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Josep Maria Duch I Plana ASSAIG SOBRE L'AXIOLOGIA HINDÚ: ELS QUATRE PURUSÂRTHES. LA RESPOSTA HINDÚ A LA QÜESTIÓ KANTIANA SOBRE QUÈ PODEM ESPERAR DE LA VIDA Josep M. Duch Plana ISBN: Dipòsit Legal: T. 1037-2011 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) service has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized neither its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service is not authorized (framing). This rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI ASSAIG SOBRE L'AXIOLOGIA HINDÚ: ELS QUATRE PURUSÂRTHES. LA RESPOSTA HINDÚ A LA QÜESTIÓ KANTIANA SOBRE QUÈ PODEM ESPERAR DE LA VIDA Josep M. Duch Plana ISBN:/DL:T. 1037-2011 Josep Maria Duch i Plana ASSAIG SOBRE L’AXIOLOGIA HINDÚ, ELS QUATRE PURUSÂRTHES La resposta hindú a la qüestió kantiana sobre què podem esperar de la vida TESI DOCTORAL dirigida pel Dr. Joan Prat Carós Departament d’Antropologia, Filosofia i Treball Social Tarragona 2010 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI ASSAIG SOBRE L'AXIOLOGIA HINDÚ: ELS QUATRE PURUSÂRTHES. LA RESPOSTA HINDÚ A LA QÜESTIÓ KANTIANA SOBRE QUÈ PODEM ESPERAR DE LA VIDA Josep M. Duch Plana ISBN:/DL:T. 1037-2011 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI ASSAIG SOBRE L'AXIOLOGIA HINDÚ: ELS QUATRE PURUSÂRTHES. LA RESPOSTA HINDÚ A LA QÜESTIÓ KANTIANA SOBRE QUÈ PODEM ESPERAR DE LA VIDA Josep M. Duch Plana ISBN:/DL:T. 1037-2011 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI ASSAIG SOBRE L'AXIOLOGIA HINDÚ: ELS QUATRE PURUSÂRTHES. LA RESPOSTA HINDÚ A LA QÜESTIÓ KANTIANA SOBRE QUÈ PODEM ESPERAR DE LA VIDA Josep M. Duch Plana ISBN:/DL:T. 1037-2011 Agraïments: tat savitur varam rûpam jyotih parasya dhîmahi yannah satyena dîpayet A la triple Shakti que s´ha manifestat com a creadora en la meva mare Maria Plana, com a conservadora de la flama de la cultura i de la recerca en la meva germana la Doctora Montserrat Duch i com a constant transformadora en la meva companya Maite Maset. In memoriam de l’Artur Martí amb qui durant deu anys traduirem de l’anglès i versionarem al català set obres del patrimoni índic que es van publicar en la Col·lecció Samâdhi Mârga. Que l’arquetipus d’aquest home esforçat i alegre perduri en el nostre imaginari. Al mestratge oficiat pel Dr. Joan Prat que m’ha atorgat una llibertat de treball marcada amb un tempo psicològicament ben estudiat i un suport nascut de la seva sàvia experiència. Ha estat una mena de Sòcrates que m’ha permès un part que semblava difícil desprès d’anys d’aturada gestant i diverses redaccions. Diàlegs fructífers, assessorament i humanitat han permès remuntar els moments d’astènia intel·lectual. Als nombrosos Swamis i pandits que, ens els últims tres anys, han obert les seves ments i biblioteques i han continuat la llarga tradició de l’ensenyament oral. Especialment a Swami Trivikramânanda i Suprakashânanda de la RKM de Vrindavan; Swami Veetamohânanda de la RKM Gretz (Paris); a Swami Annapûrnânanda de la RKM de Vârânasî; a Swami Mahesânanda i Swami Anubhavânanda de Kaivalyadham de Lonavla; a Shrî Balakrishna Sharma de la Theosophical Society de Vârânasî; al Dr Manmath Garote, Dr Parimal Devnath, Dr V.K. Jah –el dream team- de la Lonavla Yoga Institute. I a tots aquells i aquelles ânandes que des de l’any 1986 han compartit amb mi fragments de la tradició oral i textual índica. Als pandits occidentals els doctors Raimon Panikkar, Jordi Gispert-Sauch S.J., Òscar Pujol, de New Delhi i Alicia Souto de Buenos Aires. Que m’han ajudat durant aquest llarg període amb les seves intuïcions, ensenyaments i recolzament de manera desinteressada. A l’amic antropòleg Jose Reche per la seva lectura crítica acurada i plena de suggeriments de la tercera redacció. També per la valuosa ajuda en actualitzar la bibliografia i per l’afany de fidelitat a la diacronía que m’ha transmes. UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI ASSAIG SOBRE L'AXIOLOGIA HINDÚ: ELS QUATRE PURUSÂRTHES. LA RESPOSTA HINDÚ A LA QÜESTIÓ KANTIANA SOBRE QUÈ PODEM ESPERAR DE LA VIDA Josep M. Duch Plana ISBN:/DL:T. 1037-2011 Índex Agraïments ............................................................................................... 4 Índex ............................................................................................................ 5 Introducció ................................................................................................ 9 Capítol 1: Apropament al pensament de l’Índia. 1.1. Els prejudicis de la desconeixença ............................................. 16 1.2. Esbós d’història dialèctica del pensament hindú ..................... 22 1.3. ‘L’efecte pizza’, ‘l’efecte pizza invertit’ i els discursos sobre l’Índia ............................................................................................... 30 a) El discurs colonial. b) El discurs neo-hinduista. c) Els discursos post colonials. Capítol 2: Introducció a l’axiologia dels quatre valors, els purusârthes. 2.1. Una axiologia social, els quatre objectius de la vida humana...34 a) Caracterització del concepte b) Jerarquització de les quatre finalitats majors de la persona c) Quants valors hi ha de debò? 2.2. L’esforç personal (purusârtha), l’element clau per assolir els valors (purusârtha) ................................................................................... 58 2.3. Altres mitjans per assolir els purusârthes .................................. 61 2.4. Crítica a l’acció com a medi per assolir els valors ................... 63 Capítol 3: Dharma, el valor de l’homo religiosus. L’experiència de la moralitat, la socialització i els ideals de perfecció. 3.1. Dharma, sanâtana dharma, sâmânya dharma, svadharma .................. 65 3.2. Els tractats de dharma o Dharmashâstres ............................................ 75 3.3. Karma-vipaka, la llei de causa i efecte .................................................. 81 3.4. Gurukul o rishikul, sistema educatiu tradicional basat en el segon naixement .............................................................................................. 85 Capítol 4: Artha, el valor de l’homo oeconomicus. L’experiència de la prosperitat econòmica i la política. 4.1. Artha, svârtha, svarâj, parârtha i lokasamgraha .................................... 88 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI ASSAIG SOBRE L'AXIOLOGIA HINDÚ: ELS QUATRE PURUSÂRTHES. LA RESPOSTA HINDÚ A LA QÜESTIÓ KANTIANA SOBRE QUÈ PODEM ESPERAR DE LA VIDA Josep M. Duch Plana ISBN:/DL:T. 1037-2011 4.2. L’origen diví de la riquesa i la prosperitat .............................................. 91 4.3. Els tres eons de l’economia ................................................................... 93 4.3.1. L’Ordre sacrificial, basat en la mort d’altri ........................................... 94 a) La cultura de la vall de l’Indus. b) El sacrifici diví. c) El sacrifici humà. d) El sacrifici dels fills. e) El sacrifici de les dones. f ) El sacrifici dels esclaus. g) El sacrifici dels animals. 4.3.2. L’Ordre reial ....................................................................................... 107 a) El rei (râja). b) La terra mater i la vaca són la vera riquesa (artha). c) Estructura social jeràrquica: la casta (varna i jâti). c.1. Varna. c.2. Jâti. 4.3.3. L’Ordre mercantil i capitalista ............................................................ 129 Capítol 5: Kâma, el valor de l’homo sexualis. L’experiència del gaudi sensorial i estètic. 5.1. Kâma i Kâmadeva ................................................................................ 133 5.2. Genitalitat, sagrada o profana? ............................................................ 138 5.3. Prostitució i matrimoni .......................................................................... 143
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