75 ~I{'phants and, attending the Imperil;!.l stirrup to l"lelhi. The EmperOl' then appointed Tatar, with the title of BaiI-am Khan, to the GoverJ.lment of Sunergnnj, and II/wing subdued Tirhut, f~rmed it into a distinct Government, to which he appointed Abmad KllltJII. a.nd then returned to Delhi ". (Vi(le Stewart's Hktory of Bengal), There ~ms IlO douht that Ham Sing had helped t.,1.l:ie im pobtor and had to flee to save . himJSeU from TogIak's wrath and as Toglak died Stpon after he depo§fJJ AJ1!D!!;d Khan and got baci.C his Raj. iI~\Vever, it is a gl'ent ~nd- tit II t, the names of the foix kings of Nanya Dev'l~ dymtstv exactly tnlly with those given by the learned P~nilit, Chitradhar Mil-ra with this difference only tllt'ltt. for Sukra Sing, Hodgson has SlIkti Sing and Ha,l"l for Ham. 'I'be informations fathered by l\lahaxqahopadhy8. Chitmdhar Misrn. 118.ppily supply the w~nts com plained of by Profe'isor Bendall tQ a grea~ ext_ent and we believE'. if the works of tbe l't,lfthila Panjikars aloe carefully examined, very valu8.ote discoveries may be made in the domain of ancient hit-tory of Inrlil\, From the Pundit's letter we diflCover an unbroken chain of reigning dynasties from 1 088 A.D. or even a century earlier. The kings of the Karnatie oynabty are thus calculated: 76 1. Nanya Dev. 1088-1124 A. D. 2. Ganga Dev. 1124-1138 A. D. '3. Nal'8$ing Dev. 1138-1190 A. D. 4. Ramsing Dev. 1190-1282 A. D. /" 5. Sukrasing Dev. 1282~121)4 A: D. 6. Hara.sing Dev. 1294-1328 A. D. No*' this NA.nya Dev, fOllnder of the Kft.J'Ilntie dynAsty, we find in the India" AutiqfJ,(J,r!/, Vol. XIII, p. l14 f;o have conquered Nerm1 And .1dven away th~\ Thakuri king" Jllya_1)t>~' M1111 who reigned In JUntlpUCl'" aDlt~ltlit P$l.ttnll; and -lila brother Anandonkll wh11'eigned in HlU\tgfWn in the Newar 61"8. 91.Sab, 811 == 889 A. D. Tllt're ill lit difference ov"nearly a centUJ'Y between the time given in the.u .uUan ~ntiquar!J and tJmt given b, the Pundit... and if both the authorities speak of the idenbcal Na.nya. Dev, he ~houM be given an in credible Jease of life for OV~I' 130 yeAl'S. So 'We mustle~ther believe there were two Nany" nevs in f tpt~ dynasty or that the authority from which my learned informant has gathered his statement hIlS omitted names of 3 or 4 generations. ~ccor(liDg to Pi'3Chel (Katslogeder Bibliotllk do'dt'nt Morg. Gesch. Vol. lI, p. 8) Nany" Devreigned in Nepal in 1019 Saka.= 1997 A.. D. -This tallieS with the 'i7 Pundit's date. Mahamahopadhya Hal' Saslri stAtes: •• Tbt> NarData. Wft'e the enemies of HenL"&'nta Sen. the gnat grandfather !,f ~aI Sen. HeJllar:~f:a retired to. place on tbt' Bhaghlrathi. m Bengal, at\e.t- & Ufelong eon k-tlt "'itb tbf' Karnata&. aDd his graudf~n rrjaya, ill said to baTt' deft'&ted ~.n~'a Dey, the fO~~i~er of the Karnatic d~'Dasty of Nt-pal. (Epigr. I!ld. VoL...,.-'l). 'l'bese reigned in Nt-pal for ~Y~ ~1H!IratioDB Jongt'd to tb'-e K&rn&tic dJ~. (See Eggt-bng's Cat. I, O. L 1I88)~" Pt"Obably tbe &&tri,," conclu&on in ~kin"o ¥ijIlIIt' Reo conf;(>m!-POraneous with Nanya. :r: kv j,. htsett on the JOeopada Inscription * of V"•• ljltJ'a &m "'hich WIlS ~l"t\.DI,lated in a somewhat diH: ',er8nt way by ~lr. ~letealfe and Raja Rajenq 'ra La} Aliti' II TLoll ~ X"'.-.lX!V', part I. p. 148 aDd Indo-Aryan Vol. lJ, p. 26tjWe would rather interpret the ~tnn/.a thus:· 4':ffeal'iDg the equivocal words of tile poet which may bJl jn~rpreted 'thou hAst not conquer -ed' (surpassed' Nanya (Bir) Dev (of yore who author (J f Smriti Batrurkar was 8011' of ..\i~~"lll' ",£t11l\."'., ••, '~inister or Hara Sing l)ev '~ho is Mitt f, ' td be"'the SOh of Bha'vesh (vide Aufl't"t..cb'80atalogne C9.~logrum), • name omittetl l~y my ktirned ill t~ant. ~desw8.r is 811:1. to Jmve comy.",oo his Vihad llatnalu"", in 1~l J (" Itf ~ I". ..tl y in tl1e Teign of Ha.ra Sin'"c 1) glltlw'''''\ I.", t" t., . "• 'h After Nany. 1). or 4 P' M •• ~ \. " '~Jtlit';'" "'~Q ,Id (t ), -doubt is the sa", l.l',eJt>;· /j, I~'i ,,< " qbo. t <'" - 4 (ilJi4) ~ ~~ C!;ta\t~ . for Kaluc]-rI. p 8};':J&v IPjVL> L ", f ,. , 0 .,11 u)' the p f4 P '''. l·~.fli';.t-lO!z~vco .. ' ;,. ~~ ~ GnllJ»1 h_ .,.')e whom Prof: 0'· .uev , CO auri 1\# hI _ e&3u1' &mifnll tlL 79 &mbhatlra, as the learned professor says, but the 4th king of this dynasty and that the renowned ('onqueror of X epal, HM·i Sing of Simmon in Saka 1245-1323 (Pdncep's Antiquiti~ ll~ful tables Vol II, p. 160) is no other than Ham. Sing. After the Karnatic dyn.'lsty comes the Unwar BrahmAn dynASty foundecl by Kameswar Pundit who got the Raj from, Firoz Shah TogIak or SODlf1 time after 1351 by the extinction of the Karnatic dynn.sty. Of this Unwar Bmhll1lln rya_ nar-.ty we tli.v~.:.got Ule gmnt of the 4th king Siv Sing Dt>~ to~.poe~VidYltpll.ti published in the Pro_ . ceedings of ~he A: S. B. for August 1895, p. 143 hy Dr. Griei'bOn. Therein j", engraved Vikram SamvAt 1455 and SAka 1321 which comes to 1398- 99 A. D. Allowing a few years more reign to Rh-a Sing after the grunt, say till 1412, we find that 4 generations leigned for about 60 years fl'Om KameEtwar to Siva Sing at an average of 15 years each I'l.lul the period of theil' reign may be Ilppr~ximlltely ~llculated RS follows: 1. Knmeswlll' 1352-1367 A. D. 2. Bhavasing 1367-1382 A. D. 3, Devi~ing 1382...... :..1397 A. D. 4. Sivasing 1397-1412 A. D. 80 CHArtER VII. HENGAL Dr 'tHE TIME OF LUKSHM'AN SEN AYD HIS, ~UCCE880R8. f. Discussion on th6J organisation attri6u~d to LukBhmen. Sen,. AccolCling to the native chroniclers, Bo.1la.1 hatl l'Iimplyexn.lteci 19 Brabmans to be Kulins, but lUll} not <;pecified their re8pectiveranks. Soa.fter his fiE' ItIt they 8truggled among themsel'Vef!, eacb one "eing for ~upl'eml\Cy and disdaining toacknowledge othel't4 Rllperiority or to marry their daughters toone whom tbey considered inferior in rank. On thiH Ballal'/! Hon LuksbmanSeu called an assembly of tlle 131'a1I1n" ft.ns find eXRlted for the first time 7 of them to e'Jl1n1 rank of Kulins I\nd again for the set'onll time l"IIi~f Uathers t0that eqUfllity.Tllis is known IUI«~UJ . ~ attrIbuted to IJu\i;shmltn. Of these 21 men 80 (ll!"fll" Iy rltnked, there wet'e 11 of those who were Mi.l til have heen formel'ly honoured by Banal. LuksJlmlln Sen' is allege" to hft.ve rurthel" regulated, lUI an imperative to presel'Ve Kulinism, that thet.., .. hollt.1 be a mutual tmrulfer q~ in the mlll'1'ia~f'lj; of Kulins' danglitenz, i. e., a. Kolin must neceAAlu·iJ.v marry the "j!!tf't' of one to whom he has gin'n hi~ 81 sister in nuuringe, that ~-hoever among the Ktdinl!J would make such ('onoectiun he would be nonotlr ed as the primnl"Y (5~~) KuHn. But nere he met with a crux. What will be the fate of tlJOOse who hn,ve no (hll1ghtt'rs bOl'n ~ To get overthiR ilifficulty. he i:l ~id to bave formulated I) bOl-ts of trllnsfer,1ff~'ff, for the secondar)ml:!JKulins among which was the ridicI110uH prac~iee of giving in malTillge n dl\l1ghtel' mlHle of g"ltSS in the absence of n. renl dllllghter, and fur,ther classified them into ridicul.nlsly c'lpl'icious divisions, sub-divisions 1'1 nil su\)..di vi"ions tll111el' sub-di visions, the enumera tion and defioitions of wlJieh. we would omit here in or<1er to Sl\.ve OUI' l'emlel'& from the sufferings of It tt'Onbled headache tlUll It si(·keoing nausea. It is needlebS to Sl\.y that I.uksllman Sen had nothing to Ito with the.. e gigll.ntie nOl'lsense attdbuted to bim. The wOlks of hil'! time.and the inscriptions "how that d lll'ing the period of 8 years he ruled he had far more noble and honorable themes to ,devote his attf:>ntion to than such stupidities. The author of the Bnckel'ganj plate mnkes him erect altars and pillars of viewl'Y at BenllIes, ABaba had and Jagnnnltth. He ii'l SAid by the Maho medan bistorians to have IP'eatly embellil)bed the city of GOtH' and called it After his nume Luksh- 6 82 nautyor Lukshmanabati. It alHO does not stand to r~n that in their vast dominion teeming with Brahmf!.DS, BltJlal had founll on1y 19- and Lukshman only 21 Brahml\lIl1 worthy of being enlted to the l'ank of KulinK. If it is jU(t'l'.-M that these kings had only tlmH hOllou1'ed tlleir eourtiel's, it would be absurd to sop}JQI'le tllt'n that. the gl'e;Lt body of the Bl'llhman public bad bUD! bly bowed down to such capridous a lilt partial distinctions. It il!lalso inexpljc-ahle "by LukbhnlRQ. in imitation of bil'l f'lther lJalI lIot lUade .. uch.divi sions and subdivision'! AUlong the KaYlliltJllul who were left in an eq?lIy chaotjc Ntstte with all undefined statulS hy .&.llAl. Apart fmm the fabulous cOllllet:tion witll tbe king's na.me as organiser, the nlll'lative of the chroniclers reveals an important hit;toricRl fact· based on a naturalla.w. It "howK how the Bnlb mans struggled among th~mselves for 8ltpl'E'macy over each other and At first the more hmrlJed and intelligent-among them succeeded in putting down others by forming a cliqut> and regulating ,. marria~e law of mutual transfer to presente tht' purity of blood by hereditary tJ1lDsmis.sion, (the llbjoot being the M.me as that of the Ma.ithil * Raja Rajandrs. L&J lfltra stat.ed }O (Vide l.flo-A.,..8n, VoL II P. 243). 93 AryaJl, Yol. II, pp. 24:9-2;>1). AbuljFazl in the ~jn also interpret.'l this Lubhmaniya IlS " son of Lukshman." The chronicler Har~ l\(i~ writes that the l\Iuhammadan& conquered Bengal in the reign of Ke~lJ1tV Sen,t the last son of Lukshman Sen R.nd this ought to be accepted RS right so long no monumental record of the Sen kings sf Bengal is nneal'tlloo after Keshav contradicting Hari M.isra. Many European historians like Mr.- Marshman have indulged in II. sarcastic hit on the cowardice of the Bengalees on the statements that their country WItS conquel-ed by 17 Smcat"s unopposed. The ahove authentic statements of the Muham mada." J ~torillns themselves (from which Stewal"t f" ' hItS al(.1 compiled his) clearly show that it was conquered by the same Machiavellian policl as we find in our days. Lord Duifel'in adopting in the conquest of Em'ma, coupled with that which 148 years ago Clive R(lopted in the battle of Pla&&ey . I That Bengal under the Pal and the Sen kinge whose oonneHI WIl.\'eil fl'om Allahabad to Oris~ til '!t~r(!f(1iliiT um «~ ~~7.r. II ~: ~m ~rnt ~~ • ~TQi eRt(~~~o: I if ~~ a r.m~~ ~ ~ !rf: " II 94 a:nd ~m was not a country of weaks and cowards their inscription$ clearly testify. The very fact; that whil~" 1:Jebal' with its population of brave Rajputs and- IItifl:dy, _Bhuinhal's WIUI 8ubjf!Ct to successive pillages of 'Baki.tiyal' herOl'e its final conquest two years previolls to the conqueI!t or Bengal and that he had not dared ra.vAge Bt>ngnl similarly but waited for an opport.uuity to be HI1C cessful by fUse, deceit and dishonetlt! clearly showli the power and prestige of the IMt (If the 8e~ kings of Bengal. We glean from the 'SAme author ities an important fact regal,tHng this ensy conquest of Bengal. It i:! 8;lid that the Brnhml\us Imd foretold that the time had come, alS written in the Shastras, when the country would be ron' quered by the Mahommll.ltanll Rntl hKd giv~n ,an exact description of the conC{uel"Ur DakhtiYnl' from their Shastras. Needle..s to HIly that there exists no such nonsense in the ShMtl':UI. Lenrlled .as the Sen king was, it is impossible to think that he was duped by the Brahmans witb an interpola tion in theifsacred books having been bribed hythe l\Iahommadans. lIoreover, thE'Y knew very well that Bakhtiyar was not a friend of the Brahmaull, 1l.nd were,' no doubt, aware of his wholer;ale ~Il!lAACl'e' (latl with the difl'el'ent phases that t~rft,h ~::~'it ill '""., .,.. \ the four Kaya.<;tha commnnitit's and the 1. lJ-''l-J'' later on. BEXHAL NOT roXQ-UERED BY TH£_!o.TflO¥.P.l~"S IN LUKSHMAX SEX'S TIME, 'Va (~nllot here refrain from di~'?Cu8Sing a V"l'y important hh,tOl'icaI point in whJ.cb. to our gl'e'lta-;t blU'pt'i..e, we' find the two' renowned ",('ilolnrs of Bengal Mllhamahopad)t\'n BarIL Pr~l.'latl Sw.,tl'i :tud Babn Nftgendl'a Nlath Bobe have, in 0111' humble opinion, &ulll bl \mtlel'ed, TIlt'!, leltrnell Snl>tri in his Histqry of Intlia w~:,)tt's : Lnkl'>ltmltn Sen it> &till to have heen Il. A.~l-eat king in the eRrly part of his life; but W~'jen he WIIS ahout eighty, years of IIge, his kingdol1Jl WllS I invade(l hy B.l,khtiyar Kbilji who took possess lOll of Gour and, ft.cc9l'dingly, (1199) Luksllluan ,fled with his fall~Hy to Vikl'lImpOle whet'e hi" flf1'li:.C(\ml pot.... reign!)i for 120 yenl's more." MI'. BOl'le in hi.. CII&tes Itno seCt!! or "",llengltl V1. I, Pnl't I, writes: (Reng -. C' ..... f' .... rni"rm~ ~ ~p;q ~ '1fT QU(f'S? .* Th.eJ ~ame slip bas been made by another ft'l'eat HCbo Jal' of B eogaJ Babu Manmohan Chakraborty, M.lI.A,fl.. i .. his lu-ti«'le on the Sen dynasty, of Bengal in J. & 1'. A. S. B. Vol J, No.3 of 1905 just to hand. The Huhip{t willi ... fully di!l4'u!lsed in a separate paper. 87 and Stfter pas:.ing 8e\'eral months at the, ('.apital of Bengal, thus SRYS of the conquest 'of Behl\).". a~d Bengal by Bakhtiyar: "Being 1\ boM antI enterpl'ihing man, he, (Bakhtiyar) used to ma.ke incursions into tbe di"trict8 of Mnnir (Mo11ghir) and Behar, and bl'ing away much plunder, until in this man ner he obtained plenty of horses, arms, a.nd men. The fame of bis ,bravery flnd of his plundeling raidi'; spread abrolld, and a body of Kbilji joined him from Hindustan, His e~ploits were reported to Sultnn Kutbuddin, lind he sent bim a. dre.<;s and bhowed him greAt honour. -B.eing {,hH~-@!.col1rn",~_d, he led his army to Behttr ;n from him. When Bakhtiyar rel\ehe.l the gate of the fOlii, and the figlttillg began, theJo>e two wiKe brothers were active ill tbat anDY of hel"oet.. lIuhamma.d &kbtiyar with great VigOUI' IUlIl audacity l'u&hed in at the gate of tIle fOi f; IlOt) gained p()Rsession of the pllt.(-e. Great plunder feJl into the hands of the victol".tt. Most of the inhai)l tantli of thUs plilce were Brahmans with sbaveu heads. They were put to death. Large numher of hooks were found there, 'LIlII when the M ubammadnns saw them, they called some persoU8 to explara thei,' contentll, Lut all the men had been killed. It WIIS discovered tbat the- whole fOlii and city was a place of -lltu.j.,r (Madl"aSll). Great fear of him (Ba,kl1tiyarJ prevailed_in the minds of the infidels of the territOlieti of Lukhnuti, BeiliU", &og (BengaJ) and Kamrup. It is related by reliable lluthorities that melltion of the brave ,leed" and conquet>te of Malik l(uhammad Bakhtiyar WM made lte fore Rai Lukslnwmiya, whose capita) was tbe city of N uddea. He wallJ a great Rai, ftn.) luttt _t upon the throne for a pel"i()(l of eight years. • • • His family WftS ~pected by flll the Rais or ciliria Df Hindut.'tan an(l was conhldeMI to hold the rank of Khalif or I'lOveJ'eign. • • It is Mid hy 89 tl'UstWOl thy persons that no one, great or small, ever sufiel-oo. injustice at Ilis hands. - He gave tt I.lkh to every pel'Ron thAt IH,ked him for charity. '" ,. When Bakhtiyll.l' Cltme bltCk froDl ltis vil"it to Slll~n Kutbuddiu and conquered Behal', hip!! fa.me reltChed the enrs of Rni LuktohmRniya ~lIltl tlpl·&l.d thl'oughont all pnl:t..~ or the B,;,i"s tlolllinions. A hotly of Ilsfil;ologel's; Blahnmns IUld wj,.,e lOen of the killgdom, came t,o the Rai and represented to him that in theil' books.. the old..,. BI'Il.hmans hud wlittt>n that the countJ·y wo'hJo eventually r.tIl into the IUlntis of the 1'}iu-t.kh. The time nppoiJlted was approaching; tlH<,>t\ "IurKS had all'eaiiv taken Behal' and next yeal't''''tbey wouhl ~llso Ilttnck his countrY', it \Vnf', t'\nel~tol'e, advi I'»I1,le that the Rni shoul({, make f"J)eacel with them, ..;0 thAt all the people might et'j~l~gJati.e from the tet't'itory, IlDd 8ft.ve themselves fl'o\ ~m (C,'(ilint..eution with the TUlks •. (fhe' Rai at.ked ~l1~1;f..bPf. th~ man who was to conquer the country was 1e", (ll'ibetl as Jlaving lilly pecnlil'l1'ity ill IIi!; pe~"ou. They l'f>pliecl, y~; tlle "peculiarity iR, thAt 1~1~, tltlturling upright both his hanos hang oown below the kue6l-l, 1-0 that llis fingers tou<·h his IShins. The Raj observed tllHt it WAS best for bim to send Rome confidentill) IIgents to mflko 90 enquiry Itbout the peculiarity. A('corclillgly ('nnti. dential agents were def,f>I\tehed, ao ~xaminntion was made, and the peculilU'ity Wllto fO\tmf in tIlE perSOD of Muhammad Bllkhtiyar, Whell this Wfll! a.<;cet,t;ained to be the fact, m08t of the Hl7lhUlllfI'" and Dumy chiefs wellt away t.() tile cOllllh~- of Sanknnt(Jaggan/l.tl,), and to the cities of Bltng llwl Kamrup but Thti Ll1kshmalliYA ,lid not like to leI~' e hi;4 tel'l'itory, Next yetiI' l\(u}lllmmnd &,khti) Ill' cnrppared AU army, Itml mal'dloo from J1eha,r • .m:!'" suddenly appearetl befOl"e the city of Klldll..,. "'ju}",,,,,ollly eighteen laOl'Mlmen, the remftindi'r of hi" army \.. "'.- .left to follow. Muhll.mmll-4J &tkhtiYRI' did llot mJ! lebt allY mAn hut went on llf'a.cel1bJJ nod witb~lI~ o~lteDtatioll, NJ tbllt hv vu" cou}(t ~u!',peet whol he 'f~'~'Ul!k... fhe people l'8.tlael' tlaollglat that he w.".. f'; I\. ~l\~""cI}ftnt who hlttl hl'ougltt L01'M?! fOl' f!,S>lJ..... {n.J;Hltis mRnDer hE' reacbed tIle gatt- , of !Wi. J.6rikliohml1.niya's pt\1~ .11ell he eirew hUt 8W01'II1 ADt1 commenced the nttA:k. .At thifO tittle th~ ·l~i Wft.8 Ilt his dinner, an.t goMen amt eih E'l', --«HilleR filleil wit.b fooci were plft.{-eci before him ft<'-cording to the llslJal CUl'Itoin. All of 1\ fSudJt king of the Sen dynMty was Lukshmaniya. _ 'SI'O this Authority must be accepted as corre<1'y~rs the \VOr~ Wlli! 'Written' within fiftY-ef~~~i:'a~ Itftet, the conquest of Bengal bYJpportumtleSt Khilji and its· autbor had ample 92 .luring bis soj~lrn in Beng'l), or CO)lvl'l'l4il' l.g ",ill. the contempol'ft.ri~sof Lulolbmatniyu. who II Illd tak£'u part in tbe conq~lest and of (:uJlt'ctillg ,~( tile Ul()j,t authentic inform~tion available in b'\H ,4I.ime. • III "~I,(~l . I . '1'hrae things may be t:uen for _ g~'a!' JO HI" \ - "IHl f tJ (i\linhaj's) statement; filost t,h"t the I. i' Ie 0 Ie last kinO' uf ,the Sen Jyllll!!ty WIUI Lulu,;J.imaniya. ~ ...... Seoond, that h~ WI\S a. po",tlnuJlolIJl cllild; ~~~n,l third, he reigned for a long }ltldod. It must be admitted, ho .... ever, that the \V(ml Luktd'lmaniyll. is very unlike It. Benga1e!!. l'l'olwr )lRIllt'. The .benga-lee or Sanl-lkrit wortl to-" }tic-h it he&I'8 any resemblance is the patronymic J,uhhmani, ft. A ~on, g;andson 01' de.~ndl\.nt of Luk-;hrn.lIl, IIn.t If it is admitted that 'Uuil- Lllhhmll.lliy" of the Muhammadan lli&torians is It cOl'1"uiMmJ of t,he ~ansJc~i.t Lukshmaniya, it WOllJ.1 not IJt> too L~uch to as~me that the prince un.Jf-l· IIOti('o was tii; g)'flji'dtOn of Luhhmlln, bOD <>f HaHn)." (Indo- - -'He gives the following foot Dote llE're: ~i!he affix (lhak ill ordml\rity nH«l aft<>r feminine ft()\tnll ~'::~t1t~1! Panini IV. I. 120, but undt"l" fM f'tIpeciaJ rl1Jf' Sen!liIi ~ dibhyaBeha (P. IV. 1. 12.1) JAkl!lJunana or tbe ~'Tammara Bnlhmaus and the very system borrowed from thew) Ilntil they had to give way t;g.. a stronger ,ukl more influential section called Kulins as we will SllOW later on. 0111" recent research from many llaithil Pun.iits in the 8el"Vice of" the Dar hhallga nnd the Hlltwa RoljltS reveals that the system of Paribm-hr maniage which they ('>\11 ~ W;\h in vogue with thein RS well as the promi:"e before Chatah to give in marriage when a daughter would be born, and that even t.() thi~ Jay the llaha.rnj:tb of DurbJaanga eXeI"Cises the llt'erogative or allowing a Sotriya to JDal:ry+ in t Wben a Sotriya thus marries be either brings the bride to his own hout4e and peI-forms the marriage Ct.Te mony there or takes the bride to his ho~ j"lUit after the milk eeremoDY on the 4th day of the marriage and ,,;11 not; thereafter dine with the lUembers of hig father-in-law's house or eat food eooked by them. This system of mar- riage with. bride of inferior rank is based on Yanu's J>!Jal'lJl&888tr&. 'f ~: ~41("'I~.~ ~ ({1!4(I~lq" • "l; ~mq qt.~; Wmi $~MIaJ1 II feql'~I'4ifi ffiIN4: ~-UqIN({J{ I . ~ "l ftIc"'uf.l 6ql~14lf.. m:" II 'V ~ 11l\V ,~ ~o I ~~~m~~1 ({1{':.!.1~1 m~ 6§l.lU!C f.mm n ~"'Ii!l1 ~~ ~ff.~rtim' 1 84 the next intel'mediate cla.."8 of raUl/a l'etn.il\ill~ bis SotriYRSbip or mi.... ing a YogI/a to tIll' HI'pt'I' du.~, Sotriya. The ritliculous tom Foolt'I'Y uf a glw.... -uuHI~ tlll.ughter, ~ fftr we have 8."I("(>l·l;ninM, i... nn 01 igilml invention. or the lWngal Bmhlll"l1~ only. '['1.fO dixi:.ion a.nd Rnhclivisiou.-s of the S{'ol'()(}lial', (UO\\ lit" Kulins clearly &how thnt the "y"tf'lll 1111" UI\) lellped roody arme of a royal ElCt>ptre or" IDRgit"i""·... \\/lIlIl. hilt \\ It,. the l'&lllt of a 10llg cOlJtinut't1 "t.I·II':$lI~ III III \ i ci~.. jtU41tlfl. 'rile same lll\tl1l"1\lllIW (If·t>'ltjl~ in fill COllutrie6 and govt'rns every lYI)('i",ty. M(JN-("'E'''. cont;.ervath-e ftS India iii from nil tirnt'lO.it, ill "jul(,ly absurll tq thi"k tlillt innovlltions Iolld•• uo til..,..,: weloe ~led hr. the Urahwftns, tl,t' III1 ... t ('011 ...·.·' vl\tive class in the world, ,,11 Itt OIlC';> )l.t, n 01('11' royal idiosyncrasy. This natmnl law \\9 ,rill further prove a..o; an iu(lnhifAhle Fnct "llt'll ,,"I' will r...... mflT q:;::qlWr 3PTTqr.:q~CUt~i''''( fl "ir. t " I " • But thE' marriage of .. man Illllluitaau·OtUily With two (if' more ute-rine 8lt>U>rs 80 much in 1'OI:11e aRlO1t1( tb.. Kl1lm. of Bengal or marriage of ufRrine hrotbt"I'M witb UtRillfl sisf.erli 18 Ullsastrie. ., "'~"'it"""r: ~6i(",$j;q « ~ I ~ ~~ ~::M '!ioc-i 1lPl" {!if-u«: ,.. . - l\. n"" ,.. "",!('5(I')l¥f1iE+f UNI:g'f.~I"'", ~ !fr.n: 95 of temples and idols in their very neighbourhood Behar. Nothing could, therefore, be more un reasonable than to supJlOl'e that they had devise( a plot to overtlll'ow a Hindu king in ol'der tc hlul a ruthless iconoclast. It seems to us quit~ certaiu that just before the conquebt of Bengal, there lllllbt have been some inauspicious omen "nch 1\.."1 planetary conjunctions and meteorological occurrence:,,- and seismatic disturbnnce. These, * Home of these are quoted below from Baraha Mihira's Brihut 8amhlta.. ~~ "~~"1~T~-.,.ql(h(t"'l"l~lf.l ~ f~fl~·IQ(1"lI"li "l'T1JT'.l "l'~hll"ll¥{ II ~(1~~~ ~rr '«RTf.l1 fW;>.4i6"6~~'T~ if ~~liQ~~ II :;{~nmm(:r.t~it ~t: l:I~nU.~ ~: I ~.. ,;r Also see Bana's Sree Harsha. Charitam 5th Uchachas. 9G coupled witb tbe overthrow of the L.illgdolll (.f Beh:l.r and the death of A llanS'll Bhim I JI of 01 il"NI, and ohbervations of the king's bOI'OhCOPeloI, rlhllURl ~~ii«cRr, a.nd Ilt tile time of his hirth(~Tm) \\ hich the COIu't Rl!tro}ogE'J' lulI\ f'fIiot. l'IHlM'(t them to (leclftl'e that 1\ gt"eftt diNu.rel WUl< impending the ('olllltry I1n,t ti,,, king, 'J'hi", prediction lind cleatf'd It <'OovIIJ,,;on th,'ulIglt. out tilt" Jength antI hl'pullth of the enpitfll 'fc'Om the king's pR1nce totIJe lwggl\l'l'l' ltttballd people were fleeing }lllllic-l!tJ'ickf'n, Ill'! t.hf'Y 'IOW fI .. in plague dlty~, to Itvel't the distlP.t.e,', Bukl.t,i,rItJ who kept himself illfm'med of the "tflt~ hf Bengal, taking Rdvantnge of tlli" .,itUlltioll 'tTl tel'OO the town 1\1'1 ft bon;e-llenIN' 01' (>1\\ oy nnd suddenly 8ul'priBOO the king ill hi .. djl/fle.' who bRII no other altel'flath'e bllt W t'N nIlE' from the lmck-door of lliH I-mJooe without l"'"l1 . ' having tIle time to wl\.'1h hi", mouth and ('fill..... • qnently not we1\ring bis ,,11I>PM. It il Sanskaras, erection of a. temple or bniltliug (11- 97 consecration of a. tank or garden-nay even for the well.r[ng of 1\ neW" appM'el or using a new {:on veyance. - Even mmong the Mogliul Emperors we find ft'om the Akb~rnama the great Akbar had in hit! court many Astrologers both foreign and Indian who had drawn up his horo,-,cope. Bernier speaklil of the Mtt-ologers of Shah Jellltn's court, and we know the excellen~ a~ti'ological work H'dyan Ratnn. by Balbillulrl\ was composed under Shll.h Snj.l's ditect orders,- The influence of these lu,tl'ologel's was consequently very gren.t t and often in order to screw o~t fl'Om the credulous people a big flUm in Snhti Puj4 they still ind ulge in * I. ~~ ij'li~~~jm~;r. (!fAt ~F90~ €nijT~;r~g~t qT«- llimrr'f-i' fc~ '. t J~ide Todd's Raja,8than and the a.uthor's History ~f the Hutwa. Raj (J.A.S.B. Vol. LXXIII, P. I., pp. 178- 276. • ~ '1 98 false predictions of some gt"ea.t impending eviJg which terrify them.- If the predictions do not come to pass, they OOa.'1t of having averted them by Santi Pl1ja. If they do, they boost of their know.. ledge of soothr.n.ying. So in both CllJiIAS they are gainers. The readers may well remember the (lonsterllfttion caused througbout the length lind breadth of. India 8. few ye$lrR "go ()y the f"LIe prediction of a !'IhM P eftrlb1uake declAl'ed hy the Mad1'8si astrologer Pillai. It i14 quite nfttural to think that RlDong the king's milliliters or kinsmen there might have been ,,"Mir Jaffur, coveting the thro,!e of the old king of BengAl or an Omiehand purchased by Baklltiyal" who gnthered from them the convulsive "btRte of the country and the eXACt moment of :ransacking the killg's pA1IWe I\S 'It. dacoit. Pages of Indian Hi&tory are replete with incidents of such inordinate ambition #lnd base ~reachery of unpl"iucipled intriguef'S" E,"en to this day Indian StnteR, especially where the p."opript0r8 a.re minors or infirm anli oM or weak in intellet"t, or uneducated, 11.8 tlley mo<;tly are, 8urronn(leo with lowbred illitemte Ikttel-ers 80<1 sycophAnts, Are nothing bllt 80 ~ny dens or bloOO-thin.ty in tn- * :£he author who hall some pretenlSJoll to the Jmowledge of Astrology has many a time detected IlUcb miK(,hiefs 011 the pa.rt of profes'IionaJ IIJ!trologet'1l, and warlUt the lay readen to be very caTf.'flll in believing tJlein. 99 gual'S in wh~ hands the puppet in "e!, is mad~ to (lance as they cboose and to be ew:;t &\'f'lly whelt tlle play is Qver, ~here WIlS cel·ta.inly JIO bravery on the pal·t of the conqueror, &khtiylU' nor cowardice on that of the people of De1'lgnl in defending their mother country. Th~ is fUltller evidenced from tbe statement in the, Tabakl\ti~ Nasiri whi{'h SI\y8 that" his (Luksbmnnia'lS) sons. are to this day rulers in the tel'l'itory of Benglll." and &khtiyltl" conld not dare dispossess them of En~t neugnl notwithstanding thft.t he. l'llised 1\ huge art"Y to conquer the mounWnous .IIlQ mOre dilStant legion of Tibet. 'fbe conquest of Bebll.r and Benga.l by'&kLtiYIlJ: vividly exemplifies the truth in the immortal maxim" U ni\;e(l we stand, divided we faU.", Belll!l' ~nd Bengltl united WOl1ltl have been a greRt power alld what possibility there WftS of any conque~t of such united provinces by a mere up~tl\.rt RoMier like Bakhtiyar, who was only "It. clwlI1if'r with Oughul Beg, one of the provinciRI Governors, and bad invited several ptll'ties. of bis., own tribe, who were in want of employment, to f\.ccept IJim a8 their Commander" and had no help from,' Delhi in the conquel'lt· 9f these e<>u\ltlieR •• HewllSneithel'a Semit-amis nor a DariuFI 100 nQl' aD Alexa.nder nor It Mllhommed Gllllzni or a Ghori. Instead of reckoning the invluler fill fi coromen foe of their country, religion Ittul tlRtionalitY"ana milking a common caUKe with tJle king of tbe sist~r~collntl'Y, tHe kihg of B~nl,"'tl WASt pel'haps, exulting At the wea.kened ",tat,(, of lliaoe rivRJ king of BehAr and was searching for ftn opportunity to ponnce upon his king dom, when ,thus reduced, thiuking the inva.. del'~ to be It mere plunderer whom he c()uM (ll'iva aWAY' Itt any moment; and Ananga Dhim Dev II' of OriSSIt WIlS snoling in deep HlumbeJ". prepal'~tory to an-everJll.sting &leep which left a legACY to b.fli. suece8Sor -lLtjll.rajll. III to be molest ed by the inVfl,der's fll'Dly soon After, The absence of a paramount power Iiond the rise of separate inde- * .. A point of Bome importance is the fact prominentiy noticed by Major Haverty that the estabhlJbmeut of Mahommedan rule in Behar and Bengal has nothing to «\0 with the },lahommedao Kingdom e8tabliHhed at Delbi. Muhammad Bakhtlyar is an independent con(jueror, though he acknowledged the suzerainty of Ohazni, of which he was a. 8ubject. The prellents which he ()('c~ sionally sent to Delhi. do not alter the C&He: • (limil.. intercha.nge took plal'e betwet'o the king8 of the Dakhim and the latter kings of Delhi. Behar and Bengal were conquered without help from KutbuddiD, and in all probability withont his instigation or knowledge., TJ)is view entirely agreeIJ with the \vay which Minhaj-i-Siraj speak" of the ~Iuizzi Sultana, and their- co-ordinate , position," (Blochmau's History and Geogra9fJv 0"" Bengal .;1.A.8.B.P.L No. III of 1875, p,281).' ~ 101 ~)f'lItlent kiugdom~ ill its btend formed by a.(1ven tUl'OIiS solJiet-s of fot,tulle and the i-ivalry ltnd aplltby amollg them were t.he real cause of the downfall of India.. India of the Ma.uryas (ChantlrnguptA and Asoka) consisted of a.n Empire "which far exceeded Briti::.h India of our time excluding HllI'U!I\." and "maintained, at the Iring's COI>t, a I-.taudillg army (·.ompIisiog, according to Pliuy, of 600,000 illfftntr'y, 30,000 cavalry, 9,000 war-elephants (encb elepwtnt carrying thR'ee fighting men in addition to the dti"'er), ~aes war-char'iots (carrying two fighting mel' ~~('hiving the dlivel'~), and admiralty,. The Empire ofl the Imperial Guptas even exceetled that of tli~ ltau~)/as ; ltnd the grEmt Vikram:ulitya (YlISOdharman) wh", &reol'ding to J yotirvedahhan\llum1: of KalilA 'ls,1}lnd 1\ • ,Vitte \', A. Bnuth'lI Atroka., p, 76. Prof¢lItrot Rhys D.,;dll in hili Buddhi~t India considers six /lakhs to be the !I('J"ihe'lI mi.. ta.ke for lIixty thousand. ,+~rzn-~i.lI:il"IPt ifiZt ql'{lfd::illt~4 ~- -"-10"",'''''9;''';'11 'Of "1d~~iW!iRt ('¥\ 0.) ir~«i\Pl1I «im ~ F.nrTlfoir w ... ~ I ... ' ~ ~~ .... ~'qf';"'''' 6lS't ''''''''''lll:tIhl1j(Q(1 '~I~- ( " , " ,)" Q«i'II~qP.l~ '"l(l='lIJ.... I4JnTlrr.W-fT~ i{JIt ,~ q~zrr;'(._~~ (W',!OIifu:~ (~"I'\I) ?:ir~ ~" standing-army or 30,000,000 in£d.lltry, 100,000,000 ~av:.alry, 24,1300 elephants sma 400,000 WIt}· hoM"" boasts in the still exi.<,ting iDbCl"iption on his Mandasor victorious pillllr tlUlt lIe bA~ awt only .1", ~eated tile Hurms under l\lihergull\ but ruled ovt'r R. wider Empire than ever Ule GUptllH hail done. T~is statement ffilly appeal' incl'edibly eXllgger ated\. Pf'ebb.bly it includes it'reg,ular, militia and 1111.11.1 tik\ 1I.boriginal rnces owing Rlleginnee to the ~p~ror undel' the fellc]a.l sy&telll. Bllt of this, theve is no doubt, that Vikrnmaditya Itll,d to maiotahn a far greater force thlln tIle MaurYlis having had\ t,q rule over It wider empire. On1' scep ticism bec(}llnes much nbated w))en we It'lllln fl'om the Pad~sh;"hnt\.mah thllt the stl'engtb of Shah Jehan'svaid army consisted of 200,000 l'4t\>aJry £Ild 40;'000 foot exclul-th'e of the I"IOMiel8 tllnt were -1'tHowed to the Faujehll's, Kl'Oris .n,l tax- " colIe;ctors,for the Mmillistl'ation of the PelgaDDhhlol \lod, ~aeCQl'd1hg to Bernie)', AOl'angHzeb maint.tined 200,OOQ caVAlry. ' Jehangir: iu llig ffit'ffiOil14 wri~ that Mnd for conveyllnce of the Impeiial ooggnge and tittel's of the femltles of the ImperiAl fnmily. How the eleplumt pl'oce~"ioru. in the two so much-\'aullwd Delhi DUl'blU'S of our times dwindle into inl'>ignific.lnce when compared with thebe! ' After thtLGnptas nud Vikranuulitj II, India. Ill thougli dividerl il.lto two, the northern under Hars~ Varelhan of tIle Kanouj ilynllsty. and the southern under Pulikesin II, still mnintllined bel' p~ition aud ancient glory. But lifter the dismembelment of these empires "he was bhatwred to pieces, each piece forming an independent principality founded by dyl1n~tiefo. of I\dvenVtu'Ous soldiers, such as; in NO! thern India, the GUI'jRTS and Tomnrs and Gaharwars of Kanouj, the Cbohans of Mahoba, the Parmars of MlllwA, the Pals and Sens or "Behar and Bengal, the 1S"anyll. Dev's dynasty of Mithila.; and in Southern [ullin the Uhn.llukyas, the Rastra kuts, the HOJbalru:, the YadavAs, the 'Chedis, the KaikllteyaoS, the CholAs-all fighting with each ,other till at lAst they had fallen victims to Mo~lem invlIsioll olle after another. Dr. A. F. Rudolph Hoerllle ill Lis excellent Hihtory of IndiA, - remarks :- -*Thltl bookis jU!!t to-h;-'a-u-d·.--The following bnes quo ted from it fruther goe!! to prove our idenWication of Adi!!ur with Aditya Sen. .. It Wa.8 Adltya Sen, the 7th in descent, who, about 6iO A.D., Q.!!8umed the Imperial titles. His successors continued to hold them for nea.rly two centuries. Th e last, whose name is "'Ctua.1ly known by an inscriptio n. 'Was Jivita Gupta., who reigned about 740 A.D., but as we know from the Coins of Jaga Gupta and Hari Gupta. the dynllol!ty Juw.t have continued for Beveral generations after him down to about 840 A.D., though its rule was now limited to the ea!ltern poltion of the Empire, Behar , Bengal." 104 4, We lutve seen how the second Indian Empire founded by the GI:ptAS, beCtlme divided into the two empires of the South and tIle North. At the e?d of that period we AAW the beginning of the disruption ot the Northern Empil'e hy the IOAA of the kingdom of Vallahhi. In tM pl'elSent pel'ioJ we shall se~ how the Norlhel'n Empil'e steadily went on dishitegrating into " number of btill smaller kingdoms or pr~ciptl1ities. The cause of this genernl break-up WMI the liKe to politiC:l~ power 6f the R.'ljput clanK. Thetle clnns nppelu' to IJ:lV~ heen the natural outcolUe ot the settlemeut in India of the vigorous foreign J1\Ces vf lIU~8 nn,r) GUl'jal'ltS Ilnd of their sllbt.equent Llellfting with~ the martial and ruling IlRtive The 'CireumRta~e And the result Are eXftCtly "imilllr to what had afterwards JiaplJened on the COnll~ of the' great "Moghul Empire, when th~ Nizll.Dl of Hy(t~rabl\tt and the Nawah Najim of Bengal and the ;RohillftS hee4me independent, the lIahra.tta.-; were the m~ters of tLe whole of Deccan 9.nd commenced deprndations in ,B~DgRlt Beh~l' and Orissa, "Malwa and G~nlt ~parnted from the Empire, the Sikhs bad form'oo. into Ii powel'~~~ martial nation •. l\nd oown swooped Nadir .Shab, anti Ahmad Shah Abdali with . their plundering vietorious ~rmie.~ ti~l at lAst j\ body of _fl}erical soldiers mRin~It!fte(l by a rornpnny of merclll\nts smoothly found~ this gig:mtic fllld mflgnificent Britibh Empi.re on the graves of the great Akbar anlI A\irang'flZeh. --:0:-,- CHAPTER VIII. Develop",H' et Kall."'", ame"6 th'e Bt'llbm••••. DA1UUJ JUDUAV AND THE RE-ORG..U."'ISATION ()F l .. KULINIS)( IN HIS TIME. AMO.'~G RADHI BRAHlUNS. . . To return to the subject. AC'C01-ding to£the native (!hl'onicle~ aftet' the downfall of"";11e "" j-! ;i \, ... " ~n dynasty on the conquet!t ~f Bengal" by »~khtiyftt, II. certRjn ~j1\of Clu.mdradwip IUlmed 106 D:t.nll.nj Mal'dlUl* or Dansnj l\fadahv I,('longing to the Sen dYII/t.Nty Rnd A gl'J\nrlson of llllllnl, re-organised tile RIl.rlhi Kulins who IlIld taken hllel tel' ill lIis court. Tilese KulinR werethedt'Hl't'ndftllt.1I of the hlex.'1eO 22, now swollen to 50S ill number. Dannuj Mft.ohav 01' DlllIll.nj Mlndan mnde sami km'ans four tilDPiI Among them which ill called th~ 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6t.h nmih'l'a1t8, tn theH6 .ami kflro,1lS the rtesceholmts of the 14 ont of the 21 bODollrt'fl by LnksllllJsn Sen WE-I'e recognisert IlS Mukkya Knlinl1 and the iI~ndllnt.a of the rt'fit seven wt + "a«'rnf~l Sllsidrlllll nn'" Ari. Those that did nat faU within the :cntt'gol'Y of Gaulla or Jlukltya Kulins, b~t. were entitlod to mltrt-y their daughters to such kl1lius were called Siddtylt Srotriya., those that stlllggled to obtain this po&ition hut were un sllcces."sful were Jutmed Saddhya Srottiyas, those tlU\t did not fall under the aforesaid two Srotriyas and reml\ined il\dill'~rent were called Su Siddhya. Srotl'iyas and those whose daughters were consi dered to destroy the kui if kulins marry them, were called Al'i Srotriya. The DanauJ l\hdhav is also said to have created the class called Ban.saj Among the klllins. The Ban8t1j were de finE!(t to he those kulins who, although virtuous, 1uui not given or taken girls in IDaITiago accord- jng to the prescribed rules of kuJinism - £or three' generations. DUTTAKHAS AND HIS RX-ORGANISATION OF ltUL1NJsM AMONG RADIIl BlU.HUNS. After the death of this so-called Danauj 'Madhiv, the fI,foresni.t different- sections of the Radhi Brlthmans v.el'e s,tid toO be on the warpath. The 1\1 l1khyft. Klllinb, beh~g few in n nmber, not obtain- ,it,~hlt· hOll8f-8 for matrimonial connections, , . ('ollt.rnct marrillgei with" the Gaunas. ~ srmo{lJ fiNf'4~W1(l4¥t I .~(It ot ~ im~~lf: ij~ ~: 11 "~ lOS The B(I/n;saj8 ba.ving lost their kul began to swell their number by inducing the kulills to lower themselves by matlimonial conn~tions with them, and there- was a. strenuous effort on the pttrt of the J.:ulacJ&aryas, po the otbt>r hA llIi, to promote and swell the rank of, kulins by the process of /,ami karan, and ~o degrade, the Gau/1Ul kulins to the rank 'of Sl'otriy!l.8. More than a IlundrEld of such 8(J/(R,ikurarbl ha-d taken place Rnd olll'ing the 61th samika:ran up rClS6 another re-OI ganil'let under the title of Duttakha who was a. mjuistf"r of the then Mah'omedan king of BeugnJ II n(l heM the oflk-e or J udge' to decide on the SOt'i tl ROll t'('JigiOUH dil1l':, putes of' the Hindus. He is Mid to have de graded the Gauna - kulins to the rank of SrotriyllS and to have fl)rmulaten thA.t u'ldel' the followir.g 25 cireumstllnCf'R' tone's kul will he l~t to him: :Ie ,,~: 6~ ~-.uTO{t q~m".:rr-l 1i'{I(*f~!l(61l Wf- 4iSi~""t't 1m: ~ ~~O( mil silrfe;t'.JTlUT ~. ~ ffllllT wfTt mRrtr: !fOT: II " (~) t ~, "fj.. ql$6rt+lI'.1N "IRt~1iUlIC:f (flfJ' I ~a- fQ (1) Absence of ma.le or female iSsllt'. (2) l\lI\rrjllge with a girl who has 110 father and brotllN' Jiving. (3) The givIng of Pi1tdak. when one is alive ~~. (3) A-Iarrying within the- 5th dl"\8Cent on mother's and 7th descent o~ f'Lther'lj side. (4) Repetition of some recoWlised cl"imes. (5) Being burnt by fire. (6) Forcible ml\!" .-il\ge. (7) Adoptior.. (S) Ahortio~. (9) Being horn blind. (10) .Lt>rr(».~·.' (11) Lameness. (12) )[ar riage in a low mnk. (13) Performing the NmuIi SI'MA in marriage with a low l"ailk. (14) .Being. a. 'disiuherited son. (15) Marriage.m: ~equal tlliccession of d~n~ (f1qJW~). (16) M~n-ying bf'f.01-e the eMer brother was IDanioo. (17) Killing· or ca.tlsing death to 1\ Brahman. (IS) M~rrying with a girl older in Age; (19) with a girl of onEls mothcl"'s name i (20) with a girl of one's own gotra ; (21) with one polluted i (22) with one deformed; (23) blind; (24) hunchback or (25) dumb. THE GREAT RE-OROANtSATlON' OF DEVIVAR. Later on about 1480 A.D. in 1;he reign of Y usuf Shah, tlle PatLan King of Bengal, we find _nother great re-organiser of kulinisui a~ong the Rarlhi Brabmans. This was the famous Kula rhitrya ~"iVl\l &nel-jee. It is said that he had a "'~arre\ "'"tIl his. mother's sister's son Yajnesvar .. ' 110 w~o as his guest had refused to dine at hUi houII6 cn the ground that DevivRl' belonged to a. tOller rank of kulin. Enraged at thiN, iXlvjvl\t, f!et himRClf upon re-organising knlinism on the novt'l basis of Dos (fa.ults or crimes). He bt-gan to I\('nn the existing circumstances of t.he P",ulhi Dl'ltlltlutnH .and found each and everyone of tJlem devoili or the nine attributes of kulins and pollnted witll wme faults or the other. He then made permutations nnd combinations of these fl\nlts and wo\'e a tex·· ture caUed Mail Bandhan. lt~.t sl1Mjvidw} tile 36 Mail i~to Bhag,.BhCt:IJt T/W,k Rna Yuth, TIle flLl'lt"" (Dos) 'Were clll.S8ified under tllree (li vil was too poor to Ineet the ot'lUand (.f tIlIl bridt>groom'd party he WIl8 obJige«1 to bep IIi.. dl1.ugbters in lifelong umidenLood l'Olmiving at aU outrngeolls act8ltgainst their via'gin modet\ty, Even those thllt were JIlltrried lumUy ljll1lred 1\ hettf'l Illte 1\.<4 many Lilli not tit .. gooo f0l1uM to ,i,E't't their hUh~nds after yea,,,. 01' ever at "n since the date of the IDal'l'iage. Kulinillm being coflfint-c1 to the gil-ls, a kuJilJ's r.on l"1,e1 1"\ for it suited hi~ conveniet.ce lind iutE-rest wonM tuke #18 nu~ny wives as he liked I.y breaking bite kul and snarrying with one of lower rank unnJlldful of the circum"tance that bis d~.:enflftnts WHIIJ.l lJfl lowered thereby. Where II. kulin'lI !IOn ,tt»4l'UIIH of preserving his kulinism intltct fonnd It rnn, ~ for marriage, the bride's f"thf'r W()I\],1 demand a prohibitive slim for selling (!) bi~ daughter to him. The aforementionetl state of BrahmAu &~ ~ety in BengAl contiDut>d till ,the Il\lIt celltl1t-~ a.nd strenuous efforts were made by refor'meHI of Bengal to eI'l\dicate its mischievous effects of poly. gamy, even by Government legi&lation of ",bid. we will speak Jater 0": With the 'Tread of ('I1u cation polygamy among the kulins j~ rlu,t. diM appearing though not a.ltogether dt>lld J t't, alld it is still in f~ll force in East Bengal, wlwr.; 1I11(:b 113 abominable practice of having mnny wives yet ·exk~. FI'Om the works of nath'e ehroniclel'S we find fl'Om Devivar's time the sys~m of kulinism as ~I1Oling the fOI"JD of a regular philosophical system and attempts made to define eACh term of kuli ni .. m with hair-splitting niceties garbed in the unintelligible terminology - of the Nya philosophy. D£VELOP~ OF KULINlSll AltONG THE KAYABTHAS. THE JLL'fGAJ KAYASTHAS AND THEIR SUBDIVISIONS. We have said befole that according to the version of the Da.tive chrouiclel"l', it was the Bangaj Knya.sthas who had submitted first to the yoke of the so-called Ballali K ulin,isnl.. Ballal t is said * Here are SOUle examples. fC ~~~~iik;:q('{qt4 «f(r 1WmU eq'f.C!iiiC'.:tNl. ii?4 qW-ffli to have made some f4peeiAl rules for them, dividing them into four sectionl\ KuHn, l\Udbya: ly", )bhapatl'a and AcI~lIl. The BanSAj GbOl!e, Basu, Guha.. ,,/Ill Mitra. were rnnkecl kuHn",; Imd Bangaj Dutt, Nag, Nath and-ThtK were milked . MadhyalylUl. Nineteen fa.milies booling the t>pithet of Dhar, Nandi, Dev, Kundu, Some, Rabit, Ankur, Sinha, Vishnu, Aitbya. and NandRn were I'"anked 88 Mltltapatl'ft and Reventy-two fltmili~ bearing the titles of HOde, Aich, DhoIe, Chaki, etc., were ranked 88 Achal. After him Raja. Danauj l\I,ulhav i~ said to have been the next re--organit!el' but we have 1I0t found anywbere stated specitic/I)Jy ,,-bAt bill 'Qrganis.'\tions were. Next comes in the fieM of r~orgallisation 'a d8bCendant of lJis claughter named Rajl\ Paramanand", who' is Mid' to have 1:vi~ed the BllUg-"j kulins iuto four - hranche6, Alti, Uchit, Gl"ibya. anel Karl; the MadhYlllyas into Ksem, Ksemanu and Anu, and the MI\}Ja. ~a.tras into ApR., Atyaptt, and Moha; and to Mve made nine Samika,'a1UJ among the .Bangllj KaY,I/s thas. He is SlJid to lJave further l'E'guJated prohibit ing the kuHn to leave llis jnrisdiction on pain of losing his lcd, and one residing elRewhere notwith standing, but duly observing the rules of kuJinism 115 as l'egards marriage, &c., would be tel1Doo.a Kulaj (~). The division of Bh'-v· ~~) WR8 Q]sO pJ."(.lmulgated. viZ., & kulin who would give or take the da.ughter to and froni 'o. Jrulill 'Was Cl\lled l1WI(i4la:qT~; 1\ kuiin not obta{nibg o.! 'son 01" II daughter of equltl deRcent of succes..,ion:'-(<<~T~) 'amI. therefore. mnrrying in tlle bouse i "br ~ 'kullij was designated upabllav ~)~ In theA .h0URe 'of .\ -r " I I Madhyalyll. ~shamabllav (~rlNT1).,Rnd'of a Malul.- patra. Apa.hba\" ('Ir'ntT'!f); but was iJ,lterdicted to D1f1.l" 1"1 in the bouse of an .denaZ on' pain of l~ing ilis 1 .. # ~ • f ; kul. Formerly the I'ule was tllltt & kuHn'/i daughter • I , 'It J ~ 'must be married to & kulin anilnever tiQ.,1t n~n-kulin * " ~T~~r; '!fif~t\ltf1i1r I IT~To: ~cffo~ m~ ~~. It ~R~ ~MTi'( ~~Pri"': I !FilWlrg'i'tUl"mb ~imIP!J 01r.t t) ~~ ~W ~ ~Tiht ~~ 1I ~~o~.~U ~~~% THR BARE..'mIU IUYAS'l'HA8 A..'m ruElB lJIVlSJON8, The ancestOr "of the Barendra KaYlUltluu;J, Bhrigunandi, is said to have ~ome to Beng"l with his relative Murahar Dev from Kanouj in tbe reign of :&lla.1 and not in the time of tile II()oo called Adisur like llhe ancestors of otber Ka~ 117 thas. Bhrignnandi is described to have heen ap pointed by BaUal as his prime minibter and there was a ~1J'ictioll between the king and the minister resulting in the latter's escape to Sailakupa M al ready stated before. He and his relatives with the asshltunce of other Kayasthas is sa.id to have left th~ country m cons~uellce-ot-BaUars-alleged oppression and having taken refuge there form ed the Barendm Samaj and c1assiJQd it into SiddllYa, Saddhya and ~mulaj corresponding to Kulin-, Sanmaulik or Madhyal& and Achal of other groups. He disowned the nine attributes of kuliniKm defined by &111\} and made the> giving a.nd taking of kulin's daugbter to be tIle only basis of klllinism, thus making it peremptory tlult each 1'Ion and ench daugh1ier of It kulin should he married to a knJin. )f such m>llTi>lges t.ook place ~ively for three generationR, the £tmily WIIS rlubbed with the title of Nirabil (spotles.<,} kul and was held in the higbest rnnk. It there "'>1>1 a ureach or violl\tion in the intel"im, tlle. family w:ll'; styled Gattgonni (wlll"es of GH.nges) kul ami held the intermedi"te 111-uk; and, if the violatioll continued for tlll-ee ~ene11l-tion8 from ht>ginlling to ;nd, th~ f~mily WIlS looked d~wn as of Abil (~Ilnted) ku1. Tbey iuterdieted ml\uiages "ith 118' the Am,ul((,jas whoni t,Ley considered cQ}onil'ltA (lr unct'l,t,'\ill stock. Like the law' of the Me.te14 Rnil Persiaus tbe Barendl1l KaYlUlthas of lWlIgnl have fltill clung to the JlllY of BLrigoo Nllnlli unaltered, arid the 're~!Utt is that they Are th~ feweht furlong the KRYAAthM of Bengal and are On the way to--shtl.re tJle--fate of die dodo. THE UTl'ER BADal EAYASTIU8. The Ancestors of the Utter Radbi KILyru.thll8 are said to'have comE to Bengal dur1ng Adumr'l'J reign from Oudh after the first batch of Brahmans and KA.YAAthR.14 olltcAAted from KRnouj had settled in Bengal. They, too, wet"e comrJC»;e(l of that remarkably invariabJe number Fivf' t -five Kayasthas, five Priests (Purohit>-) knd five menial servants, ~te unknown! The KA.YIl8tJU18 were CRUed Ka.rans and not PradAantJ 118 the nn.t batch of KaylUlth coloni!.t8 were Cftlled. '1'lll'Se ~rnn KaYlIstblUl wele (1) SaUl' GLose of Sankalin Qotrn, (2) In&di.. Val' Sinha. of Ba.tsyA. Got,l1l, (3) * W'by, how, whm a.nd wha.t for, not statoo. Pel'hap" for a.nother Putrtstlti a8 Adi!lurs tint BOn, th.. 1'l'1Iult of his fonner Yaj'Da, was dead ! + " PflNiliI' ~qif cr.nu qif lR , 1:;;;",...... "" ".. '" " 11 '"'I'43il"fi ~ "II~~( ¥M7J The above is only a flaying prt'valent IImollg th" rtter Radhi Xayastball. Its origin cannot be trac-ed. 119 Purm,hottAm Ih\."1 of Mowdgnl Gdtra,· (4:) Dev Dutt of Ka.~yl\1' Got111, (5) SUden.llD Mittra of Vi::;vll llittra Gotra, TLe names and gotras of the five Brahmans who Cflme with them or with whom they hAve come RIe unknown!- The story ot t11e execution of the leader of the Utte-r Radhi Kayaf!.tba has already been l'eJa.ted. The Utter Radb~s thereupon had the boldness to construct tlaeir own _kulinism in a 'Tirit or defiance al)d it ROun(l~- strange that it did not strike &1131, the notorious .tyrant., the simple way Clf repression to qwu1;er a regiment of Goorkh,u, in their viUages~ like' the Bdtish Government at BarisaJ, to' put down the dis loyal spirit! Their wholJ.. community consist. ed of 7! families, all(l di vided into 3 sections,' m., Kulin, Sanlllllulik Itlid Samanyamaulik of which the GhOlii& of &ukAlin Goh'IL and Sinha of Baf:ilyll Got.l"A al'6 kulins; ~ of MowdWLl Gotnl. Afittm of Visvamittra OotI"8 and Dutli of Kasyup& Gotra 1l1'6 &nmllulik; ~Dd ODe family of Gbose of &Dlfilya Ootl'll, one family of Das of KaSYRP Gotrn, 1\ fOllrth of Bharadvaj Gotr-a Sinha and _Il_ f\~!!r..:1 of -Mowdll1\l Gotra Ken ant t The ~'.!er·8 attention is invited to l'ur'WIhotbl.m and .bit! :~ ill pre'\ious chapters. ' 120 SamanyamalJ1iks. 1'he Utter Radhis beld a meeting (tf¥fT) under a chairman (~) like the 'Punchayat in Behar, where they discUS8 the status Of-;LqJinism B.nd bestow 16,15, 14, 12, 10, 8 anuM sh8J"e in kulini"m Q.ccOrdj~g to the merits of the , .. ~--~ - recipients. There are no Jlllrd ana fast rules of kulinism among thew hence their kut is as immortal as their ego and ~ever vulnel'able by Rny violation. .Although it is lalldable among them to marry sons nnd daught~hlllmong the kuJins, yet; 11 violation of thiR cloeP not lead to II. I~ of kill Il.\f is the case with ;;he Bt'ft.Jlmltnll And other KayasthAs. The Utter Ra:ohi KayMthnA di$(lain to can themselves servants of th& Bl'lthmAnS or to use that ignominious II ppeJlation ' DAa' after them. 'rHE DAKSIN RADHII KULIN KAtASTHAS, TUEIR DJVISIO~B 4ND SUBDIVISION8. 'l'he Dn.ksin RA~H KAYllst,hRS do lIot chilli the' origin of their syst.em of kulinisUJ from BnUaJ or Dananj Madliav, but, long "fter thefle tietitiouf!( royal organisers, from Pool'ltndJl.l' Khan of BO-:e family who was said to be the minister of the Patbnn King _of Benl!'al. HUMilin Slmh, who, asCended the throne 5n 1489. -....{l1. this' respect credlt~dil8"to tbe Dalesin ltadhi J{f\ya.. tbas for being more !!I?!!.!." to the truth. AeoorOillg to i~t~ 121 tIley ollly Adopted afterw.t1'(is Hlillal's division of kulin, 'SiodhyaIDltulik and SaddhYIIJ,liaulik .ami their cQmruunity remained un~ftered till tbe advent of the grent organiser :POol'llDdar Khan. From this it spews that wlliJe t.here WtlS 110 Upt'Oflf" among the other branches of KllyaE-tluls and the Brahmans, the Daksin=-'ltadhis, excellin'g the mythologieAJ Mucbakunda. and KumbhaklU'oa were in d~p r:1umber for several centuries, till up l'o,.~ amongst them Pooflmdar Khan who, witb n, . stroke of his magic wano, sllattered tIlei .. hkulls into pieces, and made them rl-m amuck in !l,ll p<>&&ible dilection l'plitting tbem:o.elves into '.. evera) hrnnches and twigs t· Among them the Glloses of S<\ukalin GCltra, the Bnslls of GAutuID Gotrft, 'Uli! tIle Mittras of Visvamittrlt GotrA Are Kulins; the Dntt" Sen, Das, Ker, GUllll, Palit, S~!!hl1. ano, Dev, tIH";'e eight f.tI,nilies are Sidilhya IDlI SO~ of A. KuHn who it' obliged to marry 1\ Kulin'liI dllnglltel~ -ol\,,~ual deRCellt (8~'l) or in the - . third deFICeliding or NlCending ~ line but not in the secolld JeRCenjing or MCellding qqf1.f. Exct'pt ing this rellt"jction 'pnt on the firht SOli, other flOIl!' of the l{ulins have the .full pt'ivilege to mlUTY eith., .. in tile fnmily of 1\ )(u1111, AAve olle of the "suue gotrft, 01' in the family of It Siddbya or SlIddbya maulik. From this it will be seen tlwt the bOil of 1\ Killin, except the first, have eighty-hm (two knlitls, eight SiddhyaDll\uJikl'l and tlfwenty two S8.d,lhyamaliliks) f,tmiJiew opellell t., him fOl' mR.rrillge ItS wen 8S tIle Klllin'to! dangllt,el's illclud ing even the elde&t danghter. Hut the I«>n:ol Rnd daughters of I~ SifMhYIL or IL S8.ddllyaIDaulik have been obJigen to be DJA.1'riell only to the SOns and daughters of Kulins. So these eighty sectiolls of Kllyasthas, other"lhan ~U1i1l8, (eight SWdhyn.s ftn.i seventy·t...... ySacJdhyaH) II/we only 2j fllmilies (M the £ira: son of a. Kulin lnU!!t be Dl8.1'l'ied to a KuJin'lVdl\ugbool' Ilnd not otJlerwil'Oe) of Kulins opeD to them for marriage, Th4t difficulty I~{ mllrryingthe dllugJ,te."S of a SiJclh'1\ or SaddJ;-ayl\ IInil the coDHeqnent extortion And bls('k iu.H.u, olle of the greatest CUJ"S9 of •.Kulini!!m, i,. thel'efol'~, palpahle. The Siddhyfl. Ilnd SaddhyawlIll 123 liks of this ]{a.YHstha community are in a far wors~ condition in this respect thaD those hoLding bimilar ~ilion Poorandar Khan is said to have clnshlfied the Dllksin Radbi KIIYllst)\Ils into the fol1owing classes and subdivisions: (1) The Mukhya Kulins were thObe who were the first sons of Kulins and n£:oCessarily had to marry the daughter of a ]{ulin. Thl'y were subdivided into (a) Prakrita, i.e., those who were not only thl'mselvl'B first but were the descendants of the first from the earliest known ancestors; (0) Sahaj Mukhya, i.e., the second or third sons of 8. PrnkritA. Mukhya if they C8.n marry theil- first ~on to tlle daughter of Ii Prakrita Mukhya; (c) Komll.l l\[ukhya is the to\lrth son .f II. Pmkrita Mukhya who must; marry either the daughtl'r of" Prtlkt-ita Mukhya or Sahaj Mukh,a. (2) KRnistbfl, i.~., the second son of a Mukhya Kulin. (3) MadhYll.llsa, tbe third son of a. l\lukhya Kulin,(4) 'l'emj, the fourth son of A Mukhyft. Kulln !l.nd there are aU po&ible sorts of permutations 124: and combinations among these BOns of K ulins with ditnN'ent nomenclatures. Happily theRe dilotinc. tions are now as extInct AS the dodo Ilnd their names also are known but to tb~- feweNt of the Kulins themselves and the only CUJitom now prevalent among the Daksin Radhi KulinR, is to .marry their first sons to the daughters of 8. Kulin of equal, or third in descending or ascending line. -:0:-- CHAPTER IX. A REVIEW OF THE FOREGONE TWO CnAl'TERS. * " SfVt ~'trfq ~~fq ~Tq~ I (ft "dIIO"SJ t ~ ;rn:{ I at~ '-"Thm{" n With the above oath of the Upanishads we now open a chapter and enter into a discu88ion th~ result of which will, perhaps, not be palatable to * "Jlfl,-¥{':t "I1 After this sprang Danauj&-Madhava from tbe Sena .dynasty. AU kings of hi8 time made oheitmnC'e to Mm • .Beveral Brahmans 8prung from 22 families, aDd adorned with many good qualities, came to his court, and wit], the ~ew of outstripping his grandfather, Dananja-lladhaTa -established them in his kingdom, giving them ~·e.lth and the title of Kaulinya ••••••••• The Kan"ka of HaM-1Dlcra * The italietll are ours. _ 127 plainly shows that Kecava-seD& was not his father. I am inclined to conjecture that Danauja-Madhava of the Sena family was the son of Sada-sena. AccordlDg ,to Edu-micl"a, Han-micra, DhruvanaDda, Mahecvara and other genealogists, as also the old account of KuJa!'hary&8 of Edilpur, it was Danauja-Madhava who rc-organiRed KuJinism among the Brahmans and Vangaja Kayasthas. Some of these Karikas give. the name o.f Dananj~Madhava-deva slightly altoced, such as Da1lauja MadluI.va.-deva., Danlluja-Mardana-deva. But whcther he was called Nauja., Dauauja Raya, Danauja-Madhava, DanauJa-Mardan& or Danauja.-}Iadhava, tbere is. no doubt that they all refer to the same individual. According to some of the Karikas of Edilpur, this Dallouja-Madha\'& or Danouja.-Mardana iE-sued orders •about Kq)jnism from Candra-dvipa, and again the 'Ghatakas of Vikl'&map~a say that the proclamation was ,made from Vikramapura...... "\foreR!t!r, there is a tradItion extant that a IXTilon named Danil,uJ~lardanll, after leaving Vikramapura went to Candra.-dvi~ and there established a kingdom with the belp of his ~ritual guide. Dr. WiKe has thus written of his dynasty :- " It is not improbable that the founder of this family is the same person aa the Rai of Sunargao, by name l>anauj Rai, who met the Emperor Balhan 011 his mar~h against Sultan Mughisuddin in the yea.r 128(). It is nQt likely that the Muhammadan usurper would have-allowed a Hindu to remain ill independence at bia capital Sun,"", g~o. If the principality of Candra-dvipa extended to the Rh:£"l' )I£"ghna, the agreement made with'tbe Emperor 1213 that be would guard against the escape of TughnU to tb. -,west becomel6 intelligible." " The chief event, however, ot hill reign waa the org... niBation of the Vangaja Kayasthas. He appointed cer tain Brahmans, whose descendants still rellide at Eddpur (Add pur), to be Ghatakas or KulaC'luwyaa ot the Kayas thas, and be directed that all mamages Mhould be ar ranged by them, and tJ.mt they Khould be rellpolIKibfe that the Kulinu. l{ayWltbas only intermu.rried with familj~ of equal rank. He al.. o appointed a Svarnamatya, or mM- ter of the ceremonies, who fixed the precedence of each member of the aabha or assembly, and who pomted out the proper lleat eacb individual '1\'li0ii to occupy at the feast given by the Raja. Theile ofti(>ea Mtill uillt and tbe holden ot them are much respected by.U X.yaIJUJ/'II." It seelllS evident from the above that JAkll1I4natl{'na',( grandrJOD, Danauj... Rsi or Danauj... lIadhava of V11lrama: pura, having OOeq greatly annoyed by the "lusltalman!4 went to ('andra-dviPlVan~~. kingdom t.herr. FroID" the Ka.. ~ of the Ghatakas of Candra-dvipa, ii' would ap~tllat after Danauj... M:adhava his deAOOnd- an.ts Ramavj.lIabha-dev.... raya" KrWIo ...vallabha-de ..... rM'~ H¢"-vallabha-dev... raya and J.ya-dev.... ray. ruled Candra-dvipa one after another. The last of the St-JI& kinglt ofCandra-dvipa (.JaylH\eva) had no male iS8ue. The oldest ()f the Karikas of the Uhatakae Candra-dvipa thllS _18:- ... r. • I ~i{I("IifI \lJiITil. q("Ifil~~';: em Jffi{~: ~cfr ~ f{~11(m U ~rq'{lI ~ ~~: I ~Iqj SfTtq 6 f{ an: qilif(C("Iflrd: I q. "I'1~'fitdt"llffO ~i~n~(( .. 129 " Paramananda the 'Vise WAS 'Bala-bhadl'a's 80n and the. valia.nt Jaya-deva was the grandfather of Paraman~nC1a on the mother's side. Jaya-deva belonged to the JJevq, filinily and was the king as Candra-dvipa. On his d.@mise. Paramananda, of heir to ~he throne, ruled th~ lhngdom. Surely Ab~-)-fllZl'S Nauja. cannot ~ the Danauj: }[adhav of ~ Mr.- Bose arid the chroniclers. Their Danauj-l\1adhav lived afte-r the Ma.homedan con que:.t, whereas A~u-l-fazl's Naujl\~ lived before it: The Ain says "When the cup of life of Raj~ Naujah overflowed, the sovereignty fell to Laksh mar.iya, !lon of Rai Lak!lhman. * • * * The astro logers ptedicted this overthrow of bis kingdom and the establishment of 'lDother faith and they dis covered in Mllhamma.d Bakhtiyar Khilji the indi vidual_ by whom these two events would be ac complished." (J'ide Jllrrett's Trans:~tif)n-Vol .."L., lIt' pa.ge 148). It also surpas.o:;es .our undeJ;Standing ~ on what authority Mr. Bose corrects Dr. Wise in calling Danlluj-Madhav ro be the grekt gt'an~ son and not the grandson of Ballal. The chro- nicler Hari Mis~"3. says "fqol~")r~ " to exce~ his grandfather, Balla.l, and Abu-I-fazl (gives the names of four kings after Ballal and before Nauja. Most ridiculously unscholarly is also Mr. Bose's statement tha.t Abu-l-fazl's Nauja, Tarikhi-Fel'oze-shahi's Danauj Rai and M~ l1anaui- 130 ldadbav is the identical person. The'Dlmauj Rai of TaN,roi.Feroze~8hahi of Ziaoddin BArni Jiyed in the l'eign of Sultan Ghiyllsuddin Bal1mn in about 1280'wb,en the Governo~ of Benga.l, Togril assert ed his if.!dependence calling himself king and valia.ntly Cought against j;he Emuerof_whoCAme in person to subdue him. z,lauddin Bat'lli ppeaks " Ba.l1mn mai'ched with all speed, nnd in ft, lew days arrived -at Sunorganu. The Rfli of that place, 'by na.me Dnnanj RaJ, met the Sultltn, and an agreement WAS mMe with him thAt lIe should guard aga.inst the escRpe of Tugl'il by ""1ItE-r."· . The coittradictory statementH in the works 01 the Gha-tab of Edilpor~ and Vikrampore, (1lR .. "own 'by Mr. Bose) eRch drawing DR.rl8.uj by the It-gil to their sidE}{ Il8 a. ~or sacrificial Iqdillrown betore com peti ~r8, sllow wnAt little h~~d he had in the clltSJiwca tion attJibuted to' -him. 'Moreover, such wot:k is only poss,ble in a time of peace alld not wIlen one . ' was 1ieeiJig (rom place to place being pehtered hy a.n ~lsurper. But Danauj was 8. great Raja and lived only about 44 years before the grellt lIa1'&" sing of ,Mithila and both h~ opposed _th~ Ma homedan power and immortalised:their n8~E'S. So in' this second; ~tage of dev~lopment of K uJhi!'.n; * Yide aisl) ~tewart'l History 01 Benpl. \ 131 ,,-hen a royal name was needed, the Bra.hmalls of East Bengal, which was the cra.d~ of Kolin ism, in newly dtlssifying the Kayasthas of the country alter their own fashion, which is im puted to IAks11man Sen, caught hold of poor Da.nauj by the ears Rnd saddled the dirty rags on his shoulder. The samo divisions and sub divi.uons under the names of Arti, Ksem (l\nd much simila.l' under different terDII.) which M'ose ,among the Brahmans and reputed" to Ln-ksh 'man Sen we find had permeated in the BangRj Kayastha community and reputed to Danlll1j-}\[l\ dhav. The creation of the. P08t of , Brahman }tulacharyas I\.nd Brahmin Svarnall\Jl.tyas (also <'lllled SannamR.ts) di:-tinctly proves the sa.cerdotJlJ origin of the classification. Had the classitica ,tion been the work of Danauj-l\Iadllav who is said ,to be I\. Kllyastha. be would certainly have filled these responsible posts by the higbest Ktilins of his own caste, as in the other sections of th~ Kayastha community, f01' regulR.ting IIis ruTel! 1\nd ,not resel'ved for the Bl-abmltlJs only, The Ain dL'!Closes a great historical probJe~. It gives a long list of the Hindu kings of Bengal from t.he: so-ca.1led Bh8.cOTat, who is said t~ have fallen In the field of Kurukshetra, down to Nauja, 132 According to Ain twenty-four princes of tlle Khatri caste from father to son in 8u(,,ceHtlion reigned for 2418 years from BAyll. Bhagrat; then nine princes of Kayn.sthl\ CIUI~ l'uled in 8UCCeR.Kil)fJ for 520 y'a.rs cammencing from Raja BhojgnUl'iya ; then eleven princes of the Kayastha caPIte reignPd for 714 YAars commencing fl'om Ud Sur (Adi SlIr), then aglllin ten princes of the flame Cllste com mencing flOOM Bhopal reigned for 698 yt>llrs And at last seven prillces ,·ommencing from Sukh Sen :reigned for 106 yeaI'M. The nafit's of the 8UC cefoSOt's of Ud Sur (Adi Sur) given by Abu-I-ful, do not correspond either with th~e given by the chroniclers or mentioned in our inKCtiptiolliil of Aditya Se1i1's1'dynasty. Now f,he qUeRtion thRt naturally arises in us is, whence llid Abu-I-fazl get his informationH ~ And the only COncltlbioll, which repty to this question leatls to, iH, that e"en in the time of Akbar there Ilful existed lIOme £rt of traditions or chronicles which were BOttI' ces of Abu-l-fazl's information but which were subsequently lost, fragment.s of which seeDl to h!tve been extant, and the Ghataks of Bengal in later age built up with them a huge structure supplying whatever materials were required from the imAglnations of their fertile brain. and wit4 133 nu t'xtI'ROl-diuR.ry necromantic power they evoked the bpints of Adi Sur, Banal, Lakshman and DnnBuj R&;igning to them wbatever places they lik(>(l to serve their purpose. It will be observed that in the cla.'lSmcation of the Maitbil Bl'l'IhmlUls the highest in n..nk were tel'med SrotriyalJ (~) whereas in the classi. fi~tioll of the Bengal BralnnaD8.'in the time' of the so-called Dh&ra Sur the highet-i;. rank was named Kula.cbal (!tIlni' ..t(!() which is alleged to have heen changed into Ktdi,., by 1111l~ ; and the term ('I~~lst~" good Sotriyas," were given to the intermediate ra.nk just above the del'pi",~ Satsatia, The etymology of these two terms throws 1\ flood of light 011 their origin, application alllI history of the time. In the great EllCYclo~ predia. of Sanskrit Janguage, VllCbaspntyam, of tl)(~ Jate' Pl'Ofes...~r Taronath TarkavR.Cbn:o;pati, the term Srotri \'41. it,; tIl m; dep ned : If ~ ~ ~-tt ~ ~'U ~ff..Ht ~;i)~l~~ I , ~~~ 'it11{'; I fC ~~ 6~ ~T ~rn~m :q I 'f~..... ~ ~ P.nt: 'l~~" - ~~ ~ « ~ ~ ~: ~{ f&:Jtai4d I P.I~ ~r(iT li~ ~" ~m~ , ~I 134 I.e., a. Srotriya is one who is ver&ed in VeUa.8. The term Kulin is defined in that great wOI'1r; in two. ways (1) 118 n;:srTm- !iel ....m~~ one atta.ciled to th~ Kulachar t mentioned in the TantMUl, i.e., lUI Pro lessor V. S. 'Apte interprets II a. fonowe .. of the I~ft hand sak~i ritual" and (2) '-tiT'l~A: ~it, i.e., prostrate on the ground. The two temlli distinctly exhibit in bold relief a. Jun'd coutel;lt be~ween t~ votaries of two religions, the Vooi(' and th~ Ta.ntric nnd' the ultimate victory of the latter over the former. Berore CllaitJtnya, the founde~ of Vau,hnavism in Bengal, the two pl-edO ~inant religions were the Rmarta, originally bftfolt'(f on the Grihya Sutnuj of the V ooa!J, but greatly l'8.mified with additions a.nd a.lterations, and tIn.' Tanlit-ic, which had its origin in the dUft.1i~;tic San kliya philosophy hut greatly vitiated by tlegenernte ! !Iltet: Bu.d~hism; With the spread of Mahomedan influence which told severely on the habitA, ml\nn~Ifj a~d CQstonu; o( the Hindus and even...o A ~t extent vitiMied the purity of their blood, M we • Two othermeanioga aR given in itijtt~lr R ... bone ()f noble breed and ~~"~~UUd ofnoble birth. Of eourtlt', 1.l0 .Kulin wiD like to claim his descent from tJIe runnen of Derby or st. Leger 1 t Vide VachUIJpatyam ror . this Tantric'Practk>e 'of KulachAl'.. 135 will just show, the S'I1lartas, in order to preserve the . Hin~ill .natiollality in tact, went on for-. mutating' rigid anll minute rules for caste preservation lind domebtic observances, with numel'OUS rites and ceremonials which were quit~ unsuited to th" spirit of the age. The _ t loose morals of the period, with the impetus given by the licentious foreign l'uling clabS, and the persecution which orthodoxy w~ ~~bject ~1 fretted at this tightened reins and found 1\ com fot1;able harbour in tne loose doctrine of th~ Tantra which not only encoUl"flgeo. all sorts- of vices, sllch I\.S wine, women and animal food, but also the abolition of th~ caste sYbtem. The result was that the votaries of the Smriti religion became thinned lind the rival religio~ flourished so that, ~eng"l, especillUy East Bengal, the cradlE> of Krili nism is ~till recognised as t.he cl'I\.dle . of Tantric }I' ...... religion throughout the length AmI breadth of I~dia. Hindus fledged with the borrowed -feathtlJ1S 'b~caDle influential having been favoured by the l-~lers a~d baving adopted Tantric Gurus, attach ed to the Kulachar,' hence termed Kulins, in • the stl-iet phl'as.:lOlogy of thM.t doctrine. Th~y ol:t '\; ,,! ~ 1 )o .. ~ ., , ~ who thus topped over the Smartlts; and llurled 136 them down with their religion to occupy an inter mediate place under the term "good Strotriylt.'4," and as each group of Kftyasthu entered the pale of Tantric religion and submitted to this sacerdotal hierarchy, wherein implicit obedifmce. * Wt ~ ~~ ~ ~rr-"l{ I ~ ~~ ~ ;rt If we but only view the present &tate of tb~ Society of Bengal Brahmans alld Kayasthas, we will at once ~nd the existence of a . yery similar state of affairs. ,The Anglicised and the E~)'glllnd-returned di&d~ning to submit to the ; . .. . l'igi(l rules of penance or to forego their heterodox way of life and,' therefore, excom in~nicat~d from the society' by the orthodox' Hindu!':, blive found a 'comfortable hal:bour' in the' Brahmo' religion which very we') . ~uits theiA laste 'nnd spirit. 'They are either Keshavites, S/l.dbat'llnists Or 'Adi Samajists, and although' 140 Brahmo religion ftooHl:!hes csu;te tliP.ltinctionR, most of them, even the most enlightened, hold it a fixed principle to U1ftrry their sonl' and daugh~r8 in their own Cllstes. Now suppotlG the high English official!:!, iw.tead of ohst>tvillg perfect neutrality, or, ali is often the mse, even showing contempt for such (lenntionaliAAtion, with a spirit of proselytism like t.hat ot the Mahomedans, favoured tLis C]81'18 with hon(tUnI and emolumentR and encouraged them t~) meddle in the constitution of the Hindu society with impunity and to exert their influence in it, whl\t would have been the l'esult t The present con temptuous word 'Brahmo: tile butt end of all jokes, the heroe-s of aU tht'fttrical farcE'R, would have Kuperseded the word KuHns (which had simi jarly superseded Srotriya) and wouM have been the most honourable appellation for the highE'l>t ra nk and the best Kulins of the pm;ent time wonld ha~e been too proud to marry their sons and ~aughters with Brahmos. Our reade.. " f\re Aware of the elevation and degeneration of WOl'i]g in the Eng!ish Janguage sucb as nice, fond, ilDllginn ~ion, humanity, minister, shrewd, 'Vhig, Tory, Radical, Christian (like Brahmo), cal$l. boycott, kna.ve, villain, brat, gossip, idiot, vulga.r, simple, 141 pagan, etc. The words Native and Babu have also begun to deg~nerate from the last century, So tllllt many Indians feel insulted, ihddressed by those nRmes. Such peculiarities of word-usage IU-e not a monopoly of the English language but occur freely in all languages. We have in SaD<:krit such words as ~:, ~:, m:.~: ~, f~, tffhmr::w;:, ~, q~14IlAl~,' 6- rli'ffir, ~lffi:, (t"l.fTJ£O:' ~:, wft:. ~ Such words are pregnant with a histol1' of their own in every stage of their elevation or degeneration of meRning. The words "'ulin. and katdinya (~m, Xhe -great commentator MalliIlath intl"f'pt'f'tM kauUni'Um to be (~) scandal. JJhutta1-intftyan, the author of Veni Sanhar, and the anceritol' of the noblest Kulin Brahmans of Bengal, }111'" also Used this word in his work in the KAme bad sense of "an improper act, bad 01" f(Cftn Fl"Om the above facts it will ~ 'Cl~ly seen that the W'ords "ulin.and its de~,vative ka.nlibya were oriaiQa.Uy used in a. co~t.~mptoous sense ,0 \ meaning "of scandalous cOllduct,l" "fl\milv SCIl.n- daIs» - oy tile non-.tft.ntrio SmartaS'· about their Tll.ntric and Vahma.b ft.ntagon~ and it -'w... , ..1.,.. vated to mean, "of lIoble bir th," .. pf noble rank" when the la.tter obtained the upper, hand. Exactly the CIUle as with tIle' word "Hind ...," not found in the whole domain of &nskrit arid P&li lite1."atul'e, and. which WI\S contem'ptlloul.ly given by the for~igne~ to the Indians, but which is now the proude..'\t title fot I\ny orthodox Indilln and even the }.Iah-\rana of oooeyp01-e, "WllOS~ pride is beyond that of the proudest," finds himself flattered in the appellation of "Hindu-Surya." We do not deny that the two terms kulin and kaulinya were. also u!;led in the sense of U noble birth" from a very old time. We have in the Panchatantra. ; " if Cf ,,~c;l",~SN ~~ ~ ~lffit, ~ 6u(1",@;\l S(q « m ~a- " " Also Vamruchi: ff ~ ~ «;rr: ~: t« ~ ~~ ~ (OsjSfIQ: " 144 And ~lnayan : II am ~. q~r~ ~Qfi-rt ~a " But that this \was not the ol'iginnl Hignifi{'atioll of the terms '\ in the social conld.itution ot the Bengstlf Bl'al),DJltnS and KllyMthlUJ we have now Jl.I'l'ivpcl ~t " stage to show by the examination of internal evidenceH. We will Hhow that kulini!4t1l in BengH I did not ol'igiM.te for the crt-aLioD or " noble bl'eetJ, an Mea deep-rooted even in tIle mindl'i of renowned scholars, but just the revene, i.e., for the protection of those whae;e lUlbits, manner.; and customs, nlly the very .,100<1, were vitiated. -:0:- 145 CHAPTER X. KULINISlII or BENGAL. WE have p~ved that Kuli?ism as attdllUted to Ballll.1 Sen is of a recent origin. We will now tl"y 0111' best to discover, as far " as possible, tbe date of its origin. The works, of the Ghataks., and other autho~ of the period give a graphic account of the social and political llistory of Bengal in ~he 15th and the 16th century." Thele was on the one 11hnd the deepeot possible persecution and, vigorous prosely tism on the part of the Moslems, ILDd, on the other hand, Ben~l Society was tom aEiunder by intel"llecine feuds "mon~ its bord~rs. Rape, adultery, abduction, ~lopement, revenge, hatred, jealousy, and spite wel"e the ol~ier of the dl'Y. The very name of religion, humanity and mOI"8.1ity was washed 'clean of ~he country; there r.eems to have been no law 01" authority to bring the culprits to justice and" 8, ·consummate· anarchy and despotism of· the "powers-th~t;-be and public Hooliganism prev~led. Tba most ridiculous and , , • Jr. pitiable -" state of ,,{fairs was tlUlt while the culpdts went unpuni~hed, the Ilggrieved ~Y WItS all ~be more degl1\ded in social 5tatu8 10 UG and had no other recourse left but to take his vengeance by the perpetration of some more criminal and heinooQ acts agnimt his enemy to lower him down. We quote below the graphic &coouDt, given by the Yaisnab poet, Jayanand, ill his Chaitanya Mltngal, or the oppre& sion of the Hindus by the A{1I110moo:lns: "ill~ft,,~ ~~ row ~ I ~ mrT Jllraf4I4J~1 n ~'~-,f.t ~ ~ I ~ ~dopted ~ahmanic Hinduism, we IIlIould DOW luu'e a Moghul Cast.e of Hindu Kshatriyas. But even ~le IOQ148 lIuhamml¥1jlnism of the early Moghuls POl;lM'sll{>t} more power of persistence than the Sha.manillm of tlle HunK and Ourjaras. So, in'deed; would lUlYe been tIle case bad Wto, instelld oftlle 'bigots Hkt> J ehllllgir and A lll'nngzelJ, 1\ couple of more Akoo.l'S to Bncceed him. If like Beng;lJ, otheJ' countries of Indill, had p<>l!8eN'1- ed sneh hil:!tOJic'll recol'dN, we could ha.ve """ity dt'tected the arlmixture of fOl'eign blood (as Wl'1 can clearly do thili in t,he case of SHkaldwipi Bl·abmans) and tmced tbe origin of nlflDy high castes which now pn~ lUI /)'Dijas, twice-born. Dr. H<.el'lll.e fUl'tbel', ~bserveR The period of Don-Bl'ahmanical foreign illvatlion WWl one _01 the great troubles and oppressiolls for tlJe Brahman ism of the country. ThOtle foreigners wbo intermarried with natives were naturally diHp08ed to favour and even adopt Brahmanism; and in return the Brahmans natur.J. isei them by providing them with. respectable pla<'8 in their caste-system (ibid. p~30). Tbi-l theory of the U lWiimil/a.tiug power of Hinduism" Dr. Hrerole would Lave fouod proved c~nflush'eiy, bNl he exnmined .'the mail bcuullj,(J,:" of Devivllr and other J't'-or·gH.JlV-oers of Kulinism~p Bengal. "We qnote nM'0 f!'Om Han 149 Kabindl"a's c{llfi{h!1I IUld otller authorities to depict the state of the ~iety at tlmt time-. ~m-,· .. ~ ~1IlAl{ ".. ~ ~ tn.rt QI6I"'1'I<'I(IIf. ,J II ~ It t> .., ~- ~ $il!ji~14-'. "rf stl'b«(sI"'IIC{11: ".. ltV"" «~- ...... ~r "'41~(s"'1 ~ I ...~~,",,~'4iV;611(~ ~ ~~ mt ~ ~rn~ iftoT~ ~~~~tl~- "!!ljjl .. ~(14 q~ ffiqqfi ~:qlrt(!j, I ~ ij<'liC{(C(1 f;r~ ~ ~ n" _ « ...... ~ 7Rr~"7TJ'Hn \. l!fi~W-I~ ~ ~-'"G"=, 'f(i{16~ ~", v. ~~ iW-{: I ~-~ ~ '!C6t1"'1i9!I<'I(14 qqft 'i!Ft(slf·':nq(fJ«{ I (fiflO- ~ Wl\l1V ~~ ~-=- ., llfilVtm-wr ~ :{If i: 'I ~~i";{Iq~.-, t. ~qlR!t(sI;fI4: *.1 .. qlf~· ~~ " , *.11~--:c 't1*.1I<{1E(1 ~ ~ 11 l,~ire-CI ~6(iil(~ (~~I@I .. c{t,,:'J 11 150 " ~ lJi'r-fJil'Hffi ~'€Illt'Q~'I~' , ~~cu(q "ll!liR ~ii1leti(1f II ~~(1I'fj;q, &f1",q"4{~c'fjfl' I "l,!(;r.r ~ 6~ €m cEa(?A '" I' ~ ~ n " ~~( ~ra- 'Jt-qqi'{r ~rq I ffi{Ta- ;r1JTlt q~", twR(I~I(~tWt U ~ if'iNr ~" ~Wfift ftt t ~~ftit~I7flqinf~Tt ~" II {fir ~r"'fjIf(lIr .. fl,~ Sit :;r{ ~fjfJ' • ~:;tt" ~!r'tTltT I, ~Tl ~J'l{"f~ , ~ ~ U:ij~({i! " II {ftf q)'f(1~ , , -, Similarly we are aware of the ol'igiu of Pimli Brahm~ns, Pirali KaYlUlths Ilnd Ph-ali barbers, all illegitimate sons of Pil'ali KhllD, I\. local JIIl\gistl'ate in Khulna di&trict, And Sherkbani, tile convt'rl8 made by Shel'khan, King of Bengal 1536-4.!J A.D. and Sl'imantakhani. The8e coun,.1;s tried their lRst to corrupt 'pure Brahm 1\11 blood. Jnnume'rl\.bl~ scandalol1s iW ," lflm( 't lIt~l ~ l4$(dlf.fiti{ I I!(flJi'lq;a~I;ffT.f f~ ~~ II " ~illlft~JJ.1! I 151 <--an be cited from int~mal evidence 1mt we refrain from doiug so for tIle sake of brerity. It was with such materials ~t Devivar built up his system. He found the blood !>f tile whole coIolmunity corrupted, directly or indirectiy. and o~&l the foulishness of forming a ..}"Stem romposing of pure blood only by out casting the impure, as that would be, as goes tbe Bengali, adage, "depopulating the village in selecting the ('heats" (01i ~ 1ft m~). In him we find the first attempt to define the term luli". ~ ~7. t~O(f4 A; Gmt! '!tliild~(I;;C'!Cy(jjI%I;a~ fj ~1fWfT{:t~~" ~ I ~'"'fTf o:nf(lii!!l~qqlit n ~ ~ .~Wfi'R' f.fri~ qT{ I ~ ~ OTt ~) fTT{ II ~m~~~~. ~~~ri~II" Will anyone any more doubt QUI' interpHltA tion ()f the term Kulinllim r If 8u(!h were tllb conditions in the BrahmiLn community in the period a.lluded to! what must have heen the con dition in tae community of other ca.tl~ who hM to come in (llose I!onta.ct .-ith the Mohamednnll' The organisation of the Daksin Radhi K"flld thas also tlU'OW8 milch light on our t1t~ Poorander Khan, tile ("rganiser of the Daksin Radhi Kayllsths is said to llava bef.n a minister of Hossein Shah. His real •naille wal! Qopinatb Bose wLi('h was cbanged into Pool"ander Khan; so was bis ('lder brother Gorin.la Bose's' name changed 'into GandhArya KhAn .and bis younger "'rotller Pranhall&bb'. into Sundervar Khan. His grandfather MabipatbJ all!O similarly held- the alias of SucuddJ.i Khan. Now what do these aliases signify but 1\ total meta.· 153 morphoses l' Surely these aliases were never, 8S is generally believed, titles like our present .Rai Babadur, Kaisel'-Hind, C.I.E., or C.S.I., but has the same significance as we now have in the DatHes l\[l1umohini Wheeler, M.icbreI :Madhusudan and Arthnr Chakrn.yarti. A Hindu might. have II nick name but bis Christian name, jf we can use sllch an expression in a wider sense, is onlY" altered when from Grihasthya he becom('s a Sannyai'i (e,g., Narendranalh a'>Snming the name of Vive· kananda) or when hill fortune raises hi'm to Ii pre eminently exa1ted position as that of a king: Then Again in&terul of this singular title' Khan,: whose origin is so intimately connected with the hi ..tory fJf hill pl'ophet lind religioo, the Mll.hom· medan rulen had thousand «?ther honorific titles both in Persian and Sanskrit vocubularies to hestow OD a kajar minister, if he had &imply desired to honour ,him with a title. We Jeal"ll from Stewart thl1;t, as soon .as Hooss;in Shah ascended t11e throne of Bengal, he grnnted to his chiefs, whatever tribe they belonged to, the extraonlinary privilege of plundering the city of Gour for a. prescribed period. The rich inhabi tants of Gour being principally Hin~UI!, the pious Syed thought they, were fair objects of plunder 154 although his 0\\-... 8ubjects. Aftel"\Vl\l'tls U being himself of noble (leltCent, he encournged and pAtron ised persons of goorl fHlOily, lUul t"eliuced JIOme of the upstarts of the l"te l'8ignl'l to theil' origin"l nothingllefCIlI. nltving by theMe means illtl'O(lllcefl ft, number of 8Y8£111. Mo~IIl1I" ,uu'l Afgll/18K into IIi" service, his govel'umcnl; hecI,me fully ~tIlLlilillf~(t" So the metamorphosecl Poorander following the -eXl\mpl6 of his mftStel' and the tenor of the Age and chiefly having bis own intel'est in view, Ret upon reconstituting the Daklilin Tht Like Poorander's we have also the hi~tory of Devi Das Khan in tIle Barendra section of the Kayasths which equally testifies to the validity of of our theory. KULINISM IS St'MPLY A pISINTEGRATING POLICY. From all thnt we have stated and from the facts and figures laid before them, our readers could not have flliled to observe tha.t nothing but a vile and 'pernicious policy of disintegration , . pel'vaded in the Brahman and Kayastha. societies. of BengA.l, and the reorganisers, so often eulogised 156 as "great men and reformprs," simply went on disintegrating the society either with IL view to 'Serve their own personal interest or that ot the sections they belonged to. To the grtIftt misf01' tune of Bengal they never had a real patriot, who understood the deep social problems and endea voured disinterestedly to bring together and con '8olidate the frittered chip8 of the society into a homogeneous whole. The vicious effect of euch disintegration is too obvious to dCRCribe. Even that adamantine chitin of love and sym pathy among kith and kin WIUI torn lI.~l1nder and "a man's foes were thot!8 of hili own household." PRESENT STATE 01' THE BENGALI SOCIETY. Bengal with all her much va.unted education and' progress still passionately clings to tlliJ! fictitious Kulinism. Education instead of stifling -or mitigating the baneful effects of Kulinism haa g026 in a horrible degree to strengthen them. J n fact, the U ni varsity siandRrd has be<-'Ome It mol'e powerful engine. of oppression for the gil"l'll father than the so-called BalIali Kulinism. A Bachelor -of Arts, if he is also IL bachelor in life, even jf be is & "homeless pauper, living upon his friMltl's bounty and be he a Kulin or 8. )laulik or Acha.l, 151 must biLve, besides It a wingless nymph," as goes tbe Benglt.li adage, for his ~ adorned with jeweh'y anll gold orDftments from head to foot, ft.' C'8bb demaud of at least Rs. 4,000 besides the personal dower for the bridegroom's embellishment QIUed ~ from II. girl's father of ordinary WMnlS, $fl.y a Deputy AlagilOtrate or a Sub..Judge. 1£ the father has the m~for~uile, to possess a girl of somewha.t dark complexion or in any way ugly 01' deformed, the demand may run up to Rs. 15,000. ·Add to this the nurnelOOUS other items of expenditure to be incurred by the bride's fathel' on, OOf01'e and after the Dl&1Tiage and the result is foh,upl, ruinous to him, to say the least, We have personal knowledge of an incident where the bridegr09m's party ~mposing of edlU*ted meo and headed by a,n Al.A., ~ renowned professor of a Government College, had demanded after the ma.n'jage fl'om the bride's father, who had dready paid double the demand contracted,. a blac~ mail which he agreeably termed !(4ISlij';qlC{1 (ltonorarium to bridegroom's party) for eachmembert whethel· Kulins or lIauliks, corp posing the bride groom's piu:ty. f~ paltaking food in the bride's Ill-sa. ,The most rii:\iculous feature in. the whole ah.. ir WRtI that the name of the bridegroom, hi~ 158 brother and his father, who had already received :a handsome honorarium for hi8 position lUI the boy's father were also enlisted in this genel'R} JiHt ()f bridegroom's party to eXACt double honOl'Rriutn. The bride'. father having refused to comply with this unjust deDl&Ild as an insult, innovation an.l contrary to family custom, he WM Mke.\ to remit this delMnd immediately by telf>gl'aphio money order on pai~ of having hill little girl <1etained in a forlom and far-off country in C:l1!8 of default. In the mAjority of ~, the bride groom's pLl-ty now demands the wllole amount in oCMh hi adV~lDce and many even filtoop to tbe rm'ftn ness of demanding a registered document hio KOyEMENTS OF REFORM. We cannot conclude OW" re"iew without men tioning briefly the 'stl"enuous etfortli made by 160 p',triots and public flt!bOCiat.i01l8 to leUl*"d) tLe evil effects of Kulinism. The late Pnndit l .. w1\11l Chandra. VidYlWlgal' on the 27th Jkeem\x>,' 18;):). submitt.ed to Government & petition li\1btwlil~1 hy 25,000 persons. a.nd ~eaded by such infllle/Jtifl~ pel'SOnages as Mllhal'Rja )fA1.t4lP Cbllll«t Blllmdoor of BUl'dwan ,.nd -laya Krishna l\fukerjfoEl or Uttel'pmt ~at1ler of RRjA. Penry 1\[ohan 'Mllkl'l'jee), l?rAying fill' a leg,~lntion for the pre\'ention of the pra.ctice of polygamy Among tl~e Hindu14 ... But the disastrous events which &bo(Jk the fOlllllt'ltion of the Bl-itish Empir& in 18;)7 over.. hndowt'tJ nil consideration of internA.J Pl'Ogl'ess." On the 19th March, 1866, It. oepntation conl The rt'port of the Committee was submitted in February. 1867. They, therefore, pointed out tbat owing t~ the restriction imposed upon them that legal action to po1ygamy was not to be oont'eytl(t. they were unable to recommend even the pru.sing of a declaratory Act of the kind stated abot'e. In the meantime a despatch W88 receit'oo from the Secretary of State in which he objected to any m~ure of a legislative chaJ'aCtal' being adopted at pre.ent as it did not appear that a large majoloity of people even in Bengal were flgaiul>t the pIacti;;e of polygamy, npalot from the special abuses practised by the Kulin Brahmins." (ride Buckland's Bengal under the Lieutanant·Got'er no~)o Foileli ill" Ius attempt to persUAde Govern ment in this matter, 'idy~0'8r decided' upon persuading his ooulltrymt>n of the impropriety and unJl\wfulness of polygamy and wrote in July 1811 his paper, '-q~ U«f ~ 3l~ f.i ~r lit (whether polygamy hbould be stopped or not). But the result, a4 is invariahfy the case with ill-fated Bengal, whenewr allY question of ~form CI"OPS us, the Pandits of Bengal (including such men as • Vidyasagar ga"e in this a Tery interesting stathltie. giving the nlUDes of persons who bad tht>ll 30, 40 even 100 Qr more wives at a tilDe. 164 ProfesFlOr Taranath TMJ'ka Vl\cllMpati with whom since then tllere hn.d existeci a life-long i1J tooling with VidyR.AAgRJ'Il) took up ArInS "gt~ini FLAWS L'i THE ATJ'EXl"fI, In Our llUmble opinion both Pandit VitlylWlgllr a~d the Kayasthl\ Sa.bba wen\ in the W"r9ng direc. tion. They simply wanted to pl"Une the poison,'tre<'~ l(jJ ill~tead of uproot,jng it. Had Gove) mcent, a~ desired by the memOl'ialists, led by Pllndit VidYIl_ Hagar made polygllmy cnlpable by legislation, what would have heen the re~ult ~ Had not then the K ulins' daughteNi and son", in order to preserve their Kula to It'ad the life of ma..idens and bll.chelors bO long as they lived, as they did in the absence of a paltiyhwr (qmftc;tt)! The imniu t.lule law of nature i8 to 1I1fnihilate the cause if you want to IInnihilat.e the eirtlCt. But if, on the contrary, you only Itunihilate the effect, leaving the C.'\\I:;8 to exi,;t as poteht 8S bt'fore, the same effect must soon come out in some form or the other. Thd effort 'of the Kftyltbthn. Sabhll,too,in i'ntro<1ucing intel'maniages among the four lo1ections is no doubt good if l"eIIlly cal'l'i6(l illt,o practice j but this, we are COIi8trnined to think, is rllther impradicable e"pecially for the flimsy argument put forth. It is f\.S imprltct,icable a:. ~o (>lit.abli:sh intermm l'inges -of Bengal Brllllmalls nlld KaYfl".,thns with the Brllhmltn8 And !{aYllsthlls of Kanouj, the originnl home of the immigrllnts, on the Mme flimsy argument or ('ommon a.ncestry which Rpplies equally. Or \;0 I'InOE>Jl.VOUl· 1;tl &;tab~ li"h., nJl'\.tri~onjal connectiQ;lS or the Hint'llls • ~ i , ~ >.., wlth EDglh,h~ :Frencb or Germani; on the argument 166 that they are descendants of thE.' Mme Aryan stock! As two swft.llow8 e&rt never make 1\ I!UmmE.'I·, the solitltry eXl\mpla of the two High Court Judges referrett Above is of no consequence in the long t'un. rHE OSLY REliEDY St:OGESTKD. The only possible and pl'ftcticable mean.s to extirpate the manifold vicious effects of Kulini,;m, e.g., polygamy, rninolls mll.rrillge demanoH, matti monial difficulties, ete., is to abolish the cau.. e, Kulinisffi, from every section of the ,community, Unmarried sons }uwe noW' become a \'ery I uCI'ati V9, article of trade, and oftentimeH we have foun IF YOU HAVE NOT ALREADY S}<~EX THE INDIAN REVIEW~ SElIO YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS WITH A TWO-ANNA POSTAoE 8TAMP TO G. A. NATESAN & CO" ESPLANADE, MADRAS. yOU Will GET FREE A SPECIME~ COpy Of \tbe lnbfan 'IRevic\\", Edite~ by Mr. G. A. NATESAN, THE BEST~ THE CHEAPEST AND '. The Most Up.to.",,", I.dl•• ~rifHlJt:IIl." The Indian Review. SINGLE COpy As. EIGHT. ANNUAL SUBSCRJPTION, aa. 5 (FIVIt) ONLY. P"OREJON; TEN SHI1..I..1N 8. A. NATESAN & CO •• PUBLISHERS. ESPLANADE. MtDRA8. {t be :t nbia 11 lRe\")iew. ~ • .A llIGH CLASS 1tIONTHLY EDITED BY MI~. G. A. NATESAN. HAS Al4 EMINENT LIST OF OONTRIBUTORS. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION {I~land .... Rs. 5. 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Tales of Tennalirama.~ The fa.mous court jester of Southern India. By Pandit S. 1\1. Nates&. Sastri, B.A., 1II.F.L.S. (JIe'1t'j,ber of the LondO'l'lt ~ olklore Soc.iety). CONTENTS :-Becoming a Professional Jester. Escaping from the punibhment of being trampled by An Elephant. E,"Icaping from the punishment of being cut oir by the sword. Appearing with bis head concealed.. Getting the sentries whipped. Obtaining absolute license to make jokes. c8u terization of Brahmins. Rearing a colt. Rearin~ a kitten. Profiting by the labour of, thieves. A groot doctol' overthrown. An unsuccessful conversion. A great poet dh;graced. Deceivin~ the wrestler. Converting a black dog into awhit& dog.. Executing the paintings.' Requebting'to protect his family. Price As. 8. RISE OF THE MA ltA '1 HA POWER. By tbe late Mr. JQjjtice Rallade. 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E --Foreign I,egal Maxims I-lpe('mlly' relatillg to Evirlence with EngliHh eqlllv(I,lent-. New India or India. in Transition. By SiI Henry Cotton, J{ C S.l. Price Rs 2-12. CoNTEl'I"TS :- r.rlia.'s polItical plOhlf'nl. Indian .~piHion and IHpimtiol1'l. The lIlcren.S€<1 bitterness of mce feeling. IndiRu l.md pJOblemb, India's -economic pro1!lem. Administrative Reform. Eng bud and india. PolitiCftl Hwon~tl'Uction. The bocial and moral criHis The religiou"! tendencies of India. Appe~uli'~:-Hindn joint family "'-ystem. G. A. NATESAN & CO" ESPLANADE. MADRAt:. Malabar and its Folk.~A systematic des CIiption of the social customs and institutiolls of Malabar. By T. K. Gopal Panikka.r, D. A. Set'-Ond Edition. Re,,·ised and enlarged. Chapters 17, 18~ 1 9 and 20 are ndditions to this edition Oloth bound. Re. 1-8. COlo."TENTS: --1. Thoughts on Malabar. 2. A Malabar Nair Tarawad. 3. MarumakkathaYllm. 4. Local Traditions and Supel';.;titions. 5. The Malabar Drama. 6. The Ouam Festival. 7. 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Contents '-Fame; The ugliest man in the PariRh ; In the Illoonlight; '1'he villa.ge 3.tist; M'UIRged; Sidney; Sympath.y ; Tbe stranger; Jack; MIss Headlam's Jove l~tter; FOi g?.m: An old woma.1" ; A sacrifice; The scarlet geranium; For love; 'Ihe PIckpocket. G. A. NATESAN & GO .. ESPLANADE, MADBAS. All About Japan.-Conta.ining Sketched wit. Portraits of the, Emperor &nd Empl"e88 of ,Japan; its many distinguished 'Statesmen, Admirals and Genei'a.ls. The book also contains A blight nnd readable histol'Y of the marvelloU8 rille and Progre&! of Japan and a description of its religion, it/! society, its manuers and customR, itll e.Juclltionat system and a variety of otbel· u'ieflll information. AI:ro an Appendix containing all impOltant dO('u· ments relating to the War. Plica Re. 1. The Least of All Lands.- Secmlil editima revised. Seven VhapteJ'$ Oil the Topography of Pale8tine in relation to its lIixtory. By William Miller, C.I.E., D.D., LL.D., Principal of eM M rvlra. 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